Article(id=1149773874482603005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720022400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-04, revisedDate=1738944000000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057053441, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1746633600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057053441, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057053441, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057053441, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149773869357167407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='13', pageStart='5273', pageEnd='5704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057052207, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456769392, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5447, endPage=5454, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149773874918809603, articleId=1149773874482603005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Collaborative Optimization of Reactive Power and Reconfiguration of Active Distribution Network Based on Improved Grey Wolf Algorithm, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The reactive power optimization and reconfiguration of traditional distribution network are mostly studied separately, lacking the coordination and cooperation of different optimization techniques. A mathematical model of reactive power and reconfiguration collaborative optimization of active distribution network was established. Combined with the two optimization methods of reactive power optimization and reconfiguration of distribution network, the coordinated operation of the two was realized according to the actual situation of distribution network. Taking the minimum annual comprehensive cost as the objective function, the improved grey wolf algorithm was used to solve the problem under the constraints of network power balance, node voltage amplitude and network radial operation. Aiming at the problems of low population diversity, easy to fall into local optimal solution and slow running speed of traditional grey wolf algorithm, it is proposed to increase the explosion mechanism of fireworks algorithm on the basis of grey wolf update strategy. At the same time, in order to improve the computational efficiency and solution accuracy, the fireworks algorithm was used for integer solution optimization, and the nonlinear programming algorithm was introduced to optimize the continuous solution. The IEEE33 node distribution network was taken as an example to verify four different scenarios. The results show that the proposed collaborative optimization model can effectively reduce the network loss and annual comprehensive cost, suppress the node voltage fluctuation level, and show the superiority of the improved algorithm in convergence speed and calculation accuracy.

, correspAuthors=Meng-yi JING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-meng WU, Meng-yi JING, Xiao-xiao LI, Bo DANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149773893801566551, articleId=1149773874482603005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于改进灰狼算法的有源配电网无功和重构协同优化, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

传统配电网无功优化和重构大多是单独进行研究的,缺乏不同优化技术的协调与配合。建立了一种有源配电网无功和重构协同优化数学模型,结合配电网无功优化和重构两种优化方式,根据配电网的实际情况,实现二者的协调运行。以年综合成本最小作为目标函数,在满足网络功率平衡、节点电压幅值、网络辐射状运行等约束条件下,采用改进的灰狼算法进行求解。针对传统灰狼算法种群多样性低、容易陷入局部最优解以及运行速度慢的问题,提出在灰狼更新策略的基础上增加烟花算法爆炸机制,同时为了提高计算效率和求解精度,将烟花算法用于整数解寻优,并引入非线性规划算法对连续解进行寻优。以IEEE33节点配电网为例进行4种不同场景的验证,结果表明,所提出的协同优化模型能够有效降低网损和年综合成本,抑制节点电压波动水平,同时显示出改进算法收敛速度和计算精度的优越性。

, correspAuthors=荆梦怡, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 荆梦怡(2000—),女,汉族,陕西华阴人,硕士研究生。研究方向:配电网综合优化。E-mail:
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武晓朦(1974—),女,汉族,陕西渭南人,博士,教授。研究方向:配电网自动化。E-mail:

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武晓朦(1974—),女,汉族,陕西渭南人,博士,教授。研究方向:配电网自动化。E-mail:

