Article(id=1149769463093965134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716912000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-29, revisedDate=1739462400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752056001685, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1747497600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752056001685, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752056001685, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752056001685, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149769458706723113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='14', pageStart='5705', pageEnd='6154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752056000638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456798957, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6023, endPage=6034, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149769463366594899, articleId=1149769463093965134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Failure Mechanism Analysis of Sandstone with Cavity Based on Acoustic Emission Spectrum, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Exploring the impact of various hole shapes on the acoustic emission properties of rocks and the fracture mechanisms within rock structures containing holes is of utmost importance, as it enables the detection of fracture progression in rock engineering and the prediction of instability and failure in defective rocks. The mechanical properties, acoustic emission evolution patterns, precursor characteristics of failure, and failure mechanisms of red sandstone samples with different hole shapes were investigated through uniaxial compression tests and acoustic emission systems. The results indicate that the compressive strength, elastic modulus, and strain energy of the intact specimen are approximately 1.4 times, 1.3 times, and 1.7 times greater, respectively, than those of the specimen containing holes. There is a mutation point in the evolution of the multifractal spectrum of AE at 86%~95% of the peak stress, where the width undergoes a transition from an average low value to a sudden increase before and after the mutation point. This change is accompanied by an increase in fluctuation range, from small to large. The AE waveform characteristics are distinguished by the presence of dual main frequency bands. As the sample approaches failure, a significant number of low-frequency and high-amplitude signals, along with high-amplitude and high-amplitude signals, are generated. These peculiar trends in acoustic emission can be used as precursors to the critical instability of red sandstone. Based on the correlation between the main frequency of the acoustic emission signal of the rupture event and the fracture mechanism of the rock, the failure mechanism of the intact and square cavity red sandstone is mainly characterized by tension-shear mixed failure, and the shear failure of circular cavity red sandstone is revealed, which effectively avoids the subjectivity of the RA-AF failure mode classification method, and the research results can provide certain guiding significance for engineering design and optimization.

