Article(id=1149769463144301533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405217, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720627200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-11, revisedDate=1740585600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752056001697, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1747497600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752056001697, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752056001697, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752056001697, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149769458706723113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='14', pageStart='5705', pageEnd='6154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752056000638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456798957, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5957, endPage=5966, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149769463442097118, articleId=1149769463144301533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Lightweight Front Vehicle Obstacle Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLOv8s, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
To solve the problem of high memory and computational resource demands in obstacle detection models within autonomous driving perception domain controllers, a lightweight obstacle detection method based on improved YOLOv8 was proposed. This method reconstructs the YOLOv8 backbone network using FasterNet, which utilizes less memory access and computational resources. To mitigate the accuracy decline and the insufficient detection capabilities for small objects caused by model lightweighting, three main improvements were made to YOLOv8: SPD-Conv (space-to-depth convolution) was used to replace traditional stride convolution in the neck network to enhance small object feature extraction. IPIoU(inner powerful IoU), combining the concepts of IIoU(inner IoU) and PIoU(powerful IoU), is introduced as the bounding box regression loss to accelerate loss convergence and improve small object detection performance. SimAM (simple attention module) was incorporated to further enhance model detection accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared to the original model, the improved model achieves a reduction of 29.1% in parameters, 20.5% in computational load, and 28.8% in model size, while increasing mAP@0.5 by 1.2%. Once deployed in autonomous driving vehicle controllers, the model effectively detects obstacles on the road ahead.
, correspAuthors=Yun-bing YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun-jun YU, Yun-bing YAN, Mao-shuai TIAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149769505489993756, articleId=1149769463144301533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于YOLOv8s改进的车辆前方障碍物轻量化检测算法, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
为解决自动驾驶感知域控制器中障碍物检测模型对高内存和高计算资源需求的问题,提出了一种基于YOLOv8改进的轻量化障碍物检测方法,使用内存访问和计算量更少的FasterNet重构YOLOv8主干网络。为弥补模型轻量化导致的精度下降以及对小目标检测能力的不足,主要在3个方面对YOLOv8进行改进:用SPD-Conv(space-to-depth convolution)替换颈部网络的传统跨步卷积,增强小目标特征提取能力;结合IIoU(inner IoU)和PIoU(powerful IoU)的思想,提出IPIoU(inner powerful IoU)作为边框回归损失,加快损失函数收敛并提高小目标检测性能;引入注意力机制SimAM(simple attention module),进一步提高模型检测精度。实验结果表明,改进模型相比原模型在参数量、计算量和模型大小分别降低29.1%、20.5%和28.8%的情况下,检测精度提升了1.2%。模型部署至自动驾驶车载控制器后,能够有效检测道路前方障碍物。
, correspAuthors=严运兵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*严运兵(1968—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,教授。研究方向:汽车动力学及其控制,无人驾驶感知及规划。E-mail:
yyb@wust.edu.cn。
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余军军(1999—),男,汉族,四川达州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:无人驾驶环境感知。E-mail:1986546788@qq.com。
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余军军(1999—),男,汉族,四川达州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:无人驾驶环境感知。E-mail:1986546788@qq.com。
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2021: 11863-11874., articleTitle=Simam:a simple, parameter-free attention module for convolutional neural networks, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172984417460044235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, awardId=51975428, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(51975428), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172984412804366722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172984412816949635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, companyId=1172984412804366722, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School ofAutomobile and Traffic Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172984412825338244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, companyId=1172984412804366722, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=武汉科技大学汽车与交通工程学院, 武汉 430065)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172984414394007977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
YOLOv8 network architecture, figureFileSmall=iGy+gqb+jTKZWh48mHNoCw==, figureFileBig=dfoozdMkPb+LsbfDO8WNsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984414444339626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
