Article(id=1149769459751109566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405338, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721059200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-16, revisedDate=1740585600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752056000888, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1747497600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752056000888, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752056000888, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752056000888, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149769458706723113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='14', pageStart='5705', pageEnd='6154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752056000638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456798957, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5840, endPage=5848, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149769460065682369, articleId=1149769459751109566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Optimization Design of Four-point Contact Ball Bearing Structural Parameters of Turbine Drilling Tools and Wear Simulation Analysis, columnId=1156262732765717457, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a power drilling tool that can meet the needs of deep ground and high temperature drilling, the short life of thrust bearing is a key problem affecting drilling efficiency. Based on the CCD design method and finite element numerical simulation method, three sets of variables were selected as the design parameters, the orthogonal test between different structural parameters and abrasive wear life was carried out, and the optimal structural parameters of the bearing were determined by the range analysis method. The temperature-displacement coupling finite element model of bearing wear was established, and the influence of axial load, temperature and wear times on the wear depth of the bearing was studied considering the frictional heat generation of the bearing. The results show that the overall performance of the bearing with optimal structural parameters is improved, the stress concentration of the bearing is alleviated, the wear of the bearing is reduced, and the optimized structural life is increased by 4.6% compared with the initial life. This research method provides a reference value for the optimal design of this type of bearing. At the same time, the influence of different working conditions on bearing wear was analyzed. With the increase of axial load, the wear depth of the bearing increases. With the increase of the number of wear, the wear depth also shows an increasing trend. With the increase of bottom hole temperature, the wear depth decreases first and then increases gradually.

, correspAuthors=Yun ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Si-zhu ZHOU, Zi-yun XIONG, Yun ZENG, Shu-jie LIU, Chuan-hua MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149769501861921560, articleId=1149769459751109566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=涡轮钻具四支点接触球轴承结构参数优化设计与磨损仿真分析, columnId=1156262732954461139, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·机械、仪表工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

涡轮钻具作为能满足深地高温钻井的动力钻具,推力轴承寿命短是影响钻井效率的关键问题。以涡轮钻具中四支点接触球轴承为研究对象和提升其服役寿命为研究目标,基于正交试验设计方法和有限元数值模拟方法,选择滚动体直径、接触角、球组节圆直径三组变量为设计参数,进行了不同结构参数和磨粒磨损寿命之间的正交试验,采用极差分析法确定轴承的最优结构参数。并建立了轴承磨损的温度-位移耦合有限元模型,考虑轴承的摩擦生热,研究了轴向载荷、温度和磨损次数对轴承磨损深度的影响规律。研究结果表明:最优结构参数轴承整体性能提升,缓解了轴承的应力集中情况,减少了轴承的磨损量,优化后结构寿命比初始寿命提高了4.6%。本文方法为该类轴承优化设计提供参考价值。同时分析了不同工况条件对轴承磨损的影响。随着轴向载荷的增大,轴承磨损深度增加;随着磨损次数的增大,磨损深度也呈现增大的趋势;随着井底温度升高,磨损深度先减小后逐渐增加。

, correspAuthors=曾云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*曾云(1991—),男,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:压裂设备。E-mail:
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周思柱(1963—),男,汉族,湖北钟祥人,博士,教授。研究方向:机械结构强度与振动。E-mail:

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周思柱(1963—),男,汉族,湖北钟祥人,博士,教授。研究方向:机械结构强度与振动。E-mail:

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周思柱(1963—),男,汉族,湖北钟祥人,博士,教授。研究方向:机械结构强度与振动。E-mail:

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α为轴承的接触角

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N为磨损次数

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Basic structural parameters of four-point contact ball bearings

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参数 数值
轴承外径D 150
轴承内径d 85
轴承宽度B 35
滚动体直径 D w 22.225
滚动体个数 z 17
球组节圆直径 D p w 120
接触角 α 30
), ArticleFig(id=1172984410065486170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459751109566, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

四支点接触球轴承基本结构参数

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参数 数值
轴承外径D 150
轴承内径d 85
轴承宽度B 35
滚动体直径 D w 22.225
滚动体个数 z 17
球组节圆直径 D p w 120
接触角 α 30
), ArticleFig(id=1172984410132595036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459751109566, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Factors and levels of orthogonal test optimization design