, correspAuthors=Yong-fa ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hua-sen HUANG, Yong-fa ZHANG, Chao-lin WANG, Geng TIAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149769510544126921, articleId=1149769463093965134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于声发射信号的含孔洞红砂岩多重分形特性和破坏机制分析, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=探究不同孔洞形状对岩石声发射特性的影响和含孔洞岩样破裂机制,对检测岩石工程的裂隙演化和预测含缺陷岩石失稳破坏具有重要的意义。通过对完整和含孔洞的红砂岩试样开展单轴压缩试验,并采用声发射系统,研究了不同孔洞形状岩样的力学性质、声发射演化规律及破坏前兆特征和破坏机制。结果表明:完整试样的抗压强度、弹性模量和应变能分别为含孔洞试样的1.4倍、1.3倍和1.7倍;声发射多重分形谱宽的演化在峰值应力的86%~95%存在突变点,在突变点前后多重分形谱宽由平均低值转为突增,波动幅度从小到大。声发射波形特性存在双主频带特征,试样临近破坏时产生大量低频-高幅值型和高频-高幅值型信号,这些声发射的特殊趋势都可作为红砂岩临界失稳前兆。基于破裂事件声发射信号的主频与岩石的破裂机制的关联性研究,揭示了完整和方形孔洞红砂岩以拉剪混合破坏为主、圆形孔洞红砂岩以剪切破坏为主的破坏机制,有效避免了RA-AF破坏模式分类法的主观性,研究结果可为工程设计及优化提供一定的指导意义。, correspAuthors=张永发, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张永发(1993—),男,汉族,河南安阳人,博士,讲师。研究方向:岩石力学、缝网改造及水力压裂理论及实验。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=7TYwFqXzOB77iepT156Osg==, magXml=0wtHHrGod0+rZZhC88gWwQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=/KpGM3oTU5cJafgopDW7Sg==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ersArohqMyAV2zLvVdEhHA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

黄华森(1998—),男,汉族,贵州贵阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩石力学与工程。E-mail:

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黄华森(1998—),男,汉族,贵州贵阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩石力学与工程。E-mail:

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黄华森(1998—),男,汉族,贵州贵阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩石力学与工程。E-mail:

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label=Fig.3, caption=The relationship between crack and RA and AF values, figureFileSmall=2lliIqYSrnnRFPrw1ZVGbg==, figureFileBig=1lx1mguwrFS0C4U/O5uN8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984713565319423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463093965134, language=CN, label=图3, caption=裂纹与RAAF之间的关系, figureFileSmall=2lliIqYSrnnRFPrw1ZVGbg==, figureFileBig=1lx1mguwrFS0C4U/O5uN8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984713624039680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463093965134, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Stress-strain curves of specimens with different cavity shapes under uniaxial compression, figureFileSmall=lQr+OCuqXljVIkFX7I25pQ==, figureFileBig=m04UwA428BILSWwjFN791A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984713686954241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463093965134, language=CN, label=图4, caption=单轴压缩下不同孔洞形状试样的应力应变曲线, 