Article(id=1149769463412732244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405367, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721145600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-17, revisedDate=1740672000000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752056001761, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1747497600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752056001761, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752056001761, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752056001761, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149769458706723113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='14', pageStart='5705', pageEnd='6154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752056000638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456798957, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5924, endPage=5933, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149769463622447445, articleId=1149769463412732244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=A Path Planning Algorithm for AGV Combining the Improved Dynamic Window Approach and Artificial Potential Field Method, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Considering the oscillation phenomenon of the original DWA(dynamic window approach) in path planning, an improved DWA path planning algorithm was designed, which is integrated with the artificial potential field method. Firstly, the safety constraint of the DWA algorithm is improved, and the linear obstacle distance evaluation function in the original DWA was improved to the nonlinear obstacle potential field function in the artificial potential field method. Secondly, the improved DWA was combined with the smooth A* path of the gradient descent method to solve the problem of poor global planning of the traditional algorithm. Finally, the feasibility of the algorithm was verified by simulation experiments and physical experiments. In the simulation experiments, compared with the original algorithm, the improved algorithm in this paper reduces the path of the designed obstacle scene by 9.84%, reduces the running time by 31.71%, and improves the smoothness by 6.49%. Meanwhile, compared with the results of related literatures, the results of this paper have been improved to different degrees in different scenarios. In the physical experiments of automated guided vehicle, the path length is reduced by 10.76% and the elapsed time is reduced by 13.09%. Therefore, the improved DWA generates better path smoothness, shorter path length and shorter elapsed time.

, correspAuthors=Zhong-nan LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-qing LI, Zhong-nan LIANG, Yan-zhao ZHAO, Kun ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149769495050366992, articleId=1149769463412732244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=一种动态窗口法和人工势场法融合的AGV路径规划算法, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对原始动态窗口法(dynamic window approach, DWA)在路径规划中存在的振荡现象,设计了一种改进的DWA路径规划算法,该算法融合了人工势场法。首先,提升了DWA算法的安全性约束,并将原始DWA中的线性障碍物距离评价函数改进为人工势场法中的非线性障碍物势场函数。其次,将改进的DWA与梯度下降法的平滑A*路径相结合,以解决传统算法全局规划能力不足的问题。最后,通过仿真实验和实物实验验证了算法的可行性。在仿真实验中,与原始算法相比,本文算法在设计的障碍物场景中减少了9.84%的路径长度,运行时间缩短了31.71%,平滑度提升了6.49%。在自动导引车实物实验中,路径长度减少了10.76%,运行时间缩短了13.09%。因此,改进的DWA算法能够生成更平滑的路径、更短的路径长度和更短的运行时间。

, correspAuthors=梁忠楠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*梁忠楠(1984—),男,汉族,吉林公主岭人,高级工程师。研究方向:机器人定位与导航、机电设计及智能化。E-mail:
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李玉清(1986—),男,汉族,内蒙古鄂尔多斯人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:机器人定位与导航、设备管理、智能化及煤化工。E-mail:

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李玉清(1986—),男,汉族,内蒙古鄂尔多斯人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:机器人定位与导航、设备管理、智能化及煤化工。E-mail:

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李玉清(1986—),男,汉族,内蒙古鄂尔多斯人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:机器人定位与导航、设备管理、智能化及煤化工。E-mail:

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比例尺为1∶100

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Simulation experiment results

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参数 原始算法 本文算法 提升幅度/%
路径长度/m 11.89 10.72 9.84
运行时间/s 36.39 24.85 31.71
平滑度 8.94×10-4 8.36×10-4 6.49
), ArticleFig(id=1172984490122166368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463412732244, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真实验结果

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参数 原始算法 本文算法 提升幅度/%
路径长度/m 11.89 10.72 9.84
运行时间/s 36.39 24.85 31.71
平滑度 8.94×10-4 8.36×10-4 6.49
), ArticleFig(id=1172984490201858147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463412732244, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Complex environmental map information

