Article(id=1149769463899271519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404391, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718208000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-13, revisedDate=1740067200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752056001877, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1747497600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752056001877, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752056001877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752056001877, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149769458706723113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='14', pageStart='5705', pageEnd='6154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752056000638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456798957, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6118, endPage=6127, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149769464264175976, articleId=1149769463899271519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Heating Behavior of Soil Heated by Coupled Thermal Conductive Heating and Steam Injection, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the mechanism and influencing factors of soil heating with coupled in situ thermal technology, a two-dimensional experimental setup was used to simulate the heat treatment process, and the effects of coupled steam injection on thermal conductive heating as well as the effects of steam injection rate and heating mode on the application of the thermal conductive heating and steam injection technology were investigated. The results show that coupling steam injection on the basis of thermal conductive heating treatment can accelerate heat transfer, reduce heat loss, shorten the heating time by 35.67%, and reduce energy consumption by 24.53%. The main mechanism of steam injection enhanced heating is as follows. The additional heat injection increases the temperature difference, which in turn enhances convective heat transfer in the liquid phase driven by buoyancy. The upward migration of steam under buoyancy or pressure to enhance convective heat transfer in the gas phase. In thermal conductive heating and steam injection treatment, changing the steam injection rate or heating mode had a small effect on the treatment energy consumption, increasing the steam flow rate from 0.18 to 0.54 kg/h can shorten the heating time by 22.05%, but increase the water consumption by 132.43%. Compared with the thermal conductive heating and steam injection heated at the same time, thermal conductive heating heated for 30 min and then coupled with steam injection can reduce the water consumption by 28.57%, but will extend the heating time by 3.84%. In engineering applications, suitable restoration solutions should be selected based on duration, cost, etc.