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label=Fig.14, caption=Results of crack classification based on traditional RA-AF, figureFileSmall=Q0y7dRWxC3fmIDNR+quIxg==, figureFileBig=6JMSEEPDJu58WBpq57uEMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984714941051157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463093965134, language=CN, label=图14, caption=基于传统RA-AF裂纹分类结果, figureFileSmall=Q0y7dRWxC3fmIDNR+quIxg==, figureFileBig=6JMSEEPDJu58WBpq57uEMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984714999771414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463093965134, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=The main frequency of red sandstone with complete and different cavity shapes accounts for the layout, figureFileSmall=/B+d353tF3HGrj5fEZduhA==, figureFileBig=3tyEJd6ABUDFyXVOEY33TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984715054297367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463093965134, language=CN, label=图15, caption=完整和不同孔洞形状红砂岩主频率占比分布图, figureFileSmall=/B+d353tF3HGrj5fEZduhA==, figureFileBig=3tyEJd6ABUDFyXVOEY33TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984715125600536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463093965134, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Cumulative proportion of tensile and shear microcrack events in intact and porous red sandstones, figureFileSmall=SVeUAzOmvo3yTm02ryf6Mw==, figureFileBig=llQUTaLC4A3nqHn7kjf2jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984715192709401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463093965134, language=CN, label=图16, caption=完整和含孔洞红砂岩拉伸和剪切微裂纹事件累积比例, figureFileSmall=SVeUAzOmvo3yTm02ryf6Mw==, figureFileBig=llQUTaLC4A3nqHn7kjf2jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984715255623962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463093965134, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanical parameters of three groups of uniaxial loading samples

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试样
编号
孔洞
形状
σp/
MPa
E/
GPa
U/
(kJ·m-3)
Ue/
(kJ·m-3)
Ud/
(kJ·m-3)
I-2 完整 56.46 9.53 200.75 167.23 33.52
I-3 完整 53.05 8.17 200.91 172.23 28.68
C-1 圆形 34.14 6.24 98.91 93.30 5.61
C-3 圆形 41.67 7.31 131.70 118.75 12.95
S-1 正方形 41.02 7.40 123.50 113.72 9.78
S-3 正方形 38.08 6.75 116.46 107.46 9.00
), ArticleFig(id=1172984715322732827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769463093965134, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3组单轴加载试样的力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样
编号
孔洞
形状
σp/
MPa
E/
GPa
U/
(kJ·m-3)
Ue/
(kJ·m-3)
Ud/
(kJ·m-3)
I-2 完整 56.46 9.53 200.75 167.23 33.52
I-3 完整 53.05 8.17 200.91 172.23 28.68
C-1 圆形 34.14 6.24 98.91 93.30 5.61
