Article(id=1149769459440726315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405160, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720540800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-10, revisedDate=1740585600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752056000813, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1747497600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752056000813, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752056000813, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752056000813, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149769458706723113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='14', pageStart='5705', pageEnd='6154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752056000638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456798957, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559392753041780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149769458706723113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5999, endPage=6008, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149769459629469998, articleId=1149769459440726315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Experimental on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Lignin Fiber-Cement Modified Soil, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to the negative impact of abandoned powdered clay on land waste and pollution, it is beneficial to improve the powdered clay and use it for backfill in engineering construction.The effects of lignin fiber content and cement content on the unconfined compressive strength of silty clay excavated from a tunnel along the Yangtze River in Hangzhou,Zhejiang Province were studied. The formation mechanism of the compressive strength was analyzed. Finally,the pore microstructure of the sample was quantitatively analyzed by SEM experiment. The results show that the compressive strength reached the maximum value when the lignin fiber content is 4%,and the unconfined compressive strength was greater than that when the lignin fiber content is 2%, 6% and 8%. No matter how much lignin fiber content is,the unconfined compressive strength q'u increases gradually with the increase of cement content. With the addition of lignin fiber,the average diameter of pores gradually concentrated in the range of particle size less than 1 μm,and the proportion of pores 1~2 μm and 2~4 μm increased with the increase of cement content. With the increase of lignin fiber and cement content,pore abundance mainly concentrated in the range of 0.2~0.5.With the addition of lignin fiber,the particle abundance mainly concentrated in the range of 0.1~0.6,and the particle distribution showed a “mountain” pattern with the addition of cement.