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参数名称 参数值
地图大小/(m×m) 25×25
起始点 (3,3)
目标点 (25,25)
机器人初始航向/(°) 45
), ArticleFig(id=1172984490260578405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463412732244, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

复杂环境地图信息

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参数名称 参数值
地图大小/(m×m) 25×25
起始点 (3,3)
目标点 (25,25)
机器人初始航向/(°) 45
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Simulation results of complex environment

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随机障碍
物的数量
路径长度/m 提升幅度/%
文献[33] 文献[34] 本文算法 文献[33] 文献[34]
0 37.23 36.89 34.62 4.32 3.44
1 37.89 37.64 36.05 4.86 4.22
2 38.61 38.14 36.19 6.27 5.11
), ArticleFig(id=1172984490457710698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463412732244, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

复杂环境仿真实验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
随机障碍
物的数量
路径长度/m 提升幅度/%
文献[33] 文献[34] 本文算法 文献[33] 文献[34]
0 37.23 36.89 34.62 4.32 3.44
1 37.89 37.64 36.05 4.86 4.22
2 38.61 38.14 36.19 6.27 5.11
), ArticleFig(id=1172984490558373996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463412732244, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Simulation experiment results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 原始算法 改进算法 提升幅度/%
路径长度/m 58.6 52.3 10.8
运行时间/s 84 73 13.1
), ArticleFig(id=1172984490688397423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463412732244, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

硬件实验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 原始算法 改进算法 提升幅度/%
路径长度/m 58.6 52.3 10.8
运行时间/s 84 73 13.1
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一种动态窗口法和人工势场法融合的AGV路径规划算法
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李玉清 1 , 梁忠楠 2, * , 赵衍昭 2 , 周坤 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(14): 5924-5933
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(14): 5924-5933
一种动态窗口法和人工势场法融合的AGV路径规划算法
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李玉清1 , 梁忠楠2, * , 赵衍昭2, 周坤3
作者信息
  • 1. 神华准格尔能源有限责任公司, 鄂尔多斯 010300
  • 2. 青岛沃华软控有限公司, 青岛 266071
  • 3. 中国计量大学机电工程学院, 杭州 310018
  • 李玉清(1986—),男,汉族,内蒙古鄂尔多斯人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:机器人定位与导航、设备管理、智能化及煤化工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*梁忠楠(1984—),男,汉族,吉林公主岭人,高级工程师。研究方向:机器人定位与导航、机电设计及智能化。E-mail:
A Path Planning Algorithm for AGV Combining the Improved Dynamic Window Approach and Artificial Potential Field Method
Yu-qing LI1 , Zhong-nan LIANG2, * , Yan-zhao ZHAO2, Kun ZHOU3
Affiliations
  • 1. Shenhua Group Zhungeer Energy Co., Ltd., Ordos 010300, China
  • 2. Qingdao Wohua Soft Control Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266071, China
  • 3. College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
出版时间: 2025-05-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405367
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针对原始动态窗口法(dynamic window approach, DWA)在路径规划中存在的振荡现象,设计了一种改进的DWA路径规划算法,该算法融合了人工势场法。首先,提升了DWA算法的安全性约束,并将原始DWA中的线性障碍物距离评价函数改进为人工势场法中的非线性障碍物势场函数。其次,将改进的DWA与梯度下降法的平滑A*路径相结合,以解决传统算法全局规划能力不足的问题。最后,通过仿真实验和实物实验验证了算法的可行性。在仿真实验中,与原始算法相比,本文算法在设计的障碍物场景中减少了9.84%的路径长度,运行时间缩短了31.71%,平滑度提升了6.49%。在自动导引车实物实验中,路径长度减少了10.76%,运行时间缩短了13.09%。因此,改进的DWA算法能够生成更平滑的路径、更短的路径长度和更短的运行时间。

