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In response to problems of rapid excavation of deep shafts, such as lining cracking and high support costs, based on the engineering background of -906~-1 158 m section of an overseas copper and gold mine, the support parameters of shaft were studied by theoretical calculations, numerical simulations and field tests. In order to restrict deformation of the shaft and reduce the cost of support reasonably and effectively, a shaft model was established based on the engineering practice, the stability of surrounding rock with the different parameters was analyzed by FLAC3D numerical software combined with fluid-structure interaction. The results demonstrate that for the class Ⅲ surrounding rock, “anchor net spraying+steel fiber concrete” support is adopted, and its parameters are as follows: bolt diameter 22 mm, length 2.3 m, shotcrete thickness 50 mm, row spacing 1 m×1 m, steel fiber concrete thickness 550 mm. For the locally existing class Ⅳ~Ⅴ surrounding rock, “anchor net spray+foam board+steel fiber concrete” support was proposed, and the thickness of buffer layer foam board is 100 mm, and the thickness of steel fiber concrete is 600 mm. Field test results show that the average convergence rate of surrounding rock is 0.18~0.31 mm/d after 412 h excavation, which meets the requirements of air inlet shaft construction, and the construction efficiency is improved by about 23.5% compared with the domestic deep shaft. This work can provide a guidance for the support design of shaft in soft-fractured strata with water-rich.

, correspAuthors=Min Huang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Min HUANG, Jun-qiang WEI, Cheng-long XIE, Si-jie CAI, Wei TAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149769498460336241, articleId=1149769459893711152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=富水条件下软破岩层深井筒支护参数优化研究, columnId=1156264152306930605, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·矿冶工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=针对富水条件下软破岩层深井筒快速掘进中存在的衬砌开裂、支护成本高等问题,以丘卡卢-佩吉铜金矿进风井-906~-1 158 m段为工程背景,采用理论计算、数值模拟、现场试验进行深井井筒支护参数研究。为合理且有效地抑制井筒变形、降低支护成本,结合工程实际建立了井筒模型,采用FLAC3D有限差分软件,在考虑流固耦合情况下,分析不同支护参数下围岩的稳定性。结果表明:对于Ⅲ级围岩段,采用“锚网喷+钢纤维混凝土”支护方式,其支护参数为:锚杆直径22 mm,长度为2.3 m,喷浆厚度50 mm,间排距1 m×1 m,钢纤维混凝土厚度550 mm;对于局部存在的Ⅳ~Ⅴ围岩段,采用“锚网喷+泡沫板+钢纤维混凝土”支护,锚网喷与Ⅲ级围岩支护参数一致,泡沫板厚度为100 mm,钢纤维混凝土厚度600 mm。现场收敛测试结果表明,开挖412 h后井筒围岩的平均收敛速度为0.18~0.31 mm/d,符合进风井的施工要求。通过Ⅲ级、Ⅳ~Ⅴ围岩段的支护优化研究及现场实施,井筒施工效率较国内同类型深竖井提升约23.5%,研究成果可为高应力富水软破岩层井筒的支护设计提供指导。, correspAuthors=黄敏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=gwwtmKaj6slygKu3KC8Zrg==, magXml=L//bPSkdhEYFuYjMdZ95IA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=oo90TcFM6QEI4uPNXdtXaQ==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=GCH0TMQOCGSGdlROMWxVWA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

黄敏(1985—),男,汉族,湖南长沙人,博士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:采矿技术及岩石力学。E-mail:

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2. Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361016, China
3. Zijin (Changsha) Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha 410006, China
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2. 紫金矿业集团股份有限公司, 厦门 361016
3. 紫金(长沙)工程技术有限公司, 长沙 410006
4. 低品位难处理黄金资源综合利用国家重点实验室, 上杭 364204, bio={"content":"

黄敏(1985—),男,汉族,湖南长沙人,博士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:采矿技术及岩石力学。E-mail:

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黄敏(1985—),男,汉族,湖南长沙人,博士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:采矿技术及岩石力学。E-mail:

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3. Zijin (Changsha) Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha 410006, China