, correspAuthors=Jie YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chun-mei YE, Jing-ke SIMA, Dong ZHOU, Yao-jun CHEN, Jie YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149769499878011071, articleId=1149769463899271519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=热传导耦合蒸汽注射加热土壤的升温规律, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为探究原位热处理耦合技术加热土壤的作用机制和影响因素,采用二维实验装置模拟了热处理过程,研究了蒸汽注射耦和热传导加热效果,分析了蒸汽流量、耦合方式等对升温过程的影响。结果表明,在热传导的基础上耦合蒸汽注射处理可以加快热量传递、减少热损失,使加热时间缩短35.67%、能耗降低24.53%。蒸汽注射强化升温主要机制为:额外的热量注入增大了温差,增强了由浮力驱动的液相对流传热;蒸汽在浮力或压力的作用下向上迁移,增强了气相对流传热。热传导和蒸汽注射耦合处理时,增大蒸汽流量和改变耦合方式对能耗影响均较小,将蒸汽流量从0.18 kg/h增大加0.54 kg/h能将加热时间缩短22.05%,但将水消耗增加了132.43%;热传导加热30 min后再耦合蒸汽注射较两者同时加热可以减少28.57%的水消耗,但将加热时间延长3.84%。工程应用中,宜根据工期、成本等筛选合适的修复方案。, correspAuthors=杨洁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杨洁(1979—),男,汉族,江苏丹阳人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:土壤和地下水修复技术研究和应用。E-mail:
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叶春梅(1995—),女,汉族,四川泸州人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:有机污染场地土壤修复。E-mail:

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叶春梅(1995—),女,汉族,四川泸州人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:有机污染场地土壤修复。E-mail:

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叶春梅(1995—),女,汉族,四川泸州人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:有机污染场地土壤修复。E-mail:

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热传导耦合蒸汽注射加热土壤的升温规律
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叶春梅 1, 2 , 司马菁珂 1, 2 , 周栋 1, 2 , 陈窈君 1, 2 , 杨洁 1, 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(14): 6118-6127
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(14): 6118-6127
热传导耦合蒸汽注射加热土壤的升温规律
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叶春梅1, 2 , 司马菁珂1, 2, 周栋1, 2, 陈窈君1, 2, 杨洁1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1. 上海市环境科学研究院, 上海 200233
  • 2. 国家环境保护城市土壤污染控制与修复工程技术中心, 上海 200233
  • 叶春梅(1995—),女,汉族,四川泸州人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:有机污染场地土壤修复。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*杨洁(1979—),男,汉族,江苏丹阳人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:土壤和地下水修复技术研究和应用。E-mail:
Heating Behavior of Soil Heated by Coupled Thermal Conductive Heating and Steam Injection
Chun-mei YE1, 2 , Jing-ke SIMA1, 2, Dong ZHOU1, 2, Yao-jun CHEN1, 2, Jie YANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Shanghai Academy of Environmental Science, Shanghai 200233, China