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影响因素 水平值(5水平)
1 2 3 4 5
滚子直径 D w/mm 20.500 19.050 18.000 16.669 15.875
接触角 α/(°) 30 32 35 37 40
球组节圆直径 D p w/mm 121.0 120.5 119.5 118.5 117.5
), ArticleFig(id=1172984410229064030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459751109566, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正交试验优化设计因素及水平

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影响因素 水平值(5水平)
1 2 3 4 5
滚子直径 D w/mm 20.500 19.050 18.000 16.669 15.875
接触角 α/(°) 30 32 35 37 40
球组节圆直径 D p w/mm 121.0 120.5 119.5 118.5 117.5
), ArticleFig(id=1172984410296172895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459751109566, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistical table of calculation results of orthogonal test of bearing optimization design

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试验次数 影响因素 磨粒磨损
寿命 T/h
D w/
mm
α/
(°)
D p w/
mm
试验1 20.500 30 121.0 169.7
试验2 20.500 32 120.5 172.9
试验3 20.500 35 119.5 178.5
试验4 20.500 37 118.5 183.2
试验5 20.500 40 117.5 186.4
试验6 19.050 30 120.5 164.6
试验7 19.050 32 119.5 168.4
试验8 19.050 35 118.5 173.9
试验9 19.050 37 117.5 178.4
试验10 19.050 40 121.0 177.9
试验11 18.000 30 119.5 162.2
试验12 18.000 32 118.5 166.0
试验13 18.000 35 117.5 171.3
试验14 18.000 37 121.0 171.8
试验15 18.000 40 120.5 177.4
试验16 16.669 30 118.5 160.0
试验17 16.669 32 117.5 163.6
试验18 16.669 35 121.0 162.4
试验19 16.669 37 120.5 165.9
试验20 16.669 40 119.5 172.1
试验21 15.875 30 117.5 158.2
试验22 15.875 32 121.0 155.7
试验23 15.875 35 120.5 160.0
试验24 15.875 37 119.5 164.1
试验25 15.875 40 118.5 170.2
), ArticleFig(id=1172984410359087456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459751109566, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

轴承优化设计正交试验计算结果统计表

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试验次数 影响因素 磨粒磨损
寿命 T/h
D w/
mm
α/
(°)
D p w/
mm
试验1 20.500 30 121.0 169.7
试验2 20.500 32 120.5 172.9
试验3 20.500 35 119.5 178.5
试验4 20.500 37 118.5 183.2
试验5 20.500 40 117.5 186.4
试验6 19.050 30 120.5 164.6
试验7 19.050 32 119.5 168.4
试验8 19.050 35 118.5 173.9
试验9 19.050 37 117.5 178.4
试验10 19.050 40 121.0 177.9
试验11 18.000 30 119.5 162.2
试验12 18.000 32 118.5 166.0
试验13 18.000 35 117.5 171.3
试验14 18.000 37 121.0 171.8
试验15 18.000 40 120.5 177.4
试验16 16.669 30 118.5 160.0
试验17 16.669 32 117.5 163.6
试验18 16.669 35 121.0 162.4
试验19 16.669 37 120.5 165.9
试验20 16.669 40 119.5 172.1
试验21 15.875 30 117.5 158.2
试验22 15.875 32 121.0 155.7
试验23 15.875 35 120.5 160.0
试验24 15.875 37 119.5 164.1
试验25 15.875 40 118.5 170.2
), ArticleFig(id=1172984410417807713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459751109566, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Average value and range analysis of life span of each factor at each level

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影响因素 寿命平均值/h 极差
R
K ¯ 1 K ¯ 2 K ¯ 3 K ¯ 4 K ¯ 5
D w/mm 178.86 172.64 169.74 164.80 161.64 17.22
α/(°) 162.94 165.32 169.22 172 68 177.52 14.58
D p w/mm 167.50 168.16 169.06 170.66 172.30 4.80
), ArticleFig(id=1172984410472333666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459751109566, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各因素每种水平寿命平均值及极差分析

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影响因素 寿命平均值/h 极差
R
K ¯ 1 K ¯ 2 K ¯ 3 K ¯ 4 K ¯ 5
D w/mm 178.86 172.64 169.74 164.80 161.64 17.22
α/(°) 162.94 165.32 169.22 172 68 177.52 14.58
D p w/mm 167.50 168.16 169.06 170.66 172.30 4.80
), ArticleFig(id=1172984410526859619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459751109566, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of simulation results of hub bearings before and after optimization