自动导引车  /  路径规划  /  动态窗口法(dynamic window approach, DWA)  /  人工势场法

Considering the oscillation phenomenon of the original DWA(dynamic window approach) in path planning, an improved DWA path planning algorithm was designed, which is integrated with the artificial potential field method. Firstly, the safety constraint of the DWA algorithm is improved, and the linear obstacle distance evaluation function in the original DWA was improved to the nonlinear obstacle potential field function in the artificial potential field method. Secondly, the improved DWA was combined with the smooth A* path of the gradient descent method to solve the problem of poor global planning of the traditional algorithm. Finally, the feasibility of the algorithm was verified by simulation experiments and physical experiments. In the simulation experiments, compared with the original algorithm, the improved algorithm in this paper reduces the path of the designed obstacle scene by 9.84%, reduces the running time by 31.71%, and improves the smoothness by 6.49%. Meanwhile, compared with the results of related literatures, the results of this paper have been improved to different degrees in different scenarios. In the physical experiments of automated guided vehicle, the path length is reduced by 10.76% and the elapsed time is reduced by 13.09%. Therefore, the improved DWA generates better path smoothness, shorter path length and shorter elapsed time.

automated guided vehicle  /  path planning  /  DWA(dynamic window approach)  /  artificial potential field method
李玉清, 梁忠楠, 赵衍昭, 周坤. 一种动态窗口法和人工势场法融合的AGV路径规划算法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (14) : 5924 -5933 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405367
Yu-qing LI, Zhong-nan LIANG, Yan-zhao ZHAO, Kun ZHOU. A Path Planning Algorithm for AGV Combining the Improved Dynamic Window Approach and Artificial Potential Field Method[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (14) : 5924 -5933 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405367
