Article(id=1149769460560605495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402821, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713283200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-17, revisedDate=1739376000000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752056001080, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1747497600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752056001080, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752056001080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752056001080, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149769458706723113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='14', pageStart='5705', pageEnd='6154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752056000638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456798957, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6062, endPage=6071, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149769460870983995, articleId=1149769460560605495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Prediction Method of Shield Tunneling Attitude Based on AWPSO-GRU Algorithm: Taking the Shanghai Suburban Railway Airport Connection Line as an Example, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To solve the engineering problem of unclear standards and strong subjective experience when shield tunneling drivers set excavation parameters, which makes it difficult to control the shield tunneling attitude, an intelligent prediction model for shield tunneling attitude that considers the comprehensive effect of geological conditions, tunnel structure, and excavation parameters was proposed. Firstly, AWPSO (adaptive inertia weight particle swarm optimization) algorithm was established. Then, a shield attitude prediction model was constructed by combining GRU (gated recurrent unit) neural network, where the AWPSO algorithm was used to determine the optimal combination of hyperparameters in the GRU neural network. Finally, a case study was conducted to verify the on-site monitoring data between Zhangjiang Station and Resort Station on the Shanghai Suburban Railway Airport Connection Line. The results indicate that the proposed shield tunneling attitude prediction model based on AWPSO-GRU has high reliability and engineering practicality, which can provide reference and basis for setting construction parameters during shield tunneling.

, correspAuthors=Zhao-geng CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mei-heng ZHU, Zhao-geng CHEN, Dong-mei ZHANG, Jun-hua GAO, Zhong-kai HAUNG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149769498204483687, articleId=1149769460560605495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于AWPSO-GRU算法的盾构掘进姿态预测方法:以上海市域铁路机场联络线为例, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决盾构掘进过程中参数设定标准不明确、盾构司机主观经验性过强而引发盾构姿态难以控制的工程问题,提出了一种考虑地层条件-隧道结构-掘进参数综合作用的盾构掘进姿态智能预测模型。首先建立了一种自适应权重粒子群优化(adaptive weight particle swarm optimization,AWPSO)算法;然后结合门控循环单元(gated recurrent unit,GRU)神经网络构建盾构姿态预测模型,其中AWPSO算法用于确定GRU神经网络中的最优超参数组合;最后结合上海轨道交通市域线机场联络线张江站-度假区站区间现场监测数据进行了案例验证。结果表明,基于AWPSO-GRU的盾构掘进姿态预测模型具有较高的可靠性和工程实用性,可为盾构掘进过程中施工参数的设定提供参考和依据。

, correspAuthors=陈兆庚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈兆庚(1997—),男,汉族,山东枣庄人,博士研究生。研究方向:盾构隧道智能化监测及运营维护。E-mail:
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朱美恒(1985—),男,汉族,陕西咸阳人,高级工程师。研究方向:盾构施工管理、盾构维修及推进。E-mail:

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朱美恒(1985—),男,汉族,陕西咸阳人,高级工程师。研究方向:盾构施工管理、盾构维修及推进。E-mail:

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朱美恒(1985—),男,汉族,陕西咸阳人,高级工程师。研究方向:盾构施工管理、盾构维修及推进。E-mail:

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Department of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172984453048713861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769460560605495, companyId=1172984453036130947, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. 同济大学土木工程学院, 上海 200092)]), AuthorCompany(id=1172984453115822726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769460560605495, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172984453124211335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769460560605495, companyId=1172984453115822726, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4. 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Main mechanical parameters of the formation

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地层名称 重度/
(kN·m3)
压缩模
量/kPa
黏聚力/
kPa
内摩擦
角/(°)
静止土压
力系数
④灰色淤泥质黏土 16.8 2.29 10.8 11.1 0.65
1灰色黏土 17.5 3.26 14.0 14.3 0.55
31灰色黏土 17.7 4.04 15.6 17.4 0.50
), ArticleFig(id=1172984456811004611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769460560605495, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

地层主要力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地层名称 重度/
(kN·m3)
压缩模
量/kPa
黏聚力/
kPa
内摩擦
角/(°)
静止土压
力系数
④灰色淤泥质黏土 16.8 2.29 10.8 11.1 0.65
1灰色黏土 17.5 3.26 14.0 14.3 0.55
31灰色黏土 17.7 4.04 15.6 17.4 0.50
), ArticleFig(id=1172984456928445124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769460560605495, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistical attributes of tunneling parameters

