Article(id=1149769460959064380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404244, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717603200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-06, revisedDate=1740067200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752056001175, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1747497600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752056001175, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752056001175, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752056001175, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149769458706723113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='14', pageStart='5705', pageEnd='6154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752056000638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456798957, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6016, endPage=6022, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149769461193945407, articleId=1149769460959064380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Stacked Ensemble Learning Method for TBM Surrounding Rock Classification Prediction of Surrounding Rock in TBM Excavation, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The data-driven approach of machine learning enables the intelligent construction of TBM(tunnel boring machines), which is crucial for optimizing the tunneling process, improving the safety of tunneling and reducing labor costs. In order to solve the problems of excessive noise, redundant parameters and difficult effective feature extraction in TBM operation data, a data-driven machine learning method was used to mine the complex machine-soil interaction contained in the data and realize the classification and prediction of TBM surrounding rock mass. First, for the large amount of operational data generated during TBM tunneling, the KDE (kernel density estimation) method was used to extract features from typical tunneling parameter curves, and the maximum probability of the key operating parameters during stable tunneling stage of TBM is obtained. Then, based on the actual TBM operation data, an integrated learning algorithm for surrounding rock classification stacking was proposed. The algorithm is further optimized through k-fold cross-validation, and the complex relationships in the data are mined by using the two-layer learning framework of base classifier and meta-classifier. Finally, a data set of 5 868 TBM segments was used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The results show that the average F1 of the four-classification problem is 0.705, and the average F1 of the two-classification problem is 0.797, which are better than the four selected base classifiers.

, correspAuthors=He-chao ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=He-chao ZHU, Chang-rui YAO, Yong-ping SHAO, Liang TANG, Xiang-xun KONG, Bo-yu LI, Tian-yu ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149769491267105746, articleId=1149769460959064380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=TBM掘进中围岩分类预测的堆叠集成学习方法, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

机器学习的数据驱动方法为隧道掘进机(tunnel boring machine,TBM)施工智能化赋能,对于优化掘进工艺、提高掘进安全性和降低人工成本至关重要。针对TBM运行数据噪声多、参数冗余及有效特征提取困难的难题,运用数据驱动的机器学习方法,挖掘数据蕴含的机-土复杂相互作用,实现TBM围岩岩体分类预测。首先,对于TBM掘进过程中产生的大量运行数据,采用核密度估计(kernel density estimation,KDE)对典型掘进参数曲线提取特征,获取稳定掘进阶段TBM关键运行参数的最大概率。然后,面向实际场景TBM运行数据,提出围岩分类堆叠集成学习算法,通过k-fold交叉验证进一步优化算法,利用基分类器和元分类器两层学习框架挖掘数据中的复杂关系。最后,采用5 868个TBM掘进段的数据集对该算法的有效性进行验证。结果表明,四分类问题预测的平均F1达到0.705,二分类问题预测的平均F1达到0.797,其预测效果均优于所选的四种基分类器。

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祝贺超(1983—),男,汉族,辽宁鞍山人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:地下采矿工程。E-mail:

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祝贺超(1983—),男,汉族,辽宁鞍山人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:地下采矿工程。E-mail:

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祝贺超(1983—),男,汉族,辽宁鞍山人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:地下采矿工程。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769460959064380, language=CN, label=图8, caption=堆叠集成学习围岩等级分类的混淆矩阵, figureFileSmall=Laz2hvvZ6WnbogTjAa1GYQ==, figureFileBig=8el81yyLuUOsqBT7+44cDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984537022870303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769460959064380, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Principal technical specifications for the TBM

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参数 数值
刀盘直径/mm 5 200
额定刀盘推力/kN 11 340
额定刀盘扭矩/(kN·m) 3 340
最大推进速度/(mm·min-1) 120
最大刀盘转速/(r·min-1) 11.45
数据采集频率/Hz 1
滚刀数量 34
最大推进位移/mm 1 800
平均滚刀间距/mm 70
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掘进机主要技术指标

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参数 数值
刀盘直径/mm 5 200
额定刀盘推力/kN 11 340
额定刀盘扭矩/(kN·m) 3 340
最大推进速度/(mm·min-1) 120
最大刀盘转速/(r·min-1) 11.45
数据采集频率/Hz 1
滚刀数量 34
最大推进位移/mm 1 800
平均滚刀间距/mm 70
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Hyper-parameters setting for classifier training