未来,轮式机器人有望成为关键的技术创新者,特别是在自动化生产和提升日常生活的便利性方面。精心设计的高效自主导航机器人有望显著加速社会生产力的增长。近年来,自动导引车(automated guided vehicle, AGV)作为现代移动机器人技术的一项突破,已经在工业物流、港口管理和矿区运输等多个关键领域实现了广泛应用[1-5]。这些智能化、适应性强且成本效益高的无人驾驶运输系统,为矿产行业的高效率和高安全性提供了有力保障。在众多智能机器人类别中,移动轮式机器人因其多样化的应用潜力和先进的路径规划技术而脱颖而出。
路径规划算法可分为全局路径规划和局部路径规划[6-7]。全局规划算法得到的路径是从起点到终点的全局路径。这类算法依赖于机器人预先获取的全局地图。全局路径规划算法不能直接驱动机器人移动,需要额外的路径跟踪算法或局部路径规划算法来引导机器人沿着全局路径移动。局部路径规划的主要目的是避开环境中的随机动态障碍物。局部路径规划算法弥补了全局路径规划的不足,因为局部路径规划只需机器人周围5~10 m范围内的局部地图。此外,与全局地图相比,信息量大幅减少,因此局部地图的内容可以快速变化并实时根据传感器信息进行更新。
在全局路径规划算法中,Dijkstra等[8]提出了基于广度优先搜索的最短路径搜索算法。在迪杰斯特拉算法的基础上;Hart等[9]开发了A*(A star)算法。由于其快速性和通用性,A*算法被广泛应用于各个领域,并成为许多搜索问题的有效算法。为了应对复杂地形和静态雷达威胁,提出了改进的A*算法以快速避开静态威胁。此外,将最小雷达截面积策略与改进的A*算法相结合,用于实现隐身无人机的动态路径规划[10]。文献[11]提出了改进的A*算法,以确保无人水面舰艇能够避开静态障碍物并到达目的地,从而有效解决了局部优化中的卡点问题。文献[12]首先提出了快速探索随机树(rapidly-exploring random tree, RRT)算法,此算法的设计基础在于以搜索起始点作为核心节点,构建一个扩展性树状图,它利用随机抽样的方法来逐步充实树的结构,并通过这种方式,算法能够使树的分支逐渐触及目标区域,从而结束搜索。Karaman等[13]改进了RRT算法,并提出了RRT算法,在RRT算法的基础上增加了重写和随机重新连接步骤。Li等[14]克服了RRT算法收敛速度慢的问题,并在RRT算法的基础上提出了PQ-RRT*算法,该算法能够在保证算法快速收敛到最优解的同时获得更好的初始解。基于智能算法的全球路径规划算法有很多,如遗传算法[15]、粒子群算法[16]、群体算法[17]和卷积神经网络[18]。智能算法大多源于对自然过程的模拟,常用于复杂优化问题和搜索问题。Roberge等[19]通过遗传算法从固定翼无人机动力学模型中生成了带约束的平滑路径,旨在无人机操作过程中目标点变化时快速重新计算路径。文献[20]提出了基于球形向量的粒子群优化算法,用于解决复杂环境中面临各种威胁的无人机路径规划问题。通过实验验证了生成的路径对实际无人机作战的有效性。
在局部路径规划方面,Khatib[21]首次提出通过构建人工势场来创建可行路径,其中目标和障碍物类似于带电表面,总势场在机器人上产生虚拟力。随着算法的发展,众多学者将各种智能算法集成到人工势场中,展现了持续提升其能力的努力。一种改进的人工势场方法[22]通过重新定义重力函数提出,使移动机器人能够在目标周围有障碍物的情况下到达目标点,这种方法可以有效避免陷入局部振荡。在文献[23]中,一种新的人工势场算法针对混合编队路径规划问题提出,它提供了最优的无碰撞路径,并提高了多机器人编队路径规划的效率。Wu等[24]利用三次均匀B样条曲线实现了AGV的局部路径规划,整合了AGV的运动性能约束和环境约束,设计了关于路径长度和曲率的多元优化函数,从而获得了更好的局部路径规划性能。Cao等[25]设计了一种基于B样条曲线的路径规划方法,该方法适用于大曲率环境,如岛屿环形区域,并使用斯坦利算法计算转向角度以跟踪路径。然而,在局部路径规划算法规划好路径后,还需要使用路径跟踪算法来跟踪生成的路径,这增加了系统的复杂性。Fox等[26]首次引入了动态窗口法(dynamic window approach, DWA)。