Article(id=1149769459583332653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404915, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719763200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-01, revisedDate=1740499200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752056000847, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1747497600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752056000847, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752056000847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752056000847, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149769458706723113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='14', pageStart='5705', pageEnd='6154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752056000638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456798957, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5849, endPage=5861, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149769459797242159, articleId=1149769459583332653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation of Heat Storage and Release Characteristics of Individual Phase Change Capsules in a Stacked Bed Flow Channel, columnId=1156264600770302582, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Energy and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Filling phase change capsules in a container to form a packed bed heat storage unit is a typical applica-tion of phase change capsules. Phase change capsules are usually stacked in a specific layout in the packed bed flow channel. Studying the heat storage and release characteristics of a single phase change capsule in a packed bed flow channel can help optimize the design of a medium-temperature phase change heat storage system. Therefore, a two-dimensional packed bed numerical model of phase change cap-sules was established. The heat transfer and flow characteristics of the external heat transfer fluid flowing through the phase change capsules in the direction of gravity, counter gravity and vertical gravity were compared and studied. The effects of flow rate, temperature and capsule diameter on the melting process of phase change capsules were studied. The results show that the heat transfer rate of the windward side of the phase change capsule in the packed bed channel is faster. Due to the thermal resistance of the cavity air and the natural convection, the complete solidification time is the shortest when the heat transfer fluid flows countercurrently. Compared with the downstream flow, the complete solidification time of the up-stream flow is shortened by 8.9%. When the diameter of the phase change capsule is 12 mm, the melting speed of the phase change capsule with PTFE as the wall material in the center is 1.45% slower than that of the 304 stainless steel phase change capsule, and the average heat storage rate is 1.5% lower. The melting rate of the phase change capsule with modified PTFE as the wall material cavity in the center is 6.9% faster than that of the 304 stainless steel phase change capsule, and the average heat storage rate is 5.8% higher. Increasing the HTF inlet velocity and temperature can increase the average heat storage rate of the phase change capsule and shorten the melting time of the phase change capsule. The heat storage and release characteristics of the capsule have important guiding significance for the design optimization and practical application of the capsule monomer and the medium temperature phase change heat storage system.

, correspAuthors=Rui MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-min GUO, Rui MA, Zi-long WANG, Feng WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149769515413713134, articleId=1149769459583332653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=堆积床流道内单个相变胶囊储释热特性数值模拟, columnId=1156264600912908920, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·能源与动力工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=相变胶囊装填在容器内形成堆积床储热单元是目前相变胶囊典型的应用方式。研究堆积床流道中单个相变胶囊的储热释热特性可以帮助优化中温相变储热系统的设计。因此建立了相变胶囊二维堆积床流道数值模型,对比研究了外部传热流体以顺重力方向、逆重力方向及垂直重力方向流过相变胶囊时胶囊内部的传热与流动特性,并研究了传热流体流速、温度及胶囊直径对相变胶囊融化过程的影响。结果表明:堆积床流道内相变胶囊迎风侧换热速率更快。由于空腔空气热阻与自然对流作用,传热流体逆流流动时完全凝固时间最短。相较于顺流,逆流的完全凝固时间缩短8.9%;相变胶囊直径为12 mm时,PTFE为壁材空腔在中心相变胶囊较304不锈钢相变胶囊融化速度慢1.45%,平均储热速率低1.5%。改性PTFE为壁材空腔在中心的相变胶囊较304不锈钢相变胶囊融化速度快6.9%,平均储热速率高5.8%;提高HTF入口速度和温度可以提高相变胶囊的平均储热速率及缩短相变胶囊的融化时间。胶囊的储释热特性对于胶囊单体及中温相变储热系统的设计优化和实际应用都具有重要的指导意义。, correspAuthors=马瑞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*马瑞(1988—),女,汉族,内蒙古鄂尔多斯人,博士,副教授。研究方向:储能技术、先进制冷技术、微重力两相流及强化换热技术。E-mail:
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郭嘉敏(1999—),男,汉族,内蒙古呼和浩特人,硕士研究生。研究方向:相变材料的胶囊封装。E-mail:

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郭嘉敏(1999—),男,汉族,内蒙古呼和浩特人,硕士研究生。研究方向:相变材料的胶囊封装。E-mail:

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郭嘉敏(1999—),男,汉族,内蒙古呼和浩特人,硕士研究生。研究方向:相变材料的胶囊封装。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=KZVtsHYVYjh/yBhkM23xOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172984773644530110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459583332653, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Thermophysical parameters of solar salt and air[16]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
热物性参数 太阳盐
(60wt%NaNO3-40wt%KNO3)
空气
密度/(kg·m-3) 1 925 1.225