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超参数 取值
k 5
决策树数量 300
最大深度 50
学习率 0.01
最大特征数 3
迭代次数 100
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分类器训练超参数设置

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超参数 取值
k 5
决策树数量 300
最大深度 50
学习率 0.01
最大特征数 3
迭代次数 100
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Four classification results of rock mass category prediction

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分类方法 Acc/% F1分数
Ⅱ类 Ⅲ类 Ⅳ类 Ⅴ类 F - 1
堆叠集成学习 74.4 0.566 0.822 0.601 0.829 0.704 50
随机森林 72.3 0.522 0.822 0.585 0.795 0.681 00
梯度提升 71.2 0.474 0.806 0.565 0.785 0.657 50
LightGBM 71.9 0.516 0.802 0.572 0.771 0.665 25
CatBoost 72.1 0.542 0.817 0.603 0.762 0.681 00
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围岩类别预测四分类结果

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分类方法 Acc/% F1分数
Ⅱ类 Ⅲ类 Ⅳ类 Ⅴ类 F - 1
堆叠集成学习 74.4 0.566 0.822 0.601 0.829 0.704 50
随机森林 72.3 0.522 0.822 0.585 0.795 0.681 00
梯度提升 71.2 0.474 0.806 0.565 0.785 0.657 50
LightGBM 71.9 0.516 0.802 0.572 0.771 0.665 25
CatBoost 72.1 0.542 0.817 0.603 0.762 0.681 00
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Two classification results of rock m1ass category prediction

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分类方法 Acc/% F1分数
Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类 Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类 F - 1
堆叠集成学习 87.9 0.926 0.667 0.796 5
随机森林 85.5 0.925 0.655 0.790 0
梯度提升 84.8 0.922 0.628 0.775 0
LightGBM 86.1 0.926 0.643 0.784 5
CatBoost 85.6 0.925 0.635 0.780 0
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围岩类别预测二分类结果

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分类方法 Acc/% F1分数
Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类 Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类 F - 1
堆叠集成学习 87.9 0.926 0.667 0.796 5
随机森林 85.5 0.925 0.655 0.790 0
梯度提升 84.8 0.922 0.628 0.775 0
LightGBM 86.1 0.926 0.643 0.784 5
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TBM掘进中围岩分类预测的堆叠集成学习方法
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祝贺超 1 , 姚昌瑞 2, 3 , 邵永平 4 , 唐亮 2, 3 , 孔祥勋 2, 3 , 李博宇 2, 3 , 张天宇 2, 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(14): 6016-6022
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(14): 6016-6022
TBM掘进中围岩分类预测的堆叠集成学习方法
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祝贺超1 , 姚昌瑞2, 3, 邵永平4, 唐亮2, 3, 孔祥勋2, 3, 李博宇2, 3, 张天宇2, 3
作者信息
  • 1. 鞍钢基石矿业有限公司, 鞍山 114001
  • 2. 哈尔滨工业大学结构工程灾变与控制教育部重点实验室, 哈尔滨 150090
  • 3. 哈尔滨工业大学土木工程学院, 哈尔滨 150090
  • 4. 中铁十七局集团第二工程有限公司, 西安 710000
  • 祝贺超(1983—),男,汉族,辽宁鞍山人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:地下采矿工程。E-mail:

Stacked Ensemble Learning Method for TBM Surrounding Rock Classification Prediction of Surrounding Rock in TBM Excavation
He-chao ZHU1 , Chang-rui YAO2, 3, Yong-ping SHAO4, Liang TANG2, 3, Xiang-xun KONG2, 3, Bo-yu LI2, 3, Tian-yu ZHANG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. Angang Cornerstone Mining Co., Ltd., Anshan 114001, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control of Ministry of Education, HarbinInstitute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
  • 3. School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
  • 4. China Railway 17th Bureau Group Second Engineering Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404244
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机器学习的数据驱动方法为隧道掘进机(tunnel boring machine,TBM)施工智能化赋能,对于优化掘进工艺、提高掘进安全性和降低人工成本至关重要。针对TBM运行数据噪声多、参数冗余及有效特征提取困难的难题,运用数据驱动的机器学习方法,挖掘数据蕴含的机-土复杂相互作用,实现TBM围岩岩体分类预测。首先,对于TBM掘进过程中产生的大量运行数据,采用核密度估计(kernel density estimation,KDE)对典型掘进参数曲线提取特征,获取稳定掘进阶段TBM关键运行参数的最大概率。然后,面向实际场景TBM运行数据,提出围岩分类堆叠集成学习算法,通过k-fold交叉验证进一步优化算法,利用基分类器和元分类器两层学习框架挖掘数据中的复杂关系。最后,采用5 868个TBM掘进段的数据集对该算法的有效性进行验证。结果表明,四分类问题预测的平均F1达到0.705,二分类问题预测的平均F1达到0.797,其预测效果均优于所选的四种基分类器。

