Article(id=1149769465291785196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405060, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720195200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-06, revisedDate=1740499200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752056002209, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1747497600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752056002209, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752056002209, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752056002209, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149769458706723113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='14', pageStart='5705', pageEnd='6154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752056000638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456798957, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5992, endPage=5998, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149769465623135213, articleId=1149769465291785196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Predicting Wood’s Longitudinal Tensile Strength from Earlywood and Latewood Characteristics in a Single Growth Ring, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Wood consists of a number of early and latewood alternately, in order to predict the strength of the mechanical properties of the specimen according to the proportion of early and latewood, a composite material model with early and latewood as the basic modeling unit was established. Starting from the fine level of wood, the wood is regarded as a composite material ideally bonded by two kinds of materials with different mechanical properties of early and late wood. Taking Yunnan pine as the research object, the respective mechanical parameters of early and late wood were obtained respectively, and according to the theory of composite plywood, the composite material tensile strength model of early and late wood with smooth grain was set up, and the test is utilized to verify the results. The results show that it is feasible to consider the wood as early and latewood composite material and use the laminate theory to predict its mechanical properties. The relative errors between the theoretical values of tensile elastic modulus and tensile strength and the experimental values are within 10%, which is highly reliable, and according to this model, the tensile strength and elastic modulus can be calculated through the measurement of the volume fraction of the latewood in the material, which will provide a good basis for the subsequent early and latewood tests and the further study of the early and latewood related models. This model can provide a reference basis and theoretical foundation for the in-depth study of the subsequent early and late material test and the related model of early and late material.

, correspAuthors=Ya-shuang BAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei-jun LI, Ya-shuang BAI, Guo-lin XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149769506387574869, articleId=1149769465291785196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于早、晚材单一年轮顺纹抗拉力学性能预测, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

木材由若干早晚材交替组成,为根据早晚材占比,预测试件力学性能强度,建立了以早、晚材为基本模型单元的复合材料模型。从木材细观层面出发,将木材视为由早、晚材两种不同力学性质的材料理想粘接的复合材料,以云南松为研究对象,分别获取早材与晚材各自力学参数,根据复合材料层合板理论,建立早晚材顺纹抗拉力学模型,并利用试验进行验证。结果表明,将木材视为早、晚材复合材并用层合板理论对其力学性能进行预测的方法可行;抗拉弹性模量和抗拉强度的理论值与试验值之间相对误差皆在10%以内,具有较高的可靠性,根据此模型,通过测量材料中晚材所占的体积分数,可计算材料的抗拉强度与弹性模量,为后续早晚材试验与早晚材相关模型的深入研究提供参考依据与理论基础。

, correspAuthors=柏亚双, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*柏亚双(1975—),女,汉族,黑龙江安达人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:工程结构抗震。E-mail:
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李维君(2000—),男,彝族,云南楚雄人,硕士研究生。研究方向:木结构。E-mail:

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Mean values of mechanical parameters of early and latewood tests of Yunnan pine

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材质 弹性模量/GPa 峰值应力/MPa 密度/(g·cm-3)
早材 8.26 63.31 0.043
晚材 18.53 132.69 0.091
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云南松早、晚材试验力学参数平均值

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材质 弹性模量/GPa 峰值应力/MPa 密度/(g·cm-3)
早材 8.26 63.31 0.043
晚材 18.53 132.69 0.091
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Experimental and theoretical values of mechanical parameters of a single annual cycle

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参数类型 理论值 试验值 相对误差/%
弹性模量/GPa 13.37 14.10 5.17
抗拉强度/MPa 97.99 95.58 2.53
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单一年轮力学参数试验值与理论值