潜热/(J·kg-1) 96 060 1 006.43
比热容/[J·(kg·K)-1] 1 520
导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.45(液)、0.75(固) 0.024 2
动力黏度/(Pa·s) 0.006 93 0.000 017 894
热膨胀系数/K-1 0.000 375
固相温度/K 493.35
液相温度/K 518.45
), ArticleFig(id=1172984773715833279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459583332653, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

太阳盐和空气的热物性参数[16]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
热物性参数 太阳盐
(60wt%NaNO3-40wt%KNO3)
空气
密度/(kg·m-3) 1 925 1.225
潜热/(J·kg-1) 96 060 1 006.43
比热容/[J·(kg·K)-1] 1 520
导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.45(液)、0.75(固) 0.024 2
动力黏度/(Pa·s) 0.006 93 0.000 017 894
热膨胀系数/K-1 0.000 375
固相温度/K 493.35
液相温度/K 518.45
), ArticleFig(id=1172984773787136448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459583332653, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Shell material physical properties parameters[19-20]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 密度/(kg·m-3) 导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1]
304不锈钢 8 030 16.3~21.5
聚四氟乙烯 2 200 0.24~0.35
改性聚四氟乙烯 2 200 1.2
), ArticleFig(id=1172984773845856705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459583332653, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

壁材物性参数[19-20]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 密度/(kg·m-3) 导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1]
304不锈钢 8 030 16.3~21.5
聚四氟乙烯 2 200 0.24~0.35
改性聚四氟乙烯 2 200 1.2
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堆积床流道内单个相变胶囊储释热特性数值模拟
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郭嘉敏 1, 2 , 马瑞 1, 2, * , 王子龙 1, 2 , 王峰 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025,25(14): 5849-5861
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025, 25(14): 5849-5861
堆积床流道内单个相变胶囊储释热特性数值模拟
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郭嘉敏1, 2 , 马瑞1, 2, * , 王子龙1, 2, 王峰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1. 内蒙古工业大学能源与动力工程学院, 呼和浩特 010000
  • 2. 内蒙古自治区风能太阳能利用机理及优化重点实验室, 呼和浩特 010000
  • 郭嘉敏(1999—),男,汉族,内蒙古呼和浩特人,硕士研究生。研究方向:相变材料的胶囊封装。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*马瑞(1988—),女,汉族,内蒙古鄂尔多斯人,博士,副教授。研究方向:储能技术、先进制冷技术、微重力两相流及强化换热技术。E-mail:
Numerical Simulation of Heat Storage and Release Characteristics of Individual Phase Change Capsules in a Stacked Bed Flow Channel
Jia-min GUO1, 2 , Rui MA1, 2, * , Zi-long WANG1, 2, Feng WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010000, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Optimization of Wind and Solar Energy Utilization in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404915
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相变胶囊装填在容器内形成堆积床储热单元是目前相变胶囊典型的应用方式。研究堆积床流道中单个相变胶囊的储热释热特性可以帮助优化中温相变储热系统的设计。因此建立了相变胶囊二维堆积床流道数值模型,对比研究了外部传热流体以顺重力方向、逆重力方向及垂直重力方向流过相变胶囊时胶囊内部的传热与流动特性,并研究了传热流体流速、温度及胶囊直径对相变胶囊融化过程的影响。结果表明:堆积床流道内相变胶囊迎风侧换热速率更快。由于空腔空气热阻与自然对流作用,传热流体逆流流动时完全凝固时间最短。相较于顺流,逆流的完全凝固时间缩短8.9%;相变胶囊直径为12 mm时,PTFE为壁材空腔在中心相变胶囊较304不锈钢相变胶囊融化速度慢1.45%,平均储热速率低1.5%。改性PTFE为壁材空腔在中心的相变胶囊较304不锈钢相变胶囊融化速度快6.9%,平均储热速率高5.8%;提高HTF入口速度和温度可以提高相变胶囊的平均储热速率及缩短相变胶囊的融化时间。胶囊的储释热特性对于胶囊单体及中温相变储热系统的设计优化和实际应用都具有重要的指导意义。
相变胶囊  /  储热  /  空腔位置

Filling phase change capsules in a container to form a packed bed heat storage unit is a typical applica-tion of phase change capsules. Phase change capsules are usually stacked in a specific layout in the packed bed flow channel. Studying the heat storage and release characteristics of a single phase change capsule in a packed bed flow channel can help optimize the design of a medium-temperature phase change heat storage system. Therefore, a two-dimensional packed bed numerical model of phase change cap-sules was established. The heat transfer and flow characteristics of the external heat transfer fluid flowing through the phase change capsules in the direction of gravity, counter gravity and vertical gravity were compared and studied. The effects of flow rate, temperature and capsule diameter on the melting process of phase change capsules were studied. The results show that the heat transfer rate of the windward side of the phase change capsule in the packed bed channel is faster. Due to the thermal resistance of the cavity air and the natural convection, the complete solidification time is the shortest when the heat transfer fluid flows countercurrently. Compared with the downstream flow, the complete solidification time of the up-stream flow is shortened by 8.9%. When the diameter of the phase change capsule is 12 mm, the melting speed of the phase change capsule with PTFE as the wall material in the center is 1.45% slower than that of the 304 stainless steel phase change capsule, and the average heat storage rate is 1.5% lower. The melting rate of the phase change capsule with modified PTFE as the wall material cavity in the center is 6.9% faster than that of the 304 stainless steel phase change capsule, and the average heat storage rate is 5.8% higher. Increasing the HTF inlet velocity and temperature can increase the average heat storage rate of the phase change capsule and shorten the melting time of the phase change capsule. The heat storage and release characteristics of the capsule have important guiding significance for the design optimization and practical application of the capsule monomer and the medium temperature phase change heat storage system.