C-3 圆形 41.67 7.31 131.70 118.75 12.95
S-1 正方形 41.02 7.40 123.50 113.72 9.78
S-3 正方形 38.08 6.75 116.46 107.46 9.00
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基于声发射信号的含孔洞红砂岩多重分形特性和破坏机制分析
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黄华森 , 张永发 * , 王超林 , 田耕
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(14): 6023-6034
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(14): 6023-6034
基于声发射信号的含孔洞红砂岩多重分形特性和破坏机制分析
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黄华森 , 张永发* , 王超林, 田耕
作者信息
  • 贵州大学土木工程学院, 贵阳 550025
  • 黄华森(1998—),男,汉族,贵州贵阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩石力学与工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张永发(1993—),男,汉族,河南安阳人,博士,讲师。研究方向:岩石力学、缝网改造及水力压裂理论及实验。E-mail:
Failure Mechanism Analysis of Sandstone with Cavity Based on Acoustic Emission Spectrum
Hua-sen HUANG , Yong-fa ZHANG* , Chao-lin WANG, Geng TIAN
Affiliations
  • College of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
出版时间: 2025-05-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404003
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探究不同孔洞形状对岩石声发射特性的影响和含孔洞岩样破裂机制,对检测岩石工程的裂隙演化和预测含缺陷岩石失稳破坏具有重要的意义。通过对完整和含孔洞的红砂岩试样开展单轴压缩试验,并采用声发射系统,研究了不同孔洞形状岩样的力学性质、声发射演化规律及破坏前兆特征和破坏机制。结果表明:完整试样的抗压强度、弹性模量和应变能分别为含孔洞试样的1.4倍、1.3倍和1.7倍;声发射多重分形谱宽的演化在峰值应力的86%~95%存在突变点,在突变点前后多重分形谱宽由平均低值转为突增,波动幅度从小到大。声发射波形特性存在双主频带特征,试样临近破坏时产生大量低频-高幅值型和高频-高幅值型信号,这些声发射的特殊趋势都可作为红砂岩临界失稳前兆。基于破裂事件声发射信号的主频与岩石的破裂机制的关联性研究,揭示了完整和方形孔洞红砂岩以拉剪混合破坏为主、圆形孔洞红砂岩以剪切破坏为主的破坏机制,有效避免了RA-AF破坏模式分类法的主观性,研究结果可为工程设计及优化提供一定的指导意义。
红砂岩  /  声发射  /  多重分形  /  破坏机制  /  波形特征

Exploring the impact of various hole shapes on the acoustic emission properties of rocks and the fracture mechanisms within rock structures containing holes is of utmost importance, as it enables the detection of fracture progression in rock engineering and the prediction of instability and failure in defective rocks. The mechanical properties, acoustic emission evolution patterns, precursor characteristics of failure, and failure mechanisms of red sandstone samples with different hole shapes were investigated through uniaxial compression tests and acoustic emission systems. The results indicate that the compressive strength, elastic modulus, and strain energy of the intact specimen are approximately 1.4 times, 1.3 times, and 1.7 times greater, respectively, than those of the specimen containing holes. There is a mutation point in the evolution of the multifractal spectrum of AE at 86%~95% of the peak stress, where the width undergoes a transition from an average low value to a sudden increase before and after the mutation point. This change is accompanied by an increase in fluctuation range, from small to large. The AE waveform characteristics are distinguished by the presence of dual main frequency bands. As the sample approaches failure, a significant number of low-frequency and