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Journal of Electrical Technology, 2021, 36(S2): 496-506., articleTitle=Joint robust optimization of active distribution network reconfiguration and reactive power and voltage regulation considering extreme scenarios, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1175498478676492730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, awardId=2020KJXX-018, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省创新计划(2020KJXX-018), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175498475472044336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175498475480432945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, companyId=1175498475472044336, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Gas-Oil Logging Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175498475488821554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, companyId=1175498475472044336, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西安石油大学电子工程学院陕西省油气井测控技术重点实验室, 西安 710065)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1175498477309149575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=IEEE33 node distribution network topology diagram, figureFileSmall=8Yg1s+aPTnH78tC4rzIaWA==, figureFileBig=q3he44erB4pL7a2QMr8A8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498477372064137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, language=CN, label=图1, caption=IEEE33节点配电网拓扑结构图, figureFileSmall=8Yg1s+aPTnH78tC4rzIaWA==, figureFileBig=q3he44erB4pL7a2QMr8A8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498477468533132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Flowchart of improved grey wolf algorithm, figureFileSmall=pWpmNo+UOJyWUTg3ZotScg==, figureFileBig=8GEu1ypdfokSVTs0qqrwGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498477560807827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, language=CN, label=图2, caption=改进灰狼算法流程图, figureFileSmall=pWpmNo+UOJyWUTg3ZotScg==, figureFileBig=8GEu1ypdfokSVTs0qqrwGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498477623722388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Improved IEEE33 node distribution network topology diagram, figureFileSmall=RqIexEoBF87TYfzsO0h0aA==, figureFileBig=fjIM9a6NXEeT5Gi1EWXrVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498477695025557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, language=CN, label=图3, caption=改进的IEEE33节点配电网拓扑结构图

WT1、WT2、PV1、PV2分别为风电1、风电2、光伏1、光伏2;CB1、CB2、SVC1、SVC2分别为电容器组1、电容器组2、静止无功补偿器1、静止无功补偿器2

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DG installation location and capacity

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接入节点 DG类型 容量/kW 功率因数
4 风电 200 0.90
17 光伏 300 0.85
25 风电 300 0.90
30 光伏 100 0.85
), ArticleFig(id=1175498478173176236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

DG安装位置与容量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接入节点 DG类型 容量/kW 功率因数
4 风电 200 0.90
17 光伏 300 0.85
25 风电 300 0.90
30 光伏 100 0.85
), ArticleFig(id=1175498478227702189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameter information of reactive power compensation equipment

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无功补偿设备类型 接入节点 范围/kvar
CB 3 50~700
29 50~700
SVC 9 -100~400
13 -100~400
), ArticleFig(id=1175498478286422447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

无功补偿参数设备参数信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
无功补偿设备类型 接入节点 范围/kvar
CB 3 50~700
29 50~700
SVC 9 -100~400
13 -100~400
), ArticleFig(id=1175498478349337009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The simulation results of four scenarios in IEEE33 node system

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接入节点 断开支路编号 补偿容量/kvar 网损/kW 年综合成本/元
CB投切容量 SVC无功补偿
节点3 节点29 节点9 节点13
场景1 33、34、35、36、37 202.68 506 700.00
场景2 7、14、9、32、37 139.55 348 878.37
场景3 33、34、35、36、37 200 700 360.39 247.99 139.23 373 491.08
场景4 7、14、9、32、37 300 700 238.24 188.08 98.33 270 097.48
), ArticleFig(id=1175498478420640179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

IEEE33节点系统中4种场景下的仿真结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接入节点 断开支路编号 补偿容量/kvar 网损/kW 年综合成本/元
CB投切容量 SVC无功补偿
节点3 节点29 节点9 节点13
场景1 33、34、35、36、37 202.68 506 700.00
场景2 7、14、9、32、37 139.55 348 878.37
场景3 33、34、35、36、37 200 700 360.39 247.99 139.23 373 491.08
场景4 7、14、9、32、37 300 700 238.24 188.08 98.33 270 097.48
), ArticleFig(id=1175498478496137653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of the results of four different algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接入节点 断开支路编号 补偿容量/kvar 最低节点
电压/p.u.
网损/kW 年综合
成本/元
CB投切容量 SVC无功补偿
节点3 节点29 节点9 节点13
非线性规划(NP) 6、14、35、36、28 50 50 0 0 0.935 159.07 403 642.90
灰狼算法(GWO) 7、14、9、32、37 350 700 246.44 -59.20 0.952 101.80 278 045.09
烟花算法(FWA) 7、14、9、36、37 450 700 8.00 84.88 0.950 102.92 279 060.06
改进灰狼算法(IGWO) 7、14、9、32、37 300 700 238.24 188.08 0.954 98.33 270 097.48
), ArticleFig(id=1175498478563246519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874482603005, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

