Article(id=1149769460346695988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406046, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723392000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-12, revisedDate=1739203200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752056001030, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1747497600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752056001030, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752056001030, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752056001030, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149769458706723113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='14', pageStart='5705', pageEnd='6154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752056000638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456798957, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5721, endPage=5729, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149769460497690934, articleId=1149769460346695988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=A Review of Effects of Underwater Blasting for Rock Removal on Drifting Fish Eggs and Larvae in the Upper Yangtze River, columnId=1172852372939354380, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies· Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The development of a high-grade waterway network in the Upper Yangtze River will play a crucial role in promoting the economic and social development in the Chengdu-Chongqing region. Waterway improvement through underwater blasting to removal the obstructing rocks is still one of the most effective method in mountainous river management, but its impact on aquatic organisms, particularly on passively drifting fish eggs and larvae, has raised significant ecological concerns. Long-term observational data of drifting larvae in the Upper Yangtze River were analyzed, focusing on their temporal distribution patterns and spatial variations in species composition and abundance. The propagation mechanisms of underwater blasting shock waves were examined, and the primary factors affecting shock wave intensity were identified. Current research on blast-induced fish damage was reviewed, with special attention paid to the effects of shock waves on eggs and larvae. Based on the documented drift patterns of eggs and larvae and the characteristics of shock waves, comprehensive ecological protection measures were proposed. These measures included temporal and spatial avoidance strategies, optimized blasting techniques, and the use of bubble curtain technology. These findings provide valuable insights for achieving sustainable development that balances waterway construction with ecological conservation in the Upper Yangtze River.

, correspAuthors=Xian-bing ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-peng HU, Xian-bing ZHANG, Wei YANG, Yun-peng LÜ, Geng LI, Sheng-fa YANG, Wen-jie LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149769474766713438, articleId=1149769460346695988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=长江上游水下爆破清礁对漂流性鱼类卵苗的影响, columnId=1172852373589471501, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=综述·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

长江上游高等级航道网建设对成渝地区的经济社会发展具有重要意义。爆破清除碍航礁石是山区通航河流航道治理的重要方式之一,其对水生生物的影响备受关注,特别是缺乏主动游泳避让能力的漂流性鱼类卵苗。以长江上游漂流性鱼类卵苗的长期观测结果为依据,归纳了鱼类卵苗漂流的时间分布特点以及种类和数量的空间差异性;而后分析了水下爆破冲击波的传播规律以及影响冲击波强度的主要影响因素;接着总结了水下爆破冲击波对鱼类损伤相关研究进展,分析了冲击波对鱼类卵苗的影响;最后根据长江上游鱼类卵苗的漂流规律和冲击波的特性,提出了时间和空间避让、优化爆破施工工艺、气泡帷幕削减等系统性的生态防护措施,为长江上游航道建设与生态保护的协同高质量发展提供参考。

, correspAuthors=张先炳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张先炳(1985—),男,汉族,陕西安康人,博士,教授。研究方向:流域生态与鱼类资源保护。E-mail:
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胡玉鹏(1998—),男,汉族,贵州贵阳人,博士研究生。研究方向:水生态与水资源环境修复。E-mail:

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胡玉鹏(1998—),男,汉族,贵州贵阳人,博士研究生。研究方向:水生态与水资源环境修复。E-mail:

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胡玉鹏(1998—),男,汉族,贵州贵阳人,博士研究生。研究方向:水生态与水资源环境修复。E-mail:

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Drifting concentration periods of some fish species in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
鱼种 隶属科目 漂流集中期 鱼种 隶属科目 漂流集中期
圆筒吻鮈(R. cylindricus) 鲤形目、鲤科、
吻鮈属
5月中下旬
至6月下旬
鲇(Silurus asotus) 鲇形目、鲇科、
鲇属
5月下旬至
6月中旬
铜鱼(Coreius heterodon) 鲤形目、鲤科、
铜鱼属
5月下旬至
7月上旬
黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) 鲇形目、鲿科、
黄颡鱼属
5月下旬至
6月下旬
草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella) 鲤形目、鲤科、
草鱼属
6月中旬至
7月上旬
鳜(Siniperca chuatsi) 鲈形目、鮨科、
鳜属
5月下旬至
6月中旬
鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) 鲤形目、鲤科、