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模型 各组件最大等效应力/MPa 磨损量/mm3
全模型 滚动体 内圈 外圈 轴承滚动体
原模型 466.10 151.60 466.10 227.75 4.95×10-10
优化模型 252.27 112.06 252.27 215.49 3.58×10-10
优化效果/% -45.7 -26.1 -45.7 -5.4 -27.7
), ArticleFig(id=1172984410614940004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459751109566, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

优化前后轴承仿真结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 各组件最大等效应力/MPa 磨损量/mm3
全模型 滚动体 内圈 外圈 轴承滚动体
原模型 466.10 151.60 466.10 227.75 4.95×10-10
优化模型 252.27 112.06 252.27 215.49 3.58×10-10
优化效果/% -45.7 -26.1 -45.7 -5.4 -27.7
), ArticleFig(id=1172984410673660261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459751109566, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Basic parameters of bearings

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参数 数值
密度/(kg·m-3) 7.79×103
弹性模量/Pa 1.95×1011
泊松比 0.3
导热系数/(W·m-1·K-1) 48
比热容/(J·kg-1·K-1) 480
热膨胀系数/10-6 K-1 14.8
), ArticleFig(id=1172984410736574822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459751109566, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

轴承基本参数

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参数 数值
密度/(kg·m-3) 7.79×103
弹性模量/Pa 1.95×1011
泊松比 0.3
导热系数/(W·m-1·K-1) 48
比热容/(J·kg-1·K-1) 480
热膨胀系数/10-6 K-1 14.8
), ArticleFig(id=1172984410841432423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459751109566, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Relationship between temperature and coefficient of friction

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温度/℃ 20 100 200 300 400
摩擦系数 0.21 0.37 0.36 0.24 0.12
), ArticleFig(id=1172984410904346984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459751109566, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

温度与摩擦系数的关系

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温度/℃ 20 100 200 300 400
摩擦系数 0.21 0.37 0.36 0.24 0.12
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涡轮钻具四支点接触球轴承结构参数优化设计与磨损仿真分析
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周思柱 1 , 熊紫云 1 , 曾云 1, * , 刘书杰 2 , 马传华 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025,25(14): 5840-5848
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(14): 5840-5848
涡轮钻具四支点接触球轴承结构参数优化设计与磨损仿真分析
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周思柱1 , 熊紫云1, 曾云1, * , 刘书杰2, 马传华2
作者信息
  • 1. 长江大学机械工程学院, 荆州 434020
  • 2. 中海油海南能源有限公司, 海口 570000
  • 周思柱(1963—),男,汉族,湖北钟祥人,博士,教授。研究方向:机械结构强度与振动。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*曾云(1991—),男,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:压裂设备。E-mail:
Optimization Design of Four-point Contact Ball Bearing Structural Parameters of Turbine Drilling Tools and Wear Simulation Analysis
Si-zhu ZHOU1 , Zi-yun XIONG1, Yun ZENG1, * , Shu-jie LIU2, Chuan-hua MA2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, China
  • 2. CNOOC Hainan Energy Co., Ltd., Haikou 570000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405338
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涡轮钻具作为能满足深地高温钻井的动力钻具,推力轴承寿命短是影响钻井效率的关键问题。以涡轮钻具中四支点接触球轴承为研究对象和提升其服役寿命为研究目标,基于正交试验设计方法和有限元数值模拟方法,选择滚动体直径、接触角、球组节圆直径三组变量为设计参数,进行了不同结构参数和磨粒磨损寿命之间的正交试验,采用极差分析法确定轴承的最优结构参数。并建立了轴承磨损的温度-位移耦合有限元模型,考虑轴承的摩擦生热,研究了轴向载荷、温度和磨损次数对轴承磨损深度的影响规律。研究结果表明:最优结构参数轴承整体性能提升,缓解了轴承的应力集中情况,减少了轴承的磨损量,优化后结构寿命比初始寿命提高了4.6%。本文方法为该类轴承优化设计提供参考价值。同时分析了不同工况条件对轴承磨损的影响。随着轴向载荷的增大,轴承磨损深度增加;随着磨损次数的增大,磨损深度也呈现增大的趋势;随着井底温度升高,磨损深度先减小后逐渐增加。