phase change capsule  /  heat storage  /  cavity position
郭嘉敏, 马瑞, 王子龙, 王峰. 堆积床流道内单个相变胶囊储释热特性数值模拟. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (14) : 5849 -5861 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404915
Jia-min GUO, Rui MA, Zi-long WANG, Feng WANG. Numerical Simulation of Heat Storage and Release Characteristics of Individual Phase Change Capsules in a Stacked Bed Flow Channel[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (14) : 5849 -5861 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404915
胶囊储释热过程中内部的流动和传热特性分析对于胶囊单体及储热系统的设计优化和实际应用都具有重要的指导意义。已有大量关于胶囊相变过程的研究,在融化方面,陈俊旗等[1]针对自然对流对方腔内的相变石蜡融化蓄热性能的影响开展理论与试验研究。研究表明,自然对流对方腔内相变石蜡的融化蓄热效率有显著影响。在融化初期,热量传输主要由热传导提供,而当液相层厚度超过2 mm后,自然对流传热逐渐显著,加速了融化速率并形成了不规则的融化前缘。Tian等[2]对太阳盐在球形胶囊中的熔融过程进行了可视化实验和模拟研究。研究表明整个融化过程中,除了短暂的初始融化期外,固体相变材料(phase change material, PCM)上部的温度和流速明显较高。因此,在固体块的上部区域比底部区域发生更强烈的融化过程。Bouzennada等[3]通过数值模拟方法,探讨了在不同Stefan数和内管位置条件下,球形相变胶囊中的热分布和融化时间。研究结果表明,内管位置和Stefan数对球形相变胶囊中的温度分布和融化时间有显著影响。通过调整内管位置和控制内管壁温度,可以优化PCM的储热性能。刘永强[4]对带有空腔的相变胶囊融化过程进行了模拟,模拟结果显示胶囊内液相PCM的自然对流加速了融化过程的进行,胶囊内部空腔的存在不利于融化过程的进行。陈哲[5]通过数值模拟研究了空腔大小对相变胶囊融化速度的影响,当空隙率由10%增加到20%时相变胶囊的融化时间缩短了18.9%。Sun等[6]研究了常重力(g=9.81 m/s2)和低重力(g=1.63 m/s2)下Marangoni对流对相变胶囊融化的影响,结果显示在常重力下Marangoni对流对融化速度的影响较小,但直径为12 mm的相变胶囊在低重力下,融化速度受Marangoni对流的影响达到了19%。
许多数值和实验研究表明,除了不同的重力加速度值外,相变胶囊的设计、热分层效应、倾斜角度,以及翅片结构对相变材料的融化行为具有显著的影响,导致融化时间、对流强度等其他属性发生显著变化。王凌皓等[7]对含有相变胶囊的混合储能水箱特性进行模拟研究。研究结果表明,相变胶囊的高度和尺寸对热分层效果有显著影响,而入口流速的变化对热分层效果的影响更为显著。Mao等[8]建立了一个三维数值模型,模拟了不同结构的相变胶囊的储热特性。研究结果表明与传统球形胶囊和直线通道胶囊相比,新型波浪通道胶囊的融化速率显著提高了38.0%和15.4%。Avci等[9]通过实验研究调查了倾斜角对带有和不带PCM的平面型散热器热性能的影响。实验结果表明,倾斜角会增强带PCM的散热器的热性能,而对不带PCM的散热器来说,其影响可以忽略不计。Khobragade等[10]对同时充放电(simultaneous charge and discharge, SCD)条件下的潜热存储系统(latent heat storage system, LHSS)进行了数值研究。评估了倾角对SCD条件下LHSS热性能的影响。结果表明,自然对流的强度取决于LHSS的倾斜度。与垂直(90°)和其他角度相比,水平(0°)系统的自然对流强度更高。Yoladi等[11]发现倾角对纯相变材料熔融过程中自然对流的形成和发展、固液界面的传播和传热速率有很大影响。在不同输入温度、速度、持续时间和斜坡角度下进行的实验结果表明,在充电过程中对传热流体的热性能有显著影响。毛前军等[12]对球形胶囊蓄热单元进行了传热特性分析,研究结果表明,球形胶囊内添加翅片可以增强相变材料的融化,且翅片长度的增加有助于温度分布的均匀化。Karami等[13]对倾斜角范围为0°~180°的翅片外壳中PCM融化的影响研究。结果表明,外壳倾角从180°降低到0°,加剧了对流的发展,并在液态相变材料区域形成涡流,最终缩短了相变材料的融化时间。Hong等[14]进行了数值模拟,研究了具有部分热加热壁的矩形空腔中的能量存储特性,其倾斜角范围为0°~90°,分别在0.5和0°的纵横比和倾角下实现了储能系统的最佳性能。