鲢属
6月中旬至
7月上旬
翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus) 鲤形目、鲤科、
鲌属
5月下旬至
6月中旬
鳙(Aristichthys nobilis) 鲤形目、鲤科、
鳙属
6月上旬至
7月上旬
䱗(Hemiculter leucisculus) 鲤形目、
鲤科、䱗属
5月中旬至
6月下旬
鲤(Cyprinus carpio) 鲤形目、鲤科、
鲤属
5月中旬至
6月下旬
马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens) 鲤形目、鲤科、
马口鱼属
5月中旬至
6月中旬
), ArticleFig(id=1172930096420766541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769460346695988, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

长江上游部分鱼类的漂流集中期

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
鱼种 隶属科目 漂流集中期 鱼种 隶属科目 漂流集中期
圆筒吻鮈(R. cylindricus) 鲤形目、鲤科、
吻鮈属
5月中下旬
至6月下旬
鲇(Silurus asotus) 鲇形目、鲇科、
鲇属
5月下旬至
6月中旬
铜鱼(Coreius heterodon) 鲤形目、鲤科、
铜鱼属
5月下旬至
7月上旬
黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) 鲇形目、鲿科、
黄颡鱼属
5月下旬至
6月下旬
草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella) 鲤形目、鲤科、
草鱼属
6月中旬至
7月上旬
鳜(Siniperca chuatsi) 鲈形目、鮨科、
鳜属
5月下旬至
6月中旬
鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) 鲤形目、鲤科、
鲢属
6月中旬至
7月上旬
翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus) 鲤形目、鲤科、
鲌属
5月下旬至
6月中旬
鳙(Aristichthys nobilis) 鲤形目、鲤科、
鳙属
6月上旬至
7月上旬
䱗(Hemiculter leucisculus) 鲤形目、
鲤科、䱗属
5月中旬至
6月下旬
鲤(Cyprinus carpio) 鲤形目、鲤科、
鲤属
5月中旬至
6月下旬
马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens) 鲤形目、鲤科、
马口鱼属
5月中旬至
6月中旬
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长江上游水下爆破清礁对漂流性鱼类卵苗的影响
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胡玉鹏 1 , 张先炳 1, 2, 3, * , 杨威 1, 2, 3 , 吕韵鹏 2, 4 , 李耕 1, 2, 3 , 杨胜发 1, 2, 3 , 李文杰 1, 2, 3
科学技术与工程 | 综述·交通运输 2025,25(14): 5721-5729
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·交通运输 2025, 25(14): 5721-5729
长江上游水下爆破清礁对漂流性鱼类卵苗的影响
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胡玉鹏1 , 张先炳1, 2, 3, * , 杨威1, 2, 3, 吕韵鹏2, 4, 李耕1, 2, 3, 杨胜发1, 2, 3, 李文杰1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1. 重庆交通大学河海学院, 重庆 400074
  • 2. 国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心, 重庆 400074
  • 3. 航道建设与生态保护重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400074
  • 4. 长江重庆航道工程局, 重庆 400011
  • 胡玉鹏(1998—),男,汉族,贵州贵阳人,博士研究生。研究方向:水生态与水资源环境修复。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张先炳(1985—),男,汉族,陕西安康人,博士,教授。研究方向:流域生态与鱼类资源保护。E-mail:
A Review of Effects of Underwater Blasting for Rock Removal on Drifting Fish Eggs and Larvae in the Upper Yangtze River