4种不同算法所得结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接入节点 断开支路编号 补偿容量/kvar 最低节点
电压/p.u.
网损/kW 年综合
成本/元
CB投切容量 SVC无功补偿
节点3 节点29 节点9 节点13
非线性规划(NP) 6、14、35、36、28 50 50 0 0 0.935 159.07 403 642.90
灰狼算法(GWO) 7、14、9、32、37 350 700 246.44 -59.20 0.952 101.80 278 045.09
烟花算法(FWA) 7、14、9、36、37 450 700 8.00 84.88 0.950 102.92 279 060.06
改进灰狼算法(IGWO) 7、14、9、32、37 300 700 238.24 188.08 0.954 98.33 270 097.48
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基于改进灰狼算法的有源配电网无功和重构协同优化
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武晓朦 , 荆梦怡 * , 李笑笑 , 党博
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(13): 5447-5454
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(13): 5447-5454
基于改进灰狼算法的有源配电网无功和重构协同优化
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武晓朦 , 荆梦怡* , 李笑笑, 党博
作者信息
  • 西安石油大学电子工程学院陕西省油气井测控技术重点实验室, 西安 710065
  • 武晓朦(1974—),女,汉族,陕西渭南人,博士,教授。研究方向:配电网自动化。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 荆梦怡(2000—),女,汉族,陕西华阴人,硕士研究生。研究方向:配电网综合优化。E-mail:
Collaborative Optimization of Reactive Power and Reconfiguration of Active Distribution Network Based on Improved Grey Wolf Algorithm
Xiao-meng WU , Meng-yi JING* , Xiao-xiao LI, Bo DANG
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Gas-Oil Logging Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
出版时间: 2025-05-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405006
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传统配电网无功优化和重构大多是单独进行研究的,缺乏不同优化技术的协调与配合。建立了一种有源配电网无功和重构协同优化数学模型,结合配电网无功优化和重构两种优化方式,根据配电网的实际情况,实现二者的协调运行。以年综合成本最小作为目标函数,在满足网络功率平衡、节点电压幅值、网络辐射状运行等约束条件下,采用改进的灰狼算法进行求解。针对传统灰狼算法种群多样性低、容易陷入局部最优解以及运行速度慢的问题,提出在灰狼更新策略的基础上增加烟花算法爆炸机制,同时为了提高计算效率和求解精度,将烟花算法用于整数解寻优,并引入非线性规划算法对连续解进行寻优。以IEEE33节点配电网为例进行4种不同场景的验证,结果表明,所提出的协同优化模型能够有效降低网损和年综合成本,抑制节点电压波动水平,同时显示出改进算法收敛速度和计算精度的优越性。

有源配电网  /  无功优化  /  网络重构  /  灰狼算法  /  烟花算法  /  非线性规划算法

The reactive power optimization and reconfiguration of traditional distribution network are mostly studied separately, lacking the coordination and cooperation of different optimization techniques. A mathematical model of reactive power and reconfiguration collaborative optimization of active distribution network was established. Combined with the two optimization methods of reactive power optimization and reconfiguration of distribution network, the coordinated operation of the two was realized according to the actual situation of distribution network. Taking the minimum annual comprehensive cost as the objective function, the improved grey wolf algorithm was used to solve the problem under the constraints of network power balance, node voltage amplitude and network radial operation. Aiming at the problems of low population diversity, easy to fall into local optimal solution and slow running speed of traditional grey wolf algorithm, it is proposed to increase the explosion mechanism of fireworks algorithm on the basis of grey wolf update strategy. At the same time, in order to improve the computational efficiency and solution accuracy, the fireworks algorithm was used for integer solution optimization, and the nonlinear programming algorithm was introduced to optimize the continuous solution. The IEEE33 node distribution network was taken as an example to verify four different scenarios. The results show that the proposed collaborative optimization model can effectively reduce the network loss and annual comprehensive cost, suppress the node voltage fluctuation level, and show the superiority of the improved algorithm in convergence speed and calculation accuracy.