综上,目前针对相变胶囊的研究中,数值研究主要集中于相变胶囊单体的储热过程,对于单个相变胶囊在流道中的研究比较缺乏。此外,空腔位置会影响胶囊内相变材料与传热流体之间的传热路径,传热流体的流动方向也显著影响相变材料与流体之间的传热速率。因此,现建立相变胶囊二维堆积床流道数值模型,研究外部传热流体以顺重力方向、逆重力方向、垂直重力方向三种流向流过相变胶囊时胶囊内部的传热与流动特性,并对空腔在中心与空腔在顶部两种胶囊结构相变胶囊的相变过程进行数值模拟研究。
典型的堆积床储热单元的容器为圆柱形罐体,罐内填充有相变胶囊,传热流体在胶囊之间的缝隙流动。图1为堆积床储热单元示意图。
在研究堆积床储热单元内流动和传热特性时,相变胶囊的排列非常复杂,因此对模型进行简化并提出假设如下。
(1)相变胶囊在堆积床内按照有序或无序方式排列,由于无序排列中每个胶囊所处的流场环境都不相同,无法获得相变胶囊性能的一般性规律。因此本文基于有序排列建立模型,同时为增强堆积床内流场的复杂程度,假设堆积床内相变胶囊为有序错排堆积。
(2)堆积床具有轴对称的几何结构和边界条件,可将模型简化为二维模型。由于相变胶囊之间是点接触,直接将三维模型转变为二维模型将导致堆积床内没有流动通道,因此假设相变胶囊间不接触,同时认为相变胶囊间不直接进行换热[15]图2为三维转变为二维示意图。
基于上述假设,本文研究对模型进行了简化,堆积床流道内不考虑其他相变胶囊的情况下,单纯研究单个相变胶囊在堆积床流道内的储释热特性。图3为建立的简化二维堆积床物理模型,包含流道和蓝色单个胶囊,白色胶囊在实际模拟中忽略。相变胶囊外径20 mm,内径18 mm。
相变胶囊中的相变材料为太阳盐(60wt% NaNO3-40wt% KNO3),空气为传热流体,其物性参数如表1所示。
采用SIMPLE算法对压力-速度场耦合求解。流道内传热流体的流动使用RNG k-ε湍流模型进行计算,胶囊内相变材料的自然对流采用层流模型进行计算。能量和动量方程的离散采用二阶迎风格式,湍动能方程和湍流耗散率方程采用一阶迎风格式。VOF方法的界面重构方式为几何重构法。数值计算中能量方程的残差标准为10-6,连续性方程的残差标准为10-4,动量方程、湍流方程的残差标准为10-3。时间步长设置为0.005 s。
流道入口为速度入口,出口为压力出口。换热流体与相变胶囊表面的Coupled边界条件为
k s h e l l T s h e l l x i = h f ( T a i r - T s h e l l )
式(1)中:kshell为相变胶囊壁材导热系数,W/(m·K);Tair为传热流体的温度,K;Tshell为相变胶囊表面温度,K;hf为对流换热系数,W/(m2·K); x i为空间坐标。
采用RNG k-ε湍流模型计算堆积床内部传热流体的流动过程。相变胶囊内部的固液相变过程仍采用焓-孔隙率法进行求解,胶囊内仍使用VOF方法对空气-相变材料界面进行追踪。为了加快计算速度,提升计算稳定性,进行了以下假设。
(1)传热流体为不可压缩流体,换热过程中热物性参数为常数。
(2)忽略流道壁面热损失,认为壁面为绝热壁面。
(3)忽略传热流体与相变胶囊间的辐射传热。
基于上述假设,建立了二维强制对流传热的数学模型。连续性方程、能量方程、动量方程如下[17]
(1)连续性方程。
ρ t + ( ρ u i ) x i = 0
式(2)中: ρ为流体的密度; t为时间; u i为流体在i方向的速度分量。
(2)动量方程。
t ( ρ u i ) + x i ( ρ u i u j ) = - ρ x i + ρ g +     x i { ( μ t + μ ) u i x i + u j x i - 2 3 δ i j u i x i -     ( ρ u   i u   j ¯ ) }
式(3)中: u j为流体在j方向的速度分量;μt为湍流黏度项; u   i u   j ¯为湍流引起的附加应力。
(3)能量方程。
t ( ρ E ) + x i ( ρ u i E ) =   x i k + c p μ t σ T T x j + u i ( u i j ) e f f
式(4)中: E为单位质量的总能; c p为定压比热容; σ T为湍流普朗特数; ( u i j ) e f f为有效应力。
(4)RNG k-ε湍流模型k方程。
t ( ρ k ) + x i ( ρ k u i ) =   x j μ + μ t σ k k x j + G k + G b - ρ ε
(5)RNG k-ε湍流模型ε方程。
t ( ρ ε ) + x i ( ρ ε u i ) =   x j μ + μ t σ ε ε x j + C 1 ε ε k G k - C 2 ε ρ ε 2 k - R ε
式(6)中: ε为湍流动能耗散率; σ ε为湍流耗散率的普朗特数; C 1 ε C 2 ε为经验常数, C 1 ε = 1.44, C 2 ε = 1.92 ;Gk为湍动能源项;Gb为浮升力引起的湍流源项;Rε为ε方程源项。
μ t = ρ C μ k 2 ε