  • 2. State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai 200233, China
出版时间: 2025-05-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404391
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为探究原位热处理耦合技术加热土壤的作用机制和影响因素,采用二维实验装置模拟了热处理过程,研究了蒸汽注射耦和热传导加热效果,分析了蒸汽流量、耦合方式等对升温过程的影响。结果表明,在热传导的基础上耦合蒸汽注射处理可以加快热量传递、减少热损失,使加热时间缩短35.67%、能耗降低24.53%。蒸汽注射强化升温主要机制为:额外的热量注入增大了温差,增强了由浮力驱动的液相对流传热;蒸汽在浮力或压力的作用下向上迁移,增强了气相对流传热。热传导和蒸汽注射耦合处理时,增大蒸汽流量和改变耦合方式对能耗影响均较小,将蒸汽流量从0.18 kg/h增大加0.54 kg/h能将加热时间缩短22.05%,但将水消耗增加了132.43%;热传导加热30 min后再耦合蒸汽注射较两者同时加热可以减少28.57%的水消耗,但将加热时间延长3.84%。工程应用中,宜根据工期、成本等筛选合适的修复方案。
热传导  /  蒸汽  /  土壤修复  /  温度场  /  能耗

To investigate the mechanism and influencing factors of soil heating with coupled in situ thermal technology, a two-dimensional experimental setup was used to simulate the heat treatment process, and the effects of coupled steam injection on thermal conductive heating as well as the effects of steam injection rate and heating mode on the application of the thermal conductive heating and steam injection technology were investigated. The results show that coupling steam injection on the basis of thermal conductive heating treatment can accelerate heat transfer, reduce heat loss, shorten the heating time by 35.67%, and reduce energy consumption by 24.53%. The main mechanism of steam injection enhanced heating is as follows. The additional heat injection increases the temperature difference, which in turn enhances convective heat transfer in the liquid phase driven by buoyancy. The upward migration of steam under buoyancy or pressure to enhance convective heat transfer in the gas phase. In thermal conductive heating and steam injection treatment, changing the steam injection rate or heating mode had a small effect on the treatment energy consumption, increasing the steam flow rate from 0.18 to 0.54 kg/h can shorten the heating time by 22.05%, but increase the water consumption by 132.43%. Compared with the thermal conductive heating and steam injection heated at the same time, thermal conductive heating heated for 30 min and then coupled with steam injection can reduce the water consumption by 28.57%, but will extend the heating time by 3.84%. In engineering applications, suitable restoration solutions should be selected based on duration, cost, etc.

thermal conductive heating  /  steam  /  soil remediation  /  temperature field  /  energy consumption
叶春梅, 司马菁珂, 周栋, 陈窈君, 杨洁. 热传导耦合蒸汽注射加热土壤的升温规律. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (14) : 6118 -6127 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404391