YOLOv8网络结构 Input为输入层;Detect为检测头;CBS为二维卷积归一化层;C2f为跨阶段融合层;SPPF为快速空间金字塔池化层;Upsample为上采样层;Concat为特征图拼接层;Conv2d为二维卷积层;Bboxloss和Clsloss分别为边界框和分类损失;BN为批归一化;SiLu为激活函数;Split为特征图分割;MaxPool为最大池化层
, figureFileSmall=iGy+gqb+jTKZWh48mHNoCw==, figureFileBig=dfoozdMkPb+LsbfDO8WNsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984414490476971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Reconstructed backbone network structure of YOLOv8s, figureFileSmall=ynBNDZpWJPpYGuFqEI4o1A==, figureFileBig=C7erqZ6CG0cvaQAxaQtwjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984414565974444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
重构主干网络后的YOLOv8s结构图 Embedding为嵌入层;Merging为融合层;FasterNet Block为特征提取模块
, figureFileSmall=ynBNDZpWJPpYGuFqEI4o1A==, figureFileBig=C7erqZ6CG0cvaQAxaQtwjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984414716969389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
FasterNet Block structure, figureFileSmall=HaOI4Z/IRlxSDuphuhbQFQ==, figureFileBig=qqW+pU2C+DonZETZZEhDGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984414800855470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
FasterNet Block结构 PConv 3×3为3×3部分卷积;Conv 1×1为1×1卷积;Add为特征图相加操作
, figureFileSmall=HaOI4Z/IRlxSDuphuhbQFQ==, figureFileBig=qqW+pU2C+DonZETZZEhDGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984414897324463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Principle of PConv, figureFileSmall=kvXFBcqNNeGuis2Irb2JWg==, figureFileBig=0gIOGDYiZenimmsWYLlyDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984415174148528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
部分卷积原理, figureFileSmall=kvXFBcqNNeGuis2Irb2JWg==, figureFileBig=0gIOGDYiZenimmsWYLlyDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984415316754865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
SPD-Conv structure, figureFileSmall=vgF/dzoPmhRRR8peWzEnaQ==, figureFileBig=fSFs319AGGKQsYTUlloEhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984415413223858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
SPD-Conv结构, figureFileSmall=vgF/dzoPmhRRR8peWzEnaQ==, figureFileBig=fSFs319AGGKQsYTUlloEhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984415539052979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Relationship diagram between ground truth box and prediction box, figureFileSmall=4GVEkGV5VhZiNtJ5WXjPPg==, figureFileBig=GcAdOo2tPTQBAK0alw843w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984415597773236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
真实框和预测框的关系图 bgt为真实框;hgt和wgt分别为真实框的高和宽; 和ygtc分别真实框的中心点坐标;b为预测框;h和w分别为预测框的高和宽;xc和yc分别为预测框的中心点坐标; 、 和 、 为预测框和真实框对应边之间的距离
, figureFileSmall=4GVEkGV5VhZiNtJ5WXjPPg==, figureFileBig=GcAdOo2tPTQBAK0alw843w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984415677465013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
SimAM Structure, figureFileSmall=hRr10/xPy6rRQN5KhHIE0Q==, figureFileBig=QMj82eYWgAuuUvhj2AC7sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984415782322614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
SimAM结构, figureFileSmall=hRr10/xPy6rRQN5KhHIE0Q==, figureFileBig=QMj82eYWgAuuUvhj2AC7sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984415841042871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Improved network structure diagram, figureFileSmall=GFfntb+pikIyAo7seD/eGg==, figureFileBig=/Se+tFjRO2zp84dMIcbH0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984415903957432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
改进后的网络结构图 SimAM为三维注意力机制;SPD-CBS为融合SPD-Conv的CBS模块
, figureFileSmall=GFfntb+pikIyAo7seD/eGg==, figureFileBig=/Se+tFjRO2zp84dMIcbH0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984415987843513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Before and after improvement of bounding box loss curve diagram, figureFileSmall=A03KizURWM/7Sr347SOTNg==, figureFileBig=pEsI1dqAy8bTf/NLp3m1/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984416063340986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
改进前后边框损失曲线图 box_loss为边界框损失;epoch为训练轮次
, figureFileSmall=A03KizURWM/7Sr347SOTNg==, figureFileBig=pEsI1dqAy8bTf/NLp3m1/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984416130449851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Comparison of detection effects, figureFileSmall=3wfLNfJnTYozCDEXawKBFg==, figureFileBig=u1a+nTLbTeywpqKGxNIeBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984416176587196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
检测效果对比, figureFileSmall=3wfLNfJnTYozCDEXawKBFg==, figureFileBig=u1a+nTLbTeywpqKGxNIeBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984416239501757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Autonomous vehicle, figureFileSmall=br1jAkJXiCF2UHnE1FHaZQ==, figureFileBig=4IlrEw7kkgm+GYcMiThkXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984416302416318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
无人驾驶车, figureFileSmall=br1jAkJXiCF2UHnE1FHaZQ==, figureFileBig=4IlrEw7kkgm+GYcMiThkXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984416373719487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