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参数类型 理论值 试验值 相对误差/%
弹性模量/GPa 13.37 14.10 5.17
抗拉强度/MPa 97.99 95.58 2.53
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基于早、晚材单一年轮顺纹抗拉力学性能预测
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李维君 , 柏亚双 * , 徐国林
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(14): 5992-5998
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(14): 5992-5998
基于早、晚材单一年轮顺纹抗拉力学性能预测
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李维君 , 柏亚双* , 徐国林
作者信息
  • 西南林业大学土木工程学院, 昆明 650224
  • 李维君(2000—),男,彝族,云南楚雄人,硕士研究生。研究方向:木结构。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*柏亚双(1975—),女,汉族,黑龙江安达人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:工程结构抗震。E-mail:
Predicting Wood’s Longitudinal Tensile Strength from Earlywood and Latewood Characteristics in a Single Growth Ring
Wei-jun LI , Ya-shuang BAI* , Guo-lin XU
Affiliations
  • School of Civil Engineering,Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
出版时间: 2025-05-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405060
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木材由若干早晚材交替组成,为根据早晚材占比,预测试件力学性能强度,建立了以早、晚材为基本模型单元的复合材料模型。从木材细观层面出发,将木材视为由早、晚材两种不同力学性质的材料理想粘接的复合材料,以云南松为研究对象,分别获取早材与晚材各自力学参数,根据复合材料层合板理论,建立早晚材顺纹抗拉力学模型,并利用试验进行验证。结果表明,将木材视为早、晚材复合材并用层合板理论对其力学性能进行预测的方法可行;抗拉弹性模量和抗拉强度的理论值与试验值之间相对误差皆在10%以内,具有较高的可靠性,根据此模型,通过测量材料中晚材所占的体积分数,可计算材料的抗拉强度与弹性模量,为后续早晚材试验与早晚材相关模型的深入研究提供参考依据与理论基础。

早晚材  /  复合材料理论  /  顺纹抗拉强度  /  弹性模量

Wood consists of a number of early and latewood alternately, in order to predict the strength of the mechanical properties of the specimen according to the proportion of early and latewood, a composite material model with early and latewood as the basic modeling unit was established. Starting from the fine level of wood, the wood is regarded as a composite material ideally bonded by two kinds of materials with different mechanical properties of early and late wood. Taking Yunnan pine as the research object, the respective mechanical parameters of early and late wood were obtained respectively, and according to the theory of composite plywood, the composite material tensile strength model of early and late wood with smooth grain was set up, and the test is utilized to verify the results. The results show that it is feasible to consider the wood as early and latewood composite material and use the laminate theory to predict its mechanical properties. The relative errors between the theoretical values of tensile elastic modulus and tensile strength and the experimental values are within 10%, which is highly reliable, and according to this model, the tensile strength and elastic modulus can be calculated through the measurement of the volume fraction of the latewood in the material, which will provide a good basis for the subsequent early and latewood tests and the further study of the early and latewood related models. This model can provide a reference basis and theoretical foundation for the in-depth study of the subsequent early and late material test and the related model of early and late material.