G k = - ρ u   i u   j ¯ u j x i
G b = β g μ t P r t T x i
R ε = C μ ρ S k ε 3 1 - S k ε / 4.38 ε 3 1 + 0.012 S k ε 3 k
S = 2 S i j 2
S i j = 1 2 u i x j + u j x i
式中:σT=1.0;σk=σε=0.72;Cμ=0.084 5;C1ε=1.42;C2ε=1.68;γ0=4.38;Prt=0.85。
为了消除网格数量对模拟结果的影响,对模型进行了网格无关行验证。在MESH软件中绘制了网格数分别为228 546、296 541、354 816、419 099、476 498、522 622、584 124共7种网格。图4给出了5种网格模拟融化过程的完全融化时间,完全融化时间随着网格数的增加而缩短,最终趋于稳定,网格数为419 099与网格数为476 498两种网格的完全融化时间仅相差0.6 s。为了节省计算资源并保证计算结果的准确性,选择网格数为419 099的网格为计算网格。网格细节如图5所示。
为了验证所用模型的正确性,将本文方法所得出的模拟结果与文献[18]的实验结果进行对比。依据文献的实验条件建立模型,相变胶囊的直径为80 mm,相变材料的填充体积为85%,顶部预留空气体积为15%,相变材料选用RT27,外壳为2 mm厚的玻璃,胶囊顶部有一段玻璃延长出口管,融化过程中相变材料膨胀后,胶囊内部的空气可以通过出口玻璃管排出。实验中相变胶囊被浸没在312.15 K的水浴加热环境中,相变材料初始温度为296 K,低于熔点,保持初始相变材料状态为固态。图6给出了胶囊融化过程中液相率的变化曲线,计算结果与文献[18]的实验结果基本重合,说明本文建立的数值模型可以用于相变材料的相变模拟。
本课题组前期通过实验制备的相变胶囊壁体材料为聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene,PTFE),其具有抗腐蚀、成本低等优点,但其导热系数较低。陶国良[19]以聚四氟乙烯为基材,石墨为导热填料,制备了改性聚四氟乙烯(70wt% PTFE-30wt% 石墨),该复合材料具有较高的导热系数同时也具有优秀的力学性能,可以满足实际需求。本节模拟了以304不锈钢、PTFE、改性PTFE,3种材料为壁材的相变胶囊融化过程。表2给出了三种壁材的热物性参数。
对堆积床流道模型进行了等比例缩放,建立了外径12、16 mm两种直径相变胶囊的流道模型,并进行了模拟计算,以研究胶囊直径对储热速率的影响。胶囊壁厚1 mm,传热流体入口温度553.15 K,入口速度0.1 m/s,相变胶囊初始温度493 K。图7给出了12、16、20 mm三种直径相变胶囊融化过程的液相率随时间变化曲线。如图所示,相变胶囊完全融化时间随着胶囊直径的变小而缩短。304不锈钢、改性PTFE、PTFE相变胶囊在直径为20 mm时的完全融化时间分别为1 218、1 295、1 367 s,相比于304不锈钢胶囊,改性PTFE胶囊和PTFE胶囊的融化速度分别慢6.23%和12.2%。在胶囊直径为16 mm时,304不锈钢、改性PTFE、PTFE相变胶囊的完全融化时间分别为918、880、934 s,改性PTFE胶囊的融化速度最快,相比于304不锈钢相变胶囊,改性PTFE胶囊的融化速度快4.1%,PTFE胶囊的融化速度慢1.7%。胶囊直径为12 mm时,304不锈钢、改性PTFE、PTFE相变胶囊的完全融化时间分别为542、512、550 s,相比于304不锈钢相变胶囊,改性PTFE胶囊的融化速度快6.9%,PTFE胶囊的融化速度慢1.5%。
图8给出了不同直径相变胶囊融化过程的平均储热速率。从图8可知,相变胶囊的平均储热速率随着胶囊直径的变大而变大,这是因为胶囊直径变大,使胶囊有更大的换热面积,从而使储热速率变大。当直径为20 mm时,304不锈钢胶囊的平均储热速率最大,PTFE胶囊最小。当直径为16 mm,改性PTFE胶囊的平均储热速率高于304不锈钢胶囊4.5%,PTFE胶囊的平均储热速率低于304不锈钢胶囊1.8%。当直径为12 mm时,改性PTFE胶囊的平均储热速率高于304不锈钢胶囊5.8%,PTFE胶囊的平均储热速率低于304不锈钢胶囊1.45%。空腔在中心的相变胶囊小直径下更具优势。这是由于直径变小胶囊的比表面积变大,空腔在中心的胶囊结构相比于胶囊空腔在顶部的结构有更大的换热面积,从而有更大的换热量。
堆积床相变储热单元蓄热时,热量由高温传热流体(heat transfer fluid, HTF)传递给低温的相变胶囊;释热时,热量由高温相变胶囊传递给低温的HTF。在传热过程中,不同的HTF入口方向使相变胶囊处于不同的流体环境中,因此胶囊不同位置的对流换热系数不同。本文研究以HTF沿重力方向流动为顺流,逆重力方向流动为逆流,垂直重力方向流动为横流,研究了顺流、逆流、横流三种HTF流动方向对相变胶囊表面对流换热系数的影响。