区别于传统技术,DWA算法通过随机选择机器人的直线和旋转速度,进而在潜在路径中筛选出最佳方案。进一步地,Chang等[27]在DWA算法的基础上,利用Q学习方法设计了一个自适应权重的评价机制。这一机制在多样化环境中的应用验证了其有效性,并显著提升了机器人对环境变化的响应能力。Lee等[28]为移动机器人引入了一种障碍物避障算法,利用有限记忆滤波。这种方法有效地预测了动态障碍物的分布,因此在效率和障碍物避障方面优于传统的DWA算法。刘钰铭等[29]将DWA算法与A*算法融合,并增加了航向角度自适应调整。仿真结果表明,该方法具有更高的动态障碍物避障能力。Misura等[30]提出了一种动态变化碰撞模型,通过模拟动态物体周围的移动来预测未来的碰撞,该模型可以大大减少动态环境中机器人和车辆之间的碰撞次数。
需要指出的是,人工势场目前存在不可避免的缺陷:不可达问题和陷入局部最优解。人工势场法虽然存在一些缺陷,但其快速的收敛性能使其有潜力与其他导航策略融合,以增强整体性能。尽管当前的研究多聚焦于提升DWA算法的收敛速度和对多变环境的适应性,但对于在狭窄空间操作时,因障碍物评价不准确所引起的机器人振荡现象,却尚未得到足够的关注和解决。
现提出一种针对AGV的改进DWA路径规划算法,专门设计用来克服传统DWA算法的局限性。为了提升障碍物评价的准确性,开发一种非线性斥力场障碍物评价函数,用以替代传统的线性评价方法。通过在障碍物周边形成斥力场,这种方法不仅清晰地划分了风险区域与安全区域,而且相较于原有算法,提供更为精确的环境识别能力。此外,该方法还增强机器人在障碍物邻近区域的安全性,通过优化路径规划,减少在狭窄空间中的振动,以提高整体的导航效率和安全性。
本文研究对路径规划算法的研究是基于差速驱动的AGV,其运动学模型[31]的状态方程为
x k + 1 = F x k + B u F = 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B = cos x k 3 d t 0 sin x k 3 d t 0 0 d t 1 0 0 1 u = v k   w k
式(1)中:xk=[X Y H v ω],其中X为机器人横坐标,Y为纵坐标,H为航向角,v为线速度、ω为角速度;下标k+1和k分别为第k+1个和第k个采样时间;F为系统的转移矩阵;B为输入矩阵;xk(3)为状态向量xk中的第3个元素;u为系统的线性速度和角速度输入;vkwk分别为在第k次采样时刻的线性速度和角速度输入;t为时间。
DWA通过实施一种速度敏感的局部路径规划技术,优化机器人的移动速度和行进轨迹,确保在达到预定目标的过程中避免碰撞并实现最优路径选择。该方法涉及在当前状态的约束范围内进行采样,以确定下一时刻可行的动作变化,并考虑角速度和线速度。根据这些组合推断出机器人的未来轨迹。预测机器人在DWA中的未来路径的关键是拥有机器人的运动学模型。当机器人具备全向移动能力时,DWA就不再必要。本文研究中使用的运动学模型与之前提到的微分运动学模型相一致。
在路径规划中,需要考虑以下3个基本约束。
(1)机器人的运动受到其固有的最大速度vmax和最小速度vmin限制,如式(2)所示,确保其在运行过程中不会超过最大速度。
(v,w)={v∈[vmin,vmax], w∈[wmin,wmax]}
(2)关于驱动性能的影响,如式(3)所示,机器人的动力学由变量vcurwcur 控制,分别代表其当前的线速度和角速度。系统的加速和减速能力由最大线加速度 amax 和角加速度 αmax 设定的限制来表征。这些限制源于电机扭矩的固有限制,这些限制决定了可实现的加速和减速速率。
( v , w ) = v [ v c u r - a m a x d t , v c u r + a m a x d t ] w [ w c u r - α m a x d t , w c u r + α m a x d t ]
(3)安全约束见式(4)。它是指机器人与最近障碍物之间的最小距离do。在操作过程中始终保持这一距离至关重要,确保它不会超过机器人的最小制动距离。这一措施确保了在系统意外故障的情况下,机器人能够安全减速,从而避免与障碍物发生碰撞。
( v , w ) = v 2 d o ( v , w ) a m a x w 2 d o ( v , w ) α m a x
通过在指定时间段内对速度进行采样,如图1所示,可以在采样窗口内推导出随后时间段内机器人的预期轨迹。在传统的DWA中,路径评价函数F(v,w)为每条潜在路径赋予了一个数值得分,其中得分最高的路径被选定为机器人在下一个时间周期内的速度和方向。这个过程连续执行,逐步构建起一条完整的路径,从起始位置延伸至目标位置。