earlywood and latewood  /  composite material theory  /  parallel grain tensile strength  /  modulus of elasticity
李维君, 柏亚双, 徐国林. 基于早、晚材单一年轮顺纹抗拉力学性能预测. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (14) : 5992 -5998 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405060
Wei-jun LI, Ya-shuang BAI, Guo-lin XU. Predicting Wood’s Longitudinal Tensile Strength from Earlywood and Latewood Characteristics in a Single Growth Ring[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (14) : 5992 -5998 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405060
木材资源是各木制产业基础,是目前用于结构与建筑最多的天然材料。传统民居及古建筑都以木材作为受载构件或装饰构件[1],此类设计的前提都是需对木材各项力学性能进行研究,而木材各力学性能是木材开发与利用之关键参数。从宏观角度出发,木材可视为由多轮同心圆状的单一生长轮无隙组合[2],单一生长轮中,又由早材与晚材按不同比例构成,但早材与晚材力学性质却截然不同,早材是树木每年生长季节早期形成的部分木材,靠近髓心一侧,晚材是树木每年生长后期形成的一部分木材,靠近树皮一侧;因木材生长环境原因,早材形成层细胞分裂较快,细胞壁较薄,形体较大,颜色浅,故密度较小,所含微观空隙较多;而晚材与早材相反,形成层分裂较慢,形成的细胞小且壁较厚,木质组织致密,形体小[3];由于早晚材性质不一,且在木材中占比也不同,便导致同一棵木材中在不同位置所取的材料力学性能也相差较大,在后续有关模型的建立中,需要对所采用材料进行强度判定,如通过试验方式确定,则需要花费大量时间与材料。故需先对早材与晚材力学性能进行探究。
早晚材力学性能的不同取决于早晚材的密度和微纤丝角(microfibril angle,MFA)差异[4],但在成熟材中,早材与晚材MFA差异较小,几乎可以忽略[5],故对早晚材力学性能影响较大的因素为密度。
一般而言,晚材密度比早材大,晚材强度和硬度大概为早材2倍以上[6],抗拉强度、弹性模量等皆有较大差别,故从复合材料角度出发,可以将木材视为一种由两种力学性质不同的材料(早材与晚材)组合而成的各项异性天然复合材料。
对于木材结构的研究,从微观角度进行研究的较多[7-9],从微观层面分析了木材结构,细胞形态、壁厚及最重要的S2层MFA,如Lloyd Donaldson[5],微观层面讨论了MFA与木材密度、刚度、收缩性等性质之间的关系。介绍了测量MFA的各种方法,包括使用显微镜测量单个木纤维或木纤维束,以及使用X射线衍射或近红外光谱测量整体木材样品。
蔡绍祥等[10]在微观尺度下,通过改变纳米压痕过程中加载函数的具体参数值,研究了加载载荷与木材细胞壁弹性模量、硬度和蠕变性能的关系,并探求在木材细胞壁线性黏弹性范围内合适的加载载荷。在细观层面的研究,如Büyüksari等[11]研究了橡木微尺寸的各项力学性能,并与标准尺寸的样品进行对比,证明当无法获取标准尺寸试样时,可以使用微尺寸试样来估算标准尺寸力学性能。
对于早晚材的研究,自微观层面,如Roszyk等[12]探究了不同含水率对早材和晚材的顺纹抗拉力学参数影响,研究发现,水分含量对晚材的抗拉强度和弹性模量的影响比对早材大,对早材破坏时应变的影响比晚材更大。揭示了早材与晚材的力学参数差异。对于细观与宏观层面,郭莹洁等[13]基于“经典层板理论”,以兴安落叶松成熟材的早材和晚材为基本单元,建立了单一年轮顺纹抗弯和顺纹抗拉强度的力学模型,通过实验测量了早、晚材的力学性能,并进行了理论验证。但是,在微观层面,虽对早材与晚材力学性质做了详细测量[14],却没有用于力学模型的建立;在细观和宏观层面,虽以早晚材为基本单元,建立了相关力学模型,但理论与试验对比却仍然有较大误差,不适合用于木材顺纹抗拉力学性能的预测。