high-amplitude signals, along with high-amplitude and high-amplitude signals, are generated. These peculiar trends in acoustic emission can be used as precursors to the critical instability of red sandstone. Based on the correlation between the main frequency of the acoustic emission signal of the rupture event and the fracture mechanism of the rock, the failure mechanism of the intact and square cavity red sandstone is mainly characterized by tension-shear mixed failure, and the shear failure of circular cavity red sandstone is revealed, which effectively avoids the subjectivity of the RA-AF failure mode classification method, and the research results can provide certain guiding significance for engineering design and optimization.

red sandstone  /  acoustic emission  /  multifractals  /  failure mechanism  /  wave character
黄华森, 张永发, 王超林, 田耕. 基于声发射信号的含孔洞红砂岩多重分形特性和破坏机制分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (14) : 6023 -6034 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404003
Hua-sen HUANG, Yong-fa ZHANG, Chao-lin WANG, Geng TIAN. Failure Mechanism Analysis of Sandstone with Cavity Based on Acoustic Emission Spectrum[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (14) : 6023 -6034 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404003
岩体中存在大量天然或人为诱导的缺陷,如裂缝、孔隙、节理、孔洞等。在外部荷载作用下,缺陷边角或尖端易受到应力集中,影响岩体力学性质[1-5]。缺陷的形状、大小、数量和分布对岩体力学性质有显著影响。开展含孔洞缺陷岩石在荷载作用下的力学响应、声发射特性和破坏机制研究分析,对预测岩石工程裂隙演化和失稳破坏具有重要的意义。崔竣尧[6]以新疆某水利工程中的隧道施工为例,对隧道混凝土管片施工中的孔洞和裂缝控制必要性、隧道混凝土管片孔洞和裂缝成因进行分析。韩森等[7]以重庆三汇二矿工程中的巷道为例,对巷道掘进头处塑性区和巷道突出实际孔洞进行对比分析,结果表明,巷道煤与瓦斯突出孔洞是由巷道掘进头煤体塑性区演化、发展而来,同时突出孔洞形状还受到煤层和瓦斯赋存特征的影响。此外,大量学者对裂隙缺陷岩体开展了广泛的研究。刘平等[8]对含有圆形、椭圆形、三角形、矩形和方形孔洞的层状岩石试样进行单轴压缩模拟研究,发现孔洞的存在严重削弱了岩石的力学性能。任富强等[9]从应变曲线、洞周裂纹扩展、破坏模式等方面讨论了孔洞形状的影响,发现矩形、直墙拱形和横椭圆形孔洞试样的顶板以张剪复合破坏为主,而圆形和纵椭圆形试样顶板的张拉破坏更显著。陈祥等[10]对含单裂隙岩样开展三轴加载试验,发现预制裂隙越长,岩样的强度与弹性模量越低,裂纹扩展的规模越大。Yang等[11]研究了在单轴条件下含两条不平行裂缝红砂岩裂缝贯通行为。Wu等[12]结合数字图像相关法(digital image correlation,DIC)和声发射技术研究了不同孔洞形状砂岩的力学特性和断裂特征,并运用复变函数解得不同孔洞形状的应力解。沈顺超等[13]研究交叉裂隙产状对岩样的力学特性和破坏模式的影响,研究结果表明交叉次裂隙会进一步削弱岩样力学性质。郑远龙等[14]对含雁行双裂隙类砂岩试样进行单轴压缩试验,发现试样新生裂纹扩展演化过程、破坏模式与裂隙的倾角特征关系密切。李地元等[15]研究了孔洞形状对岩石破坏特性的影响,发现孔洞形状对大理岩的力学特性有明显影响,且不同边界类型的孔洞有不同的裂纹扩展特性。
声发射技术作为一种重要的无损检测手段,在岩石工程灾害的预防和检测中具有重要作用。该技术方法可分为3类:声发射信号参数分析、震源定位和波形分析。声发射信号参数分析已广泛用于分析完整和含缺陷岩石的力学特性[16-18]。定位技术可以三维定位跟踪岩石的断裂损伤过程[19-20]。相较于参数分析和定位,由于声发射波形分析对计算机具有高度依赖性,波形分析相对较少。AE波形分析方法已用于研究完整岩石的主频特征[21-25]。例如,胡英等[21]研究了白云岩破裂的声发射波形信号。Li等[22]研究了拉伸试验下白色大理石中声发射的主频特性。王创业等[23]研究了岩石材料不同变形阶段的声发射频带分布。Zhang等[24]通过AE波形分析研究了单轴压缩下完整和节理大理石的双主频带特性。Niu等[25]通过AE主频分析研究了单轴压缩下完整和含缺陷岩石破裂过程中的双主频分布特征。此外,部分研究表明[22,24-26],岩石力学试验中监测到的不同类型的声发射波形可表示不同的破裂模式,并且它们在岩石破裂过程中发生变化,其中拉伸破坏产生低主频的AE波形,而剪切破坏产生高主频的AE波形。此外,分形理论被广泛应用于岩石破裂过程的声发射信号分析,尹贤刚等[27]建立并分析了岩石破坏过程中声发射的分形模型,认为分形维数的不断减小可以作为岩石破坏的前兆信息。研究声发射的多重分形特征有助于深入掌握岩石破坏的内在机理[28-30]。孙博等[30]认为多重分形参数能很好地反映岩石的损伤演化和加载过程,对岩石的变形破坏预警具有重要意义。然而,现研究主要集中于完整岩样的声发射参数特征和宏观破坏模式,鲜有学者将声发射参数特征与宏观破坏模式联系,并对预测缺陷岩石破坏前兆进行研究。声发射参数是否能够预测缺陷岩样的破坏前兆目前尚不清楚。