, correspAuthors=Qing-rui LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tao DAI, Xiao-yi JIANG, Qing-rui LU, Shi-jun CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149769491963360221, articleId=1149769459440726315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=木质素纤维-水泥改良土无侧限抗压强度试验, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=由于废弃的粉质黏土对土地浪费和污染有不利,所以对粉质黏土改良后用于工程建设回填。对浙江省杭州市一沿江隧道开挖产生的粉质黏土添加不同固化剂后进行无侧限抗压强度实验,研究了不同木质素纤维掺量,水泥掺量对无侧限抗压强度的影响,同时对抗压强度形成的机理进行了分析;最后通过SEM实验对试样进行孔隙微观结构的定量分析。结果显示:在木质素纤维掺量为4%时抗压强度达到最大值,并且在木质素纤维掺量为2%、6%、8%时,无侧限抗压强度均大于木质素纤维掺量为0的试样。无论木质素纤维掺量为多少,无侧限抗压强度q'u均随着水泥掺量的增加而逐渐增加。孔隙的平均直径随着木质素纤维的掺入而逐渐集中向粒径小于1 μm范围内,随着水泥掺量的增加孔隙1~2 μm和2~4 μm所占比例增加;孔隙的丰度随着木质素纤维及水泥掺量的增加,主要集中在0.2~0.5。颗粒的丰度随着木质素纤维的掺入,主要集中在0.1~0.6,随着水泥掺入颗粒分布呈现山字形。, correspAuthors=鹿庆蕊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*鹿庆蕊(1984—),女,汉族,山东菏泽人,博士,副教授。研究方向:隧道稳定性,土质改良。E-mail:
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戴涛(1998—),男,汉族,江西丰城人,硕士。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:

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Experimental study on effect of lignin fiber on physical and mechanical properties of Guiyang red clay[D]. Guiyang: Guizhou University, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172929894867681995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459440726315, awardId=NR1930, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点实验室开放基金(NR1930), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172929894930596556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459440726315, awardId=52168044, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52168044), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172929887951274634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459440726315, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172929887963857547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459440726315, companyId=1172929887951274634, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Distribution of particle direction Angle in samples with different lignin fiber and cement content, figureFileSmall=yGoR48jlPPJJ2Y3zjeFKNQ==, figureFileBig=+2/IZMRUrwE61erVEhLIFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172929893756191426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459440726315, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同木质素纤维及水泥掺量下试样的颗粒方向角分布规律, figureFileSmall=yGoR48jlPPJJ2Y3zjeFKNQ==, figureFileBig=+2/IZMRUrwE61erVEhLIFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172929893840077507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459440726315, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Changes