鉴于此,现以云南松成熟材作为试材,构建预测木材顺纹抗拉力学参数方法。将云南松试材按规范进行锯解,将早晚材分别从同一生长轮上剥离,分别对早、晚材进行抗拉试验以获取相应力学参数,并根据所得数据采用复合材料理论计算单一年轮弹性模量与顺纹抗拉强度,后采用试验的方法加以验证,并计算精确度,再通过数值模拟验证理论模型可行性。
将试件看作是由力学性能不同的早、晚材组合而成,根据经典层合板理论[15],则试件弹性模量可以表示为
E = E L V L + E E V E V L + V E
式(1)中: V L V E为晚材与早材在试件中所占体积; E L E E为晚材与早材抗拉弹性模量。
试件宽度为 l、厚度为 b,晚材宽度为 a,标距为 h,则式(1)可表示为
E = E L ( a b h ) + E E ( l - a ) b h a b h + ( l - a ) b h
化简整理得
E = E L a + E E ( l - a ) l
由于单一年轮试件受载时早材与晚材同一方向受载,基于复合材料弹性常数确定的3个假设[16]:①简单荷载作用下,单元仅产生相应内力;②在顺纤维方向(木材顺纹方向)受荷载作用下,单元中的纤维与基体产生的纵向应变相同;③在其他简单外荷载作用下,单元中纤维与基体产生的内应力相同。
则可将早材与晚材分别看成复合材料中的基体与纤维,如图1所示,当体元承受拉伸荷载时,基体与纤维共同承载,可视为“并联”共同受载,如图2所示,则试件拉伸强度 P可表示为
P = P L + P E
式(4)中: P L P E分别为晚材与早材的抗拉强度。
式(4)用各自应力又可表示为
σ A = σ L A L + σ E A E
式(5)中: A为试件总面积; A L A E分别为晚材和早材在试件中所占面积。
早晚材亦可看作是纤维与基体平行排列的复合材料,故各组分的体积分数 v可按面积写出,根据比例关系, v L = V L V, v E = V E V,其中, v L v E为晚材与早材的体积分数, V L V E是晚材与早材在试件中的体积含量,而 V是试件试验部分总体积,由于试件中早晚材厚度一致,皆为 b,根据面积关系, v L v E又可表示为
v L = A L A v E = A L A
根据复合材料混合定律:纤维与基体对复合材料所做的贡献与其所占的体积分数成正比;且当两种材料之间空隙率为0时,则有 v L + v E = 1,而木材的早晚材是天然形成,故孔隙率为0。联立式(5)和式(6)再根据上述复合材料弹性常数确定的3个假设中的假设②,则试件的弹性模量可表示为
E = v L E L + ( 1 - v L ) E E
云南松为云南境内典型木材之一,应用较广泛,因此,取云南松为待测试木材,根据国家标准:GB/T 1927.2—2021 《无疵小试样木材物理力学性质试验方法 第2部分:取样方法和一般要求》[17]对云南松材进行切割与截取,采集的原木试材后,首先锯去试材端部的涂头和开裂部分,然后由每段原木试材下端,顺纹方向依次截取 300 mm ×70 mm ×70 mm的木条。
木材由多种细胞组成,在试验中,含水率对试验的影响比重较大[18]。将所截取的木条进行初始含水率测量后,置于恒温箱中调节含水率至12%±1%。从300 mm×70 mm×70 mm的木条中,制作3种类型的试件,分别为早材、晚材和早晚材各包括50%在的单一年轮试件数个。
制作早、晚材单一试件时,先对据解完成木条上存在的早晚材进行单一剥离,预先剥离成只含早材或者晚材的木片,砂纸定厚,再将其置于3D雕刻机,如图3所示,雕刻为受拉试件,试件尺寸参照张雷[19]所采用的试件尺寸,如图4所示。再对早、晚材皆包含的单一年轮试件进行制作,试件尺寸与上述相同,先从锯解完成的木条上加工为等厚木片,再进行雕刻。单一年轮试件如图5所示。
由于试件较薄,试件两端待夹固定区在固定时,容易给试件造成初始损伤,造成试件试验误差,故需要在两端粘贴上厚度为5 mm的加强片。最终3种试件如图6所示。
对早晚材试件进行抗拉试验,获取应力、应变、弹性模量、峰值荷载等力学参数。为后续理论模型的验证提供力学参数基础。
在试验过程中,需采集应力-应变数据,但由于名义应变并不能准确反映试件在试验过程中应变的演化,且数值模拟需要真实应变来模拟试件在试验过程中实时参数演化,便需要粘贴应变片对真实应变的采集。
将受拉试件粘贴应变片,如图6所示,采用DH5908应变采集仪对试验应变进行采集。采用量程为10 KN的微机控制电液伺服万能试验机对试件进行拉伸加载,如图7所示,加载速率为1 mm/min,待试件破坏,取下试件,记录应变片所采集的应变及相关力学参数数据,并绘制应力应变曲线。