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3. 紫金(长沙)工程技术有限公司, 长沙 410006
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3. Zijin (Changsha) Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha 410006, China
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剪切-n为正在发生剪切破坏;剪切-p为在计算过程中出现剪切破坏;拉伸-n、拉伸-p同理

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459893711152, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Distribution of plastic zone of shaft surrounding rock with different thickness of steel fiber reinforced concrete, figureFileSmall=bSiAgwW74/TC0yuHyt6zsA==, figureFileBig=amjPPbZBCSIT6KHxNb9qLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172929979672310257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459893711152, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同钢纤维混凝土厚度井筒围岩塑性区分布, figureFileSmall=bSiAgwW74/TC0yuHyt6zsA==, figureFileBig=amjPPbZBCSIT6KHxNb9qLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172929979739419122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459893711152, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Maximum displacement variation curve of shaft wall, figureFileSmall=sOALRs3VY3m/QKBFveElOA==, figureFileBig=9CNThUvPH/oh1A09C+2QjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172929979814916595, 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caption=Influence of steel fiber concrete thickness of grade Ⅳ ~ Ⅴ surrounding rock on plastic zone, figureFileSmall=RuNtfqUtS7lQ2FotDqGRiA==, figureFileBig=2kKjNn1LsZ86kVYwFzLCwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172929980146266615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459893711152, language=CN, label=图10, caption=Ⅳ~Ⅴ级围岩钢纤维混凝土厚度对塑性区影响, figureFileSmall=RuNtfqUtS7lQ2FotDqGRiA==, figureFileBig=2kKjNn1LsZ86kVYwFzLCwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172929980225958392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459893711152, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Convergence radar plot, figureFileSmall=Sc2DqhbE11Us1bXeWTUDdA==, figureFileBig=P8r8byMKZkDXCKtbsnjpDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172929980276290041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459893711152, language=CN, label=图11, caption=变形收敛雷达图, figureFileSmall=Sc2DqhbE11Us1bXeWTUDdA==, figureFileBig=P8r8byMKZkDXCKtbsnjpDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172929980355981818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459893711152, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of surrounding rock and supporting structure

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岩性 弹性模量/
GPa
泊松比 容重/
(g·cm-3)
抗拉强度/
MPa
黏结力/
MPa
内摩擦角/
(°)
剪胀角/
(°)
Ⅲ级围岩段 8.64 0.23 2.710 1.1 3.64 36.64
Ⅳ~Ⅴ级围岩段 4.20 0.27 2.710 0.4 3.64 33.8 15
CF50钢纤维混凝土 36.5 0.2 2 500 3.4 5.99 51.94
喷射混凝土 30 0.2 2.500
锚杆 200
), ArticleFig(id=1172929980427284987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459893711152, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

围岩及支护结构的物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性 弹性模量/
GPa
泊松比 容重/
(g·cm-3)
抗拉强度/
MPa
黏结力/
MPa
内摩擦角/
(°)
剪胀角/
(°)
Ⅲ级围岩段 8.64 0.23 2.710 1.1 3.64 36.64
Ⅳ~Ⅴ级围岩段 4.20 0.27 2.710 0.4 3.64 33.8 15
CF50钢纤维混凝土 36.5 0.2 2 500 3.4 5.99 51.94
喷射混凝土 30 0.2 2.500
锚杆 200
), ArticleFig(id=1172929980511171068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459893711152, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Maximum displacement of shaft surrounding rock profile under different bolt lengths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
锚杆长度/
m
横剖面最大位移量/
mm
纵剖面最大位移量/
mm
2.3 14.48 14.54
2.4 14.00 13.93
2.5 13.50 13.45
2.6 13.40 13.53