F(v,w)=w1H(v,w)+w2O(v,w)+w3V(v,w)
式(5)中:H(v,w)为机器人轨迹与终点之间的角偏差,角偏差越大,表明机器人偏离了通往终点的路径,导致该函数值降低;O(v,w)量化了机器人当前坐标与其搜索区域内最近障碍物之间的距离,该函数值与距离成反比,因此随着机器人接近障碍物而减小;V(v,w)为机器人速度的度量,赋予的速度越快,得分越高;w1w2w3 为预设的权重,根据机器在工作环境中的需求进行设置。
图1所示,本文所使用的硬件框架主要由双目惯性导航模块、检测机器人(底盘)、遥控器和机器人感知计算平台组成。
在实际的工程实践中,障碍物被视作由众多分散的点集合而成,这就需要对机器人周围环境中的多个障碍物进行综合分析。但是,动态窗口法的原始算法在进行评价时,只将焦点放在了最接近机器人的障碍物上,而未能充分考量其他障碍物对机器人运动的潜在影响。因此,这种方法在某些情况下可能会导致次优路径,而不是生成最优路径。图2(a)展示了左侧和右侧由长黑色条表示的两个障碍物。机器人必须穿过障碍物的中间部分,并驶向目标点。当机器人从起点接近左侧的障碍物时,由于评价函数设定的规则,它会朝向靠近右侧障碍物的方向移动。然而,当机器人靠近右侧的障碍物时,由于评价函数设定的规则,机器人又会朝向靠近左侧障碍物的方向移动,导致所选路径变得极不可预测。预期的路径应如图2(b)所示。为了解决这个问题,本文研究采用了人工势场概念,在障碍物周围建立斥力场函数,而不是使用单一障碍物评价方法。
机器人在障碍物影响范围之外时,其势能值保持为零。但是,当机器人跨越障碍物的界限,它会受到邻近障碍物的排斥力。排斥力随着机器人与障碍物之间距离的增加而减弱,相应地,势能值也随之降低;而当距离缩短,机器人感受到的势能值则相应增加。斥力场的势场函数为
U req q = 1 2 ζ 1 ρ q , q o b s j 1 ρ s 2 , 0 ρ q , q o b s j ρ s 0 , ρ q , q o b s j > ρ s
式(6)中:ζ为正比例系数;ρ(q,qobsj)为一矢量,方向为从障碍物指向机器人,大小为机器人与障碍物的距离 q - q o b s j;ρs为一常数,表示障碍物势力场对机器人产生作用的最大范围。
根据式(7),排斥力的大小为斥力势场函数的负梯度,反映了所施加力的强度。
F r e q ( q ) = U r e q ( q ) = ζ 1 ρ q , q obsj 1 ρ 1 ρ 2 q , q obsj ρ q , q obsj , ρ q , q obsj ρ s 0 ρ q , q obsj > ρ s
图3描绘了人工构建的斥力场,该场由两个并排的障碍物产生,障碍物的高度决定了斥力的强度。这个斥力场明显地区分了安全区和潜在危险区。斥力场指导机器人避开障碍物,通过斥力的大小来规划一条安全的路径。随着机器人接近障碍物,斥力显著增加,导致机器人的评价值迅速下降。这种斥力的变化为机器人提供了对位置的敏感反馈,帮助它准确识别自己的相对位置。人工势场的运用确保了机器人能够在安全区域内进行精确导航。
根据前文所述,式(7)中的O(v,w)被障碍物斥力场的倒数1/Urep(v,w)所取代。这意味着,随着机器人与障碍物的距离缩短,其受到的斥力相应增大,导致其路径评分降低。在改进的DWA中,评价函数更新为式(8)。本文算法融合了斥力场评价机制,避免了引入引力场信息,从而防止了路径不可达和局部最优的问题,确保了路径规划的全局优化。
F ( v , w ) = w 1 H ( v , w ) + w 2 1 U req v , w + w 3 V ( v , w )
仿真实验在装备有16 GB内存和4.8 GHz中央处理器的MATLAB R2021b环境中执行。仿真采用的动态模型基于第2节所阐述的机器人运动学。在实验中,机器人的性能参数被设定为:最大线性加速度达到0.2 m/s,线性速度上限为1 m/s,角加速度上限为20 rad/s,以及角速度的最大值为50 rad/s。
仿真实验首先将在静态环境中与原始算法进行对比,采用定量方法比较路径长度、运行时间和路径平滑度。平滑度评价公式[32]
smooth = k = 1 n 2 2 P k P k 1 P k + 1 2 = k = 1 n 2 ( 2 x k x k 1 x k + 1 ) 2 + ( 2 y k y k 1 y k + 1 ) 2