of particle abundance of samples with different lignin fiber and cement content, figureFileSmall=rnFwcfxE/A5SxcUi15T+LQ==, figureFileBig=iKBBHtHQ4UhiimC2pmj7yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172929894028821188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459440726315, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同木质素纤维及水泥掺量下试样的颗粒平均直径变化规律, figureFileSmall=rnFwcfxE/A5SxcUi15T+LQ==, figureFileBig=iKBBHtHQ4UhiimC2pmj7yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172929894142067397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459440726315, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Changes of particle abundance of samples with different lignin fiber and cement content, figureFileSmall=mFe9UWWk7Zs/a/3OLWLWRg==, figureFileBig=a9IdIbjl2aYm7KWJdGYXfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172929894251119302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459440726315, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同木质素纤维及水泥掺量下试样的颗粒丰度变化规律, figureFileSmall=mFe9UWWk7Zs/a/3OLWLWRg==, figureFileBig=a9IdIbjl2aYm7KWJdGYXfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172929894393725639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459440726315, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Lignin fiber physical parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纤维长
度/mm
纤维密度/
(g·cm-2)
pH 含水量 耐热能力/℃
6~8 0.8 18±5 <5 230
), ArticleFig(id=1172929894532137672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459440726315, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

木质素纤维物理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纤维长
度/mm
纤维密度/
(g·cm-2)
pH 含水量 耐热能力/℃
6~8 0.8 18±5 <5 230
), ArticleFig(id=1172929894653772489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149769459440726315, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic parameters of test cement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(g·cm-3) 比重 标准稠度/% 安定性 烧失量LOSS/%
1.3 3.0 25.6 合格 1.30
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水泥的基本参数

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密度/(g·cm-3) 比重 标准稠度/% 安定性 烧失量LOSS/%
1.3 3.0 25.6 合格 1.30
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木质素纤维-水泥改良土无侧限抗压强度试验
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戴涛 1, 2 , 蒋潇伊 2 , 鹿庆蕊 1, 2, * , 陈士军 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(14): 5999-6008
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(14): 5999-6008
木质素纤维-水泥改良土无侧限抗压强度试验
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戴涛1, 2 , 蒋潇伊2, 鹿庆蕊1, 2, * , 陈士军2