Chun-mei YE, Jing-ke SIMA, Dong ZHOU, Yao-jun CHEN, Jie YANG. Heating Behavior of Soil Heated by Coupled Thermal Conductive Heating and Steam Injection[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (14) : 6118 -6127 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404391
随着生态文明和经济建设的发展,污染场地的修复治理受到社会各界的广泛关注[1]。根据工程修复位置,污染场地修复技术可以分为原位和异位两种,原位修复技术由于具有地下扰动小、修复成本低、二次污染小等特征,被认为是未来场地修复的主流方向[2-3]。原位修复技术众多,其中,原位热处理技术因其适用性强、修复周期短、污染去除率高等优势受到了广泛的关注,已被证实为修复挥发/半挥发性有机物,尤其是非水相液体污染场地的最有效修复技术之一[4]
原位热处理指通过就地加热地下污染介质,促使污染物加速迁移至气相、液相中,并通过尾水/尾气将其收集到地表进行处理的技术。根据加热方式,主要可以分为蒸汽强化抽提(steam enhanced extraction, SEE)、电阻加热(electrical resistive heating, ERH)、热传导加热(thermal conduction heating, TCH)、阴燃技术(self-sustaining treatment for active remediation, STAR) 等[5-6]。TCH是指通过热源将热量传导至目标区域的加热方式,加热温度较高(最高可达700~800 ℃),可以满足大部分污染物的去除要求,且不受土壤渗透性和均质性的影响,在有机污染场地修复中得到了广泛的应用[7]。然而,在实际工程中,污染场地往往存在复合污染普遍、水文地质条件复杂的特点,单一TCH技术往往难以实现经济高效的修复[8-9]
通过TCH与SEE技术耦合或能利用两种技术的优势,发挥技术间的协同效应,实现污染场地的高效修复。据报道,SEE与TCH的耦合适用于修复含高渗透地层或存在含水层的复杂场地,注入蒸汽可以有效地减少地下水对TCH技术的影响[10-11]。工程应用案例表明,TCH与SEE技术耦合对有机污染场地具有较好的修复效果。某有机污染场地采用TCH和SEE分别加热浅层含水层和深层含水层,在16个月内去除了约99%的污染物[12]。目前,中外关于TCH与SEE耦合技术的研究报道较少,且多为工程应用效果的介绍,TCH与SEE耦合的作用机制和影响因素等仍有待进一步研究。
加热温度是影响热处理去除污染物的关键因素[12],分析热处理过程的升温规律有助于探究耦合技术的作用机制。因此,现通过搭建室内实验装置,模拟均质含水层的加热过程,对比分析单独TCH和蒸汽注射(SI)耦合TCH(TCH+SI)处理的传热特性;研究蒸汽流量、加热方式等因素对TCH+SI处理过程中传热的影响;重点探讨不同工况下的加热面积、热影响距离,以及加热区域达到稳定的时间和能耗,并进行热量平衡计算。以期为原位TCH耦合SEE技术的应用提供参考。
实验采用上海汇精亚纳米新材料有限公司生产的石英砂,密度为1.8 g/cm,粒径为0.25~0.5 mm,导热系数为0.242 8 W/(m·K),比热为0.821 4 MJ/(m3·℃),热扩散系数为0.292 7 mm2/s。
实验主要依托二维小试装置开展(图1),该装置由砂箱、蒸汽发生器、蠕动泵、电加热棒、蒸汽注射井、热电偶、测温仪等组成。砂箱的长、宽、高分别为50、10、32 cm,主体框架为不锈钢,正面面板为高硼硅玻璃。砂箱内部由两块布水板分隔为三个区域,中间介质装填区宽度为46 cm,介质装填区背面均匀布设32个监测口(8列× 4行),相邻两个监测口的水平距离为6 cm,垂直距离为8 cm。电加热棒和蒸汽注入井距离介质底部均为0.5 cm,电加热棒的加热部分为自其底部向上延伸23 cm,蒸汽注射井的开筛位置为自其底部向上延伸23 cm。
为模拟高渗透性饱和含水层的环境条件,采用石英砂为实验介质。石英砂装填采用湿填料法[14],具体为:每次装填高度为2~3 cm,用玻璃板均匀夯实,直至装填高度达28 cm,并在石英砂上覆盖2~3 cm高岭土阻热。装填结束后,用蠕动泵从左侧底部进水口缓慢注水(40 mL/min),直至水位达28 cm。为防止砂箱内介质塌陷并确保介质达到饱和状态,填装完成后静置24 h。砂箱装填结束后孔隙率为35.09%~37.45%,后续所有计算中均取36%。
(1)耦合SI对TCH加热的影响。包括TCH和TCH+SI两组实验,加热棒功率均为0.75 kW,TCH+SI组同时开启加热棒和蒸汽注射,蒸汽温度为100 ℃,蒸汽流量为0.18 kg/h。通过温度监测分析耦合SI对TCH升温、能耗及热量分配的影响。实验的初始温度为27.15~28.30 ℃,故将大于40 ℃的区域定义为加热区域。
(2)蒸汽流量对耦合TCH+SI传热的影响。共三组实验,在加热棒开启的同时注入蒸汽,加热棒功率均0.75 kW,蒸汽温度为100 ℃,蒸汽流量分别为0.18、0.36、0.54 kg/h。通过温度监测分析蒸汽流量对TCH+SI升温、能耗及热量分配的影响。两组实验的初始温度为16.22~16.87 ℃,故将温度>30 ℃的区域定义为加热区域。
(3)加热模式对耦合TCH+SI传热的影响。共两组实验,加热模式为同时加热(SH)和蒸汽后注入(NSH)两组,SH组同时开启加热棒和蒸汽注射,NSH组在加热棒加热30 min后注射蒸汽。两组实验的加热棒功率均为0.75 kW,蒸汽温度为100 ℃,蒸汽流量均为0.18 kg/h。通过温度监测分析加热模式对TCH+SI升温、能耗及热量分配的影响。两组实验的初始温度为20.45~20.79 ℃,故将>30 ℃的区域定义为加热区域。
能耗计算公式为
Q 1 = P t + C 1 m ( 100 - T 0 ) + C 2 m 3   600
