Article(id=1149769464192877540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405154, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720540800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-10, revisedDate=1740585600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752056001947, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1747497600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752056001947, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752056001947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752056001947, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149769458706723113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='14', pageStart='5705', pageEnd='6154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752056000638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456798957, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5897, endPage=5904, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149769464926880746, articleId=1149769464192877540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Remaining Useful Life Prediction of Vehicular Fuel Cells Based on GWO-RBF Neural Network, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the prediction and health management of PEMFCs(proton exchange membrane fuel cells) for vehicles, a method combining GWO(grey wolf optimizer) and RBF(radial basis function) neural network with relative power loss rate as a health indicator was proposed to predict the remaining useful life of vehicular PEMFCs. Firstly, by analyzing the polarization curve of the fuel cell at the initial moment, a calculation method based on the relative power loss rate as a health indicator was constructed, and its feasibility was verified using the grey correlation analysis method. Then, the RBF neural network optimized by GWO algorithm was applied to predict the remaining useful life of vehicular PEMFCs. Finally, the proposed method was validated using two datasets. The results show that compared with other methods, the GWO-RBF method proposed in this paper has the smallest average absolute percentage error and root mean square error, the largest coefficient of determination, and a relative error of less than 1%. It is concluded that the proposed method can be used to predict the remaining useful life of vehicular PEMFCs with fewer datasets and better accuracy.

, correspAuthors=Ji-bin YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen WANG, Han ZHANG, Bo ZHANG, Bin LI, Ji-bin YANG, Le WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149769494958096860, articleId=1149769464192877540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于GWO-RBF神经网络的车用燃料电池剩余使用寿命预测, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为研究车用质子交换膜燃料电池的预测和健康管理问题,提出了一种以相对功率损耗率为健康指标、灰狼优化(grey wolf optimizer,GWO)算法与径向基(radial basis function,RBF)神经网络相结合的方法(GWO-RBF),对车用质子交换膜燃料电池的剩余使用寿命进行预测。首先,通过对初始时刻燃料电池极化曲线的分析,构建以相对功率损耗率为健康指标的计算方法,并采用灰色关联度分析方法验证其可行性。然后,应用GWO算法优化的RBF神经网络预测车用质子交换膜燃料电池的剩余使用寿命。最后,采用两组数据集对提出的方法进行了验证分析。结果表明:与其他方法相比,提出的基于GWO-RBF方法的平均绝对百分比误差、均方根误差最小,决定系数最大,相对误差小于1%。可见本文方法能够以较少的数据集、较高的精度预测车用质子交换膜燃料电池的剩余使用寿命。, correspAuthors=杨继斌, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杨继斌(1989—),男,汉族,甘肃陇西人,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源车辆优化控制。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=vC7G2XjSs6Egx8/wsqcm8A==, magXml=f4KQAZMxIfNdtjm2gR/mNQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=sghIYURdZ2C6ZW3Q1d4D5g==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/0KPlIZvGRLA1Q0cSId/PQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王文(1984—),男,汉族,辽宁辽阳人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:新能源机车和机车电气系统设计。E-mail:

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王文(1984—),男,汉族,辽宁辽阳人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:新能源机车和机车电气系统设计。E-mail:

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王文(1984—),男,汉族,辽宁辽阳人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:新能源机车和机车电气系统设计。E-mail:

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Parameters and metrics of the RPLR computational model

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数据集 a b c R2 RMSE
FC1 335.8 0.011 19 0.013 03 0.999 9 1.048
FC2 317.6 0.011 83 0.006 92 0.999 8 1.438
), ArticleFig(id=1173000035433333654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769464192877540, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RPLR计算模型的参数和指标

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数据集 a b c R2 RMSE
FC1 335.8 0.011 19 0.013 03 0.999 9 1.048
FC2 317.6 0.011 83 0.006 92 0.999 8 1.438
), ArticleFig(id=1173000035504636823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769464192877540, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correlation between various influencing factors