作者信息
  • 1. 东华理工大核资源与环境国家重点实验室, 南昌 330013
  • 2. 东华理工大学土木与建筑工程学院, 南昌 330013
  • 戴涛(1998—),男,汉族,江西丰城人,硕士。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*鹿庆蕊(1984—),女,汉族,山东菏泽人,博士,副教授。研究方向:隧道稳定性,土质改良。E-mail:
Experimental on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Lignin Fiber-Cement Modified Soil
Tao DAI1, 2 , Xiao-yi JIANG2, Qing-rui LU1, 2, * , Shi-jun CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
  • 2. East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
出版时间: 2025-05-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405160
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由于废弃的粉质黏土对土地浪费和污染有不利,所以对粉质黏土改良后用于工程建设回填。对浙江省杭州市一沿江隧道开挖产生的粉质黏土添加不同固化剂后进行无侧限抗压强度实验,研究了不同木质素纤维掺量,水泥掺量对无侧限抗压强度的影响,同时对抗压强度形成的机理进行了分析;最后通过SEM实验对试样进行孔隙微观结构的定量分析。结果显示:在木质素纤维掺量为4%时抗压强度达到最大值,并且在木质素纤维掺量为2%、6%、8%时,无侧限抗压强度均大于木质素纤维掺量为0的试样。无论木质素纤维掺量为多少,无侧限抗压强度q'u均随着水泥掺量的增加而逐渐增加。孔隙的平均直径随着木质素纤维的掺入而逐渐集中向粒径小于1 μm范围内,随着水泥掺量的增加孔隙1~2 μm和2~4 μm所占比例增加;孔隙的丰度随着木质素纤维及水泥掺量的增加,主要集中在0.2~0.5。颗粒的丰度随着木质素纤维的掺入,主要集中在0.1~0.6,随着水泥掺入颗粒分布呈现山字形。
木质素纤维  /  改良土  /  微观结构  /  抗压强度

Due to the negative impact of abandoned powdered clay on land waste and pollution, it is beneficial to improve the powdered clay and use it for backfill in engineering construction.The effects of lignin fiber content and cement content on the unconfined compressive strength of silty clay excavated from a tunnel along the Yangtze River in Hangzhou,Zhejiang Province were studied. The formation mechanism of the compressive strength was analyzed. Finally,the pore microstructure of the sample was quantitatively analyzed by SEM experiment. The results show that the compressive strength reached the maximum value when the lignin fiber content is 4%,and the unconfined compressive strength was greater than that when the lignin fiber content is 2%, 6% and 8%. No matter how much lignin fiber content is,the unconfined compressive strength q'u increases gradually with the increase of cement content. With the addition of lignin fiber,the average diameter of pores gradually concentrated in the range of particle size less than 1 μm,and the proportion of pores 1~2 μm and 2~4 μm increased with the increase of cement content. With the increase of lignin fiber and cement content,pore abundance mainly concentrated in the range of 0.2~0.5.With the addition of lignin fiber,the particle abundance mainly concentrated in the range of 0.1~0.6,and the particle distribution showed a “mountain” pattern with the addition of cement.

lignin fiber  /  improved soil  /  microstructure  /  compressive strength
戴涛, 蒋潇伊, 鹿庆蕊, 陈士军. 木质素纤维-水泥改良土无侧限抗压强度试验. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (14) : 5999 -6008 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405160