四支点接触球轴承  /  涡轮钻具  /  正交试验  /  优化设计

As a power drilling tool that can meet the needs of deep ground and high temperature drilling, the short life of thrust bearing is a key problem affecting drilling efficiency. Based on the CCD design method and finite element numerical simulation method, three sets of variables were selected as the design parameters, the orthogonal test between different structural parameters and abrasive wear life was carried out, and the optimal structural parameters of the bearing were determined by the range analysis method. The temperature-displacement coupling finite element model of bearing wear was established, and the influence of axial load, temperature and wear times on the wear depth of the bearing was studied considering the frictional heat generation of the bearing. The results show that the overall performance of the bearing with optimal structural parameters is improved, the stress concentration of the bearing is alleviated, the wear of the bearing is reduced, and the optimized structural life is increased by 4.6% compared with the initial life. This research method provides a reference value for the optimal design of this type of bearing. At the same time, the influence of different working conditions on bearing wear was analyzed. With the increase of axial load, the wear depth of the bearing increases. With the increase of the number of wear, the wear depth also shows an increasing trend. With the increase of bottom hole temperature, the wear depth decreases first and then increases gradually.

four-point contact ball bearing  /  turbine drilling tools  /  orthogonal experiments  /  optimize the design
周思柱, 熊紫云, 曾云, 刘书杰, 马传华. 涡轮钻具四支点接触球轴承结构参数优化设计与磨损仿真分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (14) : 5840 -5848 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405338
Si-zhu ZHOU, Zi-yun XIONG, Yun ZENG, Shu-jie LIU, Chuan-hua MA. Optimization Design of Four-point Contact Ball Bearing Structural Parameters of Turbine Drilling Tools and Wear Simulation Analysis[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (14) : 5840 -5848 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405338