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评价项 FC1 FC2
关联度 排名 关联度 排名
RPLR 0.569 8 1 0.628 7 1
氢气出口温度 0.557 8 2 0.609 1 4
空气湿度 0.556 5 5 0.608 9 5
空气出口温度 0.556 3 6 0.604 7 6
电流密度 0.556 2 7 0.601 1 7
电流 0.556 2 8 0.601 1 8
空气进口温度 0.556 1 9 0.601 0 9
氢气出口压力 0.556 1 10 0.600 9 10
空气进口流速 0.556 0 11 0.600 9 11
氢气进口压力 0.556 0 12 0.600 9 12
氢气进口流速 0.556 0 13 0.600 8 13
冷却水出口温度 0.555 9 14 0.600 8 14
空气进口压力 0.555 9 15 0.600 7 15
冷却水进口温度 0.555 9 16 0.600 3 16
空气出口压力 0.555 8 17 0.600 2 17
空气出口流速 0.555 5 18 0.600 0 18
氢气出口流速 0.554 3 19 0.600 0 19
氢气进口温度 0.553 7 20 0.599 8 20
单电池电压2 0.551 8 21 0.599 6 21
单电池电压4 0.551 8 22 0.599 4 22
冷却水流速 0.551 6 23 0.598 8 23
单电池电压1 0.551 5 24 0.598 7 24
电堆功率 0.556 5 4 0.611 6 2
电堆电压 0.557 5 3 0.609 1 3
单电池电压3 0.550 5 25 0.598 1 25
单电池电压5 0.550 5 26 0.597 9 26
), ArticleFig(id=1173000035575939992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769464192877540, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各影响因素的关联度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价项 FC1 FC2
关联度 排名 关联度 排名
RPLR 0.569 8 1 0.628 7 1
氢气出口温度 0.557 8 2 0.609 1 4
空气湿度 0.556 5 5 0.608 9 5
空气出口温度 0.556 3 6 0.604 7 6
电流密度 0.556 2 7 0.601 1 7
电流 0.556 2 8 0.601 1 8
空气进口温度 0.556 1 9 0.601 0 9
氢气出口压力 0.556 1 10 0.600 9 10
空气进口流速 0.556 0 11 0.600 9 11
氢气进口压力 0.556 0 12 0.600 9 12
氢气进口流速 0.556 0 13 0.600 8 13
冷却水出口温度 0.555 9 14 0.600 8 14
空气进口压力 0.555 9 15 0.600 7 15
冷却水进口温度 0.555 9 16 0.600 3 16
空气出口压力 0.555 8 17 0.600 2 17
空气出口流速 0.555 5 18 0.600 0 18
氢气出口流速 0.554 3 19 0.600 0 19
氢气进口温度 0.553 7 20 0.599 8 20
单电池电压2 0.551 8 21 0.599 6 21
单电池电压4 0.551 8 22 0.599 4 22
冷却水流速 0.551 6 23 0.598 8 23
单电池电压1 0.551 5 24 0.598 7 24
电堆功率 0.556 5 4 0.611 6 2
电堆电压 0.557 5 3 0.609 1 3
单电池电压3 0.550 5 25 0.598 1 25
单电池电压5 0.550 5 26 0.597 9 26
), ArticleFig(id=1173000035659826073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769464192877540, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Prediction results of fuel cell RUL based on different methods for FC1

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方法 MAPE RMSE R2 RUL RE/%
LSTM 0.010 0.003 4 0.42 693 98.56
ELM 0.009 0.003 6 0.54 437 25.21
CNN 0.010 0.003 1 0.51 693 98.56
RBF 0.006 0.002 3 0.72 346 0.86
GWO-RBF 0.004 0.001 5 0.89 347 0.57
), ArticleFig(id=1173000035726934938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769464192877540, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