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参数 最大值 最小值 平均值
X1刀盘转速/(r·min-1) 1.2 0.2 0.7
X2刀盘扭矩/(kN·m) 6 956.8 2 190.1 3 893.4
X3同步注浆量/m3 229.0 5.6 10.0
X4推进油缸总推力/kN 42 569.4 19 352.1 27 896.9
X5推进分区总推力(上)/kN 4 057.0 656.4 2 255.9
X6推进分区总推力(右上)/kN 10 650.2 177.1 4 614.8
X7推进分区总推力(右下)/kN 27 640.9 2 631.4 7 789.6
X8推进分区总推力(下)/kN 17 276.3 4 870.0 11 127.5
X9推进分区总推力(左下)/kN 14 929.0 2 133.0 7 469.7
X10推进分区总推力(左上)/kN 4 679.7 953.3 2 324.0
X11上推进千斤顶行程/mm 1 876.4 1 488.3 1 811.6
X12右上推进千斤顶行程/mm 1 918.0 1 513.4 1 839.7
X13右下推进千斤顶行程/mm 2 004.0 1 433.5 1 886.1
X14下推进千斤顶行程/mm 2 413.6 1 728.4 1 916.2
X15左下推进千斤顶行程/mm 2 006.8 1 776.1 1 887.2
X16左上推进千斤顶行程/mm 1 922.1 1 762.5 1 838.6
), ArticleFig(id=1172984456991359685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769460560605495, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

掘进参数统计属性

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参数 最大值 最小值 平均值
X1刀盘转速/(r·min-1) 1.2 0.2 0.7
X2刀盘扭矩/(kN·m) 6 956.8 2 190.1 3 893.4
X3同步注浆量/m3 229.0 5.6 10.0
X4推进油缸总推力/kN 42 569.4 19 352.1 27 896.9
X5推进分区总推力(上)/kN 4 057.0 656.4 2 255.9
X6推进分区总推力(右上)/kN 10 650.2 177.1 4 614.8
X7推进分区总推力(右下)/kN 27 640.9 2 631.4 7 789.6
X8推进分区总推力(下)/kN 17 276.3 4 870.0 11 127.5
X9推进分区总推力(左下)/kN 14 929.0 2 133.0 7 469.7
X10推进分区总推力(左上)/kN 4 679.7 953.3 2 324.0
X11上推进千斤顶行程/mm 1 876.4 1 488.3 1 811.6
X12右上推进千斤顶行程/mm 1 918.0 1 513.4 1 839.7
X13右下推进千斤顶行程/mm 2 004.0 1 433.5 1 886.1
X14下推进千斤顶行程/mm 2 413.6 1 728.4 1 916.2
X15左下推进千斤顶行程/mm 2 006.8 1 776.1 1 887.2
X16左上推进千斤顶行程/mm 1 922.1 1 762.5 1 838.6
), ArticleFig(id=1172984457079440070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769460560605495, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistics of shield posture parameters

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盾构姿态参数 最大值 最小值 平均值
Y1刀盘水平偏差/mm 62.7 -40.0 0.2
Y2盾尾水平偏差/mm 72.5 -49.2 8.9
Y3刀盘竖直偏差/mm 87.9 -63.3 25.9
Y4盾尾竖直偏差/mm 35.3 -91.1 -46.1
), ArticleFig(id=1172984457175909063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769460560605495, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

盾构姿态参数统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
盾构姿态参数 最大值 最小值 平均值
Y1刀盘水平偏差/mm 62.7 -40.0 0.2
Y2盾尾水平偏差/mm 72.5 -49.2 8.9
Y3刀盘竖直偏差/mm 87.9 -63.3 25.9
Y4盾尾竖直偏差/mm 35.3 -91.1 -46.1
), ArticleFig(id=1172984457247212232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769460560605495, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Model hyperparameter settings

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模型 数据窗口
大小/个
dropout
比率
隐藏层神经
元个数
学习率
GRU 2 0.03 64 0.001
PSO-GRU 3 0.03 16 0.005
AWPSO-GRU 2 0.01 30 0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1172984457318515401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769460560605495, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模型超参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 数据窗口
大小/个
dropout
比率
隐藏层神经
元个数
学习率
GRU 2 0.03 64 0.001
PSO-GRU 3 0.03 16 0.005
AWPSO-GRU 2 0.01 30 0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1172984457368847050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769460560605495, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Prediction results of shield tunneling attitude

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 刀盘水平
偏差/mm
盾尾水平
偏差/mm
刀盘竖直
偏差/mm
盾尾竖直
偏差/mm
RMSE 4.304 4.187 4.487 4.941
MAE 2.759 2.390 3.167 3.393
R2 0.937 0.954 0.924 0.882
), ArticleFig(id=1172984457553396427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769460560605495, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