Yu-peng HU1 , Xian-bing ZHANG1, 2, 3, * , Wei YANG1, 2, 3, Yun-peng LÜ2, 4, Geng LI1, 2, 3, Sheng-fa YANG1, 2, 3, Wen-jie LI1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2. National Engineering Research Center for Inland Waterway Regulation, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 3. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ecological Waterways, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 4. Changjiang Chongqing Waterway Bureau, Chongqing 400011, China
出版时间: 2025-05-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406046
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长江上游高等级航道网建设对成渝地区的经济社会发展具有重要意义。爆破清除碍航礁石是山区通航河流航道治理的重要方式之一,其对水生生物的影响备受关注,特别是缺乏主动游泳避让能力的漂流性鱼类卵苗。以长江上游漂流性鱼类卵苗的长期观测结果为依据,归纳了鱼类卵苗漂流的时间分布特点以及种类和数量的空间差异性;而后分析了水下爆破冲击波的传播规律以及影响冲击波强度的主要影响因素;接着总结了水下爆破冲击波对鱼类损伤相关研究进展,分析了冲击波对鱼类卵苗的影响;最后根据长江上游鱼类卵苗的漂流规律和冲击波的特性,提出了时间和空间避让、优化爆破施工工艺、气泡帷幕削减等系统性的生态防护措施,为长江上游航道建设与生态保护的协同高质量发展提供参考。

航道  /  冲击波  /  早期鱼类  /  生态保护  /  防护措施

The development of a high-grade waterway network in the Upper Yangtze River will play a crucial role in promoting the economic and social development in the Chengdu-Chongqing region. Waterway improvement through underwater blasting to removal the obstructing rocks is still one of the most effective method in mountainous river management, but its impact on aquatic organisms, particularly on passively drifting fish eggs and larvae, has raised significant ecological concerns. Long-term observational data of drifting larvae in the Upper Yangtze River were analyzed, focusing on their temporal distribution patterns and spatial variations in species composition and abundance. The propagation mechanisms of underwater blasting shock waves were examined, and the primary factors affecting shock wave intensity were identified. Current research on blast-induced fish damage was reviewed, with special attention paid to the effects of shock waves on eggs and larvae. Based on the documented drift patterns of eggs and larvae and the characteristics of shock waves, comprehensive ecological protection measures were proposed. These measures included temporal and spatial avoidance strategies, optimized blasting techniques, and the use of bubble curtain technology. These findings provide valuable insights for achieving sustainable development that balances waterway construction with ecological conservation in the Upper Yangtze River.