active distribution network  /  reactive power optimization  /  network reconstruction  /  grey wolf algorithm  /  fireworks algorithm  /  nonlinear programming algorithm
武晓朦, 荆梦怡, 李笑笑, 党博. 基于改进灰狼算法的有源配电网无功和重构协同优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5447 -5454 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405006
Xiao-meng WU, Meng-yi JING, Xiao-xiao LI, Bo DANG. Collaborative Optimization of Reactive Power and Reconfiguration of Active Distribution Network Based on Improved Grey Wolf Algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5447 -5454 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405006
在能源危机和全球变暖的背景下,分布式电源(distribution generation,DG)被广泛接入配电网,其中风力和光伏发电总量一直保持高速增长的趋势。截至2023年底,全球风电累计装机容量约4.4亿kW,太阳能发电装机容量约6.1亿kW。风能和太阳能属于清洁可再生能源,大力发展清洁能源可以有效减少碳排放量。但随着DG大规模并入配电网,使得配电网优化运行面临严峻的挑战,不仅对配电网潮流影响较大,还对配电网的电能质量、网损、运行成本产生影响,因此,有许多学者对配电网的优化运行展开研究。
配电网无功优化和重构是配电网优化运行的主要方式。无功优化最常见的是投切电容器组(capacitors banks,CB)进行就地补偿,进而起到改变线路无功分布,减少网损,抬升节点电压的作用[1];网络重构属于有功优化,是通过控制分段开关和联络开关的关断状态来改变配电网的拓扑结构,进而起到减少网络损耗、平衡负荷以及改善节点电压的作用。文献[2]通过加入CB来调节无功出力,以电压偏差和网损最小为优化目标,通过融合外部储存集的更新和选择机制,来提高沙猫群算法的收敛速度和寻优能力;文献[3]将DG无功出力和CB投切组数作为控制变量进行优化,以网损、电压偏移量和静态电压稳定裕度作为目标函数,利用sobol序列生成超均匀分布初始蜉蝣种群,增加基因突变和个体越界处理策略,来提高算法的搜索能力,丰富种群多样性;文献[4]为解决风光出力的波动性影响,结合粒子群算法和K聚类算法对日负荷曲线进行处理,对哈里斯鹰优化算法种群的初始化操作引入佳点集方案,为改善算法容易早熟的缺点,与麻雀算法进行结合并加入科西-高斯变异扰动策略,提高了算法的全局寻优能力;文献[5]提出一种基于博弈论的多目标配电网重构模型,以网损、负荷均衡度和开关动作成本作为目标,且考虑DG出力不确定性,并将全局化思想融入萤火虫算法,以此来提高算法的搜索效率。
以上文献均以单种优化方式对配电网进行优化操作,现代配电网负荷种类繁多,且大量的DG接入配电网,使得配电网的复杂程度骤增,因此需要在优化方式以及优化方法上进行改进。在优化方式上,充分考虑不同优化技术的协调配合[6];在优化模型上,考虑到无功补偿的经济性;在优化算法上,考虑不同算法之间的融合,提高算法的寻优能力。现采用配电网无功和重构协同优化的方法,以年综合成本最小为目标,建立有源配电网无功和重构协同优化模型,控制变量包括:CB、静止无功补偿器(static var compensator,SVC)、线路开关;将灰狼算法(grey wolf optimizer,GWO)、烟花算法(fireworks algorithm,FWA)与非线性规划算法结合得到混合算法,求解所建立的配电网协同优化数学模型。
以年综合成本最小为目标函数,其中年综合成本包括年有功网损成本以及投资成本,投资成本包括无功补偿量和设备安装成本。进行协同优化时需要满足的约束条件分为等式约束和不等式约束。所建数学模型如下。