盾构姿态预测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 刀盘水平
偏差/mm
盾尾水平
偏差/mm
刀盘竖直
偏差/mm
盾尾竖直
偏差/mm
RMSE 4.304 4.187 4.487 4.941
MAE 2.759 2.390 3.167 3.393
R2 0.937 0.954 0.924 0.882
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基于AWPSO-GRU算法的盾构掘进姿态预测方法:以上海市域铁路机场联络线为例
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朱美恒 1 , 陈兆庚 2, * , 张冬梅 2, 3, 4 , 高俊华 1 , 黄忠凯 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(14): 6062-6071
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(14): 6062-6071
基于AWPSO-GRU算法的盾构掘进姿态预测方法:以上海市域铁路机场联络线为例
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朱美恒1 , 陈兆庚2, * , 张冬梅2, 3, 4, 高俊华1, 黄忠凯3
作者信息
  • 1. 中交隧道工程局有限公司上海机场联络线项目部, 南京 211106
  • 2. 同济大学上海自主智能无人系统科学中心, 上海 200092
  • 3. 同济大学土木工程学院, 上海 200092
  • 4. 青海大学土木工程学院, 西宁 810016
  • 朱美恒(1985—),男,汉族,陕西咸阳人,高级工程师。研究方向:盾构施工管理、盾构维修及推进。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*陈兆庚(1997—),男,汉族,山东枣庄人,博士研究生。研究方向:盾构隧道智能化监测及运营维护。E-mail:
Prediction Method of Shield Tunneling Attitude Based on AWPSO-GRU Algorithm: Taking the Shanghai Suburban Railway Airport Connection Line as an Example
Mei-heng ZHU1 , Zhao-geng CHEN2, * , Dong-mei ZHANG2, 3, 4, Jun-hua GAO1, Zhong-kai HAUNG3
Affiliations
  • 1. Project Department of Shanghai Airport Connecting Line, CCCC Tunnel Engineering Bureau Co., Ltd.,Nanjing 211106, China
  • 2. Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 3. Department of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 4. School of Civil Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
出版时间: 2025-05-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402821
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为解决盾构掘进过程中参数设定标准不明确、盾构司机主观经验性过强而引发盾构姿态难以控制的工程问题,提出了一种考虑地层条件-隧道结构-掘进参数综合作用的盾构掘进姿态智能预测模型。首先建立了一种自适应权重粒子群优化(adaptive weight particle swarm optimization,AWPSO)算法;然后结合门控循环单元(gated recurrent unit,GRU)神经网络构建盾构姿态预测模型,其中AWPSO算法用于确定GRU神经网络中的最优超参数组合;最后结合上海轨道交通市域线机场联络线张江站-度假区站区间现场监测数据进行了案例验证。结果表明,基于AWPSO-GRU的盾构掘进姿态预测模型具有较高的可靠性和工程实用性,可为盾构掘进过程中施工参数的设定提供参考和依据。

盾构隧道  /  粒子群优化  /  自适应惯性权重  /  门控循环单元  /  姿态预测

To solve the engineering problem of unclear standards and strong subjective experience when shield tunneling drivers set excavation parameters, which makes it difficult to control the shield tunneling attitude, an intelligent prediction model for shield tunneling attitude that considers the comprehensive effect of geological conditions, tunnel structure, and excavation parameters was proposed. Firstly, AWPSO (adaptive inertia weight particle swarm optimization) algorithm was established. Then, a shield attitude prediction model was constructed by combining GRU (gated recurrent unit) neural network, where the AWPSO algorithm was used to determine the optimal combination of hyperparameters in the GRU neural network. Finally, a case study was conducted to verify the on-site monitoring data between Zhangjiang Station and Resort Station on the Shanghai Suburban Railway Airport Connection Line. The results indicate that the proposed shield tunneling attitude prediction model based on AWPSO-GRU has high reliability and engineering practicality, which can provide reference and basis for setting construction parameters during shield tunneling.