FC1基于不同方法的燃料电池RUL预测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 MAPE RMSE R2 RUL RE/%
LSTM 0.010 0.003 4 0.42 693 98.56
ELM 0.009 0.003 6 0.54 437 25.21
CNN 0.010 0.003 1 0.51 693 98.56
RBF 0.006 0.002 3 0.72 346 0.86
GWO-RBF 0.004 0.001 5 0.89 347 0.57
), ArticleFig(id=1173000035785655195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769464192877540, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Prediction results of fuel cell RUL based on different methods for FC2

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方法 MAPE RMSE R2 RUL RE/%
LSTM 0.045 0.007 0 0.37 612 15.04
ELM 0.037 0.005 9 0.72 612 15.04
CNN 0.006 0.004 7 0.79 126 76.31
RBF 0.005 0.005 4 0.80 127 76.12
GWO-RBF 0.003 0.000 5 0.98 529 0.56
), ArticleFig(id=1173000035890512796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769464192877540, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

FC2基于不同方法的燃料电池RUL预测结果

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方法 MAPE RMSE R2 RUL RE/%
LSTM 0.045 0.007 0 0.37 612 15.04
ELM 0.037 0.005 9 0.72 612 15.04
CNN 0.006 0.004 7 0.79 126 76.31
RBF 0.005 0.005 4 0.80 127 76.12
GWO-RBF 0.003 0.000 5 0.98 529 0.56
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Comparisons of evaluation metrics based on fuel cell dataset of real-world vehicles

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方法 MAPE RMSE R2 RUL RE/%
GWO-RBF 0.156 0.006 4 0.99 128 1.50
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基于实车燃料电池数据集的评价指标对比

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方法 MAPE RMSE R2 RUL RE/%
GWO-RBF 0.156 0.006 4 0.99 128 1.50
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基于GWO-RBF神经网络的车用燃料电池剩余使用寿命预测
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王文 1 , 张晗 2 , 张擘 2 , 李斌 1 , 杨继斌 3, * , 王乐 3, 4
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(14): 5897-5904
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(14): 5897-5904
基于GWO-RBF神经网络的车用燃料电池剩余使用寿命预测
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王文1 , 张晗2, 张擘2, 李斌1, 杨继斌3, * , 王乐3, 4
作者信息
  • 1. 中车大同电力机车有限公司, 大同 037038
  • 2. 中车工业研究院有限公司, 北京 100070
  • 3. 西华大学汽车与交通学院, 成都 610039
  • 4. 吉利学院智能网联与新能源汽车学院, 成都 641423
  • 王文(1984—),男,汉族,辽宁辽阳人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:新能源机车和机车电气系统设计。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*杨继斌(1989—),男,汉族,甘肃陇西人,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源车辆优化控制。E-mail:
Remaining Useful Life Prediction of Vehicular Fuel Cells Based on GWO-RBF Neural Network
Wen WANG1 , Han ZHANG2, Bo ZHANG2, Bin LI1, Ji-bin YANG3, * , Le WANG3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1. CRRC Datong Co., Ltd., Datong 037038, China
  • 2. CRRC Academy Co., Ltd., Beijing 100070, China
  • 3. School of Automobile and Transportation, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
  • 4. School of Intelligent Connected and New Energy Vehicles, Geely University of China, Chengdu 641423, China
出版时间: 2025-05-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405154
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为研究车用质子交换膜燃料电池的预测和健康管理问题,提出了一种以相对功率损耗率为健康指标、灰狼优化(grey wolf optimizer,GWO)算法与径向基(radial basis function,RBF)神经网络相结合的方法(GWO-RBF),对车用质子交换膜燃料电池的剩余使用寿命进行预测。首先,通过对初始时刻燃料电池极化曲线的分析,构建以相对功率损耗率为健康指标的计算方法,并采用灰色关联度分析方法验证其可行性。然后,应用GWO算法优化的RBF神经网络预测车用质子交换膜燃料电池的剩余使用寿命。最后,采用两组数据集对提出的方法进行了验证分析。结果表明:与其他方法相比,提出的基于GWO-RBF方法的平均绝对百分比误差、均方根误差最小,决定系数最大,相对误差小于1%。可见本文方法能够以较少的数据集、较高的精度预测车用质子交换膜燃料电池的剩余使用寿命。
燃料电池  /  寿命预测  /  相对功率损耗率  /  灰狼优化算法  /  径向基神经网络

