Article(id=1149769461688873284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404270, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717689600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-07, revisedDate=1740067200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752056001349, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1747497600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752056001349, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752056001349, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752056001349, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149769458706723113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='14', pageStart='5705', pageEnd='6154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752056000638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456798957, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6094, endPage=6099, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149769461869228357, articleId=1149769461688873284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=A Flight Test Method for Formation RF Systems Compatibility Based on Simulation Prediction, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Formation RF (radio frequency) systems compatibility is an important comprehensive ability that affects the survival and combat effectiveness of aircraft formation. It needs to be effectively assessed and verified through flight tests, and simulation can further optimize test design and improve test efficiency. Thus, a flight test method for formation RF systems compatibility based on simulation prediction was proposed. Firstly, the development trend of RF compatibility and is its capability requirements were summarized and analyzed. Secondly, a simulation model of formation RF systems compatibility based on interference conflict was proposed, and a flight test method of formation RF systems compatibility based on the interference conflict distance from simulation analysis was established. Finally, simulation analysis and flight profile design were conducted for a typical formation RF compatibility test. This study has provided an effective method for the test profile design and flight verification of formation RF systems compatibility.

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编队射频兼容是影响编队生存力和战斗力的一项重要综合能力,需通过飞行试验对其进行有效考核验证,仿真预测可进一步优化试验设计,提升试验效费比。基于此,提出了一种基于仿真预测的编队射频兼容试飞方法。首先分析了射频兼容的发展趋势和编队射频兼容能力要求,其次提出了基于干扰冲突的编队射频兼容仿真预测模型,并以仿真分析的干扰冲突距离为依据,建立了编队射频兼容试飞剖面设计方法。最后,进行了典型编队射频兼容试飞试验的仿真分析和试飞剖面设计。研究结果为编队射频兼容的试验剖面设计和试飞验证提供了一种有效方法。

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孙利娜(1992—),女,汉族,陕西渭南人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:装备体系建模与评估,综合航电试飞与评价。E-mail:

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孙利娜(1992—),女,汉族,陕西渭南人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:装备体系建模与评估,综合航电试飞与评价。E-mail:

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孙利娜(1992—),女,汉族,陕西渭南人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:装备体系建模与评估,综合航电试飞与评价。E-mail:

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language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Flight test profile of RF compatibility for dual aircraft formation, figureFileSmall=pDyX3qdMM6QJN93Gtv61mg==, figureFileBig=6RJUTalX687zBfNHsObnpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984304104780408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769461688873284, language=CN, label=图7, caption=双机编队射频兼容试飞剖面, figureFileSmall=pDyX3qdMM6QJN93Gtv61mg==, figureFileBig=6RJUTalX687zBfNHsObnpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984304201249401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769461688873284, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Horizontal flight test profile of RF compatibility for dual aircraft formation in different positions, figureFileSmall=bwz4QezYalKFH2okVJ/7Xw==, figureFileBig=r9jebXF+DuQaM4MkNj6bGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984304276746874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769461688873284, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同方位下的双机编队射频兼容试飞水平剖面, figureFileSmall=bwz4QezYalKFH2okVJ/7Xw==, figureFileBig=r9jebXF+DuQaM4MkNj6bGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984304364827259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769461688873284, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Simulation distance range of dual aircraft electromagnetic interference conflict

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
双机方位 辐射功率/GHz 干扰距离范围/km 饱和距离范围/km
主瓣 8 475.24 1.50
12 316.82 1.00
±15°以内 8 75.32
12 50.21
±15°以外 8 4.75
12 3.17
), ArticleFig(id=1172984304511627900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769461688873284, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

双机电磁干扰冲突仿真距离范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
双机方位 辐射功率/GHz 干扰距离范围/km 饱和距离范围/km
主瓣 8 475.24 1.50
12 316.82 1.00
±15°以内 8 75.32
12 50.21
±15°以外 8 4.75
12 3.17
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一种基于仿真预测的编队射频兼容试飞方法
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孙利娜 , 陈宇 , 汪真
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(14): 6094-6099
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(14): 6094-6099
一种基于仿真预测的编队射频兼容试飞方法
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孙利娜 , 陈宇, 汪真
作者信息
  • 中国飞行试验研究院, 西安 710089
  • 孙利娜(1992—),女,汉族,陕西渭南人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:装备体系建模与评估,综合航电试飞与评价。E-mail:

A Flight Test Method for Formation RF Systems Compatibility Based on Simulation Prediction
Li-na SUN , Yu CHEN, Zhen WANG
Affiliations
  • Chinese Flight Test Establishment, Xi'an 710089, China
出版时间: 2025-05-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404270
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编队射频兼容是影响编队生存力和战斗力的一项重要综合能力,需通过飞行试验对其进行有效考核验证,仿真预测可进一步优化试验设计,提升试验效费比。基于此,提出了一种基于仿真预测的编队射频兼容试飞方法。首先分析了射频兼容的发展趋势和编队射频兼容能力要求,其次提出了基于干扰冲突的编队射频兼容仿真预测模型,并以仿真分析的干扰冲突距离为依据,建立了编队射频兼容试飞剖面设计方法。最后,进行了典型编队射频兼容试飞试验的仿真分析和试飞剖面设计。研究结果为编队射频兼容的试验剖面设计和试飞验证提供了一种有效方法。

编队射频兼容  /  干扰冲突模型  /  飞行试验  /  试验剖面设计

Formation RF (radio frequency) systems compatibility is an important comprehensive ability that affects the survival and combat effectiveness of aircraft formation. It needs to be effectively assessed and verified through flight tests, and simulation can further optimize test design and improve test efficiency. Thus, a flight test method for formation RF systems compatibility based on simulation prediction was proposed. Firstly, the development trend of RF compatibility and is its capability requirements were summarized and analyzed. Secondly, a simulation model of formation RF systems compatibility based on interference conflict was proposed, and a flight test method of formation RF systems compatibility based on the interference conflict distance from simulation analysis was established. Finally, simulation analysis and flight profile design were conducted for a typical formation RF compatibility test. This study has provided an effective method for the test profile design and flight verification of formation RF systems compatibility.