Tao DAI, Xiao-yi JIANG, Qing-rui LU, Shi-jun CHEN. Experimental on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Lignin Fiber-Cement Modified Soil[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (14) : 5999 -6008 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405160
在海岸,江边地区,因为隧道一般都是挖得很深,而且多是粉质黏土层,因此,在施工时会产生大量的土方。对于这样的土壤,若用来做路基,一般的房屋建筑的填充物,因其不具备足够的强度,而必须进行改性处理。目前,对各类土自身的基本性质进行改良的方法主要有两种:物理法和化学法[1]。物理法是指土体通过外力或者新材料,对自身性质进行改变,如换填改变土的密实度,为了获得预期的效果,加入石灰、水泥、粉煤灰和各种纤维改变土体的各种基本物性参数[2-3]。化学法是将水泥、石灰、固化剂和微生物加入土体中,其原理是在土壤中添加新材料,然后与土壤或土壤中的水进行化学作用,从而使土体得到改良[4-5]。木质素是造纸产业的副产品之一,是一种天然、经济环保的材料[6]。当前,木质素纤维在混凝土领域得到了广泛的应用,它的主要作用是提高混凝土力学、声学以及热力学性能[7]。水泥改良土是一种土工改良材料,它被广泛地应用于公路与铁路的路基处理工程,并取得了丰富的工程实践经验[8]。陈伟等[9]通过物理力学实验与扫描电镜试验(scanning electron microscope, SEM)对膨胀土进行了一系列研究。实验研究表明:加入砂岩与水泥可以降低最佳含水率和提高土体的最大干密度;砂岩与水泥的加入都可以降低膨胀土的膨胀性能,同时大大地提高了土体的抗剪强度。金明亮等[10]为了研究普通压路机和大激振力压路机作用下水泥改良土路床施工效果进行了重型击实实验。实验结果表明:最大干密度随延迟时间的增加而下降,最佳含水量有增加的趋势。
纤维改良土是在土体中按、一定的比例掺入人工或天然纤维,以改良土体的物理特性与力学性能。利用纤维对土壤进行改良具有悠久的历史,在远古时代就已有5 000年之久。人们在土壤中加入一些秸秆等具有更好韧性的植物根茎,以增加墙体的强度及耐久性[11-12]。周超云等[13]利用玻璃纤维和其他材料的复合作用来改善砂质黏性紫色土的剪切性能,经实验研究表明,在砂质黏性紫色土中添加纤维后,黏结力明显增大,而内摩擦角增加缓慢,当纤维加入0.8%时,黏聚力值达到最大。王欢[14]通过不同木质素纤维对新乡地区弱膨胀土进行改良,系统地研究了新乡地区弱膨胀土的物理力学性能。通过实验结果表明:加入木质素减小了膨胀土的膨胀性能,同时木质素掺量为3%时,其膨胀性最小。当木质素掺量3%时,抗压强度达到最大值,但当木质素掺量超过最佳掺量时,土体强度反而降低。随着天然纤维在其他材料中的应用,其在土体改良中的应用也日益广泛,而木质素纤维也是其中一种[15-16]。董吉等[17-18]将木质素纤维按不同的比例加入贵阳红黏土中,对其进行了改性,并以不同的渗入方法对其进行了物理力学性质的研究。研究结果表明:在木质素纤维掺量为1%~3%时,黏聚力先增大后减小,同时在木质素掺量为2%达到最大值。
目前,关于木质素纤维在土体改良上研究还较少。现采用无侧限抗压强度试验、微观扫描电镜试验,对木质素改良土的力学特性进行试验,探讨木质素改良土的可行性,并从微观角度探讨木质素改良土的微观结构特征,从而研究木质素与土体间相互作用的机制。
(1)粉质黏土:来自杭州市沿江隧道,其天然含水率为24.02%。
(2)木质素纤维:河北雅斯顿建材厂,表1为木质素纤维物理参数。
(3)水泥:32.5 普通硅酸盐水泥,表2为水泥的基本参数。
(4)水:试验室的自来水。
本次试验步骤按照《土工试验方法标准》GB∕T50123—2019执行。在天然含水率24%的情况下,分别设置木质素纤维5个变量(0、2%、4%、6%、8%),水泥3个变量(0、2%、4%),同时试样在养护龄期1、7、14、30 d下进行无侧限抗压强度试验,试验方案采用全因子。其中每个试样素土总质量为180 g,改良材料按照素土总重量乘以对应的配比来称取重量,水的重量按照素土总质量乘以含水率。
木质素纤维用M表示、水泥用S表示、养护龄期用D表示。
本次试验方法均按《土工试验方法标准》GB∕T50123—2019 执行。按照试验方案设计的配比称取木质素纤维、水泥、素土、水四者的质量。将木质素纤维、水泥、素土放置于搅拌锅中,用调土刀手动搅拌1 min左右,使之混合均匀;再将称取好的水倒入搅拌均匀的干材料中,把搅拌锅安装在搅拌机上,用搅拌机搅拌3~5 min,使所有材料和水均匀混合。该制样器内径为39.1 mm、高为80 mm,置于标准恒温恒湿养护箱内进行指定的龄期养护,温度为(20±2) ℃,养护湿度≥90%。
图1可知,在木质素掺量0~4%范围内,无侧限抗压强度随木质素掺量的增加而逐步提高,木质素纤维掺量为4%时抗压强度达到峰值,超过4%,土体强度有所降低。同时在木质素纤维掺量为0时,试样的无侧限抗压强度均小于木质素纤维掺量为2%、6%、8%的试样。木质素纤维的加入使试样得到了提高,主要表现在:木素纤维的加入使土体颗粒间的结合更加紧密,同时也减轻了因水泥掺量增大而引起的脆性;水泥凝固后,木质素纤维和混凝土的粘接作用得到加强,使其强度得到了提高。
随着木质素纤维含量的增大,试样的无侧限抗压强度在整体上呈现出二次函数关系,对其进行拟合,拟合曲线R2均大于0.95,拟合度很高。由此,可以得到所表示的木质素纤维含量M的无侧限抗压强度 q u 的函数关系式为
q   u = k 1 M 2 + k 2 M + c ,   M 0
式(1)中:k1为拟合曲线的斜率,其物理意义是当木质素纤维含量M每增加ΔM时,对应试样的无侧限抗压强度 q u 增加值为 Δ q u ,即 k 1 = Δ q u / Δ M,斜率k1的绝对值与木质素纤维含量、水泥含量和养护时间密切相关。