$\min F=\lambda T_{\max } P_{\text {loss }}+\left(k_{1}+k_{2}\right)\left(C_{1} \sum_{n=1}^{n} Q_{C i}+n C_{2}\right)$
式(1)中:λ为单位电价;Tmax为年运行时间;k1k2分别为补偿设备年维护费用率和投资回收率;C1C2分别为无功补偿价格和单个补偿节点的安装费用;QCi为第i节点的补偿容量;n为无功补偿点个数;Ploss为网络的有功损耗。其中有功网损的表达式为
Ploss= k = 1 N bSkRk R k 2 + Q k 2 V k 2
式(2)中:Nb为配电网支路数;Sk为支路的开合状态(1闭合,0断开);Rk为支路k上的电阻;Qk为支路k的无功功率;Vk为支路k的末端电压。
(1)配电网潮流约束。
P G i = V i j = 1 N V j ( G i j c o s δ i j + B i j s i n δ i j ) - P D G i + P L i Q G i = V i j = 1 N V j ( G i j s i n δ i j - B i j c o s δ i j ) - Q D G i + Q L i - Q C i
式(3)中:PGiQGi分别为节点i注入的有功和无功功率;ViVj分别为节点ij的电压;N为配电网节点总数;GijBijδij分别为节点ij节点之间的电导、电纳和相位角;PDGiQDGi分别为DG注入节点i的有功和无功功率;PLiQLi为节点i的负荷有功和无功功率。
(2)节点电压安全约束。
ViminViVimax
式(4)中:ViminVimax分别为节点i电压的最小值和最大值。
(3)线路载流量约束。
IminIiImax
式(5)中:IminImax分别为流经支路i的电流最小值和最大值。
(4)电容器补偿容量约束。
Q i C B=kΔQi
式(6)中: Q i C B为CB运行的无功出力;k为投切电容器的组数;ΔQi为单台电容器的容量。
(5)静止无功补偿器约束。
Q i , m i n S V C Q i S V C Q i , m a x S V C
式(7)中: Q i , m i n S V C Q i , m a x S V C分别为连续型SVC在节点i处补偿容量的最小值和最大值。
(6)网络辐射状约束[7]
gG
式(8)中:g为重构之后的网络拓扑结构;G为所有可行的网络拓扑结构集合。在进行网络重构过程中,不能出现孤岛和环网,保持配电网辐射状运行,且所有负荷都有供电路径。
配电网运行方式为“闭环设计,开环运行”,其含有大量的分段开关和少量的联络开关,每闭合一个联络开关就会构成一个基本环[8],断开回路中的任意一个分段开关,拓扑结构就会回到辐射状态。因此,采用合理的编码方式,可降低无效拓扑结构的产生,减小搜索空间,提高算法的寻优效率。本文以IEEE33节点配电网为算例,其拓扑结构如图1所示。
算例包括32个分段开关和5个联络开关,为了使配电网保持辐射状运行,具体步骤如下。
步骤1 将系统中各个支路进行编号,建立节点支路关联矩阵,用二进制数对支路与节点的关联状态进行编号,1表示关联,0表示不关联。
步骤2 利用图论决定基本环路,联络开关个数与基本环路的个数相同,故算例有5个基本环路。
步骤3 依据基本环路列出基本环矩阵H,H矩阵的行数为基本环路的个数,列数为基本环中分段开关的最大数目,其余分段开关较少的环,缺少部分用0补齐[9]。算例基本环矩阵H如式(9)所示。
为避免不可行解的产生,需要遵循如下规定[10]
规定1:任意两个基本环的公共支路最多只能断开一个。
规定2:断开开关数目与基本环个数相同。
以上两个规定可以避免配电网系统中出现孤岛和环路,其中环路包括网络中的基本环以及多个基本环组成的合成环。通过上面的步骤,在重构过程中没有不可行解的产生,进而简化了重构过程中的步骤。
所建的模型既包括开关状态和投切CB数的离散变量,又包括SVC的连续变量,这是一个复杂的多约束、多决策变量的非线性混合整数优化问题。考虑到无功优化和重构之间的内在联系,为了使算