TBM隧道  /  围岩分类  /  数据驱动  /  堆叠集成学习  /  TBM数据处理

The data-driven approach of machine learning enables the intelligent construction of TBM(tunnel boring machines), which is crucial for optimizing the tunneling process, improving the safety of tunneling and reducing labor costs. In order to solve the problems of excessive noise, redundant parameters and difficult effective feature extraction in TBM operation data, a data-driven machine learning method was used to mine the complex machine-soil interaction contained in the data and realize the classification and prediction of TBM surrounding rock mass. First, for the large amount of operational data generated during TBM tunneling, the KDE (kernel density estimation) method was used to extract features from typical tunneling parameter curves, and the maximum probability of the key operating parameters during stable tunneling stage of TBM is obtained. Then, based on the actual TBM operation data, an integrated learning algorithm for surrounding rock classification stacking was proposed. The algorithm is further optimized through k-fold cross-validation, and the complex relationships in the data are mined by using the two-layer learning framework of base classifier and meta-classifier. Finally, a data set of 5 868 TBM segments was used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The results show that the average F1 of the four-classification problem is 0.705, and the average F1 of the two-classification problem is 0.797, which are better than the four selected base classifiers.

TBM tunnel  /  classification of surrounding rock  /  data-driven  /  stacked integrated learning  /  TBM data processing
祝贺超, 姚昌瑞, 邵永平, 唐亮, 孔祥勋, 李博宇, 张天宇. TBM掘进中围岩分类预测的堆叠集成学习方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (14) : 6016 -6022 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404244
He-chao ZHU, Chang-rui YAO, Yong-ping SHAO, Liang TANG, Xiang-xun KONG, Bo-yu LI, Tian-yu ZHANG. Stacked Ensemble Learning Method for TBM Surrounding Rock Classification Prediction of Surrounding Rock in TBM Excavation[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (14) : 6016 -6022 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404244