图9给出了HTF流动方向为顺流、逆流两种工况下,近壁面(距相变胶囊0.5 mm)处HTF的温度随角度的变化曲线。从图9中可以看出,两种工况下相变胶囊迎风侧的HTF温度较高,由于相变胶囊与HTF之间的换热,背风侧的HTF温度较低。图10给出了近壁面HTF速度随角度的变化曲线。从图10可以看出,迎风侧HTF与相变胶囊壁面的传热温差、HTF流速均大于背风侧。传热流体流动方向直接影响相变胶囊表面不同位置处的对流换热系数,同时胶囊内相变材料的自然对流,空腔处的空气热阻,在不同的HTF流动方向下会对换热过程产生不同的影响。图11给出了相变胶囊壁面对流换热系数随角度的变化曲线,可以看到,迎风侧的对流换热系数高于背风侧,这与文献[21]趋势一致。
模拟了顺流、逆流和横流三种传热流体流动方向下,以PTFE为壁材空腔在中心的相变胶囊和以304不锈钢为壁材空腔在顶部两种相变胶囊的融化过程。相变胶囊初始温度为493 K,外径20 mm、壁厚1 mm,传热流体入口温度为553.15 K,入口速度为0.1 m/s。图11给出了3种传热流体流动方向下,以304不锈钢为壁材空腔在顶部相变胶囊融化过程180、540、900 s时刻的固液相分布。在图12中,顺流、逆流、横流的迎风面分别在胶囊的上侧、下侧、左侧。从图12中可以看,与单个相变胶囊一样,融化最先发生在壁面处,但靠近迎风侧的PCM融化较快,这是因为迎风侧的换热更强,使得迎风侧PCM接收到的热量更多。
图13~图15给出了传热流体顺流、逆流、横流3种情况下以聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)为壁材空腔在中心相变胶囊融化过程中不同时刻的固液相分布云图。从图13~图15中可以看到,相变胶囊内迎风侧PCM融化得更快。FLUENT把融化中的材料视为多孔介质,随着融化的进行,胶囊上部PCM逐渐融化,空腔在重力的作用下上移。这一过程对应图中360~540 s,由于传热流体顺流流动时,胶囊上部PCM融化的最快,所以该情况下空腔的上移最先完成。
相变胶囊在融化的过程中,已经融化的液相PCM在密度差的作用下会形成自然对流,自然对流可以加快融化过程,因此对相变胶囊内相变材料的流动情况展开研究是十分必要的。由于相变胶囊融化初期液相PCM少,胶囊内自然对流弱,同时空腔在中心的相变胶囊融化初期空腔由中心移动至顶部,使得胶囊内速度分布非常混乱,因此图16只给出了空腔在中心相变胶囊融化后期1 080 s和1 260 s时刻的速度云图。如图16所示,在传热流体顺流时,胶囊上部为迎风侧,相变胶囊内的自然对流主要发生在胶囊的中上部分,靠近壁面的温度较高的PCM上升,温度较低的PCM下沉。同时可以看到1 260 s时刻胶囊内的自然对流相较于1 080 s时刻速度更快,范围更大。自然对流的出现加快了该区域内的融化速度,加之迎风侧换热较快,使得固液相分布呈现出如图13所示形状。
传热流体逆流的情况下,胶囊底部为迎风侧,相变胶囊内的自然对流主要发生在胶囊的中下部分,靠近底面的温度较高的PCM上升,温度较低的PCM下沉。胶囊下部PCM靠近迎风面,并且由于自然对流的存在使得此处相变材料融化较快,随着融化的进行,上部PCM融化,自然对流上升至中上部,如1 260 s时刻所示。
传热流体横流的情况下,胶囊左侧为迎风侧,相变胶囊内的自然对流发生在胶囊的左侧。同样的,迎风侧换热较快,并且存在自然对流,使得胶囊左侧融化较快。胶囊右侧处于背风侧,换热速度较慢,液相率低,难以形成自然对流。
图17给出以304不锈钢为壁材空腔在顶部的相变胶囊在3种HTF流动方向下换热进行540、720 s时刻胶囊内部的速度云图。相较于PTFE相变胶囊,304不锈钢相变胶囊内自然对流的范围更大。顺流时自然对流不仅出现在胶囊中上方,还出现在胶囊下部,横流时胶囊内背风侧也出现了微弱的自然对流,逆流时自然对流的范围也更大。这是由于304不锈钢的导热性能好,加快了胶囊逆风侧相变材料的融化,使得胶囊逆风侧也能够形成自然对流。
上述分析已经证明传热流体流动方向能够对相变胶囊的融化过程产生影响,为了更加直观地体现这种影响,将以304不锈钢为壁材空腔在顶部的相变胶囊,PTFE、改性PTFE为壁材空腔在中心的相变胶囊在HTF顺流、逆流与横流时完全融化时间的变化曲线绘制在图18中。
对于以PTFE为壁材,空腔在中心的相变胶囊,其在顺流、横流、逆流时的完全融化时间分别为1 541、1 479、1 367 s。相较于顺流,逆流和横流的融化速度分别提升了11.3%和4.02%,这是由于HTF逆流流动时,胶囊下部迎风侧相变材料最先融化,自然对流发生在底部并向上运动,这加快了上部PCM的融化。而顺流时,自然对流发生在中上部,并且由于重力原因难以向底部逆风侧发展,同时当胶囊内部结构由空腔在中心转变为空腔在顶部后,顶部空腔隔断了上部迎风面与PCM的接触,空腔的空气热阻削弱了顺流迎风面作用。横流时,自然对流发生在左侧迎风侧附近,难以向右侧背风侧发展。
对于以改性PTFE为壁材,空腔在中心的相变胶囊,其在顺流、横流、逆流时的完全融化时间分别为1 429、1 349、1 295 s。相较于顺流,逆流和横流的融化速度分别提升了10.56%和5.6%,3种流动情况的完全融化时间分别低于以PTFE为壁材的相变胶囊,这是由于改性PTFE的导热系数较高,加快了胶囊内PCM的融化。