In order to study the prediction and health management of PEMFCs(proton exchange membrane fuel cells) for vehicles, a method combining GWO(grey wolf optimizer) and RBF(radial basis function) neural network with relative power loss rate as a health indicator was proposed to predict the remaining useful life of vehicular PEMFCs. Firstly, by analyzing the polarization curve of the fuel cell at the initial moment, a calculation method based on the relative power loss rate as a health indicator was constructed, and its feasibility was verified using the grey correlation analysis method. Then, the RBF neural network optimized by GWO algorithm was applied to predict the remaining useful life of vehicular PEMFCs. Finally, the proposed method was validated using two datasets. The results show that compared with other methods, the GWO-RBF method proposed in this paper has the smallest average absolute percentage error and root mean square error, the largest coefficient of determination, and a relative error of less than 1%. It is concluded that the proposed method can be used to predict the remaining useful life of vehicular PEMFCs with fewer datasets and better accuracy.

fuel cell  /  life prediction  /  relative power loss rate  /  grey wolf optimizer algorithm  /  radial basis function neural network
王文, 张晗, 张擘, 李斌, 杨继斌, 王乐. 基于GWO-RBF神经网络的车用燃料电池剩余使用寿命预测. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (14) : 5897 -5904 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405154
Wen WANG, Han ZHANG, Bo ZHANG, Bin LI, Ji-bin YANG, Le WANG. Remaining Useful Life Prediction of Vehicular Fuel Cells Based on GWO-RBF Neural Network[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (14) : 5897 -5904 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405154
质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell,PEMFC)具有无污染、续驶里程长、补充能源时间较短等优点,在交通领域具有较大的应用潜力[1]。目前,在交通领域实车运行的燃料电池的使用寿命远低于实验室测试的使用寿命[2-3]。燃料电池使用寿命短是一个是急需突破的关键技术,准确地预测燃料电池的剩余使用寿命(remaining useful life,RUL)将有利于有效地维护和健康管理[4]