H= 2 3 4 5 6 7 33 20 19 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 35 21 20 19 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 5 25 26 27 28 37 24 23 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 36 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 9 10 11 12 13 14 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
法能够较好地协调二者优化方式得到最优解,将配电网重构、投切CB以及SVC的无功出力三者以组合编码的方式进行搜索。构成的协同优化组合编码如式(10)所示。
$\begin{aligned} \boldsymbol{Z}_{i}= & {\left[\left\{x_{1}, x_{2}, \cdots, x_{n}\right\} ;\left\{c_{1}, c_{2}, \cdots, c_{n}\right\} ;\right.} \\ & \left.\left\{s_{1}, s_{2}, \cdots, s_{n}\right\}\right] \end{aligned} $
式(10)中:{x1,x2,…,xn}为重构断开的支路编码;{c1,c2,…,cn}为电容器投切的组数;{s1,s2,…,sn}为SVC的补偿容量。
GWO算法是根据灰狼群体的社会等级机制和捕猎行为而衍生出的包含层次结构的一种新型智能算法,适合处理配电网中非线性优化问题[11]。在灰狼群体中,等级制度森严,低等级灰狼服从高等级灰狼指挥,按照等级从高到低分为α狼、β狼、δ狼和ω狼。灰狼实现狩猎主要包括3个步骤:寻找猎物、包围猎物以及攻击猎物[12]
步骤1 寻找猎物。
在寻找猎物的过程中,ω狼群负责寻找猎物,一旦找到猎物就会召集同伴进行围捕。狼群与猎物之间的距离由参数A决定,当A>1时,ω狼的搜寻范围增加,反之则减小搜寻范围[13]
步骤2 包围猎物。
当发现猎物时,围捕位置更新模型如下。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \boldsymbol{D}_{t}=\left|C \boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{p}}(t)-\boldsymbol{X}(t)\right| \\ \boldsymbol{X}(t+1)=\boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{p}}(t)-A \boldsymbol{D}_{t} \end{array}\right. $
式(11)中:Dt为狼群与猎物之间的距离;AC分别为受控狼群搜索范围参数和猎物的扰动参数;t为迭代次数;X(t)为迭代次数为t时灰狼群的位置;Xp(t)为猎物逃跑的方向向量。
参数ACa的表达式如下。
A=2ar1-a
C=2r2
a=2-2t/tmax
式中:a为迭代因子,其随迭代次数的增加而线性减少,最终减小到0;tmax为最大迭代次数;r1r2为[0,1]的随机数;A的范围为[-1,1];C的范围为[0,2]。
步骤3 捕食
DαDβDδ分别为灰狼αβδ与猎物之间的距离,计算公式如下。
D α = C 1 X α ( t ) - X ( t ) D β = C 2 X β ( t ) - X ( t ) D δ = C 3 X δ ( t ) - X ( t )
式(15)中:Xα(t)、Xβ(t)、Xδ(t)分别为第t次迭代后,灰狼αβδ的位置。
X 1 = X α ( t ) - A 1 D α X 2 = X β ( t ) - A 2 D β X 3 = X δ ( t ) - A 3 D δ
Xp(t+1)= X 1 + X 2 + X 3 3
式中:X1X2X3分别为ω狼受灰狼αβδ影响之后的位置向量;Xp(t+1)为ω狼的最终位置。
针对传统GWO算法计算精度不高、后期迭代速度较为缓慢等缺点,提出改进灰狼算法(improved grey wolf optimizer,IGWO)具体如下。
灰狼算法种群多样性低,而烟花算法的爆炸操作可以增加灰狼算法的种群多样性。在种群更新前对α狼进行爆炸操作,计算个体的爆炸个数ENi和爆炸半径ERi[14]分别为
ENi=EN F m a x - f ( x i ) + ε i = 1 N [ F m a x - f ( x i ) ] + ε