对于以304不锈钢为壁材,空腔在顶部的相变胶囊,其在顺流、横流、逆流时的完全融化时间分别为1 240、1 229、1 219 s。相较于顺流,逆流和横流的融化速度分别提升了1.77%和0.9%,传热流体流动方向对其完全融化时间的影响较小,这是由于304不锈钢的导热系数很大,自然对流对其融化速度的影响较小。
304不锈钢相变胶囊、PTFE相变胶囊和改性PTFE相变胶囊3种胶囊在HTF逆流流动时的融化速度更快,完全融化时间分别为1 218、1 367、1 295 s。与304不锈钢相变胶囊相比,PTFE相变胶囊融化速度慢12.2%,改性PTFE相变胶囊的融化速度慢6.23%。
为了更好地评价3种相变胶囊的储热能力,引入平均储热速率。
P c h a r g e = Q t e
式(13)中:Q为相变胶囊的储热量;te为融化完成时间。
304不锈钢相变胶囊、PTFE相变胶囊和改性PTFE相变胶囊3种胶囊的平均储热速率分别为47.31、44.79、42.25 J/s。304不锈钢胶囊的平均储热速率最大,相比与304不锈钢胶囊,PTFE胶囊、改性PTFE胶囊的平均储热速率分别低10.7%、5.3%。在之前的研究内容已经说明空腔在中心的相变胶囊的融化速度更快是因为具有更大的换热面积从而有更大的换热量,但胶囊处于流道中,其背风侧的换热较差,这间接的削弱了空腔在中心相变胶囊的优势。但在堆积床中,无序排列效率更高,因此堆积床内胶囊多为无序排列[22]。而无序排列会使堆积床中流场更加混乱,这或许会使流道内胶囊不会出现背风侧或者背风侧面积变小。
模拟了顺流、逆流、横流3种HTF流动方向相变胶囊的凝固过程。计算所用的相变胶囊模型直径20 mm,壁厚1 mm,壁材为PTFE,胶囊顶部预留有5%体积的空腔,初始温度519 K,HTF温度453.15 K,入口速度0.1 m/s。图19给出了3种传热流体流动方向下相变胶囊凝固过程的固液相分布。如图19所示,靠近壁面的PCM凝固较快,固液相界面由胶囊壁面向中心收缩最终完全凝固,同时由于PCM由液态变为固态体积减小,胶囊顶部的空腔变得更大。顺流、逆流、横流的迎风面分别在上侧、下侧、左侧,可以看到靠近迎风侧的相变材料凝固较快,这是因为迎风侧的换热速度高于背风侧。
图20给出3种传热流体流动方向下PTFE相变胶囊凝固过程液相率随时间变化曲线。顺流、逆流、横流的完全凝固时间分别为1 459、1 329、1 447 s,逆流的完全凝固时间最短。相较于顺流,逆流的完全凝固时间缩短8.9%。这是由于HTF顺流时,顶部空腔隔断了上部迎风面与PCM的接触,空腔的空气热阻削弱了顺流迎风面作用,使得迎风面的换热量较小。而HTF逆流时,PCM始终与迎风侧直接接触,换热量较大。
模拟了548.15、553.15、558.15 K 3种传热流体入口温度下304不锈钢相变胶囊、改性PTFE相变胶囊和PTFE相变胶囊的融化过程,其中304不锈钢胶囊的空腔在胶囊顶部,其余两种胶囊空腔在胶囊中心。HTF逆流流动,入口速度为0.1 m/s。
图21为不同HTF入口温度下相变胶囊的完全融化时间,从图21可以看到,提高HTF入口温度可以大幅缩短相变胶囊的融化时间,当入口温度由548.15 K提升到558.15 K时,304不锈钢、改性PTFE、PTFE 3种相变胶囊的完全融化时间分别缩短了243、280、294 s,相对于548.15 K时的融化时间,558.15 K时的融化速度分别提升了17.9%、19.3%、19.2%。改性PTFE、PTFE胶囊与304不锈钢胶囊的完全融化时间的差值由548.15 K时的96 s与200 s变为558.15 K时的59 s与129 s。因此从完全融化时间的角度分析,随着传热流体入口温度的升高,改性PTFE、PTFE相变胶囊与304不锈钢相变胶囊融化速度的差距在缩小。
图22为不同传热流体入口温度下相变胶囊的平均储热速率。如图22所示,提高HTF入口温度可以提高相变胶囊的平均储热速率。当HTF入口温度由548.15 K提高到553.15 K时,304不锈钢、改性PTFE、PTFE 3种胶囊的平均储热速率分别提高了5.07、4.97、4.66 J/s,当HTF入口温度由553.15 K提高到558.15 K时,3种胶囊的平均储热速率分别提高了5.26、4.9、4.58 J/s,304不锈钢胶囊的平均储热速率的变化量随着HTF入口温度的升高而增加,其他两种胶囊的平均储热速率的变化量随HTF入口温度的升高而降低。因此,随着传热流体入口温度的降低,改性PTFE、PTFE胶囊与304不锈钢胶囊的平均储热速率的差距会越来越小,PTFE胶囊应该在更小的传热温差下使用。已有研究证明与单级堆积床相比,梯级堆积床可以降低传热温差,提高储热量与㶲效率,无论是从能量数量的角度还是能量品质的角度来看,梯级堆积床储热器均存在显著的优势。通过合理的设计梯级堆积床,降低平均传热温差,可以更好地发挥PTFE相变胶囊的优势。