随着隧道掘进机(tunnel boring machine,TBM)在深长隧道施工中的广泛应用,因其掘进效率高、对围岩结构影响小而受到青睐,该技术发展显著[1]。然而,TBM掘进性能受工作面地质条件的影响显著,尤其容易受到地质不确定性的影响[2],主要表现在两个方面:①不可预见的不利地质条件可能导致地质灾害,如岩爆、突水、崩塌和重大变形,造成重大延误、设备损坏、经济损失,在极端情况下,还会造成生命损失[3];②为了避免长时间的低效率和设备的过度磨损,有必要根据不断变化的岩石条件快速调整TBM的操作参数[4]。因此,对TBM掘进过程中围岩等级进行实时预测是TBM施工的重要内容,对于不利地质条件早期预警、及时进行作业调整至关重要,对于确保TBM安全高效掘进具有重要意义。
人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)等新一代信息技术及数据驱动的机器学习方法具有强大的非线性求解能力,广泛用于提高不良地质智能识别准确率,减少人工进洞探测的次数,降低人工作业的风险。其中,用机器学习(machine learning,ML)感知TBM围岩状态是关键[5]。许多学者提出了各种基于TBM运行数据的感知围岩等级的方法。Zhang等[6]提出了一种基于刀盘速度、刀盘扭矩、推力和推进速度预测岩石类型的综合程序。Zhu等分别使用了支持向量机、随机森林和AdaCost算法建立了TBM稳定掘进段参数与岩体等级的关系,发现与其他两种算法相比,AdaCost算法在处理平衡和非平衡数据集时更加稳定。毛奕喆等[8]考虑了岩石等级的先验概率,使用深度神经网络(deep neural network,DNN)算法进行了围岩类别的研究,使岩石分类预测的准确性提高了6%以上。Wu等[9]使用光谱聚类方法对每一类岩石的主要隧道参数进行了合理的分布区间[9]。许多学者采用无监督学习K-Means++算法,不使用样本的岩体等级标签,使用可用的推力、扭矩和前进速度等数据将岩体分类为5类[9]。Bo等[10]K-nearest neighbor算法应用于岩体质量评级,并将结果与使用K均值获得的结果进行了比较。杨延栋等[11]为评估和提升TBM在不同围岩质量条件下的施工能力,通过回归分析多项国内外隧道工程数据,揭示了TBM性能指标随岩体质量变化的规律。研究表明,TBM设备利用率与掘进速率均随岩体质量指标RMR呈二次函数变化,设备利用率随RMR增加而提升,掘进速率在一定RMR范围内先增后减,分别在Ⅲ级和Ⅱ级围岩时达到峰值。此成果为TBM施工性能的评价与工期预测提供了科学依据,并在滇中引水工程中验证有效。陈乔松等[12]提出一种有效的复合盾构掘进模式地质适应性分析方法,基于地质条件、风险、设计参数和工程需求对关键参数进行评估,并利用层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)建立土压、泥水及TBM 3种模式的适应性模型。通过改进AHP算法的混合逻辑结构及结合粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法,提高了其一致性检验和权重求解的能力。这些研究为TBM围岩实时分类开辟了新方法,揭示了研究过程中存在的一些问题。常用的分类算法,如支持向量机、随机森林、多层感知机等,对大样本数据三级岩体一般具有较高的预测精度,而II级和V级岩体等小样本数据的预测精度较低,介于35%~70%[8-10]
针对上述根据TBM运行数据对围岩种类进行预测的问题,现通过KDE从运行数据中提取关键掘进特征,开发融合堆叠集成学习的智能方法,结合基分类器和元分类器,利用k-fold交叉验证提升模型的准确性、鲁棒性和泛化能力,在围岩等级预测四分类问题中的预测F1分数为0.705,在二分类问题中为0.797,均超过传统分类器,显示出良好的性能和泛化能力。
数据来源于位于内蒙古自治区内的TBM工程,该项目分为多个阶段和标段。机器学习数据集主要来源于工程2号标段的两个数据收集段,范围从K10+840至K66+137[13]。工程所采用的敞开式掘进机是根据工程要求专门选择配置的。TBM的规格显著影响岩机相互作用,从而对提取特征产生影响[14]。相关规格如表1所示。在施工阶段,从2020年9月—2022年11月,TBM配备了多个传感器,以1 Hz的频率实时自动连续监测和记录操作参数,共收集的797 d的运行数据,总计近40×108条记录,每条记录由401条操作信息组成,包含199个不同的操作参数,涵盖性能、机械和电气参数等。
根据《岩体工程分类标准》[15]中的BQ方法,该项目区的地质条件被划分为4个不同的类别:II、III、IV和V类。其中,III类岩石在项目地质结构中占工程总地质构成的54.9%。自稳定性较好的II类岩石占17.6%,而稳定性较差和极差的IV类和V类岩石分别占15.7%和11.8%。图1为数据来源与围岩条件示意图。
(1) TBM工作状态判断:针对大型掘进数据集,运用通用计算机程序以规避繁琐且耗时的手工处理,显得尤为重要。在提取有效数据方面,构建二值状态判别函数判断TBM掘进状态。