), ArticleFig(id=1172929980595057149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459893711152, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同锚杆长度下井筒围岩剖面最大位移量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
锚杆长度/
m
横剖面最大位移量/
mm
纵剖面最大位移量/
mm
2.3 14.48 14.54
2.4 14.00 13.93
2.5 13.50 13.45
2.6 13.40 13.53
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富水条件下软破岩层深井筒支护参数优化研究
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黄敏 1, 2, 3, 4 , 魏军强 1, 3, 4 , 谢成龙 1, 3, 4 , 蔡思杰 1, 3, 4 , 谭伟 1, 3, 4
科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025,25(14): 5795-5805
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025, 25(14): 5795-5805
富水条件下软破岩层深井筒支护参数优化研究
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黄敏1, 2, 3, 4 , 魏军强1, 3, 4, 谢成龙1, 3, 4, 蔡思杰1, 3, 4, 谭伟1, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1. 江西理工大学资源与环境工程学院, 赣州 341000
  • 2. 紫金矿业集团股份有限公司, 厦门 361016
  • 3. 紫金(长沙)工程技术有限公司, 长沙 410006
  • 4. 低品位难处理黄金资源综合利用国家重点实验室, 上杭 364204
  • 黄敏(1985—),男,汉族,湖南长沙人,博士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:采矿技术及岩石力学。E-mail:

Support Parameters Optimization of Deep Shaft in Soft-fractured Strata with Water-Rich
Min HUANG1, 2, 3, 4 , Jun-qiang WEI1, 3, 4, Cheng-long XIE1, 3, 4, Si-jie CAI1, 3, 4, Wei TAN1, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Resources & Environment Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
  • 2. Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361016, China
  • 3. Zijin (Changsha) Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha 410006, China
  • 4. Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd., Shanghang 364204, China
出版时间: 2025-05-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407032
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针对富水条件下软破岩层深井筒快速掘进中存在的衬砌开裂、支护成本高等问题,以丘卡卢-佩吉铜金矿进风井-906~-1 158 m段为工程背景,采用理论计算、数值模拟、现场试验进行深井井筒支护参数研究。为合理且有效地抑制井筒变形、降低支护成本,结合工程实际建立了井筒模型,采用FLAC3D有限差分软件,在考虑流固耦合情况下,分析不同支护参数下围岩的稳定性。结果表明:对于Ⅲ级围岩段,采用“锚网喷+钢纤维混凝土”支护方式,其支护参数为:锚杆直径22 mm,长度为2.3 m,喷浆厚度50 mm,间排距1 m×1 m,钢纤维混凝土厚度550 mm;对于局部存在的Ⅳ~Ⅴ围岩段,采用“锚网喷+泡沫板+钢纤维混凝土”支护,锚网喷与Ⅲ级围岩支护参数一致,泡沫板厚度为100 mm,钢纤维混凝土厚度600 mm。现场收敛测试结果表明,开挖412 h后井筒围岩的平均收敛速度为0.18~0.31 mm/d,符合进风井的施工要求。通过Ⅲ级、Ⅳ~Ⅴ围岩段的支护优化研究及现场实施,井筒施工效率较国内同类型深竖井提升约23.5%,研究成果可为高应力富水软破岩层井筒的支护设计提供指导。
流固耦合  /  软破岩层  /  深井筒  /  快速掘进  /  支护参数

In response to problems of rapid excavation of deep shafts, such as lining cracking and high support costs, based on the engineering background of -906~-1 158 m section of an overseas copper and gold mine, the support parameters of shaft were studied by theoretical calculations, numerical simulations and field tests. In order to restrict deformation of the shaft and reduce the cost of support reasonably and effectively, a shaft model was established based on the engineering practice, the stability of surrounding rock with the different parameters was analyzed by FLAC3D numerical software combined with fluid-structure interaction. The results demonstrate that for the class Ⅲ surrounding rock, “anchor net spraying+steel fiber concrete” support is adopted, and its parameters are as follows: bolt diameter 22 mm, length 2.3 m, shotcrete thickness 50 mm, row spacing 1 m×1 m, steel fiber concrete thickness 550 mm. For the locally existing class Ⅳ~Ⅴ surrounding rock, “anchor net spray+foam board+steel fiber concrete” support was proposed, and the thickness of buffer layer foam board is 100 mm, and the thickness of steel fiber concrete is 600 mm. Field test results show that the average convergence rate of surrounding rock is 0.18~0.31 mm/d after 412 h excavation, which meets the requirements of air inlet shaft construction, and the construction efficiency is improved by about 23.5% compared with the domestic deep shaft. This work can provide a guidance for the support design of shaft in soft-fractured strata with water-rich.