通过试验,可得早、晚材真实力学性能参数,其详细参数平均值如表1所示。早、晚材试件的应力-应变曲线如图8图9所示。
图8图9表1可知,早材强度与弹性模量等力学参数都不及晚材,其一重要原因则是两材质的密度差异。早材与晚材密度相差2倍以上,其顺纹抗拉强度也相差最少2倍以上,不同树种,强度相差不一致,如兴安落叶松[20]则相差显著。
通过试验已知早、晚材各自力学性能参数,则由式(5)和式(7)可计算单一年轮试件的抗拉强度理论值和抗拉弹性模量理论值,并与试验值进行对比,其结果如表2图10所示。
将理论结果与早晚材皆包含50%的单一年轮试件试验结果进行对比后可知,弹性模量与抗拉强度的试验值与理论值相差较小,误差分别为5.17%与2.53%,说明此复合材料理论适用于以早、晚材为基础单元的单一年轮力学参数预测与分析,对于弹性模量所存在误差,其原因可能为单一年轮试件中早、晚材占比差异,早、晚材在单一年轮中占比无法精确保证皆为理想中的1/2。
根据复合材料理论,将早材与晚材视为由两种力学性能不同的材料无空隙理想粘接,在受力方向所产生应变一致,不存在任何相对滑移。使用ABAQUS有限元软件进行建模,其模型尺寸试验完全尺寸一致,模型如图11所示,根据早晚材各自试验所得力学参数,依据失效准则(Tsai-Wu 准则,Hashin 准则)[21]编写VUMAT子程序嵌入ABAQUS进行复合材料拉伸失效分析,验证理论模型可行性。由于数值模拟参数较多,其中某些参数对结果影响可忽略不计,便可采用推算值进行模拟。
数值模拟云图与结果如图12所示。其对比结果如图13所示。数值模拟属于理想条件下的试验情况仿真,由图13可知,数值模拟力峰值与试验力峰值分别为2.02 kN与2.27 kN,误差为12.3%,其误差原因为单一年轮中,早材与晚材比率不可能完全精确到各占50%,最终取平均值会与数值模拟值存在相对误差。
由数值模拟与试验数值对比,表明根据复合材料中的层合板理论并按“并联”受载的方法可对云南松试件顺纹抗拉力学参数进行预测,且有较高的精确度。
通过对云南松单一年轮中早材与晚材抗拉力学性能的研究,将其与视为复合材料,建立理论模型并加以试验验证,得出以下结论。
(1)木材在细观层面下的早材与晚材力学性能相差较大,两者的弹性模量、抗拉强度皆相差两倍以上,在成熟材的条件下(可忽略MFA的影响),其影响因素最主要为密度。
(2)将单一生长轮视为由早材与晚材两种性能不一的材料理想粘接而成的天然各向异性复合材料的理论可行,经试验验证,理论值与试验值之间误差皆在10%以内。故通过测量晚材与早材在整个材料中所占体积分数,则可通过本文所建立的理论模型预估其强度与弹性模量。
(3)由于晚材的各项力学性能皆高于早材,可知木材材料强度主要依靠于晚材占比率,若晚材占比较大,则材料强度越高。
(4)此模型适用于以早晚材为基础单元的力学模型,本文主要研究了木材在顺纹抗拉的情况下,通过理论模型对其力学参数预测的准确性。基于此理论模型对其余力学性能预测(如顺纹抗压、抗弯)等情况的精确性有待继续探究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52268051)
  • 云南省教育厅科学研究基金(2024Y604)
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2025年第25卷第14期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405060
  • 接收时间:2024-07-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-06
  • 修回日期:2025-02-26
基金
国家自然科学基金(52268051)
云南省教育厅科学研究基金(2024Y604)
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    西南林业大学土木工程学院, 昆明 650224

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*柏亚双(1975—),女,汉族,黑龙江安达人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:工程结构抗震。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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