formation RF systems compatibility  /  interference conflict model  /  flight test  /  test profile design
孙利娜, 陈宇, 汪真. 一种基于仿真预测的编队射频兼容试飞方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (14) : 6094 -6099 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404270
Li-na SUN, Yu CHEN, Zhen WANG. A Flight Test Method for Formation RF Systems Compatibility Based on Simulation Prediction[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (14) : 6094 -6099 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404270
超视距空战下现代战机上的用频设备越来越多,这些射频传感器工作时会出现时频重合问题,进而导致射频传感器之间电磁干扰,由此带来了战机上多射频传感器之间射频兼容设计以及战机的射频兼容试验考核。随着数据链技术的引入以及编队作战、有人无人协同作战、体系作战的快速发展,射频兼容正在由单平台兼容扩展到编队射频兼容。编队射频兼容是编队各装备平台之间射频系统/设备不发生电磁干扰,能够兼容工作的能力,是编队综合射频隐身、信息融合、协同作战的基础。因此,对编队平台之间射频系统兼容能力的有效验证是支持编队作战效能发挥的重要环节。
国外较早地开始了武器装备射频兼容的研究[1-2]。一方面是通过研发综合射频系统实现装备平台上射频系统资源的综合使用和功能兼容设计。其通过前端天线资源复用、共用、重构,实现硬件资源高度集成,并结合功能控制与资源管理调度算法,实现后端雷达、电子战与通导等多种射频传感器综合管理和射频兼容。例如,美国海军的先进多功能射频系统(advanced multi-function radio frequency system, AMRFS)和先进多功能射频概念(Advanced Multi-function Radio Frequency Concept, AMRFC)项目[3-4],成果已在 F-22、F-35、DDG-1000等机载、舰载作战平台的射频兼容研究中应用。另一方面,通过电磁频谱管控实现装备内部,装备之间射频系统的兼容工作。美军陆续颁布多个电磁频谱管控相关政策,如2013年发布《电磁频谱战略》,2016年发布《联合电磁频谱作战》条令,这些条令和战略推动了美军电磁频谱战的发展[5],也进一步提升了美军武器装备的体系兼容能力。随着先进装备的快速研发,中国近些年来在武器装备建设上也愈发关注装备的射频兼容。文献[6]开展了无人机上雷达和通信波形的一体化设计研究;文献[7]面向网络化作战机载射频传感器综合需求,从机载总体角度对射频综合总体、共形孔径、射频管理等关键技术进行了研究;文献[8]开展了机载射频传感器主动电磁兼容方法研究。随着装备体系化建设的加速推进,对装备射频兼容的研究也扩展到平台之间以及编队内部。文献[9]进行了舰载机机舰电磁兼容性适配技术研究;文献[10-11]进行了水面舰艇编队频谱使用冲突预测和电磁兼容性研究。针对装备的射频兼容设计,相关学者也开展了兼容分析与试验验证。文献[12]进行了北斗无线电机载设备与机载地球站间的兼容性分析;文献[13]进行了机载雷达与雷达告警设备的兼容性能分析;文献[14]进行了机载综合射频系统兼容能力的试飞设计和分析。当前这些试验分析更多的是对单平台或者舰艇编队,对于先进战斗机编队还缺乏相应的试验验证设计方法。
当前,先进战斗机编队基于综合射频管理设备及兼容策略已经实现了编队内射频系统使用频段、使用优先级管理,具备了编队各平台之间射频传感器设备的兼容工作能力。由于编队射频兼容涉及多平台、多传感器的使用交互,对其的试验设计不仅要同时操作不同平台上的传感器,又要兼顾传感器使用时的空间距离、角度等,而合理的试飞剖面设计是节约试飞架次,提升试验验证效率的关键。
基于此,现围绕航空武器平台编队射频兼容的试验验证,首先分析编队射频兼容的发展趋势和能力要求,其次提出基于干扰冲突的射频兼容仿真预测模型,并以仿真分析的干扰冲突距离为依据,提出编队射频兼容试飞剖面设计方法,最后进行案例应用和分析。以期为优化编队射频兼容的试验设计,提升试验效率提供一种有效的方法。
当前,随着先进装备的加速研试以及装备体系化建设的加速推进,武器装备的射频兼容正在经历三个发展过程,即“单平台兼容—编队兼容—体系兼容”的发展过程。
(1)单平台射频兼容:指单个武器装备平台内部雷达、电子对抗以及通信、导航和识别系统(communication, navigation and identification system,CNI)等射频传感器工作使用过程中的协同兼容,其主要通过综合射频管理系统以及单平台内部的时域闭锁、优先级管理、空间隔离等兼容策略来实现。