合理选择健康指标来描述燃料电池寿命的退化程度,是提高燃料电池寿命预测精度的关键。目前,常见的健康指标包括电压[5-6]、功率[7]、混合指标[8-9]、电化学表面积[10]、基于扩展卡尔曼滤波器的退化因子[11]和虚拟稳态电压[12]等。电堆电压是常用的一种燃料电池健康指标,但电堆电压在动态条件下高度依赖于操作条件和系统内部参数,表征其老化程度将降低精度[13]。Hua等[13]针对动态工况下PEMFC剩余使用寿命预测,提出相对功率损耗率(relative power loss rate,RPLR)作为健康指标,减小了可变负载曲线的影响,并具有单调递减的特性,可以表征燃料电池在动态条件的退化状况。Yang等[14]分析了实车条件下RPLR作为燃料电池健康指标的可行性。
近年来,中外学者已对燃料电池剩余使用寿命预测方法进行了大量研究,研究方法主要包括模型驱动[9-10]、数据驱动[12-16]和混合驱动[17]3类方法。这3类方法各有优缺点,其中数据驱动的方法不需要建立反映燃料电池机理的退化模型,可通过监测燃料电池在退化过程中参数值的变化,用于学习和预测燃料电池状态的非线性变化。常见的数据驱动方法包括BP神经网络[14]、回声状态网络[5]、长短时记忆网络(long and short-term memory network,LSTM)[7,16]、门控循环单元神经网络[6]和极限学习机[15]等。BP神经网络是实现基于数据驱动的燃料电池寿命预测的常见方法之一,但BP神经网络容易陷入局部最小化且预测结果准确率不高[14]。对此,许多学者融合多种算法对燃料电池的寿命进行预测,并将BP神经网络预测结果作为重要的基准,得到了较好的预测效果[14-15,17]。Yang等[14]将BP与灰狼优化(grey wolf optimization,GWO)算法进行融合,实现了对PEMFC剩余使用寿命的预测。刘嘉蔚等[15]采用核超限学习机对PEMFC的寿命进行预测,与BP神经网络相比,核超限学习机的预测精度更高。Chen等[18]融合灰色理论、粒子群优化算法和BP神经网络,提出了PEMFC的寿命预测方法。此外,相比于其他神经网络网络,径向基(radial basis funcation,RBF)神经网络具有最优泛函数逼近能力,非线性拟合能力强,可用于部件的寿命预测[19]。但RBF神经网络的径向基函数的参数需要通过训练确定,过程较为复杂,需要合理选择初始参数和训练算法。
为此,现采用GWO算法优化RBF神经网络对车用PEMFC的剩余使用寿命进行预测。通过初始时刻的极化曲线计算RPLR,并使用灰色关联分析验证RPLR作为PEMFC的动态健康指标可行性;然后,通过GWO优化RBF的参数实现PEMFC剩余使用寿命的准确预测;最后通过PEMFC的相关数据集验证本文方法的有效性。
实验数据集来源于IEEE PHM 2014数据挑战赛提供的公开数据[20],包括老化数据、极化测试数据和电化学阻抗谱测试数据,PEMFC电堆由5个单体电池构成,每个单体电池的有效面积为100 cm2。第一组数据是PEMFC电堆在静态条件下测试得到的,持续测试了1 100 h以上,命名为FC1。第二组数据是PEMFC电堆在动态条件下测试得到的,持续测试了1 000 h以上,命名为FC2。
传统的静态健康指标难以有效地表征燃料电池系统的退化状态,本文研究为减小负载电流的影响,采用RPLR作为PEMFC寿命衰退的健康指标,用于剩余使用寿命的预测。根据寿命开始时的极化曲线,得到初始功率 ( P 0 )随电流 ( I )变化的曲线。在时间步长t时,通过测量电流 ( I t )和电压 ( U t )可以计算出实际功率 ( P )。最后,在每个时间步长 t内,RPLR可以通过电流 ( I t )的实际功率 ( P )和初始功率 ( P 0 )来计算,则RPLR ( Δ P )[13]定义为
Δ P = P - P 0 P 0
计算RPLR的详细步骤如下:①在不同电流值下测量寿命开始时刻(the beginning of life,BOL)功率 ( P 0 ),建立 P 0的数学模型,并根据实验值确定其参数;②在 t时刻,通过电流 ( I t )和电压 ( U t )计算当前功率 ( P );③找出电流 ( I t )下的BOL功率 ( P 0 - I t );④根据当前功率 ( P )和BOL功率 ( P 0 - I t )计算 t时刻的RPLR。用同样的方法,可以计算出其生命周期内的RPLR。