式(9)中:Pk为第k个点的坐标;x为水平轴;y为垂直轴。
需要注意的是,式(9)的值越小,曲线就越平滑。
在一个尺寸为9 m×7 m的有限仿真空间内,构建了一个包含多样障碍物的复杂场景。起始点和终点的坐标分别为(1,6)和(9,1)。场景中的起点和目标点之间存在一个平行障碍物,且该障碍物的出口会变窄,增加了路径规划的复杂性。机器人穿越这一障碍后,将直接面对无障碍的终点。该设置允许我们在障碍物区域检验路径的连续性,评价出口处算法的安全裕度,并在终点区域测试自适应权重算法的实际效果。
图4中,通过仿真结果对比了本文算法与原始DWA算法的性能。仿真图中,终点用红色点标识,起点以绿色点表示,障碍物区域用黑色标记,机器人的移动路径则通过蓝色线条展示。路径采样的时间间隔是0.1 s,线条的密集度代表了机器人的低速区域,而线条的稀疏区域则表示机器人处于高速状态。图4(a)图4(b)分别展示了传统算法和改进算法在该场景下生成的轨迹结果图,对应于本文算法的轨迹结果和机器人驾驶仿真结果。在机器人运动的起始和中间阶段,原始算法的轨迹波动较大,这与第2节分析的原因相吻合。面对具有挑战性的狭窄障碍物时,原始算法的线性评价函数未能有效区分风险与安全地带,导致机器人过于靠近障碍物。评分机制偏向于奖励那些避开障碍物的路径,而对远离障碍物的路径则评分较低,这导致了轨迹的波动。相比之下,本文算法通过集成人工势场法的非线性评价机制,显著提升了对障碍物影响的评价,增强了对危险与安全区域的辨识。这种改进不仅使路径更加平滑,还避免了不必要的波动。在能够清晰区分障碍与安全区域的情况下,机器人能够在维持安全距离的同时加速,实现平稳的行驶。这是因为在高辨识度的环境中,路径规划倾向于在安全区域内选择更快的速度,减少了速度突变,提高了规划的效率和流畅性。
表1中的数据揭示了仿真实验的结果对比。在使用改进算法后,路径总长度减少了9.84%,任务完成时间降低了31.71%,并且路径的平滑性提高了6.49%。这些改进显著提升了算法的性能。
在上述实验的基础上,进行了一次大地图复杂场景的实验,以验证在此场景中随机未知障碍物将被添加到地图中。未知障碍物指的是地图中原本不存在的障碍物,模拟了机器人在运行时雷达扫描到的临时障碍物。表2展示了该场景的地图信息。地图大小为25 m×25 m,这为本文算法提供了一个全面的评价,测试其在处理大规模和复杂场景中的有效性。在这个实验中,原始的DWA算法缺乏全局规划能力,无法在该场景中导航。因此,本场景不再与原始算法进行比较,而是将本文算法与其他文献中的改进DWA算法进行比较,例如,文献[33]中的A*与DWA融合算法和文献[34]中的蚁群优化与DWA融合算法,以展示本文算法的改进性能。文献[33]是A*与DWA的融合算法,文献[34]是蚁群优化与DWA的融合算法。
图5展示了改进算法在广泛已知静态障碍物场景中的仿真结果。在图5中,黑色代表静态障碍物,绿色点代表起点,红色点代表终点,机器人的行驶方向是从左下角到右上角。地图环境选自文献[31]。在图5(c)中,紫色虚线是本文提出的经过梯度下降后的平滑A*路径,用作全局引导路径,蓝色实线是机器人的实际运动路径。当障碍物完全已知时,文献[33-34]的路径长度分别为37.23 m和36.89 m,而本文算法的路径长度为35.62 m,相较于文献[33-34]分别提高了4.32%和3.44%。
图6图7中,展示了不同数量的未知障碍物,分别放置了1个和2个未知随机障碍物。这些未知随机障碍物未包含在全局静态地图中,目的是测试机器人的动态避障能力,并在图5~图7中以红色突出显示。场景的实验结果如表3所示。
地图开始时没有随机放置的障碍物,机器人仅在绕过这些障碍物的过程中获取它们的位置信息。检测到障碍物后,机器人仍能利用DWA的实时避障性能避开障碍物。在路径的中段,机器人可以保持与障碍物安全距离,避免碰撞;如果路径末端没有障碍物,可以将权重增加,使机器人直线驶向终点。从路径长度来看,文献[33-34]的路径长度分别为37.89 m和37.64 m,而本文算法的路径长度为36.05 m,通过添加全局平滑A*路径引导和自适应评价权重,路径长度得到了有效缩短。与文献[33-34]相比,本文算法在总路径长度上的优化率分别为4.86%和4.22%,显示出更多的优势。在存在两个随机障碍物的情况下,由于不同的路径规避策略,随机障碍物不会阻碍机器人按照本文算法运行。文献[33-34]的路径长度分别为38.61 m和38.14 m,而本文算法的路径长度为36.19 m,改进幅度分别为6.27%和5.11%。