(2)编队射频兼容:指武器装备多个编队平台之间雷达、电子对抗、CNI、指控等射频传感器系统工作使用过程中的协同兼容,本文研究中编队射频兼容更强调同型或同构平台组成的密集编队之间的射频兼容。编队射频兼容主要通过编队内部先进数据链,兼容管理系统及策略来实现,一般可通过编队之间的信号标记剔除、优先级管理、频率规划等实现编队内部射频传感器的兼容。图1给出了编队平台之间雷达和电子战系统的兼容设计示例,A机雷达分系统进行射频有源探测,射频使用参数通过雷达管理软件发送给CNI分系统,CNI分系统将其特征参数通过数据链传递到B机CNI分系统,进一步发送至兼容管理软件,B机电子对抗分系统将侦收到的雷达辐射信号发送至兼容管理软件,兼容管理软件通过信号标记剔除策略将电子对抗系统告警信号中A机雷达特征的信号剔除,确保编队内B机不对A机雷达信号告警,实现双机之间射频传感器协同兼容工作。
(3)体系射频兼容:指武器装备多个异构平台之间雷达、电子对抗、CNI、指控等射频传感器系统工作使用过程中的协同兼容。体系射频兼容是在编队兼容的基础上更关注异构平台形成的装备体系的兼容,如有人无人协同、异构无人蜂群、跨域分布式协同等装备作战体系。体系射频兼容主要通过各作战平台的综合射频管理系统、机间链和频谱管控策略等来实现。
编队射频兼容指编队平台之间射频系统/设备不发生电磁干扰,能够满足编队作战使用需求的兼容工作能力。以航空武器平台为例,编队射频兼容的能力要求可以从两个方面考虑:①编队飞机射频传感器辐射不干扰友机射频传感器使用效果;②编队飞机射频传感器不受友机干扰/辐射影响。
对于编队平台之间特定射频传感器的兼容工作能力要求,则要结合具体的传感器使用的功能、性能要求按照上述两个原则进行展开。
对编队射频兼容的试验验证确保编队协同作战效能发挥的重要前提。基于此,本文研究面向先进战斗机编队,提出了一种基于仿真预测的编队射频兼容试飞方法。其核心是通过建立编队平台之间射频传感器之间的电磁干扰冲突模型,并基于仿真分析预测射频传感器之间是否会发生电磁干扰、发生电磁干扰的距离等。并基于仿真预测的干扰距离进行编队平台之间射频兼容试飞剖面的设计以及试飞验证考核。下述分别介绍了基于干扰冲突的射频兼容仿真预测模型和基于该模型的编队射频兼容试飞方法设计。
编队射频传感器之间的电磁干扰仿真预测分析是支持多机编队电磁兼容试验设计基础。通过对编队射频传感器之间电磁干扰的分析,可以预测编队多传感器之间是否会发生电磁干扰、发生电磁干扰的距离、以及电磁干扰的强度。对于开展多机编队传感器之间的电磁兼容设计和电磁兼容试验鉴定都具有重要的意义。基于干扰冲突的射频兼容仿真预测模型是通过仿真双机编队发射机射频辐射信号在接收机处产生的有效功率与接收机的敏感度对比来确定双机之间是否存在电磁干扰,可能电磁干扰的距离和电磁干扰的影响强度,如图2所示。
具体而言,对于编队A机和B机,假设A机为射频发射机,其上存在射频辐射传感器,B机为接收机,其上存在射频侦收传感器。
首先,基于电磁波在自由空间传播和衰减原理[10],建立射频辐射传感器在接收机B处产生的有效功率模型,可建模为
E 1 = P 1 ( f 1 ) + G 1 + G 2 - L + C F
式(1)中: P 1 ( f 1 )为A机射频传感器发射天线的发射功率,dBm; G 1为A机射频传感器发射天线的发射增益,dB; G 2为B机上同频段侦收天线的接收增益,dB; C F为修正参数,一般和发射机、接收机的带宽,天线高度和波束对准情况相关; L为A机发射天线电磁波在的自由空间传播损耗。
一般情况下电磁波在自由空间的衰减公式为
L = 20 l g f + 20 l g d + 32.44
式(2)中: f为A机射频传感器电磁波频率; d为电磁波在自由空间传播的距离。
对于接收机B机而言,令其有效接收功率 E 2 P 2 f 2,可以通过接收机在频率响应为 f 2时的敏感度门限来表示。
E 2 = P 2 ( f 2 )
E 1 = E 2,求解双机可能发生电磁干扰的临界距离 d L。此时,①当时,说明A机射频辐射传感器会对B机射频侦收传感器造成电磁干扰,且 d越小,双机距离越近,干扰越强;②当 d = d L,说明双机射频传感器之间干扰处于临界状态,可能存在电磁干扰,也可能不存在电磁干扰;③当 d > d L时,说明A机射频辐射传感器不会对B机射频侦收传感器造成电磁干扰。
基于上述仿真模型可以看出,临界距离 d L即为编队射频兼容试飞验证时的关键试验设计距离。当双机距离小于 d L,或者在距离 d L附近波动时,编队之射频传感器之间才会发生电磁干扰,此时才能有效检查出双机射频兼容策略是否达到设计效果,实现了编队平台之间传感器的兼容设计。而当双机距离大于 d L时,编队之射频传感器之间不会发生电磁干扰,在此距离范围内,无法有效试验验证出双机射频兼容是否有效,此时的试验设计也是无效试验。
双机编队是编队射频兼容试验考核的基础和最小单元,因此对于编队射频兼容的试飞验证可以通过多个双机编队射频兼容来实现。假设对于双机编队A机和B机,需试飞验证A机和B机之间射频传感器协同使用时兼容效果。此时要分别验证分析A机作为射频发射机,B机作为射频接收机;以及B机作为射频发射机,A机作为射频接收机时双机编队之间的射频兼容,其试验试飞方法思路一致。下述选择A机为射频发射机,B机射频侦收机进行编队射频兼容试飞方法的设计。具体的流程如图3所示。