根据IEEE PHM 2014数据挑战赛的数据集,在建模过程中采用信赖域(Trust-Region)优化方法,模型的参数和评价指标如表1所示。表1中,abc为信赖域(Trust-Region)优化方法计算的参数,评价指标包括决定系数(determination coefficient,R2)和均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)[14]。极化曲线和BOL功率曲线如图1所示,红色圈标记了每个实验测试的典型电流点。
根据式(1)计算得到的RPLR如图2所示,在提取RPLR的过程中,参考功率是燃料电池堆在BOL的初始值。对于每一个电流,都有一个对应的 P 0,可以在新的燃料电池电堆上观察到降解前的情况。因此,在大电流范围内会出现功率-电流 ( P 0 - I t )曲线。与现有的动态健康指标(如退化速率和虚拟电堆电压)相比,RPLR不受总电阻的大时间间隔的限制,并且与退化速率相比,线性近似。在实际应用中,计算新电堆的BOL功率和测量实际功率对于用户来说相对简单。因此根据其提取原理,RPLR具有普遍适用性。
灰色关联分析方法通过灰色关联度的计算,来描述各因素之间关联的强弱程度和顺序[21]。关联度系数表达为
y [ x 0 ( k ) , x i ( k ) ] = h + ρ n x 0 ( k ) , x i ( k ) + ρ n
式(2)中: h为两极最小差; n为两极最大差; ρ为分辨系数(一般取值0.5); i为数据编号。
本文研究采用灰色关联分析方法筛选更合理的燃料电池健康指标,综合考虑燃料电池的监测参数对其性能衰退的影响,选取灰色关联度最大的影响因素作为燃料电池健康指标。本文研究应用的数据集的灰色关联度计算结果如表2所示,由表2可知,RPLR的关联度最大,因此RPLR作为燃料电池的健康指标是可行的。
由于获得的RPLR的数据包含大量噪声和尖峰,采用移动平均滑动窗口方法来进行数据预处理,使数据平滑、减少噪声干扰和降低计算复杂性。移动平均滑动窗口方法表达为
M A T = 1 q i = 0 q - 1 d T - i
式(3)中: M A T为时间点 T的移动平均值; q为窗口大小; d T - i为特定时间点 T - i的原始数据。
该方法对时间序列中每个时刻过去的数据进行平均,以获得新的时间序列。数据预处理的结果如图3所示,采用移动平均滑动窗口方法,在有效抑制噪声和尖峰的同时,保持了原始数据的下降趋势。此外,平滑后的数据具有很大的变异性,容易造成数据失真。因此,对平滑后的数据进行归一化处理,以减少因变量之间的显著差异对模型性能的影响。
基于选取的健康指标,采用RBF作为预测模型,利用GWO对RBF网络的数据中心、数据宽度和网络权重进行寻优,进行车用燃料电池的寿命预测。预测方法的整体流程如图4所示,具体描述如下。
(1)数据处理:选取燃料电池的历史数据,计算RPLR,将其划分为训练集和测试集并进行归一化处理,然后将电压、电流和功率作为RBF神经网络的输入,RPLR作为RBF神经网络的输出。
(2)RBF神经网络初始化:初始化RBF神经网络结构,包括确定中心点、径向基函数的宽度和输出权重矩阵。
(3)灰狼优化算法初始化:设置灰狼优化算法的参数,包括种群大小、迭代次数、搜索范围等。
(4)灰狼优化算法优化过程:在每一代中,根据灰狼的位置和适应度值,更新RBF神经网络的参数以找到最佳解。
(5)灰狼优化算法结束条件:根据设定的终止条件(如达到最大迭代次数或满足收敛条件),结束优化算法。
(6)更新参数,使用优化后的RBF神经网络模型对燃料电池的健康指标进行预测,计算输出的预测结果。
(7)判断是否达到失效阈值,当相对功率损耗率小于警告阈值,则输出剩余使用寿命预测。
灰狼算法是一种新型种群智能优化算法,具有收敛性能强、参数少的优点,它通过模拟自然界中灰狼的等级制度和狩猎机制,完成优化过程[22]。灰狼群按照等级制度被分为头领 α、军师 β、协助者 σ和跟随者 ω4个等级。在捕食过程中,灰狼 α β σ追捕猎物,灰狼 ω追随前三者进向着目标搜索。
在灰狼捕食猎物的过程中,灰狼包围猎物的数学模型描述为
D = k X p ( t ) - X ( t ) X ( t + 1 ) = X p ( t ) - A D A = 2 a ( r d 1 - I ) k = 2 r d 2 a = 2 - 2 t t m a x