fluid-structure interaction  /  soft-fractrued rock seam  /  shaft  /  rapid excavation  /  support parameters
黄敏, 魏军强, 谢成龙, 蔡思杰, 谭伟. 富水条件下软破岩层深井筒支护参数优化研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (14) : 5795 -5805 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407032
Min HUANG, Jun-qiang WEI, Cheng-long XIE, Si-jie CAI, Wei TAN. Support Parameters Optimization of Deep Shaft in Soft-fractured Strata with Water-Rich[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (14) : 5795 -5805 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407032
随着埋深增加,在浅部表现为硬脆性、高强度,在深部出现软化、大变形现象的岩体被称之为工程软岩。其中,如果岩体成分较为复杂,节理间夹杂泥质胶结物或含有膨胀性矿物时又被定义为软破岩体[1]。深井一般指建设井深在800~1 200 m的井筒[2],在软破岩层中布置井巷工程时,极易发生片帮、坍塌、冒顶等事故[3-5],若遇围岩孔隙富水,则灾害发生概率及影响程度将进一步增大[6-7]。鉴于深井纵向跨度较大,根据揭露岩性采取相应的支护方式及支护参数对于施工安全、效率和成本具有重要意义[8]
目前中外学者对深埋井筒的破坏机理及加固开展了诸多研究,单仁亮等[9]采用理论计算分析了钻井法工法下固井前井筒竖向结构的稳定性情况;赵兴东等[10]研究了岩石屈服准则与深井围岩破坏纵深分布的关系,并基于此对不同岩层的失稳类型进行判定;周新勍[11]通过超前预注浆实现了超深立井顺利通过特殊复杂岩层;Zhao等[12]提出了一种基于新奥地利隧道法和挪威隧道法的深井围岩稳定性控制方法;陈梁等[13]和侯公羽等[14]分别基于非关联流动法则、Levy-Mises本构关系,结合德鲁克-普拉格准则(Drucker-Prager,D-P)推导了圆形巷道周围岩体的位移场、应力场及塑性区半径的解析解;高亚林等[15]研究了深埋井筒的破坏机制,指出软弱岩层等工程地质条件是造成围岩破裂的主要原因,且支护刚度、锚杆长度、地应力等因素亦对井筒围岩失稳产生重要影响;Cheng等[16]分析了大断面超深竖井施工过程中围岩破坏特征,得出围岩呈“耳”破坏,开挖扰动范围为井筒半径的6.4倍。上述研究极大地丰富了深井筒围岩的失稳及应力响应机制研究,但对于富水条件下软破岩层深井筒的围岩失稳控制方面的研究相对较少,孙中华等[17]、周晓敏等[18]和屈克军[19]通过数值模拟方法开展了富水条件下围岩稳定性研究,得出流固耦合作用下围岩塑性区范围更大,且更符合实际情况;Perazzelli等[20]通过条分法提出了改进楔形体破坏模型,并推导得出渗流条件下的支护力闭合解;李康等[21]研究了潮汐动力条件下立井井筒的破坏机理及加固方法,但其埋深较浅,井筒围岩失稳发展规律与深埋井筒存在显著差异。
因此,为保障施工安全高效,控制支护成本,现以丘卡卢-佩吉铜金矿深井快速掘进为例,通过理论计算、FLAC3D、现场试验研究富水条件下软破岩层深井井筒不同岩性段的支护方式及支护参数,形成具有针对性的井筒全断面支护体系,为同类型矿山深井掘进支护提供一定的参考。
境外某铜金矿为大型斑岩型矿床,埋深为700~2 200 m。矿体长1 950 m,宽600~800 m,矿体及顶底板岩性均为下部安山岩,岩体质量一般,以Ⅲ级围岩为主,局部为Ⅳ~Ⅴ级围岩。目前该矿处于基建期,其进风井井筒设计净直径为7.5 m,建设深度1 158 m,为保证井巷工程的掘进效率,拟采用超深井快速掘进工艺。针对Ⅲ级围岩,原设计采用一次锚网喷、二次700 mm素混凝土支护施工,经过局部Ⅳ~Ⅴ级岩层时采用一次锚网喷支护,二次500 mm钢筋混凝土支护。其中,锚杆采用树脂全长锚固,规格为ϕ22 mm×2 300 mm,间排距为1.1 m×1.1 m,托板厚12 mm,金属网网度100 mm×100 mm。