图3中,前4个步骤都是基于干扰冲突预测模型的明确处理流程,步骤5基于临界距离 d L进行双机射频兼容试飞剖面设计,没有完全固定范式,需结合一定工程经验设计,对于此步骤在第4节通过案例应用进行说明,可以作为试验设计的参考。
假设先进战斗机编队A机和B机,A机配有射频辐射传感器RF1,B机上配有射频侦收传感器RF2。当双机密集编队对敌方目标进行探测时, RF1进行有源探测, RF2进行无源探测。此时由于射频传感器时频重合问题,RF2可能会对编队内A机RF1射频传感器告警。设计人员会通过编队内友机信号剔除等兼容策略,实现B机对A机的告警信息剔除,达到双机编队内射频传感器RF1和RF2协同使用时的兼容工作,对于双机编队射频兼容的试验考核依据本文的方法进行试验设计。
具体的,假设A机上RF1传感器主要工作在X波段,工作频段8~12 GHz,发射功率60 dBm,主瓣天线增益34 dB。当主瓣波束不对准时,在主瓣±15°角度范围以内的副瓣修正参数CF=-16 dB,则主瓣±15°以内天线增益可以为34 dB-16 dB=18 dB;在主瓣±15°角度范围以外副瓣修正参数CF=-40 d,则主瓣±15°以外天线增益可以为34 dB-40 dB=-6 dB。B机上RF2传感器工作频段0.78~18 GHz,接收增益为0,灵敏度为-70 dBm,饱和电平为-20 dBm。
按照仿真预测模型分别建立A机主瓣、副瓣方向有效功率E1模型,B机有效接收功率E2=-70 dBm,饱和电平E3=-20 dBm。对其进行仿真对比分析,结果如图4~图6所示,其分别展示了A机主瓣方向、主瓣±15°之内和主瓣±15°之外方位与B机的电磁干扰冲突对比结果。
图4~图6中的干扰冲突距离进行统计,可以得到表1所示的相关信息。
通过表1可以得到双机编队中A机RF1射频传感器和B机RF2射频传感器兼容工作验证的试验设计参数,包括双机的方位和双机间距。具体的,对于RF1主瓣方向,编队射频兼容验证双机需主瓣方向对准,间距316.82 km范围之内;对于RF1主瓣±15°以内方向,编队射频兼容验证双机需在主瓣±15°以内,间距50.21 km范围之内;对于RF1主瓣±15°以外方向,编队射频兼容验证双机需在主瓣±15°以外,间距3.17 km范围之内。对于饱和电平引发的编队内干扰告警等,由于处于主瓣方向且距离1.00~1.50 km,距离太近存在较大的试飞验证风险,可依据实验室试验或地面试验开展兼容验证工作。
基于上述的仿真结果和设计分析依据,进行试飞剖面设计。如图7所示,其中图7(a)为水平剖面,目标机F1和F2横向编队,目标机作为配试飞机开雷达进行有源探测;载机Y1和Y2尾后编队,载机作为试验飞机其中Y1开传感器RF1进行有源探测,Y2开传感器RF2进行无源探测。图7(b)为垂直剖面,载机和目标机编队垂直方向上按照一定安全高度差进入,速度按需。水平剖面中,载机和目标机编队间距300 km进入,载机编队的纵向间距和角度结合编队射频兼容的试飞设计参数进行,详细如图8所示。图8结合表1的参数依次设计了在RF1主瓣方向,副瓣近区,副瓣远区编队射频兼容验证的距离和角度特征,以及充分考虑这三个方向射频兼容验证的综合剖面,如图8(a)图8(d)所示。
在上述剖面设计基础上,通过实际飞行试验对不同剖面或综合剖面进行验证,并通过总线参数以及视频画面对于载机编队射频兼容效果进行判断。其满足射频兼容的判断原则如下:①Y1飞机上RF1传感器对目标机RF1和RF2有源探测的探测距离、探测精度等性能指标满足设计要求;②Y2飞机上RF2传感器对目标机RF1和RF2无源探测,可对目标机RF1和RF2进行正常告警,探测性能指标满足设计要求。同时不对编队内部Y1飞机上RF1传感器告警。
针对装备编队平台之间射频兼容能力的试验设计问题,建立了一种基于仿真预测的编队射频兼容试飞方法,得出如下结论。
(1)对 “单平台兼容—编队兼容—体系兼容”的发展趋势以及编队射频兼容能力的试飞评价要求进行了分析和说明。
(2)从电磁干扰机理出发,提出了基于干扰冲突的射频兼容仿真预测模型,在此基础上进一步给出了编队射频兼容试飞剖面的设计方法,可有效支持对编队射频兼容能力的试验设计。
(3)以先进战斗机编队为例进行了编队射频兼容能力仿真预测和试飞剖面的设计,结果表明了本文方法的有效性和可行性。
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2025年第25卷第14期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404270
  • 接收时间:2024-06-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-07
  • 修回日期:2025-02-21
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    中国飞行试验研究院, 西安 710089
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