shield tunnel  /  particle swarm optimization  /  adaptive inertia weight  /  gated recurrent unit  /  shield attitude prediction
朱美恒, 陈兆庚, 张冬梅, 高俊华, 黄忠凯. 基于AWPSO-GRU算法的盾构掘进姿态预测方法:以上海市域铁路机场联络线为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (14) : 6062 -6071 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402821
Mei-heng ZHU, Zhao-geng CHEN, Dong-mei ZHANG, Jun-hua GAO, Zhong-kai HAUNG. Prediction Method of Shield Tunneling Attitude Based on AWPSO-GRU Algorithm: Taking the Shanghai Suburban Railway Airport Connection Line as an Example[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (14) : 6062 -6071 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402821
盾构法具有施工效率高、安全可靠、对周围环境扰动较小等优点,是城市地下轨道交通建设的主要施工方式[1-3]。盾构掘进过程中的参数主要根据司机的主观经验来设定,存在较大的不确定性[4]。盾构姿态是掘进过程中需要重点关注的施工参数,决定着整体工程的进度及质量[5-8]。为实现盾构掘进过程的智能化施工,降低人为主观等因素的负面影响,亟须建立科学且合理的盾构掘进姿态预测方法。
目前,关于盾构掘进姿态预测领域的研究已取得较为丰富的成果。Sugimoto等[9]通过构建盾构上的载荷模型和动态平衡条件,表征盾构掘进过程的动态响应。Liu等[10]通过建立动态力学模型来预测盾构的掘进姿态,并在线调整盾构机的掘进参数。Deng等[11]考虑了盾构机动力系统的复杂影响特性,探究各施工参数对姿态的影响规律。以上方法不能适应实际工程条件的变化。存在一定的局限性[12]。另一方面,高翔[13]通过数值模拟软件重点探究了盾构纠偏注浆对姿态的影响。尚智勇等[14]则通过数值模拟研究了隧道结构尺寸及土体弹模等参数对盾构姿态的作用效果。李建强[15]分析了盾构姿态参数对管片受力的影响规律。然而,地下工程具有天然的隐蔽性、复杂性及不确定性等特点,数值模拟方法难以准确模拟作用在盾构机上的外部荷载,计算结果难以保证且模型计算耗时较大,无法为施工现场提供实时的决策支持。
近年来,人工智能技术通过数据驱动的方法,深入探索了地层条件、隧道结构以及盾构施工等参数与掘进姿态之间的映射关系,在盾构掘进姿态预测领域有着广泛的应用前景。吴惠明等[16]和胡长明等[17]基于支持向量机算法,结合施工中产生的大量现场数据,提出了盾构姿态预测及相应的施工参数优化方法。张爱军[18]结合反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络模型建立了上软下硬复杂地层条件下的盾构姿态预测方法。侯雅君[19]基于多种机器学习算法,实现了对盾构俯仰角的精准预测。Zhou等[20]结合神经网络特征提取器,建立了基于混合深度学习模型的盾构掘进姿态预测方法。
本文研究首先基于扰动状态理论建立一种自适应权重粒子群优化(adaptive weight particle swarm optimization,AWPSO)算法,随后采用门控循环单元(gated recurrent unit,GRU)神经网络建立考虑地层条件-隧道结构-掘进参数综合作用下的盾构掘进姿态预测模型,并利用AWPSO算法确定GRU神经网络中的最优超参数组合。最后,结合上海轨道交通市域线机场联络线张江站-度假区站区间工程实测数据进行案例验证。
盾构掘进施工属于连续的动态变化过程,具有时间序列的典型特征,适用于循环神经网络(recurrent neural network,RNN)模型。为了弥补RNN存在的梯度爆炸以及梯度消失等缺陷,长短期记忆(long short-term memory,LSTM)神经网络通过引入门控机制(输入门、遗忘门、输出门)使得网络能够选择性地记忆或忽略输入数据,能够有效地捕获数据序列中时间维度上的依赖性。另一方面,GRU作为RNN的另一种变体结构,主要包括重置门和更新门两个门控结构,具有模型结构及参数简单、计算效率高、预测精度较好等优点,在实际应用中常被用于时间序列预测任务[21]
具体而言,GRU模型结构中的重置门用于控制如何将过去的信息与当前的输入相结合,更新门则是影响着上一时刻的记忆信息被带入目前状态中的程度。