式(1)中: Q 1为加热所需能量,kW·h; P为加热棒功率,0.75 kW; t为加热时间,h; C 1为水的比热容,4.2 kJ/(kg·℃), m为用水量,kg; T 0为用水的初始温度, ℃; C 2为水的汽化潜热,2 260 kJ/kg。
注入热量、土壤加热的热量、地下水加热的热量、地下水沸腾的热量、热损失的热量的计算公式为
Q 2 = 3   600 P t + C 1 m 1 ( 100 - T 1 ) + C 2 m 1
Q 3 = C 3 V ( T 4 - T 3 )
Q 4 = ρ V 2 [ C 1 ( 100 - T 5 ) + C 2 ]
Q 5 = ρ C 1 ( V 1 - V 2 ) ( T 6 - T 5 )
Q 6 = Q 2 - Q 3 - Q 4 - Q 5
式中: Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 5 Q 6分别为注入热量、土壤加热的热量、地下水加热的热量、地下水沸腾热量、热损失热量,kJ; P为加热棒功率,0.75 kW; t为加热时间,h; C 1为水的比热容,4.2 kJ/(kg·℃); m 1为注入蒸汽量,kg; T 1为蒸汽冷凝水的温度(取加热结束后加热区域的平均温度), ℃; C 2为水的汽化潜热,225 8 kJ/kg; C 3为土壤的比热容,kJ/(m·℃); V为石英砂的体积,m3; T 4为加热结束后石英砂温度(取平均温度), ℃; T 3为石英砂的初始温度, ℃; ρ为水密度,103 kg/m3; V 1 V 2分别为加热开始前和加热结束后含水层的体积,m3;∅为石英砂孔隙度,0.36; T 6为加热结束后水的温度(取加热区域的平均温度), ℃; T 5为水的初始温度, ℃。
采用Surfer 15绘制加热区域等温线图,采用AutoCAD 2020计算加热区域的面积及热影响距离,采用Origin 2017进行图表分析和图形绘制。
不同加热时间下TCH和TCH+SI处理的温度分布如图2所示。TCH组的温度在加热棒两侧呈V型对称分布。该现象可归因于由温度梯度引起的孔隙水密度差异所驱动的浮力对流,导致热量主要向上层区域传递,从而使得上层区域的受热范围显著大于下层区域[11,15]。TCH+SI组中,由于蒸汽注入的热量远小于电加热棒的热量输入,所以未在蒸汽注入侧观察到明显的温度提升,温度分布仍然主要受加热棒的影响,在其两侧呈V型对称分布。与TCH组相比,TCH+SI组在相同时间内表现出更加显著的V型温度分布,且加热和高温(≥90 ℃)区域的范围更广。推测原因是虽然注入蒸汽的热量较少,但会在浮力作用下向上迁移,加速上层区域升温,并通过增强温度梯度增强了浮力驱动的水运动和对流传热,进而导致V型温度分布更明显,加热范围更大[16]
TCH和TCH+SI处理组的加热面积随时间变化的曲线如图3(a)所示,TCH处理组的总加热面积、上层加热面积和下层加热面积均随时间增加,加热过程中,上层在前期快速增加后逐渐趋于稳定,加热范围覆盖整个上层的时间为105 min,下层加热面积则在上层加热面积趋于稳定后快速增加。表明TCH的加热过程为上层率先被加热,随后热量通过热传导、热辐射等方式向下传递,带动下层升温。TCH+SI处理的升温情况与TCH组类似,但其加热速度更快,加热面积更大,其加热范围覆盖上层的时间较TCH组缩短了30 min,其总加热面积在不同时间点均高于TCH组,加热120 min后,较TCH组增加了10.89%。SI增强TCH加热的原理可能是注入的蒸汽在浮力或压力的作用下向上迁移,加速了上层的升温,进而加速了整个区域的升温。值得注意的是,蒸汽向上迁移的速度受限于介质的渗透性,渗透系数越大,蒸汽向上运移趋势更大[17]
TCH和TCH+SI处理组的热影响距离随时间变化的曲线如图3(b)所示,TCH和TCH+SI处理的热影响距离与加热时间均符合一元二次函数关系,且相关系数较高(R2>0.95),对拟合曲线求一阶导数可得传热速度,传热速度随时间的增加而递减,将传热速度为0时视为加热区域温度已达稳定状态。计算结果显示,TCH组温度达稳定状态的时间为169.94 min,TCH+SI组为109.33 min,较TCH组缩短了35.67%;TCH组温度达到稳定状态时的能耗为2.12 kW·h,而TCH+SI组为1.60 kW·h,降低了24.53%。
加热120 min时TCH和TCH+SI处理组的热量平衡图如图4所示,TCH组的总注入热量为5 400.00 kJ,热损失、地下水沸腾、地下水加热和土壤加热的占比分别为42.29%、39.35%、8.28%和9.98%,热损失和地下水沸腾的热量消耗过高。热损失主要是由实验砂箱与周围环境间的温差导致的热量散失,砂箱外表面未设置保温层,故热损失较大。地下水沸腾的热量仅次于热损失,约为土壤加热的5倍,主要是因为水的比热容高、汽化潜热大,水升温和汽化需要吸收较多的热量。TCH应用案例也证实,在加热含水层介质时,用于地下水沸腾的热量占总注入热量的53%[18]。因此,在工程应用中,提前对修复区域降水将有利于大幅降低热量消耗。TCH+SI组的总注入热量为6 250.08 kJ,热损失、地下水沸腾、地下水加热和土壤加热占比分别为37.33%%、45.35%、8.27%和9.05%。TCH+SI处理中地下水沸腾占比较TCH组略有提高,为主要热量消耗环节,主要是因为TCH+SI处理升温更快、温度更高,地下水汽化量更大。
蒸汽流量为0.18、0.36、0.54 kg/h时处理区域的温度分布如图5所示,不同处理组的温度均在加热棒两侧呈V型对称分布,蒸汽流量越大,V型分布更明显,处理区域的加热和高温(>90 ℃)范围更大。提高蒸汽流量增加了向上迁移的蒸汽量,加快了蒸汽运移速度,导致更多热量向上传递,进而导致V型分布更明显,此外,提高蒸汽流量增加了热量输入,加快了热量传递,进而扩大了加热范围。Liu等[19]的研究也表明,通过蒸汽注射加热含水层介质时,蒸汽流量大,处理区域的加热范围更广,V型分布更明显。