四支点接触球轴承作为涡轮钻具最薄弱的环节,始终处于高转速、高温、重载和冲击的复杂工况下,并面临泥沙岩石的冲蚀、磨损作用,轴承容易发生磨损失效,从而造成涡轮的定子与转子碰撞,影响涡轮钻具的寿命[1]。涡轮钻具在井下工作时失效过快,会严重耽误钻井的时间,增加钻井的成本。因此提高四支点接触球轴承的服役寿命是保障涡轮钻具长期正常工作的必要条件。
为提高滚动轴承寿命,中外学者对滚动轴承的结构优化设计做了大量研究:曹旭等[2]对双列圆锥滚子轴承的滚子与内圈滚道、大挡边的接触情况进行优化,提高了轴承的使用安全性与抗风险能力。李俊文等[3]采用正交试验法对机器人用薄壁角接触球轴承进行多目标优化设计。Xin等[4]采用人工鱼群算法(artificial fish swarm algorithm,AFSA)对轴承的结构参数进行优化。关于轴承的磨损也进行了许多研究:李文婧等[5]提出了切片式半解耦磨损损伤计算方法,即保证了结果准确率又提高了仿真的计算效率。曹正等[6]将动力学模型与Archard磨损理论结合,对轴承滚道磨损特性进行研究。周旭等[7]提出了一种计算核反应堆控制棒转动装置轴承磨损寿命分析方法。Zhao等[8]传统轴承中的部分钢滚子替换为陶瓷滚子,分析混合滚子轴承在润滑剂污染条件下的摩擦性能。
综上所述,关于滚动轴承结构参数优化与磨损分析已有大量的研究,但对涡轮钻具的四支点接触球轴承的结构优化与磨损情况的研究较少。为此,现基于正交试验法对四支点接触球轴承进行结构参数优化设计,通过有限元仿真对最优解进行验证,并采用abaqus建立轴承磨损的温度-位移耦合有限元模型,考虑轴承的摩擦生热。研究了轴向载荷、温度和磨损次数对轴承磨损的影响。通过探究轴承磨损规律为提升轴承服役寿命提供理论依据,从而改善四支点接触球轴承的磨损,延长涡轮钻具的工作寿命。
涡轮钻具的四支点接触球轴承工作时承受巨大的轴向载荷,且在含有磨粒的钻井液中工作,它的失效主要是由钻井液固相颗粒在机械作用下引起滚动体表面和轴承支座的磨粒磨损、表面塑性变形以及滚动体材料脆性脱落。其寿命由磨粒磨损寿命决定。四支点接触球轴承的结构如图1所示。
根据涡轮钻具多级四支点接触球轴承的磨粒磨损特点与受力基础,推导出了轴承的组合磨粒磨损寿命估算公式[9],如式(1)所示。
T = H 0.388 P E 2 r 2 U ( K 1 + K 2 + 2 K ) c o s α 3
式(1)中: T为组合磨粒磨损寿命,h; H为组合磨粒磨损量,mm; K K 1 K 2为钢球、内圈和外圈的工作工况系数,mm2/(N·s); P为接触点的压强,Pa; E为材料的弹性模量,Pa; U为内圈相对于滚动体的表面平均速度,(r·mm)/min; α为每副轴承的接触角,(°)。
P = F α N c o s α
式(2)中: F α为轴向水力载荷; N为多级四支点球轴承的滚动体个数。
U = π n 30 D w 4 1 - D w D p w 2 D w D p w
式(3)中: n为工作转速,r/min; D w为滚动体直径,mm; D p w为球组节圆直径,mm。
为了提高磨粒磨损寿命的计算效率,本文研究基于MATLAB GUI模块,开发了四支点接触球轴承组合磨粒磨损寿命计算系统。
目前已经有许多种磨损模型,如Bayer模型、克拉格斯模型和Archard模型等,其中Archard模型应用较为广泛。本文研究采用Archard磨损模型对轴承进行磨损仿真分析。其表达式为
V = K F L H
式(4)中: V为磨损体积,mm3; K为磨损系数; F为接触面法向力,N; H为材料硬度,HB; L为滑移距离,mm。
由于四支点接触球轴承的滚子与内圈接触,滚子与外圈接触都为小面积接触。可采用磨损深度的公式,表达式为
h = K F L H A
式(5)中: h为磨损深度; A为实际接触面积。
轴承磨损过程是通过时间累积而成,因此积分求得的磨损深度表达式为
h = K F V H d t
正交试验法是目前最常用的一种工艺优化试验设计,它是基于正交表来研究多因素多水平优化问题的一种设计方法,具有均匀分散性和齐整可比性的特点,可以对结果进行计算分析,最终迅速找到优化方案。采用正交试验法进行设计时,由于都要依赖于正交表,于是,正交表的合理选用就成为进行正交试验设计的最重要环节[10-12]
以175 mm涡轮钻具支承节用的12级四支点接触球轴承为例,研究轴承的参数优化。轴承的内、外圈与滚动体的材料都为55SiMoVA,工况系数分别为 K=1.475×10-12 mm2/(N·s), K 1=2.776×10-12 mm2/(N·s), K 2=3.702×10-12 mm2/(N·s)。此轴承在工况中的润滑介质为3%含砂的膨润土泥浆,泥浆密度为1.15×103 kg/m3,允许组合磨粒磨损量 H=8 mm。该轴承的基本结构参数如表1所示。
通过寿命公式(1)可知,四支点接触球轴承组合磨粒磨损寿命与滚动体直径、滚动体个数、接触角、球组节圆直径有关。又因为涡轮钻具的球轴承无保持架,可以通过滚动体直径得到所需滚动体个数,因此需要优化的设计变量为 X = [ D w   α   D p w ]