式(4)中: D为个体(狼群中的任意一只灰狼)和猎物之间的距离向量; t为当前迭代次数; X p ( t )为猎物的位置向量; X ( t )为狼群中灰狼的位置向量; A k为系数向量; a为收敛因子,从2线性减少到0; t m a x为最大迭代次数; r d 1 r d 2为[0,1]之间的随机向量;I为维度与rd1相同的全1向量。
在灰狼包围猎物后,灰狼个体跟踪猎物位置的数学模型描述为
D α = k α X α ( t ) - X ( t ) D β = k β X β ( t ) - X ( t ) D σ = k σ X σ ( t ) - X ( t )
式(5)中: X α X β X σ分别代表灰狼 α β σ的当前位置; k α k β k σ分别为灰狼 α β σ对应的随机系数向量; X ( t )为灰狼的当前位置向量。
更新后的灰狼位置为
X 1 ( t + 1 ) = X α ( t ) - A α D α X 2 ( t + 1 ) = X β ( t ) - A β D β X 3 ( t + 1 ) = X σ ( t ) - A σ D σ
式(6)中: X 1 t + 1为灰狼 α带领灰狼 ω更新的位置; X 2 t + 1为灰狼 β带领 ω进行位置更新; X 3 t + 1为灰狼 σ带领 ω进行位置更新; A α B β C σ分别为灰狼 α β σ对应的随机系数向量。
猎物的最终位置为
X ( t + 1 ) =   X 1 ( t + 1 ) + X 2 ( t + 1 ) + X 3 ( t + 1 ) 3
灰狼通过式(7)不断更新狩猎的方向和猎物的距离,重复多次后,直至捕获猎物,此时灰狼 α的位置和适应度为最优解。
RBF神经网络由输入层、隐含层和输出层组成[23],其中隐含层使用径向基函数作为激活函数。常用的径向基函数是高斯函数,高斯函数可以将数据映射到高维空间,使得数据在该空间中更易于区分和分类。高斯径向基函数是指以输入样本和中心点之间的距离作为自变量的函数,即
k ( x , x ) = e x p - x - x 2 2 2 σ 2
式(8)中: x 为核函数的中心; σ为宽度参数,用来约束函数的径向范围。
目前RPLR的失效阈值还没有明确的定义,将RPLR转换为燃料电池输出电压定义的燃料电池失效。在稳态测试(FC1)条件下,定义燃料电池电堆的初始电压下降到3.5%[20],则燃料电池失效。此时燃料电池电堆的初始电压为3.328 2 V,失效电压为3.211 7 V。当EOL=811 h时,燃料电池的电堆的电压为3.210 7 V,与实际失效电压最为接近。因此,燃料电池在811 h失效,RUL为349 h。
在准动态测试(FC2)条件下,考虑到电压波动较大,定义PEMFC电堆初始电压下降至5.5%[20],燃料电池失效。燃料电池电堆的初始电压为3.321 6 V,失效电压为3.139 V,预测起始点为T=550 h。当EOL=940 h时,燃料电池电堆的电压为3.137 2 V,与实际失效电压最为接近。因此,燃料电池在941 h失效,RUL为532 h。
使用IEEE PHM 2014数据挑战赛提供的公开数据,采用RPLR作为健康指标,将40%数据集输入GWO-RBF模型进行训练,60%数据集对GWO-RBF模型进行测试,并采用均方根误差RMSE、平均绝对百分比误差(mean average percentage error,MAPE)、决定系数(coefficient of determination,R2)和相对误差(relative error,RE)作为评价指标,对本文提出的方法进行分析。此外,为验证本文所提方法的应用效果,将该方法与基于LSTM、极限学习机(extreme learning machine,ELM)、卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)和RBF方法的预测结果进行对比,对比的预测结果如图5图6表3表4所示。表3表4中RUL为预测出的剩余使用寿命。
由预测结果可以看出,FC1的数据集中,当训练时间设置为462 h时,基于GWO-RBF方法预测的RUL为347 h,与实际的RUL相差2 h,且预测的RUL小于实际的RUL,有利于系统提前检测燃料电池失效。由图6表4可以看出,FC2的数据集中,当训练时间设置为409 h时,基于GWO-RBF方法预测的RUL为532 h,与实际的RUL相差3 h,且预测的RUL小于实际的RUL,有利于系统提前检测燃料电池失效。