ERi=ER f ( x i ) - F m i n + ε i = 1 N [ f ( x i ) - F m i n ] + ε
式中:EN和ER分别为爆炸火花数调节参数和半径调节参数,设定EN=6,ER=5;FmaxFmin分别为烟花适应度函数的最大和最小值;f(xi)为烟花xi的适应度函数值;ε为一个极小数,用来防止分母为零的情况。
为保证烟花算法爆炸操作能得到整数解,在式(19)的基础上进行改进,表达式为
ER'= r o u n d ( E R i ) , E R i 0.5 1 , E R i < 0.5
式(20)中:ER'为改进后的爆炸半径;round(·)为取整函数。
为了防止最佳个体爆炸产生的火花过多而影响种群多样性,需要对烟花的爆炸数目进行约束,表达式为
ENi= r o u n d ( a E N ) , E N i < a E N r o u n d ( b E N ) , E N i > b E N ,   a < b < 1 r o u n d ( E N i ) ,
式(21)中:ab为爆炸数目限制因子,设定a=0.3,b=0.6。
对烟花个体位置更新产生的新火花进行位移操作,更新火花位置,表达式为
x i j k= x i k+round[rand(0,ERi)]
式(22)中: x i j k为第i个烟花产生的第j个火花在维度为k的位置、j∈(1,ENi)的正整数; x i kk维第i个烟花的位置、k∈(1,D)的正整数;rand(0,ERi)为数值在0~ERi的随机数。
为避免爆炸产生的火花超出约束范围,故对火花进行边界约束,表达式为
x i j k= x m a x , x i j k > x m a x x i j k , x m i n x i j k x m a x x m i n , x i j k < x m i n
式(23)中:xmaxxmin分别为火花边界的上限和下限。
采用MATLAB优化箱中非线性规划函数fmincon进行局部寻优,并把寻找到的局部最优值作为新个体继续运行。
MATLAB中非线性规划的数学模型如下。
m i n f ' ( x ) A x B A e q x = S C ( x ) 0 C e q ( x ) = 0
式(24)中:f'(x)为目标函数;ABAeqCeq为相应维数的矩阵向量;C(x)、Ceq(x)为非线性向量函数。
利用IGWO算法求解协同优化模型,流程如图2所示,运行步骤如下。
步骤1 初始化灰狼种群。设置算法参数,主要参数包括:种群数S、最大迭代次数T、维度D、矩阵H、标帜flag、配电网参数、求解空间的上限、下限等。
步骤2 计算灰狼个体适应度值,选择结果最好的前3只狼分别作为α狼、β狼、δ狼。
步骤3α狼执行爆炸和位移操作,计算该点的爆炸数量和半径,爆炸产生的火花若超出规定范围,则将越限点返回到约束范围内的新位置上。
步骤4 计算适应度值,并求解当前最优整数解。
步骤5 执行非线性规划操作,定义新函数f'(x),用于加载α狼的整数解,采用fmincon函数求解当前最优连续解。
步骤6 更新头狼位置。
步骤7 更新群狼位置。
步骤8 判断是否达到最大迭代次数。若是,则执行步骤9;否则,返回步骤2。
步骤9 输出结果。
对算例进行分析,改进后的拓扑结构如图3所示。
该系统基准电压为12.66 kV,基准功率为10 MVA,有功总负荷为3 715 kW,无功总负荷为2 300 kvar,节点电压标幺值允许范围:0.95 p.u.~1.05 p.u.,系统支路参数采用Matpower 6.0“case33bw”数据。设置GWO、FWA、改进GWO算法中的粒子个数都为30,最大迭代次数为100。目标函数中的参数:λ=0.5元/(kW∙h),Tmax= 5 000 h,k1=0.13,k2=0.1,C1=60元/kvar,C2=5 000元/节点。无功补偿节点选择文献[15]的3、9、13、29节点,且符合无功就地补偿原则。光伏发电接入节点17和30,风机接入节点4和25,具体参数如表1所示。馈线电容器安装在节点3和29,且初始投入组数均为0;静止无功补偿发生器安装在节点9和13,无功补偿设备具体参数如表2所示。
为了验证所提出的无功和重构协同优化策略的有效性,设计4种场景进行仿真实验,具体如下。
(1)场景1:正常运行时,未进行重构和无功优化。
(2)场景2:只进行重构。
(3)场景3:只进行无功优化。
(4)场景4:无功和重构协同优化。
场景1~场景4仿真结果对比如表3所示,4种场景下节点电压如图4所示。