重置门rt是将上一时间步的隐藏状态 h t - 1与当前时间步的输入数据xt拼接在一起,并通过Sigmoid函数将数据转换至0~1范围内表示 h t - 1被保存的比例,公式为
r t = σ ( W r [ h t - 1 , x t ] + b r )
式(1)中: [   ]表示矩阵的拼接;Wrbr分别为重置门的权重矩阵及偏置项; σ为Sigmoid激活函数。
在重置门计算过后可以获得当前时间步的隐藏层候选状态 h ~ t,其计算公式为
h ~ t = t a n h ( W h ~ [ r t h t - 1 , x t ] + b h )
式(2)中:tanh为双正切激活函数; W h ~bh分别为隐藏层的权重矩阵及偏置项。
rt越大说明保留下来的上一时刻隐藏状态的信息越大,则 h ~ t受到的影响程度越大,此设置旨在挖掘数据序列之间的短期依赖关系。
类似于重置门,更新门zt也是将 h t - 1xt拼接在一块,并通过Sigmoid函数将数据转换至0~1范围之内。但是所表示的含义有所不同,更新门主要是用来确定有多少前一时刻的记忆信息有多少需要遗忘,以及当前时刻的多少信息需要被记住。更新门zt的计算公式为
z t = σ ( W z [ h t - 1 , x t ] + b z )
式(3)中:Wzbz分别为更新门权重矩阵及偏置项。
当前时间步的隐藏状态htzt h t - 1 h ~ t共同决定,公式为
h t = ( 1 - z t ) h t - 1 + z t h ~ t
更新门主要用于决定当前的状态是否需要依据前一时刻的状态信息来进行更新,是缓解传统梯度消失问题的关键,有利于模型捕获数据序列中的长期依赖关系。
神经网络层数、隐藏层神经元个数、学习率、时间窗口大小、训练迭代次数、批量处理数据大小等是GRU模型中的关键超参数。超参数的大小在很大程度上会影响神经网络的精度和效率,故需要对其进行超参数组合寻优。
PSO算法是一种模拟群体中个体间的信息共享和合作而建立的智能优化算法,在超参数寻优领域具有较为广泛的应用。
假设种群中寻优粒子个数为m,粒子寻优维度为D维,粒子(参数)的寻优空间即设定的粒子位置阈值。粒子在寻优空间飞行时不仅需要考虑自身抵达的最优位置,同时还要顾及其他粒子到达的历史最优位置,进而寻找确定全局的最优点。在此过程中,粒子通过式(5)和式(6)更新其速度和位置,直至其达到适应度函数最优解的位置或设定的最大迭代次数。
V i d k + 1 = w V i d k + c 1 r 1 ( P i d k - X i d k ) + c 2 r 2 ( G d k - X i d k )
X i d k + 1 = X i d k + V i d k + 1
式中:i为第i个粒子;k为当前迭代次数;d为超参数的维度; V i d k X i d k分别为种群中第i个粒子在第k次迭代时第d维的速度和位置;w为惯性权重,决定着当前粒子寻优速度的变化程度;c1c2分别为个体及社会学习因子,能够平衡粒子和群体最优位置的影响效果;r1r2为介于(0,1)的随机数; P i d k为第d维在第i个粒子到第k次迭代结束时搜索到的个体最优位置; G d k为粒子群体迭代至第k次时,在第d维搜寻到的全局最优位置。
与其他的智能优化算法类似,PSO算法本身也存在着容易陷入局部最优及早熟收敛等缺陷[22]。惯性权重是PSO算法中的关键寻优参数,其值的大小能够决定粒子寻优速度的变化率,从而影响全局搜索和局部搜索能力。因此,针对惯性权重的改进策略受到越来越多的学者青睐。其中,自适应惯性权重能够根据算法的具体寻优过程实现对权重的动态调整,有效平衡算法不同阶段的全局搜索和局部搜索能力,在实际问题应用中具有显著的优势。
因此,本文研究基于扰动状态理论[23]将惯性权重的变化与粒子适应值相对变化率相结合,提出了一种自适应惯性权重的动态调整方法。则惯性权重的动态更新公式可以表示为
w i k = ( 1 - D i k ) w m a x + D i k w m i n
式(7)中: D i k为扰动因子;wmaxwmin为惯性权重的极值,可分别取0.9及0.4。
扰动因子 D i k公式为
D i k = 1 - e x p ( - λ i k )
式(8)中: λ i k为表征粒子适应值相对变化率的参数。
λ i k = 1 - f   i k - f   i k - 1 f   i k - 1
式(9)中: f   i k为粒子ik次迭代时的适应值。
联立式(7)、式(8)和式(9)可以建立惯性权重的动态更新公式,进而代入式(5)形成一种新的自适应惯性权重粒子群优化(AWPSO)算法。当式(9)中的粒子适应值相对变化率增大时,式(7)中的惯性权重值也会增加,有效提升粒子的全局寻优能力;同理,惯性权重的取值也会随着粒子适应值相对变化率的减小而降低,此时算法的局部搜索能力会得到加强,粒子将会以更加精确的方式寻找最优位置。