然而,在实际施工中,发现采用上述支护参数,井筒施工效率低,且局部井壁出现较大裂缝(图1),尤其在Ⅳ~Ⅴ级围岩区域,对施工安全造成不利影响,提高了井筒后期的维护成本。而且在高地应力区域,试图通过采用高强度混凝土或者增加衬砌厚度,以提高井筒衬砌安全系数的做法不够经济,效果也不够显著。
目前,常用的锚杆钢筋有5个级别,为提高单根锚杆的支护强度,应尽量使用高强锚杆。结合该矿岩层强度、裂隙发育情况,采用BHRB400高强左旋无纵筋螺纹钢锚杆。对于跨度小于10 m的井巷工程,锚杆长度根据式(1)确定[22]
l = k 1.1 + C 10
式(1)中:l为锚杆长度;C为井筒跨度,取8.4 m;k为围岩稳定性参数,取1.2。
根据式(1)可得锚杆长度l≥2.33 m,则锚杆间距S≤0.5l=1.16 m;锚杆直径dl/110≈22 mm。同时,根据锚杆材质、载荷确定锚固段长度0.74 m,锚杆预紧力矩300 kN·m,50 mmC20混凝土喷层。
依据规范《煤矿立井井筒及硐室设计规范》(GB50384—2016),井壁厚度的计算公式为
T = R f s f s - 2 γ P - 1
式(2)中:T为井壁厚度;R为井壁内半径;fs为井壁材料强度设计值,一般取0.85倍混凝土轴心抗压强度;γ为结构重要性系数,取1.1;P为作用在井壁上的设计荷载计算值。
其中,设计荷载值P的公式为
P = v p
式(3)中:v为结构安全系数,取1.35;p为作用在结构上的均匀荷载标准值,根据-1 158 m标高下应力计算求得,值为1.25 MPa。
较普通混凝土材料,CF50钢纤维混凝土材料能够有效抑制内部微裂缝扩展及宏观裂缝形成,因此选用该材料替换素混凝土,轴心抗压强度根据《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB50010)确定,为23.1 MPa。代入式(2)和式(3),得到设计荷载值P为1.69 MPa,井壁厚度0.415 m。因此,为满足井壁环向稳定要求,其厚度至少为415 mm。
井筒支护参数优化分别针对Ⅲ级、Ⅳ~Ⅴ级围岩,故分为两组计算。
第一组:针对Ⅲ级围岩,拟采用“一衬锚网喷+二衬钢纤维混凝土”支护,锚杆间排距分别为0.8 m×0.8 m、0.9 m×0.9 m、1 m×1 m、1.1 m×1.1 m,锚杆长度分别为2.3、2.4、2.5、2.6 m,CF50厚度分别为450、500、550、600、650 mm。
第二组:针对Ⅳ~Ⅴ级围岩段,拟采用“一衬锚网喷+二衬钢纤维混凝土、泡沫板”支护,为保持现场施工的连续性,一衬沿用第一组确定的参数,二
衬泡沫板厚度分别为0、50、100、150 mm,CF50厚度分别为500、550、600、650 mm。需要说明的是,由于本研究考虑的因素及参数水平较多,故采用依次确定单个因素的方法,即优先获得某因素的参数值,基于此获得下一个因素的值,并逐次类推。因此,第一组共13组计算工况,第2组共8组计算工况。
采用RHINO建模软件,建立-1 100~-1 200 m井筒段模型如图2所示,模型尺寸为50 m×50 m×30 m。模型四周及底面采用位移约束,顶部施加28.6 MPa均布载荷,设置顶部、侧边界和底边界为零流量边界,井筒开挖边界为渗流边界,共包含331 200个单元,341 885个节点。
利用Hoek-Brown强度准则对各围岩的力学参数进行折减,通过等效弹模法将钢筋网折算至混凝土喷层,得到围岩体及支护结构的物理力学参数,如表1所示,其中喷射混凝土采用C25级别,厚度为50 mm;锚杆直径ϕ22 mm,预应力65 kN,锚固力152 kN。
为确定两类围岩的合理支护参数,根据模拟方案,利用FLAC3D分析井筒开挖后塑性区、位移量、应力区等的分布状态,以确定最有效的支护方案。
由于井筒围岩大多属Ⅲ级岩体,故仅对该类岩体开挖后未支护的情况进行模拟。岩体内最大主应力、塑性区分布如图3所示。由图3(a)图3(b)可知,井筒开挖后,围岩应力以井筒轴线成轴对称分布,围岩最大主应力50.3 MPa,未出现拉应力;远离井筒区域,切向应力由15 MPa左右急增至46.6 MPa,应力峰值位于围岩内5.67 m深处,造成该现象的原因主要是孔隙水压导致井筒浅部围岩承载力变低,应力向围岩深部转移,同时向井筒方向变形释放塑性区的应力。图3(c)为垂直剖面塑性区分布图,可以看出井筒围岩塑性区最大厚度为5.83 m,平均4.68 m,井筒井底及表面出现拉应力破坏区域。