不同蒸汽流量处理区域加热面积随时间的变化曲线如图6(a)所示,各组的总加热面积均随加热时间增加,上层加热面积率先增加,随后下层加热面积增加。相同处理时间下,总加热面积随蒸汽流量增加,120 min时,0.18、0.36、0.54 kg/h处理组的总加热面积分别为119 2.31、120 0.21、123 1.27 cm2。热范围覆盖上层的时间随蒸汽流量的增加而减小,0.18、0.36、0.54 kg/h时分别为90、75、60 min。
不同处理组的热影响距离随时间变化的曲线如图6(b)所示,增加蒸汽流量加快了传热传递速度,0.18、0.36、0.54 kg/h处理组中热影响距离达箱体边缘的时间分别为90、75、60 min。在加热区域温度达到稳定时,蒸汽流量为0.18、0.36、0.54 kg/h的处理组能耗接近,分别为1.76、1.78、1.74 kW·h,但 0.36、0.54 kg/h组的处理时间较0.18 kg/h组分别降低了10.98%和22.05%,水资源消耗量较0.18 kg/h组分别增加了75.68%和132.43%。结果表明,增加蒸汽流量有助于在能耗相近的情况下缩短热处理时间,但会增加水资源消耗。
不同蒸汽流速下各处理系统的热量平衡图如图7所示,总注入热量随蒸汽流量增加,0.18、0.36、0.54 kg/h处理组的总注入热量分别为625 9.85、711 5.71、797 8.24 kJ。各组的热量分配较为相似,占比最高的均为热损失,为54.84%~56.49%,其次为地下水沸腾消耗的热量,为23.00%~29.33%,地下水加热和土壤加热消耗的热量占比分别为8.23%~11.65%和6.99%~8.86%。随着蒸汽流量的增加,沸腾地下水的热量占比增加,加热地下水和土壤的热量占比下降,表明相同热量注入时,蒸汽流量越大,沸腾的地下水越多。
SH和NSH处理组的温度分布如图8所示,处理30 min时,NSH组的温度等温线较SH组更紧凑,加热和高温(>90 ℃)范围均明显小于SH组,主要是因为SH组提前注入了蒸汽,加速了处理区的升温。处理60 min时,NSH组的加热和高温(>90 ℃)范围仍略低于SH组,处理90 min和120 min时,NSH和SH两组的温度曲线分布已较为相似,加热和高温范围也无明显差异。
SH和NSH处理组的加热面积随时间变化的曲线如图9(a)所示,SH和NSH组的总加热面积均随时间增加,NSH组的总加热面积在前期略低于SH组,但加热60 min后,其总加热面积与SH组接近或略高于SH组。NSH和SH组下层加热面积在各时间段均较为接近,总加热面积的差异主要是由上层加热面积的差异导致。在前30 min,NSH组未注蒸汽,上层加热面积的增幅明显小于SH组,开始蒸汽注入后,NSH组的上层加热面积快速增加,到75 min时,SH和NSH组的加热范围覆盖均已覆盖整个上层区域。SH和NSH处理组的热影响距离随时间的变化曲线如图9(b)所示,在75 min前,NSH组的热影响距离均略低于SH组,75 min时,两组的热影响距离均已达到箱体边缘。加热区域温度达到稳定时,NSH和NSH组能耗接近,分别为1.73、1.72 kW·h,但NSH的水资源消耗量较SH组降低了28.57%,处理时间较SH组提高了3.84%。结果表明,相比于TCH和SI同时开启,蒸汽后注入模式有助于在能耗接近的情况下减少水资源消耗,但会延长处理时间。
加热120 min时SH和NSH处理的热量平衡图如图10所示,SH处理的总注入热量为6 256.90 kJ,其中热损失、地下水沸腾、地下水加热和土壤加热的占比分别为49.49%、31.07%、10.75%和8.69%,热损失占据主要地位。NSH组的注入热量较SH组略有降低,为6 042.61 kJ,热损失仍为主要热量消耗,为46.04%,其地下水沸腾、地下水加热和土壤加热占比分别为33.96%、11.00%和9.00%。相较于SH组,NSH组的热损失占降低,地下水沸腾占比升高。
(1)相比于单一TCH,TCH+SI处理的升温更快,加热范围更大,热损失占比更低,以处理区域温度达到稳定为基准,TCH+SI的处理时间较TCH缩短了35.67%,能耗较TCH降低了24.53%。
(2)SI强化TCH升温主要包括两种机制:一是增加了热量输入,增大了处理区的温差,进而增强了由浮力驱动的液相对流传热;二是蒸汽在浮力或压力的作用下向上迁移,增强了气相对流传热。
(3)TCH+SI技术中,能耗相近的基础上,增加蒸汽流量缩短了处理时间,但增加了水资源消耗,采用蒸汽后注入模式减少了水资源消耗和热损失占比,但会延长处理时间。工程应用中应综合考虑工期、能耗、资源消耗等因素,筛选合适的修复方案。
(4)所有处理组中,地下水沸腾所消耗的热量均较高,占据总热量输入的23.00%~45.35%,故在加热饱和含水层介质时,可以通过在修复前对目标区域进行降水来降低修复能耗。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1805700)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404391
  • 接收时间:2024-06-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-13
  • 修回日期:2025-02-21
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国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1805700)
作者信息
    1. 上海市环境科学研究院, 上海 200233
    2. 国家环境保护城市土壤污染控制与修复工程技术中心, 上海 200233

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*杨洁(1979—),男,汉族,江苏丹阳人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:土壤和地下水修复技术研究和应用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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