本次实验在ROS平台上进行,使用Lego-Loam定位框架进行定位。中央控制器采用I7-8700t处理器,运行在Ubuntu 18.04操作系统上。图8展示了实验中使用的移动机器人的实际图像。实验测试在一个大约30 m×50 m的地图上进行,该地图环境中包含一个圆形弯道和一段直线道路。在ROS中使用的RVIZ可视化工具用于在地图上显示机器人的轨迹。
图9展示了机器人利用本文算法在引入动态障碍物的人类演员环境中导航和避障的整个过程。在图9(a)中,AGV在移动过程中检测到障碍物并机动避开,而在图9(b)中则展示了AGV成功绕过行人后的状态。机器人始终与障碍物保持安全距离,因此在避障过程中路径平滑,没有出现明显的颠簸。
同时,原始算法也经历了相同的测试。当机器人通过这一地带,原始算法生成的路径由于其基于单一障碍物的线性距离评价函数的局限性,导致路径波动较大,AGV在选择路径时不断面临安全和效率之间的权衡。通过引入一个线性障碍物距离评价函数,该函数线性增加以引导机器人远离障碍物,以及一个终点距离评价函数,该函数引导AGV向终点移动,原始算法在运行过程中导致了振荡行为。相较于原始算法,本文算法的路径轨迹更为流畅,其优势主要来自在人工势场法中对障碍物集合应用的非线性评价函数,该函数在障碍物周围划定了清晰的边界,防止了AGV意外快速接近障碍物。通过选择确保与障碍物保持安全距离的同时优先考虑效率的路径,路径振荡被最小化。硬件实验的实验结果如表4所示。
本文研究专注于矿区的复杂地理环境,其中不可避免地会遇到多样化的障碍物和各种难以预测的因素,结合了基础的动态窗口法和人工势场原理,创新性地提出了一种融合这两种技术的改进路径规划方法,得到以下结论。
(1)本文方法涉及将原始算法中的单一线性障碍物距离评价函数替换为人工势场中的非线性障碍物群评价函数。这一修改旨在增强安全区域和危险区域之间的区分度,提高机器人在穿越狭窄障碍物时的稳定性,并最小化突然路径的出现。
(2)利用MATLAB软件进行仿真实验,生成了人工势场的可视化图。建立了一个障碍物环境和AGV运动学模型,以模拟机器人在充满障碍物的环境中的移动。比较实验表明,本文算法相较于原始算法具有显著优势。
与先前的工作相比,本文研究的创新和贡献包括:①融合平滑A路径算法,并添加了A路径距离评价子函数,以增强算法的全局搜索性能;②优化了原始动态窗口法及其评价函数;通过优化原始DWA的安全约束,提高了路径推理效率;添加了末端距离评价子函数,以增强机器人接近目标点的趋势;集成了人工势场,以增强安全区域和危险区域之间的区分度;③根据障碍物与机器人之间的位置关系,设计了评价函数的权重自适应函数,以增强算法的环境适应性。通过多次比较仿真和实物实验验证了改进算法的有效性。
  • 国家能源集团科技创新项目(GJNY-21-57)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金(LTGN24E050001)
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2025年第25卷第14期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405367
  • 接收时间:2024-07-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-17
  • 修回日期:2025-02-28
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国家能源集团科技创新项目(GJNY-21-57)
浙江省自然科学基金(LTGN24E050001)
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    1. 神华准格尔能源有限责任公司, 鄂尔多斯 010300
    2. 青岛沃华软控有限公司, 青岛 266071
    3. 中国计量大学机电工程学院, 杭州 310018

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*梁忠楠(1984—),男,汉族,吉林公主岭人,高级工程师。研究方向:机器人定位与导航、机电设计及智能化。E-mail:
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