不同的传热流体入口速度会进一步影响相变胶囊的储热性能。本节模拟了HTF入口速度为0.09、0.10、0.11 m/s时304不锈钢相变胶囊、改性PTFE相变胶囊和PTFE相变胶囊的融化过程,其中304不锈钢胶囊空腔在胶囊顶部,其余两种胶囊空腔在胶囊中心。HTF逆流流动,入口温度为553.15 K。图23为不同传热流体入口速度相变胶囊的完全融化时间。从图23可以看到,提高HTF入口速度可以大幅缩短相变胶囊的融化时间,当HTF入口速度由0.09 m/s提升到0.11 m/s时,304不锈钢、改性PTFE、PTFE三种相变胶囊的完全融化时间分别缩短了144、126、128 s。改性PTFE、PTFE胶囊与304不锈钢胶囊的完全融化时间的差值在HTF入口速度为0.09 m/s时分别为145 s和67 s,在HTF入口速度为0.10 m/s时分别为149 s和77 s,在HTF入口速度为0.11 m/s时分别为161 s和85 s。随着传热流体入口速度的升高,改性PTFE、PTFE胶囊与304不锈钢胶囊的完全融化时间的差距在增大。
图24为不同传热流体入口速度相变胶囊的平均储热速率。如图24所示,提高HTF入口速度可以提高相变胶囊的平均储热速率。HTF入口速度由0.09 m/s提高到0.10 m/s时,304不锈钢、改性PTFE、PTFE 3种胶囊的平均储热速率分别提高了2.53、2.26、2.05 J/s,当HTF入口速度由0.10 m/s提高到0.11 m/s时,3种胶囊的平均储热速率分别提高了2.65、2.13、1.99 J/s。304不锈钢胶囊的平均储热速率的变化量随着HTF入口速度的升高而增加,其余两种相变胶囊的平均储热速率的变化量随HTF入口速度的升高而降低。随着HTF入口速度的降低,改性PTFE、PTFE胶囊与304不锈钢胶囊的平均储热速率的差距会越来越小,因此PTFE胶囊应该在更小的HTF流速下使用。已有研究证明[23],提高堆积床HTF入口流速,可以缩短融化时间,提高平均储热速率,但是会降低堆积床的㶲效率。
建立了二维堆积床流道模型,研究了传热流体流动方向、流速、温度、胶囊直径对相变胶囊融化过程的影响,研究了传热流体流动方向对相变胶囊凝固过程的影响,得出如下结论。
(1)减小相变胶囊直径可以加快融化速度,当相变胶囊直径为12 mm时,PTFE为壁材空腔在中心相变胶囊较304不锈钢相变胶囊融化速度慢1.45%,平均储热速率低1.5%。改性PTFE为壁材空腔在中心的相变胶囊较304不锈钢相变胶囊融化速度快6.9%,平均储热速率高5.8%。空腔在中心相变胶囊小直径时换热量更具优势。
(2)顺流、逆流、横流的完全凝固时间分别为1 459、1 329、1 447 s,逆流的完全凝固时间最短。相较于顺流,逆流的完全凝固时间缩短8.9%。这是由于HTF顺流时,顶部空腔隔断了上部迎风面与PCM的接触,空腔的空气热阻削弱了顺流迎风面作用,使得迎风面的换热量较小。而HTF逆流时,PCM始终与迎风侧直接接触,换热量较大。
(3)提高HTF入口速度可以大幅缩短相变胶囊的融化时间,当HTF入口速度由0.09 m/s提升到0.11 m/s时,304不锈钢、改性PTFE、PTFE 3种相变胶囊的完全融化时间分别缩短了144、126、128 s。提高HTF入口温度可以提高相变胶囊的平均储热速率。当HTF入口温度由548.15 K提高到553.15 K时,304不锈钢、改性PTFE、PTFE 3种胶囊的平均储热速率分别提高了5.07、4.97、4.66 J/s。
  • 内蒙古自治区科技计划(2021GG0253)
  • 内蒙古自治区科技计划(2021ZD0036)
  • 内蒙古自治区教育厅青年科技人才项目(NJYT24012)
  • 内蒙古自治区高校科研项目(JY20220110)
  • 内蒙古自然科学基金(2024MS05044)
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2025年第25卷第14期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404915
  • 接收时间:2024-07-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-01
  • 修回日期:2025-02-26
基金
内蒙古自治区科技计划(2021GG0253)
内蒙古自治区科技计划(2021ZD0036)
内蒙古自治区教育厅青年科技人才项目(NJYT24012)
内蒙古自治区高校科研项目(JY20220110)
内蒙古自然科学基金(2024MS05044)
作者信息
    1. 内蒙古工业大学能源与动力工程学院, 呼和浩特 010000
    2. 内蒙古自治区风能太阳能利用机理及优化重点实验室, 呼和浩特 010000

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*马瑞(1988—),女,汉族,内蒙古鄂尔多斯人,博士,副教授。研究方向:储能技术、先进制冷技术、微重力两相流及强化换热技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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