waterway  /  shock wave  /  early-stage fish  /  ecological conservation  /  protective measures
胡玉鹏, 张先炳, 杨威, 吕韵鹏, 李耕, 杨胜发, 李文杰. 长江上游水下爆破清礁对漂流性鱼类卵苗的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (14) : 5721 -5729 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406046
Yu-peng HU, Xian-bing ZHANG, Wei YANG, Yun-peng LÜ, Geng LI, Sheng-fa YANG, Wen-jie LI. A Review of Effects of Underwater Blasting for Rock Removal on Drifting Fish Eggs and Larvae in the Upper Yangtze River[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (14) : 5721 -5729 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406046
长江上游航道承担着上游与中下游70%的货运量[1],其中重庆港2023年货物吞吐量为6 000×104 t,运往中下游地区的煤炭、矿石、钢材等大宗商品占比约65%,有力地支撑了中下游地区的工业生产和城市建设[2]。随着近期重庆主城至三峡大坝5 000 t级航道建成,以及三峡新通道的实施,长江上游的水运潜力将进一步凸显。经评估,长江上游航道目前的开发率约为45%[3],开发潜力巨大。因此,建设长江上游高等级航道网对成渝地区经济社会发展及交通强国战略实施有着非常重要的意义。但是,长江上游是中国生物资源的富集区[4],分布有两个国家级鱼类保护区[5-6],生态地位突出。以长江大保护为前提,将生态保护贯穿航道建设与水运发展的全过程,是《长江保护法》和长江十年禁渔令实行后的基本要求,必须遵循科学规律解决航道建设与生态保护协同可持续发展面临的具体问题。
爆破清礁是当前长江上游航道扩能升级过程中清除碍航礁石的主要施工工艺。然而,爆破清礁产生的冲击波会对爆破点附近水域的生物造成影响[7-8],必须采取必要的防护或者开发新的施工工艺。近年来,冲击锤和钻孔联合式水下破礁、微创式高频破碎、铣挖一体化破礁等非爆破清礁技术也逐渐取得突破,但依然因效率低、震动较强、噪声较大等而仅能作为爆破清礁工艺的补充施工工艺[9]。无论是爆破或非爆破清礁工艺,其对生境和水生生物的影响都备受关注[10-11]。其中,漂流性鱼类卵苗由于其缺乏主动避让能力,是水下爆破施工中重点关注的对象。它们处于鱼类生活史的早期阶段[12],其数量和分布直接影响鱼类种群稳定和物种丰富度[13]。然而,目前水下爆破清礁所产生的冲击波对漂流鱼类卵苗的损伤机制尚不清晰、距离爆破源的安全临界距离尚未明确、不同种类和发育阶段的差异性尚未确定[14-15]
在生态保护和可持续发展要求不断提高的趋势下,在确保爆破清礁效果的同时,避免对漂流性鱼类卵苗造成不可逆的影响,是航道整治工程中亟待解决的技术难题。本文研究在厘清长江上游鱼类卵苗漂流规律的基础上,分析水下爆破清礁冲击波的特性及其对漂流性鱼类卵苗的影响,提出空间避让、时间避让、爆破施工技术优化和相应生态防护措施,可最大限度降低水下爆破施工对漂流性鱼类卵苗的影响。
长江上游大规模的鱼类卵苗漂流具有明显的时间特征,体现在大规模鱼类卵苗漂流每年仅有约20 d,并集中在5—7月(图1),每个产卵周期的卵苗漂流高峰仅持续2~3 d[16]
张先炳等[17]于2019年6—7月对长江上游宜宾—江津与涪陵—丰都江段鱼类早期资源和涨水动态过程进行监测,结果表明,产卵现象通常会从开始一直持续至7月中旬,而鱼卵的孵化过程相比产卵持续时间更长,会延续到更晚的时间节点。在整个监测期内,6月24日、6月29日、7月3日和7月10日前后均出现卵苗数量的激增情况,且从南溪和丰都采样点鱼卵峰值过境时间相差约1 d,此趋势与涨水的水文过程保持一致。朱俊等[18]通过对长江上游江津段2019—2022年3—7月产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源的监测,采用了定点采样结合连续观测的方法,累计采集鱼卵38 468粒,鱼苗1 905 尾,结果显示,圆筒吻鮈(Rhinogobio cylindricus)和铜鱼(Coreius heterodon)的鱼卵漂流集中在5月中下旬至7月上旬,而四大家鱼则集中在6 月中旬至7月上旬(表1)。胡兴坤等[19]通过对2016—2020年5—7 月在宜宾江段的关键位置设置长期监测点,运用水下视频监测设备辅助人工观测,涉及该江段的主要鱼类产卵区域,对该区域内的鱼类繁殖活动进行了较为全面的记录,结果表明,漂流性卵鱼类自然繁殖从5月初开始,高峰期集中在5月中下旬至6月初。