AWPSO-GRU模型的整体架构如图1所示,主要包括使用AWPSO算法对模型超参数组合寻优模块,以及使用最优超参数组合构建GRU预测模型模块。本文研究主要通过改进的AWPSO算法确定GRU神经网络的最优超参数组合,包括时间窗口大小、学习率、隐藏层神经元个数、正则化参数。
为使建立的盾构掘进姿态预测模型更符合实际工况,样本数据的采集需要综合考虑盾构掘进过程中的地层参数、隧道几何参数、掘进参数对盾构掘进姿态的影响。其中的输入参数为地层参数、隧道几何参数、盾构掘进参数,输出参数则为盾构掘进姿态参数。
(1)隧道参数。隧道参数主要包括隧道结构的尺寸参数及隧道埋深H。本文案例研究中的隧道结构尺寸在掘进过程中不发生变化,故选取隧道埋深H与隧道直径D的比值H/D作为输入数据中的隧道几何参数。
(2)地层参数。结合已有研究及工程案例,选取重度、压缩模量、黏聚力、摩擦角及静止土压力系数作为地层输入参数,可根据地质勘探资料获得。土体参数只与穿越地层种类有关,不随掘进改变,取加权平均值。
(3)掘进参数。通过盾构机采集系统获取对盾构姿态影响较大的掘进参数,包括刀盘转速、注浆量、刀盘扭矩、推进油缸总推力、推进千斤顶行程等,作为AWPSO-GRU预测模型的输入参数。
(4)输出参数。盾构掘进过程中会相对于隧道设计轴线的位置发生动态变化,盾构姿态是其最直接的体现。故选取刀盘竖直、水平偏差以及盾尾竖直、水平偏差4个盾构掘进姿态参数作为模型的输出参数。
(1)异常值处理。盾构掘进过程中会由于施工现场各种复杂因素的影响产生少数异常数据,对AWPSO-GRU预测模型的准确度产生不良影响。因此本文采用拉依达准则对采集到的原始数据进行降噪处理。
(2)相关性分析。皮尔逊相关系数能够揭示输入变量与输出变量的相关依赖性,辅助AWPSO-GRU预测模型进行结构调整,皮尔逊相关系数的取值为-1~1,绝对值越大代表变量间的相关性越高。其计算公式为
P e a r s o n = i = 1 n ( x i - x a v e ) ( y i - y a v e ) i = 1 n ( x i - x a v e ) 2 i = 1 n ( y i - y a v e ) 2
式(10)中:xy分别为样本中的两种任意变量;xaveyave为样本中两种变量的平均值。
(3)归一化处理。将输入及输出参数按照最大-最小化准则进行归一化以提高模型准确率,公式为
y = y - y m i n y m a x - y m i n
式(11)中:y y 分别为样本归一化前后的变量;ymax为初始样本数据中某一变量的最大值;ymin为初始样本数据中某一变量的最小值。
将样本数据按照8∶2的划分原则确定训练集和测试集,建立基于AWPSO-GRU的盾构掘进姿态预测模型样本数据库。
GRU模型网络结构的最优超参数组合采用本文提出的AWPSO算法进行确定。模型需要同时兼顾预测精度及计算效率的双重需求,故选取数据窗口大小、隐藏层神经元个数、正则化参数、学习率4个超参数作为AWPSO算法的优化对象。AWPSO算法相应的搜索维度设置为4,最大惯性权重及最小惯性权重分别取wmax=0.9以及wmin=0.4,个体学习因子取c1=2,社会学习因子取c2=2。同时为了保证模型的高精度性和稳定性,通过多次试验确定粒子数量设置为20,迭代次数设置为100。
在使用AWPSO算法优化GRU模型超参数组合时,需要根据以往研究经验对各超参数的取值范围进行限制。本文研究中将学习率的取值范围设定为[0.001,0.01],隐藏层神经元个数范围设置为[10,256],时间窗口大小范围设置为[1,10],正则化参数选取dropout比率,对应的取值范围设定为[0.01,0.20]。通过多次试验即可获取AWPSO-GRU的最优超参数组合。
盾构机在掘进过程中会不可避免地遇到各种问题,因此当前工程上允许对盾构掘进姿态的预测存在一定程度误差。本文研究选取3个误差容许等级:ε=10%、ε=15%、ε=25%,即测试集中的实测值v和预测值vp能够满足式(12),则认为预测模型在该样本上的结果准确。
v ( 1 - ε ) v p v ( 1 - ε )
预测模型的性能评价分别采用准确率、均方根误差RMSE、平均绝对误差MAE和拟合优度R24个指标,计算公式可分别表示为
= m p m
式(2)中:mp为模型预测值中满足误差容许等级的样本个数;m为测集中的样本总个数。
R M S E = i = 1 m ( y ^ i - y i ) 2 m
M A E = 1 m i = 1 m y ^ i - y i
R 2 = i = 1 m ( y ^ i - y - ) 2 i = 1 m ( y i - y - ) 2
式中: y ^ i为预测模型对测试集中第i个样本的计算值; y i为测试集中的第i个样本实际值; y -为测试集中所有样本的平均值;m为测试集中所有样本的总个数。
以上海市轨道交通市域线机场联络线JCXJC-8标段区间为工程背景。该工程西起5#风井,由西向东经张江站盾构始发井、6#风井后到达度假区站(图2),线路全长约8.16 km。拟建场地地形较为平坦,无影响场地稳定性的大型活动性断裂、显著的地面沉降等不良地质作用。另外,场区浅层存在软土、填土、明浜、地面沉降等不良地质条件,对设计施工存在一定影响,但采取适当的措施进行处理后,可进行项目建设。