1)确定锚杆间排距S
研究该因素时,锚杆长度l设置为2.5 m。不同锚杆间排距下的围岩位移云图如图4所示。由图4可知:S在某一区间内变化时,围岩变形波动较小。当S由0.8 m增加到1 m时,横剖面最大位移由13.34 mm增加至13.4 mm,纵剖面最大位移由14.41 mm增大至14.45 mm,当S从1 m增大到1.1 m时,井筒围岩表面变形出现明显增大趋势(横剖面:13.44 mm、纵剖面:14.49 mm)。因此综合施工安全、经济层面考虑,推荐锚杆间排距S=1 m×1 m。
2)确定锚杆长度l
由于不同锚杆长度下的井筒围岩响应变化规律大致相同,考虑篇幅有限,仅对锚杆长度2.3 m的模拟结果进行分析,如图5所示。
图5可知,当l=2.3 m时,围岩最大位移量为14.54 mm,横剖面上和纵剖面上井筒位移量较无支护情况下减小约31.9%,井筒围岩浅部位置出现较大压应力,较无支护情况下最大主应力值变大且集中区域更靠近井筒表面,井筒浅部围岩最小主应力全部为负值,说明井筒围岩基本不会受到拉应力破坏。塑性区最大厚度3.81 m,平均厚度2.81 m,较无支护条件下,井筒围岩塑性破坏区域范围减小1.8~2 m,围岩的破坏形式以剪切破坏为主,并且在X方向塑性区明显大于其他位置,因此,实际施工时此区域需进行加强支护。
表2统计了不同锚杆长度下井筒围岩剖面最大位移量。由表2可知,增大锚杆长度不能无限制抑制围岩变形。当l由2.3 m增加至2.6 m时,横剖面最大位移由14.48 mm降低至13.40 mm,纵剖面最大位移由14.54 mm减小至13.53 mm,井筒围岩表面位移整体呈下降趋势,而l=2.5 m与l=2.6 m时围岩表面位移相差无几,继续增加l意义不大。因此,推荐锚杆长度为2.5 m。
基于前文确定的一衬参数,对二衬使用的CF50钢纤维厚度进行研究。不同钢纤维混凝土厚度下的锚杆受力影响如图6所示。由图6可知,随着钢纤维混凝土厚度增加,作用锚杆上的力呈增大趋势,各厚度下锚杆受力分别为屈服载荷的74.5%、77.6%、81.5%、83.2%和83.7%,为充分发挥锚杆的主动承载能力,即锚杆轴力达到锚杆屈服载荷的80%,钢纤维混凝土厚度应保持550 mm以上。
不同CF50钢纤维混凝土厚度下围岩的塑性区分布如图7所示。由图7可知,当CF50钢纤维混凝土厚度为450 mm和500 mm时,井壁的径向剪应力超过混凝土井壁所能承受的最大剪切应力,井壁出现剪切破坏。当CF50厚度超出500 mm后,井壁塑性区消失。综合考虑推荐Ⅲ级围岩采用的CF50钢纤维混凝土衬砌厚度为550 mm。
由于Ⅳ~Ⅴ级围岩具有松软、高自由膨胀率的特点,本文研究拟通过泡沫板在井壁混凝土和膨胀性围岩中间形成一个缓冲空间,以减少膨胀压力对井壁混凝土的直接冲击,保障井壁的整体稳定性。
在研究泡沫板厚度时,钢纤维混凝土厚度设置为550 mm,不同泡沫板厚度的井筒围岩位移如图8所示。由图8可知,随着泡沫板厚度由0增加到150 mm时,井筒围岩表面最大位移由6.83 cm增大到10.03 cm,说明泡沫板厚度越大,井筒围岩释放位移越大。
不同泡沫板厚度下围岩的塑性区分布如图9所示,由图9可知,当泡沫板厚度从0 mm增大至100 mm时,井壁塑性区面积不断减小;当泡沫板厚度从100 mm增大至150 mm时,井壁塑性区面积反而出现明显增大的趋势,井壁表面发生大面积破坏,这可能是由于围岩应力的无限制释放,井筒围岩岩体自身强度被削弱,导致作用在井壁上的力增大。因此,综合井筒围岩位移场、塑性区的分析结果,为避免衬砌开裂、失稳,推荐缓冲层泡沫板厚度为100 mm。
在前文泡沫板厚度确定过程中,发现仍有部分单元出现塑性破坏,因此,需要对不同CF50钢纤维混凝土厚度下围岩的塑性区分布状态进行详细分析,如图10所示。由图10可知,在550 mm厚度的CF50钢纤维混凝土作用下,围压对井壁的径向剪应力超过混凝土井壁所能承受的最大剪切应力,混凝土井壁出现剪切破坏,不能保证井壁的长期稳定;当CF50钢纤维混凝土厚度超过550 mm后,井壁不再出现塑性区。因此,推荐Ⅳ~Ⅴ级围岩段CF50钢纤维混凝土的厚度为600 mm。