赵雯等[20]采用了定期巡航采样与定点监测相结合的方式,使用多种规格的网具进行捕捞采样,对2018年三峡库区的鱼类早期资源进行了监测,覆盖了丰都江段的不同水深和流态区域,确保采集到不同栖息环境中的鱼类卵苗,结果显示,大多数鱼类在5月下旬或6月进入繁殖期。另外,鱼类卵苗高峰过境持续时间较短,一个产卵周期中约持续2 d。王红丽等[21]于2014年在三峡库区丰都江段设置了多个观测断面,利用声学探测设备与人工现场观测相结合的方法,涵盖了该江段的主要鱼类活动区域,对鱼类卵苗漂流情况进行了详细记录,观测到3次鱼卵漂流高峰,每次持续时间在2~3 d。研究表明,长江上游漂流性鱼类卵苗过境主要集中在5月下旬至7月中旬,卵苗数量并不均匀分布,一般繁殖期具有几次卵苗过境高峰段,高峰段以外时间卵苗数量很少,且高峰期时间很短,一般只有2~3 d。因此,水下爆破施工必须避开鱼类卵苗漂流的高峰时段,避免对鱼类早期资源造成较大影响。
三峡水库自成库运行后,长江上游的水文和生境条件发生了显著的变化,形成了常年库区、变动回水区和天然河段3种典型特征河段。河段鱼类的功能生境也发生了显著变化,如三峡库区的鱼类产卵场功能明显减弱,而长江上游天然河段复杂的河床结构、水流条件、生态环境以及丰富的栖息地和食物资源,为鱼类的繁殖和育幼提供了适宜的多样化生境,有利于漂流性鱼类卵苗的生存和发育[5,22-23]。张先炳等[17]研究表明,江津上游鱼类物种多样性远多于下游的涪陵和丰都。部分特定鱼类如中华金沙鳅等的鱼卵只在江津以上江段监测到,而宜昌鳅鮀和壮体沙鳅的仔鱼仅在涪陵采样点发现。鱼卵和仔鱼的分布受鱼类生活习性、产卵特性、水温以及河床底质等生境条件影响。除产漂流性卵鱼类外,长江上游江段在鱼类产卵期,还能观测到大量其他产卵类型鱼类的仔鱼随水漂流,并在空间上具有明显的地域差异性,是鱼类早期资源保护不可忽视的方面。长江上游宜宾至丰都江段的漂流卵苗密度和径流总量在空间上沿途增加,但仔鱼种类数量却呈逐渐减少的趋势[24]
同时,长江上游沿线观测到随水漂流的仔鱼高达30余钟(图2),包括黏性(䱗,Hemiculter leucisculus)、沉性(太湖新银鱼,Neosalanx taihuensis)、微黏性(翘嘴鲌,Culter alburnus),以及其他(四川华鳊,Sinibrama taeniatus)类型的仔鱼。因此,宜宾至江津河段的航道整治工程需更加注重鱼类及其生境的保护,在空间上进行避让。
在水温达到鱼类产卵要求时,漂流性鱼卵的产卵和卵苗漂流高峰过境往往是伴随着涨水过程发生的,并需要足够的涨水速度梯度的刺激,亲鱼通常会在涨水0.5~2 d后开始产卵[22]。常见的温水性鱼产卵最低要求是16 ℃,如鲤鱼和鲫鱼等;“四大家鱼”产卵下限水温是18 ℃,低于18 ℃鱼类繁殖无法进行[27-28]。水流刺激(流量、流速和水位涨幅的刺激)是产“四大家鱼”等漂流性鱼卵的必要条件,在产卵期内涨水持续2 d以上,南溪—江津江段流量涨幅超过10%且水位日涨幅>0.5 m时会出现大规模产卵,而变动回水区的涪陵和丰都江段则需要更大的流量(40%)和水位涨幅(>2 m)刺激才可能出现大规模产卵,而当涨水停止,流速减小时,大部分亲鱼的产卵行为也会随之停止[23]。其次,鱼类产卵需要水流流速的刺激,四大家鱼的产卵触发流速为0.33~1.5 m/s,并需要持续的流速涨幅刺激才会出现大规模产卵[29]。鱼类卵苗漂流规律与涨水的相关性可作为鱼类繁殖期卵苗漂流高峰预测的依据,进而指导航道工程建设等涉水工程的精细化施工组织。
水下爆破会产生地震波和冲击波,地震波主要源自爆破直接作用、冲击波碰撞河床以及爆炸气体在水中的胀缩上浮;冲击波是爆炸产物的高速扩散引起,导致爆破点的密度、温度和压力骤增,使一半左右的化学能转化为冲击波向周边扩散[10,30]。相对而言,地震波对水生生物的影响较小[31-32],而冲击波因主频小、频带窄、能量大而易对辐射范围内的水生生物造成损伤,受到广泛关注。冲击波强度受炸药的用量、种类、布置方式、颗粒大小、孔隙率等影响[19,33]。首先,炸药用量是关键参数,冲击波的强度随着单孔和单次起爆用药量的增加而增强,且与炸药用量成正比[34]。当三硝基甲苯(TNT)炸药量为100 kg时,其冲击波的初始峰值压力约12.89×105 Pa,但在200 m距离内可衰减99%以上。其次,爆破工艺亦会影响冲击波强度,炮孔布置越多、深度越小,冲击波的峰值压力越小[35];合理的孔距、孔深和孔径等参数的选择可以有效控制冲击波的强度及传播距离[36]。另外,稳定剂、增稠剂、推进剂等炸药的配方及物质比例亦会对炸药的性能产生影响,最终形成的冲击波强度也不同[36-39]。例如,某些以高纯度的TNT为主要成分,并添加了一定比例的铝粉作为敏化剂的高能量密度配方可能使炸药爆炸更充分,能量释放更集中,导致冲击波强度增强[40];而另一些乳化炸药和含惰性添加剂配方可能使爆炸过程相对缓和,能量分散,冲击波强度降低[41]。在实际爆破中,会选择含特定稳定剂的炸药配方,以降低爆炸的不稳定性,减少冲击波强度的波动范围,从而降低对水生生物的影响。不同配方的炸药在不同地质条件和爆破要求下应用各异。在岩石硬度较大的区域,需要采用能量释放速度较快、冲击力较强的炸药配方,以确保爆破效果,但这也可能导致冲击波强度较大。此时,需要通过优化爆破工艺,如合理控制炮孔间距、深度等,来平衡爆破效果和对水生生物的影响。而在靠近鱼类栖息地等敏感区域,会优先选择产生冲击波强度较低的炸药配方,并结合微差爆破等技术,进一步减小对水生生物的影响。冲击波强度是关键参数,通过调整爆破孔布置、炸药种类、多孔微差爆破等工艺优化可以对冲击波峰值进行有效控制,降低其对水生态的影响。