Real-time detection comparison chart based on ROS, figureFileSmall=nOrFC8JGy2eSkfsMZyzDVQ==, figureFileBig=jA9NEqIqvcaG2x1yA/9BTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984416457605568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
基于ROS的实时检测对比图, figureFileSmall=nOrFC8JGy2eSkfsMZyzDVQ==, figureFileBig=jA9NEqIqvcaG2x1yA/9BTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984416524714433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Parameters of different attention modules
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模块 | SE | CBAM | ECA | SimAM |
| 参数 | 2C2/r | 2C2/r | 2C2/r+2k2 | 0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172984416616989122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
不同注意力模块参数量
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模块 | SE | CBAM | ECA | SimAM |
| 参数 | 2C2/r | 2C2/r | 2C2/r+2k2 | 0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172984416679903683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Results of backbone networks experiment
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 基础模型 | 主干网络 | 检测精度 | 精确率 | 召回率 | 参数量/106 | 计算量/109 | 规模/MB |
| YOLOv8s | CSPDarknet | 0.901 | 0.916 | 0.835 | 11.15 | 28.8 | 21.5 |
| YOLOv8s | Shufflenetv2 | 0.869 | 0.907 | 0.788 | 5.94 | 15.9 | 11.6 |
| YOLOv8s | Mobilenetv3_L | 0.884 | 0.920 | 0.805 | 7.89 | 19.0 | 15.4 |
| YOLOv8s | GhostNetv2 | 0.882 | 0.908 | 0.811 | 8.24 | 19.1 | 16.3 |
| YOLOv8s | FasterNet_t1 | 0.894 | 0.915 | 0.825 | 7.45 | 19.5 | 14.5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172984416793149892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
主干网络对比实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 基础模型 | 主干网络 | 检测精度 | 精确率 | 召回率 | 参数量/106 | 计算量/109 | 规模/MB |
| YOLOv8s | CSPDarknet | 0.901 | 0.916 | 0.835 | 11.15 | 28.8 | 21.5 |
| YOLOv8s | Shufflenetv2 | 0.869 | 0.907 | 0.788 | 5.94 | 15.9 | 11.6 |
| YOLOv8s | Mobilenetv3_L | 0.884 | 0.920 | 0.805 | 7.89 | 19.0 | 15.4 |
| YOLOv8s | GhostNetv2 | 0.882 | 0.908 | 0.811 | 8.24 | 19.1 | 16.3 |
| YOLOv8s | FasterNet_t1 | 0.894 | 0.915 | 0.825 | 7.45 | 19.5 | 14.5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172984416847675845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Comparison experiment of different loss functions
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 损失函数 | 检测精度 | 精确率 | 召回率 |
| CIoU | 0.901 | 0.916 | 0.835 |
| DIoU | 0.900 | 0.927 | 0.831 |
| SIoU | 0.903 | 0.934 | 0.833 |
| GIoU | 0.895 | 0.914 | 0.826 |
| EIoU | 0.898 | 0.921 | 0.826 |
| IPIoU | 0.907 | 0.928 | 0.838 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172984416935756230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
不同损失函数对比实验
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 损失函数 | 检测精度 | 精确率 | 召回率 |
| CIoU | 0.901 | 0.916 | 0.835 |
| DIoU | 0.900 | 0.927 | 0.831 |
| SIoU | 0.903 | 0.934 | 0.833 |
| GIoU | 0.895 | 0.914 | 0.826 |
| EIoU | 0.898 | 0.921 | 0.826 |
| IPIoU | 0.907 | 0.928 | 0.838 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172984416994476487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Ablation experiment
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 实验 | FasterNet_t1 | SPD-Conv | IP-IoU | SimAM | 检测精度 | 精确率 | 召回率 | 参数量/106 | 计算量/109 |
| 1 | | | | | 0.901 | 0.926 | 0.837 | 11.15 | 28.8 |
| 2 | √ | | | | 0.894 | 0.915 | 0.825 | 7.45 | 19.5 |
| 3 | √ | √ | | | 0.900 | 0.925 | 0.833 | 7.94 | 22.3 |
| 4 | √ | √ | √ | | 0.906 | 0.934 | 0.834 | 7.94 | 22.4 |
| 5 | √ | √ | √ | √ | 0.913 | 0.942 | 0.838 | 7.91 | 22.9 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172984417116111304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
消融实验
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| 实验 | FasterNet_t1 | SPD-Conv | IP-IoU | SimAM | 检测精度 | 精确率 | 召回率 | 参数量/106 | 计算量/109 |
| 1 | | | | | 0.901 | 0.926 | 0.837 | 11.15 | 28.8 |
| 2 | √ | | | | 0.894 | 0.915 | 0.825 | 7.45 | 19.5 |
| 3 | √ | √ | | | 0.900 | 0.925 | 0.833 | 7.94 | 22.3 |
| 4 | √ | √ | √ | | 0.906 | 0.934 | 0.834 | 7.94 | 22.4 |
| 5 | √ | √ | √ | √ | 0.913 | 0.942 | 0.838 | 7.91 | 22.9 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172984417204191689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Comparison Experiment of Different Models
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| 模型 | 检测精度 | 参数量/106 | 计算量/109 | 规模/MB |
| v6s | 0.889 | 16.45 | 44.9 | 31.3 |
| v3-tiny | 0.803 | 12.17 | 19.1 | 23.3 |
| v5s | 0.898 | 9.15 | 24.2 | 17.7 |
| v7-tiny | 0.861 | 6.02 | 13.0 | 12.3 |
| v5 m | 0.915 | 25.11 | 64.6 | 48.2 |
| v8s | 0.901 | 11.15 | 28.8 | 21.5 |
| 本文模型 | 0.913 | 7.91 | 22.9 | 15.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172984417296466378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463144301533, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
不同模型对比实验
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| 模型 | 检测精度 | 参数量/106 | 计算量/109 | 规模/MB |
| v6s | 0.889 | 16.45 | 44.9 | 31.3 |
| v3-tiny | 0.803 | 12.17 | 19.1 | 23.3 |
| v5s | 0.898 | 9.15 | 24.2 | 17.7 |
| v7-tiny | 0.861 | 6.02 | 13.0 | 12.3 |
| v5 m | 0.915 | 25.11 | 64.6 | 48.2 |
| v8s | 0.901 | 11.15 | 28.8 | 21.5 |
| 本文模型 | 0.913 | 7.91 | 22.9 | 15.3 |
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