基于上述分析,该矿进风井施工支护参数最终确定为:对于Ⅲ级围岩,锚杆直径为22 mm、长度2.5 m、间排距1 mÎ1 m、混凝土喷层材料为C20混凝土、CF50钢纤维混凝土厚度为550 mm;对于Ⅳ~Ⅴ级围岩,一衬沿用Ⅲ级围岩段支护参数,CF50钢纤维混凝土厚度600 mm、缓冲层泡沫板厚度100 mm。
为了验证上述支护参数的可行性,分别在该井的试验段272模、273模(埋深-1 017.15~-1 021.65 m)进行变形收敛测试,利用精密钢卷尺获得了两模在浇筑完成时、完成后220 h、412 h的收敛量,如图11所示。
图11可知,在混凝土浇筑完成后约220 h,272模衬砌的井筒显示出平均收敛速度约为0.2 mm/d,当混凝土浇筑完成后约412 h,该模块的平均收敛量增加到5.33 mm,最大收敛量激增至12 mm,最小收敛量上升到3 mm,同时平均收敛速度也略有增加至0.31 mm/d;273模衬砌在混凝土浇筑完成后约223 h,其井筒平均收敛量为1.17 mm,最大收敛量为3 mm,最小收敛量维持在0 mm,其平均收敛速度为0.13 mm/d。混凝土浇筑完成后约413 h,平均收敛量增至3.17 mm,最大收敛量为6 mm,最小收敛量为1 mm,平均收敛速度提升至0.18 mm/d,均符合进风井井筒的工程要求。同时,采用优化的支护方案后,该进风井施工效率较国内同类型深竖井提升约23.5%。
以丘卡卢-佩吉铜金矿进风井埋深-906~-1 158 m段为研究对象,基于现场实际与岩体参数建立FLAC3D数值计算模型,在数值模拟计算分析的基础上,从塑性区、位移量、应力分布多个角度对Ⅲ~Ⅴ级围岩一衬、二衬的支护参数进行了综合分析与研究,得出如下结论。
(1)确定了竖井井筒Ⅲ级围岩的开挖支护方案,一衬采用直径22 mm的高强左旋无纵筋螺纹钢锚杆,间排距1 m×1 m,长度为2.5 m,二衬采用的CF50钢纤维混凝土衬砌厚度为550 mm,该支护方案下能够有效抑制围岩塑性区的发育,满足竖井井筒Ⅲ级围岩的支护要求。
(2)针对竖井井筒Ⅳ~Ⅴ级围岩体,提出了“锚网喷+泡沫板+钢纤维混凝土”支护方案,该支护方案锚杆沿用Ⅲ级围岩确定的锚杆支护参数,另外缓冲层泡沫板厚度为100 mm,钢纤维混凝土厚度为600 mm。
(3)现场收敛测试结果表明,混凝土浇筑完成412 h后,井筒内径的平均收敛速度为0.18~0.31 mm/d,符合进风井井筒的工程要求;上述确定的支护参数完全较同类型工程施工效率提高约23.5%,研究结果可为高应力富水软破岩层井筒支护设计提供指导。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51804079)
  • 福建省自然科学基金(2019J05039)
  • 紫金矿业集团股份有限公司2022年科技计划(5401KY2022100003)
  • 福复泉自创区协同专项(35022CQX72021009)
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2025年第25卷第14期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407032
  • 接收时间:2024-09-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-20
  • 修回日期:2025-02-12
基金
国家自然科学基金(51804079)
福建省自然科学基金(2019J05039)
紫金矿业集团股份有限公司2022年科技计划(5401KY2022100003)
福复泉自创区协同专项(35022CQX72021009)
作者信息
    1. 江西理工大学资源与环境工程学院, 赣州 341000
    2. 紫金矿业集团股份有限公司, 厦门 361016
    3. 紫金(长沙)工程技术有限公司, 长沙 410006
    4. 低品位难处理黄金资源综合利用国家重点实验室, 上杭 364204
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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