根据设计经验及技术要求,滚动体直径 D w的取值范围为
K w m i n ( D - d ) D w K w m a x ( D - d )
式(7)中: K w m i n K w m a x分别为球径系数的最小值和最大值,其取值范围为0.23~0.325。
为保证四支点接触球轴承滚动体的灵活度,四支点接触球轴承的球组节圆直径和轴承直径的差值应保持在一定的范围内。球组节圆直径取值范围为
0.5 ( D + d ) D p w 0.515 ( D + d )
四支点接触球轴承是决定涡轮钻具寿命的关键所在。因此将四支点接触球轴承组合磨粒磨损寿命作为目标函数。
选取滚动体直径 D w、接触角 α 球组节圆直径 D p w为分析因素,根据上述约束条件确定的各参数值进行分析。正交试验优化设计因素与水平如表2所示。
正交试验3因素5水平则表示为L25(53),如不采用正交法经计算需进行125次试验,而采用正交试验法只需进行25次,通过分析确定最优设计方案,25种正交试验组合方案及计算结果如表3所示,各因素对轴承寿命均有影响。
根据表3正交试验的数据,通过极差计算公式,得出各因素每种水平的寿命平均值及极差分析,如表4所示。根据极差分析表可以判断因素影响主次顺序为 D w> α> D p w ,其中滚动体直径对四支点接触球轴承组合磨粒磨损寿命影响最大。最终可以得到最优组合为滚动体直径为20.5 mm、接触角为40°、球组节圆直径为117.5 mm。优化前的磨粒磨损寿命为178.2 h,优化后的寿命为186.4 h,提高了4.6%。
为验证上述优化后的结构参数的有效性,分别对初始结构参数和最优结构参数的轴承进行磨损仿真分析。图2图3分别为轴承优化前后的应力云图,与优化前的四支点接触球轴承相比,优化后的轴承各组件最大应力都有所下降。
图4为优化前后轴承在0.1 s内滚动体磨损云图。分析表5图2~图4可知,模型最大等效应力所在区域位于内圈与滚动体接触部位,优化后模型整体最大应力较原模型下降约45.7%,其中,内圈最大应力较原部件下降约45.7%,外圈滚道处最大应力较原部件下降约26.1%,滚动体最大应力较原部件下降约5.4%,轴承滚动体最大磨损量从4.95×10-10 mm3降到了3.576 7 ×10-10 mm3,磨损量减少了约27.7%。该有限元磨损模型仿真结果验证了本文轴承磨损寿命优化方案的有效性。
为了利用有限元仿真方法预测涡轮钻具四支点接触球轴承的摩擦磨损情况,需要验证磨损仿真程序的合理性。本文研究通过对文献[13]中半球与圆盘摩擦磨损模型进行仿真分析,对比仿真结果与试验结果是否一致来验证。在Abaqus构建与文献[13]相同的模型,直径6 mm的半球与厚度2 mm、直径6 mm的圆盘,模型如图5所示。材料都采用GCr15,为求圆盘的磨损体积,将圆盘顶面设为从表面,半球下表面设为主表面,摩擦系数设置为0.1。半球与圆盘网格划分尺寸都为0.2 mm。固定圆盘底部,设置半球为刚体,对半球施加向下的20 N的力,并限制半球上下移动。设置圆盘具有正弦函数位移:x=0.5sin(360×5×time),其中time为时间。磨损仿真计算了10 000 s球盘磨损,圆盘体积由33.903 977 mm3降为33.893 42 mm3,圆盘磨损体积为0.010 557 mm3,则1 200 s磨损体积为0.001 266 84 mm3,而文献[13]试验所得的磨损体积0.001 311 244 356 mm3,试验与仿真结果的相对误差为3.4%,结果十分接近,因此验证了该磨损仿真程序的合理性。
为了能够清楚地表达轴承磨损的仿真过程,本文绘制了磨损仿真流程图[14-15],如图6所示。具体可分为以下步骤。
(1)在ABAQUS软件中建立有限元模型,并完成初始参数的设置,如材料属性、接触设置、载荷及边界条件等。
(2)设置磨损区域,重新编写节点编号,设定节点磨损方向。
(3)通过Fortran语言编写磨损子程序,运用Archard磨损模型计算节点的偏移量,节点磨损深度。
(4)采用ALE自适应网格划分网格。磨损过程中,接触表面的几何形状会发生改变,造成网格发生畸变,进而出现仿真不收敛现象。ABAQUS中任意拉格朗日-欧拉(arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian,ALE)自适应网格可对利用各种算法以及控制策略生成一个良好的网格,能避免网格发生畸变。图7为是否采用ALE重新进行网格划分的接触节点。
(5)判断是否完成计算,否则重新进行网格划分,是则结束仿真。
通过Abaqus建立涡轮钻具四支点接触球轴承有限元模型,零件包括滚动体、内圈与外圈,忽略对模型上的倒角。材料都采用55SiMoVA。为提高计算精度,模型中的零件网格划分都采用六面体单元,滚动体网格数量为11 664,内圈网格数量为1 240,外圈网格数量为1 640。轴承基本参数如表6所示。