D = 1 ,   0 ,  
D = g ( F ) g ( v ) g ( T ) g ( n )
g ( x ) = 1 ,   x 0 0 ,   x = 0
式中:n为实际转速,r/min;F为刀盘推力kN;v为实际速度,mm/min;T为刀盘扭矩,kN·m;4个参数其中有1个为0时,判断TBM处于停机,否则认为处于工作状态。
虽然二值状态判别函数筛选掘进段具有一定的合理性,但忽略了现场地质条件的复杂性和驾驶员行为的难预料性。为了识别进程相似的多个掘进周期,提出了基于阈值的有效数据提取方法,本文设定阈值为100 s,若工作状态持续时间超过此阈值,则将该掘进段判定为有效数据;若未超过,则视为无效数据,如图2所示。根据掘进工作状态,采集数据可分为TBM有效数据与无效数据。其中大部分无效数据通常被丢弃,因为它不能反映岩石与机器之间的动态相互作用。有效数据中的一个典型掘进段如图3所示,工作状态下,参数FTnv表现出明显的差异。
(2) 特征提取与样本采集:本文研究开发了一种自动处理和分析掘进段曲线的方法。采用核密度估计(kernel density estimation,KDE)技术,在选定的掘进段中计算参数TFnv的最大概率值,如图4所示。接着,基于5 868个掘进段的特征数据,构建了用于预测围岩类别的数据集,如图5所示。
与地质条件和岩石与机器之间的相互作用无关的过多的操作参数会降低感知围岩条件的有效性,并可能导致错误的分析结果。因此,选择指示岩体状况的相关操作参数。利用FTvn和贯入度P来描述TBM运行状态和评估岩石的可钻性[5]。设定速度vs、设定转速ns等参数与稳定区域划分有关。选取上述7个操作参数作为输入特征。
采用python语言处理掘进数据、搭建机器学习模型。调用函数库包括:numpy、pandas、scipy、os、torch、sklearn、xgboost、lightgbm和argparse。所有程序均自主开发,盾构掘进文件数据处理与岩体等级分类预测模型由CPU为Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-12700 K的计算机,在Windows环境及主频4.20 GHz下运行。
针对围岩等级分类问题,采用堆叠集成学习分类方法,通过基分类器和元分类器双层学习框架捕捉数据复杂关系,并通过设置k-fold交叉验证优化分类器学习过程,提高模型的准确性、鲁棒性和泛化能力[11]
1) 堆叠集成学习框架
堆叠集成学习进一步整合和分析了几种基本学习算法的预测结果,提高了预测性能和泛化能力,以适应不同的数据类型。所建立的堆叠集成学习的围岩等级分类框架整体结构如图6所示。堆叠集成学习架构分为基本分类器和元分类器的学习阶段。首先,利用训练集训练多个基分类器,然后将多个基分类器预测结果输入元分类器中进行拟合,得到最终预测结果。
为了防止训练过程中模型过拟合,所提方法设置了K-fold交叉验证用于基分类器训练,具体步骤如下:①原始数据集被随机划分为训练集D和测试集T;②基于K-fold交叉验证训练每个基分类器。将原训练集D随机分成k等份D=[D1, D2,…, Dk]。依次取其中一分作为验证集,其余k-1部分作为训练集;③将验证集分别输入已训练的基分类器中得到k个验证集预测特征,拼接作为元分类器新训练集D*;④使用k组实验的各分类器预测原始测试集T,并将预测特征平均作为元分类器的新测试集T*;⑤新训练集D*和新测试集T*分别对元分类器进行训练和测试,输出最终预测结果。
2)围岩分类数据集
围岩分类数据集包括从5 868个掘进段中提取到的多元特征值,包括实际围岩类别、包括单刀推力、单刀扭矩、转速、掘进速度、给定转速、给定速度、贯入度。将原始数据集按照4∶1比例随机划分成训练集和测试集,用于模型的训练与性能评估。
3)基分类器与超参数选取
堆叠集成学习的效果与精度主要取决于合适的基分类器与元分类器的选取。经过对比实验,本次研究选取的分类方法,包括随机森林[16]、梯度提升[17]、LightGBM分类器[18]和CatBoost分类器[19]。随机森林通过构建多个决策树来提高模型性能,具有良好的鲁棒性和不易过拟合的特点。梯度提升通过迭代训练浅层决策树不断修正预测误差来提高整体性能。LightGBM作为高效的梯度提升框架,能够实现重要特征的自动选择,在高维特征学习方面有更大优势。CatBoost 是一个专门处理类别特征的梯度提升框架,它能够自动优化包括学习率、树的数量和深度在内的超参数,从而提供更高的鲁棒性和泛化性[19]
采用F1分数与准确率Acc作为评价指标量化堆叠集成学习围岩等级分类算法的性能。
F 1 = 2 p r p + r p = T P T P + F P r = T P T P + F N
A c c = T P + T N T P + T N + F P + F N
F - 1 = i = 1 C F 1 i C
式中:TP为正确预测为正类的样本数量;TN为正确预测为负类的样本数量;FP为被错误预测为正类的样本,而FN为被错误预测为负类的样本;Acc为预测的准确率;C为类别总数; F - 1为对不同围岩类别预测的平均结果。