该隧道为全国首座大直径内部结构全预制拼装隧道,盾构开挖直径为14.04 m,内部结构主要包括中隔墙、下部结构弧形件、电缆槽以及顶部连接件。中隔墙为预制混凝土构件,采用C40混凝土预制。相邻中隔墙采用5根M30螺栓连接;墙顶设计π型钢型连接件,在管片上植筋与管片螺栓连接;墙底与预制弧形构件采用10根M36螺栓连接;中隔墙与下部弧形件之间设计有3 cm的调平层,安装完成后采用自密实高强水泥基灌浆填充。
本工程隧道采用泥水平衡盾构机进行掘进施工,整机长度约113 m,由盾构机主体与3节后配套台车构成。该盾构机最大掘进速度均可到达50 mm/min,整机重量约4 080 T,主驱动功率约250 kW×14,额定扭矩34 146 kN·m(100%),最大总推力216 000 kN。推进油缸压力分6个区控制,可通过调整各分区压力从而达到控制姿态的目的。刀盘开口率40%,采用辐条式带压复合刀盘,具备带压进舱清障的能力,刀盘刀具主要配置有背装式先行刀49把,焊接型先行刀98把,螺栓连接式刮刀108把,边刮刀16把,外周保护刀32把,磨损检测刀5把,如图3所示。该型号大直径泥水平衡盾构机适用于盾构在软弱地层中长距离掘进施工。
收集张江站~度假区站区间相关工程实测资料,将其作为后续盾构掘进姿态预测模型建立的数据来源。根据设计方案及地质勘探资料,机场联络线张江站-度假区站区间盾构掘进主要穿越④灰色淤泥质黏土、⑤1灰色黏土、⑤31灰色粉质黏土夹粉砂层。目前收集的盾构数据为掘进1环至1 929环,其中1环至305环及1 478环至1 929环主要穿越④、⑤1、⑤31层,305环至712环及1 271环至1 478环主要穿越⑤1、⑤31层,712环至1 271环主要穿越⑤31层,1 271环至1 478环主要穿越⑤31层。然后依据已有研究并结合实际地勘报告,选取重度、压缩模量等5种地层输入参数,如表1所示。隧道几何参数则采用H/D表示。
盾构施工参数的数理统计特征较为复杂,已有研究表明刀盘转速、刀盘转矩、盾构推力、掘进速度等施工参数均会影响盾构的掘进姿态。结合机场联络线工程实测资料,统计17种盾构掘进参数的数字特征,如表2所示。
预测模型的输出参数为盾构姿态参数,主要包括刀盘水平偏差、刀盘竖直偏差、盾尾水平偏差和盾尾竖直偏差,如图4所示。结合上海机场联络线张江站-度假区站区间的工程实测数据,统计4种盾构姿态参数的最大值、最小值和平均值,如表1所示。4种盾构姿态参数均超出《盾构法隧道施工及验收规范》规定的±50 mm的要求。其中,刀盘竖直偏差的最大值为87.9 mm,严重超出了规范限制。因此,本文以刀盘竖直偏差Y3为例具体阐述基于AWPSO-GRU预测模型的构建及模型参数选取,其余3种盾构姿态参数预测模型建立过程相同,由于篇幅原因不再赘述。
为了揭示参数之间的关联性,便于分析对目标值影响作用最大的关键特征,采用式(9)计算各变量之间的Pearson相关系数,如图5所示。
图5可知,刀盘竖直偏差与刀盘扭矩、推进油缸总推力等具有较强的相关性,与其他变量呈现弱相关性。最大Pearson系数值仅为0.5,说明实际工程中在各种因素的影响作用下,刀盘竖直偏差与其他输入变量之间具有较为复杂的非线性映射关系,后续需开展进一步探究。
对模型数据库中的样本进行数据处理,包括异常值剔除、归一化等,并按照8∶2的原则划分预测模型的训练集和测试集。随后采用本文研究提出的AWPSO优化策略确定模型的最优超参数组合。同时为了对比AWPSO算法的优越性,采用传统的PSO算法对模型超参数组合进行寻优求解。模型超参数包括时间窗口大小、学习率、隐藏层神经元个数、dropout率,基本设置与AWPSO算法相同。不同于PSO-GRU及AWPSO-GRU模型超参数的优化方法,GRU网络模型的超参数经过试错法确定,如表4所示。
追踪AWPSO算法与传统PSO算法对模型超参数组合的寻优迭代过程,如图6所示。AWPSO算法的适应度在大约12代时出现收敛,最佳适应度值约为0.010 7;然而,传统的PSO算法适应度出现收敛在28代左右,且最佳适应度值约为0.012 2。以上结果表明,本文研究通过建立一种自适应惯性权重更新方法,可以考虑算法的性能反馈参数动态调整权重大小,有效平衡算法不同阶段的全局搜索和局部搜索能力。与传统的PSO算法相比,具有更好的优化效率和精度。
将改进后的AWPSO-GRU、PSO-GRU与GRU网络模型对盾构掘进姿态进行预测并与实测值对比,结果如图7所示。
图7可知,GRU、PSO-GRU及AWPSO-GRU三种不同模型的盾构姿态预测值都能够与实测值曲线较好的贴合,且能够深入挖掘地层参数、隧道几何参数、盾构施工参数与盾构姿态参数之间的复杂非线性关系。同时可以看出,AWPSO-GRU模型的预测值更加贴近实际值,PSO-GRU模型的次之,而GRU模型的预测值则与实际值的贴合程度最差。
为了更加直观地对比三种盾构姿态预测模型的性能,统计三种模型在测试集上的MAERMSER2图8图9所示。