在轴承磨损仿真中,分析步采用静态分析步方法。轴承主要承受水力载荷,在轴承内圈端面施加向下的压力,对轴承外圈外壁施加固定约束。耦合内圈内表面,设置转速。轴承滚动体与内外圈设置为表面与表面接触,摩擦系数设置为0.1。为了保证轴承仿真收敛性,接触属性切向行为采用罚函数,法向行为采用硬接触,设置接触控制中的自动稳定因子为0.01。设置2个分析步:①对轴承内圈施加轴向载荷;②在轴承内圈上施加转速,以模拟轴承在载荷作用下进行滚动时的磨损过程。求解轴承内圈磨损深度时将其设置为ALE自适应网格区域,每一个增量步的重绘网格频率设置为1,同时对内圈沟道表面施加ALE自适应网格约束,约束类型为位移/转角,运动方向设置为用户自定义。
在轴承工作过程中,如果直接利用有限元对完整的轴承模型进行磨损仿真计算,整个计算过程将极为耗时。实际上,当轴承只承受轴向力时,每个滚珠都会承受相同的载荷,而轴承外圈固定不转,内滚道磨损主要集中在承载区内,使内圈承载区范围的磨损程度大于内滚道和滚子,因此本文研究只分析单个滚珠在滚道内磨损,且只对轴承内圈磨损进行研究,忽略外圈和滚子的磨损。假设滚子每旋转一圈轴承内圈外滚道磨损量不变。内圈沿着滑动方向的磨损量基本相同,因此可以用x=0.15 mm处节点的磨损深度来反映整体的磨损情况。
图8显示了在轴向载荷1 000 N、转速600 r/min情况下,不同磨损次数下的轴承内圈磨损深度分布结果。在图8中可以看出,磨损次数与磨损深度之间的关系表现出明显的w形状,最大磨损深度位于中间峰,如图8所示,随着磨损次数的增加,轴承磨损的深度随之增加。
图9显示了在磨损次数10 000次、转速600 r/min情况下,不同轴向载荷情况下的轴承内圈磨损深度结果。由图9可知,磨损深度随着轴向载荷的增加而增大。随着轴向载荷增加,磨损深度最大值的位置由中间峰值转向两边峰值。图10显示了不同轴向载荷情况下的轴承内圈接触压力分布情况。可以看出各节点的接触压力随着轴向载荷增加而增大。
涡轮钻具四支点接触球轴承在高温环境下工作,滚动体在滚道内滚动摩擦也会造成温度升高,温度升高大会影响磨损结果。因此在探究温度对轴承磨损的情况前,需对轴承进行摩擦生热分析得到温升结果,才可为后续轴承磨损仿真提供正确的温度。该仿真在设置属性时增加了导热系数、比热容与热膨胀系数。分析步设置为温度位移耦合分析,接触属性中切向方向勾选使用与温度相关的数据,并输入温度对摩擦系数的影响规律如表7所示。图11显示了在不同温度下轴承摩擦生热的温度场。由图11可知,当环境温度分别设置为20、100、180 ℃时,轴承的节点温度最高分别为154.7、252.9、321.4 ℃。
通过将不同温度下的轴承摩擦生热分析结果加入磨损仿真,分析温度对磨损深度与接触压力的影响。图12为在轴向载荷3 340 N,转速600 r/min,10 000次磨损情况下,不同温度下的轴承磨损深度分布对比图。从图12可以看到,在20、100、180 ℃这三种温度下的磨损深度分布轮廓十分相似。由20 ℃升为100 ℃时,各节点的磨损深度都减小,而180 ℃的轴承磨损深度处于20~100 ℃。磨损深度呈现出一种先增后减的趋势。涡轮钻具四支点接触球轴承在180 ℃环境下工作时需要通过钻井液降低工作温度,减少轴承磨损。
通过对涡轮钻具用四支点接触球轴承结构参数进行优化设计,并对轴承的优化设计结果进行了磨损有限元仿真验证,得出如下结论。
(1)基于正交试验法,确定了涡轮钻具用四支点接触球轴承的最优结构参数为:球数17,球径21,接触角为40°,球组节圆直径为117.5 mm。各参数对轴承寿命影响程度情况分别: D w > α > D p w 优化后轴承的寿命比初始寿命提高了4.6%。并通过对优化前后轴承进行有限元分析,验证了轴承优化设计的有效性。
(2)建立了涡轮钻具用四支点接触球轴承模型,基于Archard磨损模型,实现了轴承的磨损仿真分析,并分析了不同工况条件对轴承磨损的影响。随着轴向载荷的增大,轴承磨损深度增加;随着磨损次数的增大,磨损深度也呈现增大的趋势;随着井底温度增高,磨损深度先减小后逐渐增加。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2806505)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405338
  • 接收时间:2024-07-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-16
  • 修回日期:2025-02-27
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2806505)
作者信息
    1. 长江大学机械工程学院, 荆州 434020
    2. 中海油海南能源有限公司, 海口 570000

通讯作者:

*曾云(1991—),男,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:压裂设备。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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