冲击波的传播受到爆破方式、水体环境(地形、水深、密度、温度、黏性)、爆炸物质的类型和用量等因素影响。冲击波形成的初始阶段会呈现出极高的冲击波压力并在水中快速传播,伴随产生密集的压力波,形成高压区域。此时,冲击波在水中的传播速度与水的密度和压力有关,通常水的密度和压力越高,传播速度越快[30,42-45],而水的黏性和阻力会降低冲击波的扩散速度[46]。施工时的流速越大,冲击波的衰减也越快[37]。Yang等[42]研究显示,水下爆破施工时,爆破炸药量为100磅(1磅=0.454 kg)时,爆破影响距离是30~70 m;朱泰[47]研究表明,当TNT炸药量为150~200 kg时,爆破影响距离大约在200 m。此外,当冲击波遇到水下障碍物或地形变化时,会产生反射、折射和衍射等现象,还会产生局部涡流等水动力效应[48],进而影响冲击波的传播路径和能量分布,产生复杂的空间结构。爆炸产生的气泡也会影响冲击波的传播规律,当炸药爆炸时,产生的气泡会在水中形成空洞,这些气泡会随着时间的推移扩散并影响周围水流流态,从而影响冲击波的传播速度和方向。总之,爆破冲击波的影响持续时间极短,数秒内即会完全消散,总炸药量为数百千克的水下爆破施工,其冲击波的影响范围较大的区域仅限于爆破点周围几百米(图3)。
水下爆破对鱼类的影响主要是冲击波、气泡效应、噪声和水动力波动。引发的冲击波迅速传播于周围流体,冲击波在远离爆震源的地方呈球形传播,而在爆震中心形成的气泡效应则速度较慢,两者在时间尺度上存在较大差异[49]。爆破产生的冲击波、噪声和水动力学变化可能对鱼类的行为、繁殖和栖息地产生不利影响[10,50]。Iida等[51]指出水下礁石爆破将会改变河床底质和结构等,改变清礁区域的流场状态。爆破冲击波的短期影响包括可能导致鱼群逃逸、机体损伤甚至死亡[52],长期积累会引起生态系统的不稳定,包括物种丰富度减少和生态位改变,影响鱼类的种群结构和物种多样性[19]
冲击波对鱼类的损伤主要取决于爆破产生的压力、冲量和能量通量密度这3个因素。对于成鱼而言,当单孔TNT炸药量<10 kg,单次起爆TNT炸药量<150 kg时,不同鱼类的理论安全距离大致在80~200 m[10,53-54]。陈艳丽等[13]的研究中发现,由于鱼体的密度和水的密度接近,当爆破冲击波到达鱼体与水交界面时,会直接通过鱼体向前传播,而当冲击波穿过流体组织(如脂肪组织、血液,图3)与气腔的界面时,会导致空腔壁的撕裂或破碎,进一步挤压周围的其他组织,导致鱼鳔撕裂、眼睛充血、血管受损,体腔出血等,甚至出现畸变[52]
冲击波会直接损伤鱼体,对无主动避让能力、个体弱小且机体脆弱的漂流性鱼类卵苗的影响更为显著,而气泡效应则可能改变水中的气体浓度,对卵苗的呼吸和生存产生负面影响[10,35,55-59]。赵根等[33]实测发现,冲击波压力值在0.6 MPa以上可使各类鱼内脏产生损伤。强烈的爆破冲击波可能对漂流性卵苗的感知器官直接造成损害,影响其正常生理状态,对鱼卵膜造成破坏,影响其正常孵化。尚龙生等[60]研究表明,水下爆破炸药量为4 kg硝铵炸药时,距离爆源20、40、50 m处的鱼类致死率分别为100%、33%和0。韩雪慧等[27]在长江上游铜锣峡爆破现场观测到,但采用120 kg硝化甘油炸药且钻孔深度为1.0~1.5 m时,距爆点350 m的鲢鱼卵卵膜的破损率达到了51%,正常孵化的鱼卵仅约15%。
水下爆破产生的冲击波会对影响范围内的鱼类造成显著影响,尤其是处于早期阶段的漂流性鱼类卵苗,不同冲击波强度下,不同鱼类及发育程度的安全阈值仍需进一步研究确定(图4)。
为了尽量降低水下清礁施工对鱼类生境的影响,提高精准施工作业期,首先需要对工程河段鱼类产卵场和育幼场等敏感生境进行避让。水下清礁活动对鱼类生境的破坏可能会导致鱼类数量减少、种群结构变化以及生态系统失衡等问题[51]。在进行水下爆破清礁施工之前,需要进行详尽的调查,了解当地水域的鱼类生境情况,包括鱼类的种类、数量、分布范围、繁殖期、栖息地特征等信息[61]。通过调查可以确定敏感性生境的位置,如鱼类产卵区、洄游通道、重要的觅食区等。可以设立鱼类保护区域和禁止施工区域,对敏感生境进行避让和保护,以保护鱼类的生存和繁衍。Tutzer等[62]开发了一种鱼类保护装置,能够有效引导鱼类避开施工区域,利用声学设备提前探测附近是否有大量鱼类聚集,从而调整爆破计划,降低施工对鱼类的影响。He等[63]通过建立临时性的屏障来保护特定区域内的鱼类免受噪音和压力波的影响,也能有效降低水下爆破冲击波对鱼类的损伤。
航道工程施工时序安排上必须避开鱼类繁殖和卵苗漂流的高峰时段。从渔业管理的角度而言,3—6 月为禁渔期,此段时间严禁各类对水体有扰动的工程活动。长江上游多年多点位的观测结果显示,鱼类繁殖的高峰期为5—7月,鱼类卵苗漂流的高峰时段在120 d的禁渔期内通常不足20 d。在掌握长江上游鱼类繁殖特点和鱼类卵苗漂流规律的基础上,通过精准预测可能实现禁渔期涉水工程施工的精细化组织,避开鱼类繁殖和卵苗漂流的高峰时段,实现涉水工程建设和鱼类保护的统一。Zeng等[64]利用MIKE 21 Flow Model结合拉格朗日粒子追踪技术,对漂流性鱼类卵苗漂流规律进行了预报,能够为水下爆破施工提供时间参考,从而避开卵苗过境高峰期,有效保护鱼类卵苗。