图8图9可知,GRU、PSO-GRU、AWPSO-GRU模型在测试集上的MAE分别为3.738、3.251、3.167,RMSE分别为5.863、4.803、4.487,拟合优度R2分别为0.871、0.913、0.924。AWPSO-GRU模型在三项评价指标上均表现出了最优的预测性能。
进一步的,绘制三种模型在不同允许误差下的预测准确率,如图10所示。由图10可知,在10%的误差允许下,GRU、PSO-GRU、AWPSO-GRU模型的预测准确率分别为71.1%、78.3%、80.4%,GRU模型的预测准确率较低。在25%的误差允许下,三种模型的预测准确率均达到较高水平。对于AWPSO-GRU模型而言,在10%、15%、25%误差允许下的预测准确率分别达到80.4%、91.9%、95.1%,均优于其他两种模型。结果表明本文提出的基于AWPSO-GRU的盾构掘进姿态预测模型表现最优,可作为最佳模型预测盾构掘进过程中的姿态参数。
类似于刀盘竖直偏差Y3预测模型结构建立及模型超参数优化方法,刀盘水平偏差Y1、盾尾水平偏差Y2、盾尾竖直偏差Y4的建立过程相同,此处不再赘述。表5为4种盾构姿态的预测结果。
表5可以看出,4种盾构姿态的预测模型均表现出了较好的性能,其中盾尾水平偏差预测模型的R2最高,盾尾竖直偏差预测模型的R2最低。AWPSO-GRU模型对于4种盾构姿态的平均拟合优度达到了0.924。结果表明本文提出的盾构姿态预测模型的结果能够为盾构掘进施工提供可靠参考,辅助现场操作人员及时修正施工参数规避姿态异常等风险。
针对盾构隧道掘进参数设定不合理导致掘进姿态偏差过大等工程问题,建立了基于AWPSO-GRU的盾构掘进姿态预测模型,深入挖掘地层条件-隧道结构-掘进参数与盾构姿态参数间的复杂非线性映射特征,并结合上海轨道交通市域线机场联络线张江站-度假区站区间工程实测数据进行了案例验证。主要取得以下结论。
(1)提出一种新的自适应惯性权重粒子群优化(AWPSO)算法。与传统PSO算法相比,该算法能够根据粒子适应值相对变化率的增加或减少动态调整惯性权重,进而有效平衡算法的全局和局部搜索能力,提高算法的收敛速度和性能。
(2)建立了基于AWPSO-GRU的盾构掘进姿态预测模型。该模型框架主要包括使用AWPSO算法对模型超参数组合寻优模块,以及使用最优超参数组合构建并训练GRU神经网络模块。
(3)工程案例验证结果表明,AWPSO-GRU、PSO-GRU、GRU三种不同模型的盾构姿态预测值都能够与实测值曲线较好的贴合,AWPSO-GRU模型表现性能最好,PSO-GRU模型的次之,GRU模型的预测效果最差。
(4)基于AWPSO-GRU建立的4种盾构掘进姿态预测模型均表现出了较好的性能,其中盾尾水平偏差预测模型的R2最高,盾尾竖直偏差预测模型的R2最低,平均拟合优度达到了0.924,结果表明该模型具有较好的预测精度,可为盾构掘进过程中施工参数的设定提供参考和依据。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3800905)
  • 上海市科学技术委员会科研计划(23DZ1202806)
  • 上海市科学技术委员会科研计划(21DZ1200601)
  • 上海市“科技创新行动计划”优秀学术/技术带头人计划(22XD1430200)
  • 同济大学学科交叉联合攻关项目(2022-3-ZD-07)
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2025年第25卷第14期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402821
  • 接收时间:2024-04-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-17
  • 修回日期:2025-02-13
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3800905)
上海市科学技术委员会科研计划(23DZ1202806)
上海市科学技术委员会科研计划(21DZ1200601)
上海市“科技创新行动计划”优秀学术/技术带头人计划(22XD1430200)
同济大学学科交叉联合攻关项目(2022-3-ZD-07)
作者信息
    1. 中交隧道工程局有限公司上海机场联络线项目部, 南京 211106
    2. 同济大学上海自主智能无人系统科学中心, 上海 200092
    3. 同济大学土木工程学院, 上海 200092
    4. 青海大学土木工程学院, 西宁 810016

通讯作者:

*陈兆庚(1997—),男,汉族,山东枣庄人,博士研究生。研究方向:盾构隧道智能化监测及运营维护。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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