现利用声发射系统对完整和含孔洞红砂岩试样单轴压缩破裂过程实时监测,研究不同孔洞形状岩样的力学性质、声发射演化规律及破坏前兆特征和破坏机制。基于声发射时间序列的多重分形特性以及高低主频波形研究含孔洞岩石的失稳前兆。讨论破裂事件声发射信号的主频率和RA-AF分类法对岩石的破裂机制的差异性。研究结果对岩石工程含裂隙砂岩地层受力演化和失稳破坏具有重要的意义。
试验试样采用红砂岩,产自于中国重庆。试验试样参考Wu等[12]所用尺寸,采用试样的尺寸为长L=100 mm、宽W=25 mm、高H=150 mm。并在试样中心制作不同形状的孔洞(圆形,正方形),其详细尺寸如图1所示。
图2所示,实验设备由轴向加载系统和声发射系统组成。竖向荷载由DSZ-1000型岩石三轴试验机施加,最大承载能力1 000 kN,最大轴向位移50 mm,最小测量精度0.25% fs。轴向加载速率可在0.1~100 mm/min范围内调节。可根据预定的时间段、峰值力或加载率实时记录数据。声发射系统属于PIC-Express声发射系统,由PAC(physical acoustic corporation)制造,具有16bit/a/D架构,带宽为1 kHz~1.2 MHz,最大信号幅度为100 dB。这样可以在加载期间连续采集多通道AE信号。为了避免环境噪声,声发射硬件设置为预放大40 dB,阈值40 dB,采样率5 MSPS。
为了探究含孔洞形状对岩石声发射主频的影响,进行了以下步骤。
(1)样品制备:通过水射流切割机进行制备,共处理6个样品并编号。完整试样,含圆形、正方形试样,各制备2个样品。
(2)声发射传感器固定:用绝缘胶带将两个声发射传感器固定在试件表面,如图2所示。为保证连续采集声发射信号,在试件与声发射传感器接触面施加耦合剂。并进行了铅笔芯断裂试验来评价声耦合效应。
(3)加载:对试件施加0.1 MPa的预加载应力,保证试验机垫片与岩石试件有效接触。然后,以0.2 mm/min的恒定速率对试件施加轴向载荷,直至试件破裂。
(4)破裂后观察:通过数码相机对破坏试样进行宏观观察,表征诱发裂纹的形态特征。
声发射信号是一种源于岩石破裂所产生的应力弹性波。根据已有研究[31-33],波形信号信息与岩石断裂模式信息密切相关。平均频率AF和上升角RA两个参数常用于裂纹分类,因此本文研究采用AFRA来区分岩石破坏过程中的拉伸裂纹和剪切裂纹。
R A = R T A
A F = A C D
式中:RT为上升时间;A为最大振幅;D为声发射波形的持续时间;AC为声发射振铃计数。
两种断裂模式(拉伸模式和剪切模式)的声发射波形特性不同,裂纹在拉力作用下尖端出现远离,导致采集到的AE波形有较短的上升时间和较高的频率。剪切裂纹与拉伸裂纹相反,它出现较长的能量波,导致信号持续较长的上升时间和较低的频率。因此张拉裂纹一般具有高AF值、低RA值,而剪切裂纹则与之相反。因此,提出了一种基于RAAF这两个AE参数指标的裂纹分类方法,此方法如图3所示。
多重分形可以表现出事物的不均匀性和复杂性[30]。由于岩石破坏过程是非线性、离散的,即岩石破坏产生的大量声发射信号也是非线性和离散的。因此,为了更好地揭示板岩的内在破裂机制,采用分形盒计数维数法计算声发射计数时间序列的多重分形谱,详细介绍如下:首先,设一个时间序列{Xi}以单元长度尺寸m分为N个子集,每一个子集{Pi(m)}的概率分布为
P i ( m ) = S i ( m ) i = 1 N S i ( m )
式(3)中:Si(m)为第i个子集声发射计数时间序列之和。
然后,根据每一个子集的概率分布Pi(m),分配函数χq(m)可被定义为
χ q ( m ) = P i ( m ) q = m τ ( q )
式(4)中:q为权重因子,其取值范围在实数范围内无限制,本文q的取值范围为[-20,20];τ(q)为质量指数。
将式(2)变换后,等式两边取对数后求斜率可得τ(q)值,即
τ ( q ) = l i m m 0 l n χ q ( m ) m
τ(q)-q进行Legendre变换可获得
α = d [ τ ( q ) ] d q
f ( α ) = α q - τ ( q )
Δ α = α m a x - α m i n
Δ f = f ( α m a x ) - f ( α m i n )
式中:α为奇异指数,反映子集{Pi(m)}的奇异性,并反映了子集概率的非均匀性;f(α)表示以α为奇异性子集的频率,即为α子集的分形维数,其中αmaxαmin分别声发射最低振铃计数和最高振铃计数子集;Δα为多重分形谱宽,可反映信号的不均匀性;Δf为高振铃计数和低振铃计数信号出现的频率关系,Δf越小表示高振铃计数信号发生的概率越高。
通过MATLAB编写程序对各组试验采集的声发射波形信号进行FFT频谱变换并对主频分布进行统计分析。在频谱图中,将最大幅值定义为声发射主频幅值,将主频幅值所对应的频率定义为主频。
X ( k ) = n = 0 N - 1 x ( n ) W N n k
W N = e - j 2 π N
W N k + N 2 = - W N k
W N n ( N - k ) = W N k ( N - n ) = W N - n k
式中:X(k)由k个点组成的频率域幅值信号(k=0,1,…,N-1);x(n)为时间域原始离散数字信号序列;n为信号序列编号;WN为旋转因子。
将带每种孔洞形状的红砂岩为一组,每组岩样有3个样,为了避免试验的离散性,选取实验结果较为接近的两个试样进行力学分析。由表1可知,本文研究的完整试样选取I-2和I-3作为研究对象,圆形和正方形分别采用C-1、C-3和S-1、S-3作为研究对象。完整岩样的平均抗压强度为54.755 MPa,圆形和正方形的平均抗压强度为37.91、39.55 MPa。相对于完整岩样,带圆孔洞、正方形孔洞缺陷的岩样的平均峰值抗压强度分别降低30.77%和27.77%。由此可知,孔洞缺陷对岩石的单轴抗压强度的劣化作用明显。
图4为典型岩样的应力-应变曲线,由此可见,岩石加载过程中存在明显的弹性阶段。因此,弹性模量E计算为
E = σ 0.6 - σ 0.4 ε 0.6 - ε 0.4
式(14)中:σ0.6σ0.4分别为峰值应力60%和40%处所对应的应力值;ε0.6ε0.4分别表示为峰值应力60%和40%处应力所对应的应变(图5)。
假设岩样与外界不存在热量交换,根据能量守恒得
U = U e + U d
U e = σ p 2 2 E
U = σ d ε
式中:UUeUd分别为总应变量、可释放总弹性应变能和总耗散应变能。