表3可以看出,相对于场景1中的初始状态,场景2的开关变化4次,网损降低了31.15%,年综合成本降低了31.15%;场景3中无功补偿容量为1 508.38 kvar,网损降低了31.31%,年综合费用降低了26.29%;场景4开关变化4次,无功补偿容量为1 426.32 kvar,网损降低了51.49%,年综合成本降低了46.69%,场景4的结果比场景2和场景3的网损和年综合成本优化效果更明显。
图4展示了场景1~场景4的网络节点电压优化结果,场景2由于未考虑无功补偿,导致系统无功不足,电压水平较低;场景3由于未考虑重构,其电压水平波动较大;场景4的电压优化效果更佳,由此看来,无功和重构协同优化能够更进一步地提高节点电压,有效抑制系统节点电压波动水平。
为检验IGWO算法的有效性,使用4种不同算法对场景4进行寻优,非线性规划算法、GWO算法和FWA算法和IGWO算法,运行求解结果如表4所示。
从结果来看,IGWO算法相对于非线性规划算法求解的网损降低了38.2%,年综合成本降低了33.1%;相对于GWO算法,网损降低了3.4%,年综合成本降低了2.9%;相对于FWA算法,网损降低了4.5%,年综合成本降低了3.2%。综上所述,非线性规划算法、GWO算法和FWA算法都陷入了局部最优,而IGWO算法加入了爆炸操作和非线性规划,丰富了种群多样性,避免过早收敛得到局部最优解。
4种不同算法下的节点电压优化结果和算法适应度曲线对比分别如图5图6所示。
图5可以看出,IGWO算法得到的电压优化效果最佳,FWA算法和GWO算法次之,除此之外,本文改进算法得到的电压最低值也优于其他算法。
图6可见,IGWO算法迭代到第8代就收敛,GWO算法和FWA算法分别迭代到63代和84代时才收敛,表明本文算法耗时更短,寻优效率更高。从算法精度来看,IGWO算法搜索到全局最优解的能力最强。综上所述,将FWA算法爆炸操作引入头狼的更新策略中进行整数解寻优,引入非线性规划算法进行连续解寻优,通过3种算法的融合,可以充分发挥其各自的优势,改善传统GWO算法的不足。
将线路开关状态和无功补偿容量同时作为控制变量对配电网进行优化,构建以年综合成本最小为目标函数的配电网协同优化模型。针对传统GWO算法的不足,对种群中α狼的更新策略进行改进,引入烟花算法的爆炸策略对整数解进行寻优,为能精准地找到整数解,对爆炸半径增加取整操作,随之采用非线性规划算法对连续解进行寻优,以增强算法的寻优能力和效率。通过算例分析得出如下结论。
(1)对有源配电网进行无功和重构协同优化,相对于单一无功优化和网络重构能更显著地降低网损和年综合成本。协同优化与重构相比,网损降低了29.54%,年综合成本降低了22.58%;与无功优化相比,网损降低了29.38%,年综合成本降低了27.68%。
(2)从电压水平来看,协同优化既能防止系统无功不足,又能减小节点电压波动水平,能够进一步提升配电网的电压质量。
(3)与传统GWO算法、FWA算法以及非线性规划算法相比,所提出的IGWO算法在求解多变量和多维度的有源配电网无功和重构协同优化模型中具有更好的收敛速度和全局搜索能力。
  • 陕西省创新计划(2020KJXX-018)
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2025年第25卷第13期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405006
  • 接收时间:2024-07-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-04
  • 修回日期:2025-02-08
基金
陕西省创新计划(2020KJXX-018)
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    西安石油大学电子工程学院陕西省油气井测控技术重点实验室, 西安 710065

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* 荆梦怡(2000—),女,汉族,陕西华阴人,硕士研究生。研究方向:配电网综合优化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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