为降低水下爆破冲击波对鱼类的影响,在水下爆破施工过程中,爆破前采取小炮驱鱼等方式,将成鱼和幼鱼驱逐出爆破冲击波的影响范围,能够最直接地减少水下爆破对鱼类的损伤。而对于卵苗,可以通过多种方式协调降低水下爆破对鱼类卵苗的影响。
首先,炸药量是影响冲击波强度的关键因素。当单孔和单次起爆用药量增加时,冲击波强度显著增强。强烈的冲击波会对漂流性鱼类卵苗造成严重伤害,而炸药量较少时,冲击波强度相对较弱,对卵苗的伤害程度也会降低[51]。采取适合的炸药量能够有效降低冲击波对卵苗的损伤范围。其次,爆破深度对冲击波传播和影响范围有一定影响。炮孔深度越小,冲击波在水体中传播时受到的阻力相对较小,能量衰减相对较慢,可能导致冲击波影响范围扩大[14,60,65]。合理控制爆破深度,结合其他防护措施,可在一定程度上减轻对卵苗的影响。最后,不同爆破技术对鱼类卵苗的影响差异也十分明显。采用微差爆破技术能够将单次爆破产生的高强度冲击波分散为多个相对较弱的冲击波,降低瞬间冲击力,从而减轻对卵苗的损伤风险。设置减震孔可以吸收和分散冲击波能量,减小其传播距离和强度,为鱼类卵苗提供一定保护。气泡帷幕技术则是利用气泡对冲击波的反射、折射和吸收作用,显著削减冲击波能量[10,66],其中,控制冲击波最有效的方法是采用气泡帷幕防护技术,可将冲击波能量削减 85% 以上,极大降低对卵苗的伤害[67-68]
综上所述,通过调整爆破孔距、孔深、单孔及单次起爆用药量,结合微差爆破技术、设置减震孔和气泡帷幕等冲击波减缓措施,可以有效减少爆破冲击波和噪声的影响。
长江上游鱼类卵苗漂流具有明显的时空规律,时间上主要集中在每年的5—7月,其中四大家鱼集中在6月中旬至7月上旬,每年漂流高峰时段约20 d,且每个产卵周期的高峰仅持续 2~3 d。空间上,长江上游宜宾至丰都江段的漂流卵苗密度和径流总量在空间上沿途增加,但仔鱼种类数量却呈逐渐减少的趋势。同时,长江上游沿线观测到随水漂流的仔鱼高达30余种,涵盖黏性、沉性、微黏性以及其他类型。因此,宜宾至江津河段在鱼类早期资源保护方面需特别关注。
水下爆破对鱼类影响众多,冲击波、气泡效应、噪声和水动力波动等不仅会导致鱼群短期行为改变、机体损伤甚至死亡,长期还会影响鱼类种群结构和生态系统稳定性。当单孔TNT炸药量<10 kg,单次起爆TNT炸药量<150 kg时,不同鱼类的理论安全距离大致在80~200 m;实测发现,冲击波压力值在0.6 MPa以上可使各类鱼内脏产生损伤。爆破工艺方面,炮孔布置越多、深度越小,冲击波的峰值压力越小。此外,冲击波的传播受爆破方式、水体环境(地形、水深、密度、温度、黏性)、爆炸物质的类型和用量等因素制约。
在长江上游航道建设中,建议采用如下体系化的防护措施:在空间上对敏感生境进行避让和保护;在时间上避开鱼类繁殖和卵苗漂流高峰等关键时段;采用小炮驱鱼、设置减震孔、微差爆破、气泡帷幕防护等技术减少爆破冲击波和噪声对生态的影响。此外,要加强对爆破施工区域的长期生态监测,建立健全生态影响评估体系,实时跟踪鱼类卵苗数量、种类变化以及生态系统功能指标,及时调整施工方案和保护措施,确保航道建设与生态保护的协调可持续发展。
本文研究未能澄清冲击波对漂流性鱼类卵苗在细胞和分子层面的损伤机制,水下爆破与其他环境因素的耦合作用,如鱼类卵苗的中间差异和发育阶段差异对爆破的耐受性及影响范围阈值等,这些问题还有待深入研究,以便为长江上游的生态保护提供更充分的科学支撑。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFC3212500)
  • 重庆自然科学基金重点项目(CSTB2024NSCQ-LZX0094)
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2025年第25卷第14期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406046
  • 接收时间:2024-08-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-12
  • 修回日期:2025-02-11
基金
国家重点研发计划(2024YFC3212500)
重庆自然科学基金重点项目(CSTB2024NSCQ-LZX0094)
作者信息
    1. 重庆交通大学河海学院, 重庆 400074
    2. 国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心, 重庆 400074
    3. 航道建设与生态保护重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400074
    4. 长江重庆航道工程局, 重庆 400011

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*张先炳(1985—),男,汉族,陕西安康人,博士,教授。研究方向:流域生态与鱼类资源保护。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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