各组岩样具体的弹性模量如表1所示,完整岩样的平均弹性模量为8.85 GPa,含圆形孔洞和正方形孔洞的平均弹性模量分别为6.78、7.08 GPa。相对于完整岩样,含圆形孔洞和正方形孔洞的岩样平均弹性模量都有所减小,分别降低了23.45%和20.06%。
各组岩样具体的应变能如表1所示,含圆形和正方形孔洞缺陷与完整岩样相比,平均总应变能分别降低了42.59%和40.26%,平均总可释放总弹性应变能分别降低了35.53%和34.84%。
图6为单轴压缩下完整砂岩和含孔洞红砂岩破坏过程振铃计数和累计振铃计数演化曲线,3组红砂岩对应的振铃计数和累计振铃计数具有相同的演化趋势。根据累积振铃计数曲线和时间应力曲线可将单轴压缩下含孔洞红砂岩的变形分为4个阶段。在第I阶段,岩石处于压密阶段,岩样内部的天然缺陷在受到初始压应力的情况下,发生闭合和孔隙壁间摩擦,并伴随着产生声发射信号。第II阶段,岩样进入弹性阶段,声发射信号源来自闭合孔隙和微裂纹内在较高应力状态下所发生的摩擦和矿物晶格的压密,岩样几乎没有产生损伤,声发射信号较弱,从而累计声发射曲线相对平缓,呈接近水平线性的增长。进入第III阶段(屈服阶段)后,微裂纹重新开始扩展且出现新增的微裂纹,部分区域微裂纹成核,并产生局部裂纹,岩石内部开始出现局部不可逆的损伤,同时伴随有大量的声发射信号产生,即累计振铃计数曲线大致呈现出明显的凹状曲线特点。当轴向应力持续增加达到峰值应力后,进入第IV阶段,即破坏阶段。岩样内部形成大量的微裂纹,并在局部区域微裂纹相互贯通形成局部宏观裂纹,最终形成的局部宏观裂纹相互连接形成主裂纹。在第IV阶段的裂纹扩展中,岩样在外力作用下储存大量应变能,其中弹性应变能在岩样失稳破坏时瞬间释放,从而造成声发射信号强度的跃迁式变化。
图7为声发射信号振铃计数的多重分形谱,3种岩样的多重分形谱形状都呈右钩型,表明在整个加载过程中以低振铃计数的声发射信号为主。完整砂岩多重分形谱宽Δα明显大于带孔洞砂岩,表明完整砂岩破坏过程中产生的声发射信号的不均匀性更明显,即声发射信号的差异性更明显。而不同微破裂尺度导致的声发射振铃计数不同,所以完整砂岩和含孔洞砂岩的微观破裂特征存在差异性。完整砂岩Δf明显大于带孔洞砂岩,表明含孔洞砂岩破坏过程中产生的声发射信号中高振铃计数发生的概率相较于完整砂岩更高。含孔洞砂岩的破坏过程中,孔洞作为应力集中点,会导致应力在这些位置发生集中和释放。这种应力集中现象促使局部微裂纹更早地萌生和扩展,产生更多的局部破裂事件。这些微裂纹的扩展过程通常伴随着高频率的声发射信号,进而导致高振铃计数事件的发生[29,34]。相比之下,完整砂岩由于内部结构均匀,破坏时的应力分布较为均匀,裂纹扩展相对较少且集中,声发射信号中高振铃计数的概率较低。
上述只分析了完整和含孔洞红砂岩在单轴压缩下所产生声发射事件的整体多重分形特征,而单轴压缩作用下完整和含孔洞红砂岩的时变多重分形特征未被揭示。为了更好地揭示完整和含孔洞红砂岩声发射时间序列的时变多重分形参数特征与岩石破裂过程的密切关系,本研究利用了声发射时间序列中的滑动事件窗口计算特征参数Δα。滑动事件窗口由两个参数定义,即计算窗口长度和滑动步长,本研究设置的计算窗口长度和滑动步长分别为300个声发射事件和30个声发射事件。
图8为完整和不同孔洞形状红砂岩多重分形谱宽Δα随加载时间的动态演化过程。第4.2节根据声发射振铃计数和累积振铃计数把岩石加载阶段分为4个阶段,分别为压密阶段、弹性阶段、屈服阶段和破坏阶段,其中在本节将压密阶段称为前期,弹性阶段为中期,最后两个阶段为后期。在前期和中期,3组岩样的Δα值在0.75的上下小幅波动,表明在此孔隙压密和在较高应力下晶体摩擦下产生的声发射信号差异性较小。在后期,3组岩样的Δα演化都存在一个突变点,在突变点前Δα处于较低水平且波动幅度较低,整体趋势为Δα减小,在突变点后Δα突然陡增,出现大于1的Δα,且波动趋势相较于突变点前的幅度有大幅提升,这表明微裂纹形成到最终聚核贯通形成宏观裂纹的整个扩展过程具有不稳定性,多重分形特征出现明显变化。
对于完整红砂岩和带孔洞红砂岩,Δα的突变点所对应位置明显不同。完整红砂岩的Δα突变点对应峰值应力的96.1%,带圆形孔洞和正方形孔洞红砂岩分别为所对应的峰值应力的86.1%和99.2%。除此之外3组岩样多重分形参数Δα演化趋势相同,在突变点后Δα大幅度增加,Δα的波动幅度明显增大,多重分形特征出现明显变化,表明微裂纹成核、相互贯通形成宏观裂纹过程具有复杂性和不稳定性。因此可以将Δα的突增和大幅度波动趋势作为红砂岩的失稳前兆。
本节对频率和幅值的时变演化特征进行研究。利用快速傅里叶对声发射信号的波形进行主频率提取和分析,其中主频图中最大幅值对应的频率为主频率。图9为C-1岩样第五号波形提取过程,其中左边为原始波形图,右边为分析过后的主频图。由于试验过程中采集的声发射数量多,采用MATLAB编写程序将声发射系统监测到的声发射波形从时域转换到频域,获取主频率频率和幅值分布特征。
根据图10试样幅值分布特征将幅值分为低幅值(0~5 mV)和高幅值(≥5 mV),下文分别用LA、HA表示低、高幅值。同理,根据图9将主频分为低(0~150 kHz)、中(150~250 kHz)、高(≥250 kHz)3个主频带。下文分别用LF、IF、HF表示低、中、高频带。由图10可知,3种岩样在整个加载过程中,声发射信号主要分为低频低幅值信号(LF-LA)、低频高幅值(LF-HA)、中频低幅值(IF-LA)、高频低幅值(HF-LA)和高频高幅值(HF-HA)。
图11(a)图11(b)知,对于完整和含圆形孔洞红砂岩试样,低幅值声发射信号在整个试验过程中占据主导地位,贯穿分布与整个加载过程,在加载前期和临近破坏的后期主要以LF-LA型和HF-LA型为主,在加载中期主要以HF-LA型为主,而IF-LA型主要发生在加载前期和后期阶段;高幅值信号主要发生在加载前期和临近破坏的后期,主要以LF-HA型和HF-HA型信号为主,但圆形孔洞相对于完整试样在加载进入到弹性阶段后产生了少量HF-HA型信号。由图9(c)可知,对于含正方形孔洞红砂岩试样,低幅值声发射信号在整个试验过程中占据主导地位,贯穿分布与整个加载过程,LF-LA型信号分布贯穿于整个加载过程,HF-LA型信号随着试验过程的渐进越来越密集,IF-LA型信号演化趋势与HF-LA型信号,但信号相对较少;高幅值信号主要发生在加载前期和临近破坏的后期,在加载中期也有少量分布,主要以LF-HA型和HF-HA型信号为主。