此外,FC1数据集中,基于LSTM、ELM和CNN方法预测的RUL大于实际的RUL,不利于系统的提前检测燃料电池失效。而基于RBF和GWO-RBF方法预测的RUL小于实际的RUL,有利于系统提前检测燃料电池失效;且与基于RBF方法预测的结果相比,基于GWO-RBF方法预测的MAPE、RMSE最小,R2最大,预测的RUL最接近。FC2的数据集中,基于LSTM和ELM方法预测的RUL大于实际的RUL,不利于系统的提前检测燃料电池失效。而基于CNN、RBF和GWO-RBF方法预测的RUL小于实际的RUL,有利于系统提前检测燃料电池失效;且与基于CNN、RBF方法的预测结果相比,基于GWO-RBF方法预测的MAPE、RMSE最小,R2最大,预测的RUL最接近。因此,本文提出的基于GWO-RBF的预测方法能够以较少的数据集、较高的预测精度和较小的误差预测车用燃料电池的剩余使用寿命,相对误差均小于1%。
为了验证本文提出的燃料电池RUL预测方法的实用性,对正在运营燃料电池车辆的燃料电池运行数据进行了分析和验证。该实车燃料电池数据集包含1 564 h的运行数据,初始电压为170 V,假设的失效电压为153 V。当运行时间达到1 224 h时,输出电压降至153 V,表明PEMFC系统已经失效。为进行有效预测,训练时间设定为1 094 h,实际的RUL为130 h。应用本文提出的基于GWO-RBF的预测模型,并以相对功率损耗率为健康指标,该实车燃料电池的寿命预测结果如图7表5所示。
图7表5可以看出,预测的该实车燃料电池的RUL为128 h,与实际相差仅2 h,且预测的RUL略低于实际值,有助于系统提前识别燃料电池的失效风险。模型的R2值接近于1,显示出较高的预测精度。这些结果表明,GWO-RBF方法不仅适用于实验室中的测试数据,还能有效应用于实车燃料电池的RUL预测,验证了其在实际应用中的准确性和有效性。此外,通过对在运营车用燃料电池剩余使用寿命的准确预测,判断燃料电池的健康状态,有助于及时维护和动态协调控制,从而延长车用燃料电池的使用寿命。
提出了一种以相对功率损耗率为健康指标、基于GWO-RBF方法的车用燃料电池剩余使用寿命预测方法,以较少的数据对燃料电池的退化实现长期预测,得出如下结论。
(1)采用IEEE PHM 2014数据挑战赛公布的实验数据集,计算了燃料电池的相对功率损耗率,并通过灰色关联分析方法验证了相对功率损耗率作为健康指标的可行性。
(2)采用GWO算法对RBF神经网络的数据中心、数据宽度和网络权重进行了寻优,将优化后RBF神经网络用于燃料电池的剩余使用寿命预测,提高了预测精度。
(3)与基于LSTM、ELM、CNN和RBF的方法相比,本文提出的方法能够以较少的数据集、较高的预测精度和较小的误差预测车用燃料电池的剩余使用寿命,相对误差小于1%。
  • 中国中车股份有限公司重大科研项目(2023CYA271)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFB4301603)
  • 四川省自然科学基金(2025ZNSFSC0427)
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2025年第25卷第14期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405154
  • 接收时间:2024-07-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-18
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-07-10
  • 修回日期:2025-02-27
基金
中国中车股份有限公司重大科研项目(2023CYA271)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFB4301603)
四川省自然科学基金(2025ZNSFSC0427)
作者信息
    1. 中车大同电力机车有限公司, 大同 037038
    2. 中车工业研究院有限公司, 北京 100070
    3. 西华大学汽车与交通学院, 成都 610039
    4. 吉利学院智能网联与新能源汽车学院, 成都 641423

通讯作者:

*杨继斌(1989—),男,汉族,甘肃陇西人,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源车辆优化控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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