预测四分类的围岩类别时,将II~V类围岩对应为数值2~5。预测二分类的围岩类别,将II~III类围岩或IV~V类围岩。对应为数值0或1。
四分类和二分类的围岩预测结果分别如表3表4图7所示,对5种不同的机器学习算法的性能进行对比实验。图8展示的混淆矩阵用于评估围岩分类模型性能,在四分类问题中,III类围岩正确预测的概率为54.7%,有11.7%的实际为II类的实例被误判为III类。在二分类问题中,对II类和III类的正确预测的概率为77.3%。
在四分类问题中,堆叠集成学习的准确率较其他模型的表现最好,Acc为74.4%,对Ⅱ至Ⅴ类围岩的F1分数为0.566、0.822、0.601和0.829, F - 1为0.705。在样本分类中,II类和IV类样本的误判率相对较高,而其余两类样本的误判率则保持在较低水平。这种差异主要归因于样本集的不均衡性。值得一提的是,在所有分类器中,本文研究提出的堆叠集成分类器展现出了最佳的预测性能,在岩体分类任务中,其错误分类的样本数量最少
在二分类问题中,堆叠集成学习的准确率较其他模型的表现同样最优,Acc为87.9%,对Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类围岩的F1分数为0.926和0.667, F - 1为0.797。所有模型对Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类的预测精度都相对较低,对Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类的预测精度较高。堆叠集成学习在围岩等级预测二分类问题的精度可以达到接近于1的准确率,在工程上可对II和III类围岩都作为“稳定”类进行处理时能达到极高的精度,对于工程有很高的参考价值。
面对TBM施工智能化趋势,结合实际工程案例,聚焦TBM运行数据中存在的噪声多、参数冗余及特征提取困难的问题,提出了一种基于数据驱动的机器学习方法——堆叠集成分类器结合TBM运行大数据的围岩类别实时预测方法。该方法对于提升TBM掘进性能与效率,减少故障和停工时间,降低成本具有广泛的应用前景。
(1)针对TBM运行数据的围岩分类问题,本文研究提出了一个堆叠集成学习框架,该框架结合基分类器和元分类器,采用双层学习结构捕获数据中的复杂关系。运用k-fold交叉验证进一步优化了分类器学习过程,从而提高了模型的准确性、鲁棒性和泛化能力。
(2)通过利用KDE对大量TBM掘进过程中生成的运行数据进行特征提取。所提取的特征主要包括TBM的关键运行参数,并通过对稳定掘进阶段数据的提取,为模型训练提供了精准的输入,从而实现了围岩的实时分类。
(3)在5 868个掘进周期的数据集上验证了方法的有效性。围岩分类的四分类问题中,预测的平均F1分数达到0.705,而二分类问题中达到0.797。研究中还进行了不同机器学习算法(包括随机森林、梯度提升、LightGBM和CatBoost)的性能比较。堆叠集成学习在四分类和二分类问题中均展现出最佳性能。
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金联合引导项目(LH2024D014)
  • 哈尔滨工业大学结构工程灾变与控制教育部重点实验室开放基金课题(HITCE202408)
  • 重庆市城市管理科研项目(城管科字2023第28号)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2024M754193)
  • 住房和城乡建设部研究开发项目(2022-K-040)
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2025年第25卷第14期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404244
  • 接收时间:2024-06-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-06
  • 修回日期:2025-02-21
基金
黑龙江省自然科学基金联合引导项目(LH2024D014)
哈尔滨工业大学结构工程灾变与控制教育部重点实验室开放基金课题(HITCE202408)
重庆市城市管理科研项目(城管科字2023第28号)
中国博士后科学基金(2024M754193)
住房和城乡建设部研究开发项目(2022-K-040)
作者信息
    1. 鞍钢基石矿业有限公司, 鞍山 114001
    2. 哈尔滨工业大学结构工程灾变与控制教育部重点实验室, 哈尔滨 150090
    3. 哈尔滨工业大学土木工程学院, 哈尔滨 150090
    4. 中铁十七局集团第二工程有限公司, 西安 710000
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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