由上述分析可以发现高幅值信号主要发生在加载前期和临近破坏的后期,而低幅值信号贯穿整个加载过程。根据Wang等[35]的研究可知,在加载初期幅值较高的原因是岩石内部孔隙和天然缺陷在加载初期被压密、压实和闭合所形成,而后期出现高幅值是由于微裂纹大量扩展合并、聚集成核、贯通所产生,而低幅值信号贯穿整个加载过程是由于代表岩体内部晶格的移动、断裂和微裂纹产生。含孔洞红砂岩试样相较于完整红砂岩试样会在单轴压缩加载过程中孔洞周围会产生应力集中,并在加载中期在应力集中区域产生新微裂纹、新微裂纹压实和微裂纹合并,因此含孔洞红砂岩相对于完整红砂岩会在加载中期产生少量高幅值信号。此外,通过总结发现在加载中期有一些类型的信号较少,但当试样临近破坏或破坏时会大量产生,比如LF-HA型和HF-HA型信号。因此,在单轴压缩试验后期可以将LF-HA型和HF-HA型信号的大量产生作为完整和含孔洞红砂岩破坏的前兆。
根据前人研究[12],相较于完整红砂岩,含孔洞红砂岩会在孔洞周围会产生应力重分布,而应力重分布受孔洞形状影响。应力重分布不同会导致裂纹扩展模式不同。如图12所示,完整红砂岩和含正方形孔洞红砂岩的破坏模式为拉剪混合破坏,含圆形孔洞红砂岩的破坏模式相较于含正方形孔洞红砂较单一,破坏模式为剪切破坏为主。此结果与Wu等[12]结果基本一致。
先前的研究大多基于RAAF两个参数判别岩石的破裂模式,其具体理论如第3.1节所叙述。为了避免数据的离散性,本研究运用50个声发射事件的移动平均值来计算RAAF两个指标。图14为基于经验法的RA-AF裂纹分类结果,拉伸裂纹明显多于剪切裂纹,说明了完整红砂岩和含孔洞红砂岩在单轴压缩条件下发生拉伸破坏。然而,此结果与图12中砂岩试样的实际破坏模式不相吻合。
由上述分析可知,传统的断裂模式分类方法并不符合宏观破坏特征。此外,根据RAAF之间的相关性进行压裂模式分类的标准尚未得到验证,属于经验近似方法,划分结果不一定准确。然而破裂事件声发射信号的频率与破裂机制密切相关,其中低主频(L型)信号是由微观拉伸破坏引起,高主频(H型)信号是由微剪切破坏引起[22,24 -26]。于是,为了克服RAAF值之间的相关性进行破坏模式分类的主观性,本文研究将通过对主频率演化特征进行定量统计分析,探讨完整红砂岩和含孔洞红砂岩在单轴压缩下的破坏机制。图15为不同孔洞岩样的声发射信号L型波形和H型波形统计分布,根据其统计分布特征和参考Niu等[25]的研究,将IF和HF信号的波形定义为H型波形,LF信号的波形定义为L型波形,即0~150 kHz为L型波形,150 kHz以上为H型波形。
为了揭示孔洞和孔洞形状对单轴压缩下红砂岩试件破坏机制的影响,本文研究对整个加载过程中L型波形和H型波形的比例进行了定量计算。图16为完整红砂岩和含孔洞红砂岩拉伸微裂纹和剪切微裂纹累计比例。完整试样和含正方形孔洞试样在加载的初期拉伸微裂纹占据主导,随着加载的继续深入剪切微裂纹逐渐在实时加载过程中占据主导作用,最终拉伸微裂纹事件和剪切微裂纹事件共同作用形成拉剪混合破坏。其中完整的剪切微裂纹和拉伸微裂纹占比分别为46.4%和53.6%,而含正方形孔洞试样的剪切微裂纹事件和拉伸微裂纹事件占比分别为53.1%和46.9%,图12中完整和含正方形孔洞红砂岩的宏观破坏结果可以验证这一结果。含圆形孔洞试样在整个加载过程中剪切微裂纹事件占据主导作用,拉伸微裂纹事件主要发生在加载初期、屈服阶段和破坏阶段,最终形成剪切破坏,其中剪切微裂纹事件和拉伸微裂纹事件占比分别为74.3%和25.6%,结果与图12中含圆形孔洞红砂岩的宏观破坏结果一致。
基于破裂事件声发射信号的主频率与岩石的破裂机制的关系研究,可以克服RAAF之间的相关性进行破坏模式分类的主观性,识别的结果也更加准确。基于以上分析可知,岩石的破坏机制很明显会受到孔洞及其形状影响。完整岩样和正方形孔洞破坏模式为典型的拉剪混合破坏,完整岩样的破坏模式相较于含正方形孔洞岩样更加复杂。含圆形孔洞岩样宏观破坏模式最为单一,为典型的剪切破坏为主。
结合声发射参数和波形,对单轴试验下完整、含圆形孔洞缺陷、含方形孔洞缺陷的红砂岩的力学和声发射特征进行了分析,得到如下结论。
(1)因孔洞缺陷的形状差异,岩石力学强度和弹性模量的劣化效果有所不同。相较于完整岩石,含圆形孔洞和含方形孔洞的红砂岩峰值抗拉强度分别降低30.77%和27.77%,弹性模量分别降低了23.45%和20.06%。
(2)不同孔洞形状压裂过程,声发射多重分形参数Δα演化趋势相同:在加载初期,Δα处于较低水平且波动幅度较低;在临近岩石破坏时,Δα存在明显的突变,分别对应峰值应力的96.1%、86.1%和99.2%。在突变点后Δα大幅度增加且波动幅度明显增大,表明微裂纹成核、相互贯通形成宏观裂纹过程具有复杂性和不稳定性。可以将Δα的突增和大幅度波动趋势作为红砂岩的失稳前兆。
(3)单轴压缩过程声发射波形特性都存在双主频带特征,加载的前后期出现大量高幅值信号,而低幅值信号分布贯穿整个加载过程。当试样临近破坏或破坏时会大量产生低频-高幅值型和高频-高幅值型信号。因此在单轴压缩试验后期可以将低频-高幅值型和高频-高幅值型信号的大量产生作为含孔洞缺陷红砂岩破坏的前兆。
(4)完整和方形孔洞红砂岩单轴压缩破裂以拉剪混合破坏为主,圆形孔洞红砂岩以剪切破坏为主。基于破裂事件声发射信号的主频率与岩石的破裂机制关系的研究,可以克服RA-AF破坏模式分类法的主观性,识别的结果也更加准确。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52264006)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52004072)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52464005)
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2025年第25卷第14期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404003
  • 接收时间:2024-05-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-29
  • 修回日期:2025-02-14
基金
国家自然科学基金(52264006)
国家自然科学基金(52004072)
国家自然科学基金(52464005)
作者信息
    贵州大学土木工程学院, 贵阳 550025

通讯作者:

*张永发(1993—),男,汉族,河南安阳人,博士,讲师。研究方向:岩石力学、缝网改造及水力压裂理论及实验。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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