图1(a)为例,k1S0D1为水泥掺量为0、养护龄期为1 d的试样通过式(1)拟合后拟合曲线的斜率,k2S0D1cS0D1为相关系数。
图2所示,为水泥掺量与混凝土强度的关系曲线图。由图2可知,随着水泥掺量的增加,无侧限抗压强度逐步增大,且不受木质素纤维掺量的影响。但从图2可以得出,无木质素纤维加入的试样,其抗压强度都低于有木质素纤维掺入的试样,尤其是当养护时间很短时,无木质素纤维掺入的试样,其抗压强度比掺入木质素纤维的试样要低得多,如图2(a)所示。主要原因是,在天然含水率下,木质素纤维的掺入可以加快素土与水泥进行固化反应,从而缩短加固时间。为了更好地反映出在不同水泥掺量下,试样无侧限抗压强度的变化情况,拟合出了试样数据,最终得到了图2中的曲线,拟合得到的函数如式(2)所示。曲线拟合度R2均大于0.98。其中k是曲线的斜率,其物理意义:当水量S增大ΔS时,相应试样的无侧限抗压强度 q u 也随之增大 Δ q u
q u = K S + c ,   S 0
由图(3)可知,随着养护时间的增加,试样的强度也增加,即不论木质素纤维的掺量为多少,养护时间与试样的强度呈现正相关。但当木质素纤维掺量在4%及以下的时候,试样的强度基本上与30 d内的养护时间成正相关,而当木质素纤维掺量大于4%的时候,试样在养护时间14 d左右便基本达到养护30 d强度的90%。同时,试样强度增加最为明显的时间为养护时间7~14 d的时候,此时所有试样对应的曲线斜率值较之1~7 d和14~28 d斜率值都更大。主要原因是这个时间段上,水泥的水化反应最为的剧烈,同等时间下固化作用最为明显,也使得木质素纤维与水泥之间的胶结结构更加牢固。
另一方面,从图3(b)可知,当水泥掺量较小时,木质素纤维掺量不宜过高,因为在木质素纤维掺量为8%的时候,其强度与未掺木质素纤维试样的强度基本一致,究其原因是过高的木质素纤维掺入会导致自我成团,此时再加上水泥的加入,成团自身强度,相比周围均匀混合的部分较小,在受压过程中将会最先被挤压,从而导致试样破坏,强度降低。
对于原状土,其本身性质较为均匀,且材料一致,整体性较高;而试验研究的改良土中掺入了木质素纤维和水泥,两种材料均会与土颗粒产生胶结作用,从宏观方面便体现为提高试样的强度,而对于微观方面的机理研究较少。因此将使用SEM进行木质素纤维-水泥改良土微观结构研究分析,将具有很强的必要性。通过微观结构的研究,进一步揭露改良土加固机理,让结论更具有可靠性。
孔隙的定向频率作为定向性指标,能够比较直观地反映土体孔隙在各定向角范围内出现的概率。图4所示为不同木质素纤维及水泥掺量下,试样压缩后的土样定向频率分布情况。由图4可以看出,对于素土的孔隙,在各个定向角范围内出现的频率比较不均匀,其在20°~40°、80°~100°、160°~180°的定向频率比较占优势,定向性较为明显。而随着木质素纤维掺入,试样各个区间下定向角所占的比例较为均匀,没有某一个区间较其他区间所占比例高出很多,说明随着木质素纤维的掺入,使得试样的定向角趋于均匀,如图4(a)所示。
图4(b)所示,当随着水泥的掺入,试样的各个区间方向角所占比例发生了变化,当水泥掺量较小时,木质素掺量也较小时,试样各个区间方向角所占比例较为均匀,而当木质素纤维掺量较高时,试样在80°~160°上较有优势。当水泥掺量较高时,如图4(c)所示,不同区间方向角的分布情况与未掺水泥试样较为一致。由此可以看出,木质素纤维和水泥的掺入随着掺量的改变,会影响着试样孔隙定向角度的分布情况。
试样孔隙占总面积的比例在一定程度上反应试样在宏观方面上的密实程度。图5为不同木质素纤维及水泥掺量下试样的孔隙面积占总面积比例。
图5(a)可知,随着木质素纤维掺量的增加,试样孔隙面积占总面积的比例先增加后减小,当木质素纤维掺量为4%时,孔隙所占面积最小,约10.7%。孔隙面积所占比例较小,在宏观上则表现为强度更高。同时由图5可知,纵向对比,随着水泥掺量的增加,试样孔隙所占的比例也逐渐地降低,其
原因是水泥水化产物将部分孔隙进行填充,使得试样孔隙减少,同样该现象在宏观方面上,体现为随着水泥掺量的变大试样的强度提高。
木质素纤维水泥改良土在压缩过程中,因外荷载作用必将会使得土骨架受到挤压,破坏土颗粒之间的孔隙并被挤压密实,所以原有固定的土骨架结构会发生重组,而这一过程中将会涉及孔隙的挤压、拉升、闭合、湮灭等一系列复杂变化。不同木质素纤维及水泥掺量下试样孔隙的平均直径变化规律如图6所示。
图6可知,改良土试样的孔隙平均直径主要分布于2 μm以内,并且近50%~60%孔隙的平均直径主要分在1 μm以内,随着水泥掺量的增加,压缩破坏后小孔隙数量减少了,1~2 μm和2~4 μm孔隙所占比例增加。出现该现象主要是因为随着水泥掺量的增加,土体的强度得到了增加,从而使得试样在破坏时,原有较大的孔隙并未被直接挤压成小孔隙或者直接湮灭掉。但是压缩后大于8 μm的孔隙基本不存在,被挤压成较小的孔隙了。
另一方面,对于试样只掺入木质素纤维时,小孔隙所占百分比,随着木质素纤维掺量的增加先变大后变小,主要是因为在4%木质素纤维掺量时较为适宜,试样在压缩前存在的大孔隙便不多,基本被木质素纤维与土颗粒胶结进行填充。而通过木质素纤维和水泥复合掺入,使得试样的大孔隙得以减少,进而在宏观上体现出试样的强度得以提高。
土体微观结构中,孔隙的丰度变化反映出孔隙的形状,丰度的值时介于0~1。当丰度值趋于1时,表示孔隙的形状趋于球形;当丰度值趋于0时,表示孔隙的形状趋于长轴远远大于短轴的椭球体。图7所示为不同木质素纤维及水泥掺量下试样的孔隙丰度变化规律,可知试样的丰度值主要集中在0.2~0.5,其次为0.1~0.2、0.5~0.6的区间内,区间0~0.1、0.6~1.0内孔隙数量较少。这一现象表明孔隙主要以长轴和短轴之比为1/2~1/5椭球体为主,其他类型所占比例较少。同时对比不同木质素纤维和水泥掺量下试样孔隙丰度变化规律可以发现依然在0.2~0.5所占比例最大,表现出来的数据结构与木质素纤维和水泥掺量未体现之间联系,即木质素纤维和水泥对试样孔隙的丰度没有明显影响。
土颗粒定向角的分布如图8所示,可见对于土颗粒而言,素土方向角分布在100°~120°的颗粒占优势,具有一定的定向性特征。如图8(a)所示,随着木质素纤维掺量增加颗粒的定向性发生改变,在其掺量为 4%时,颗粒在 20°~40°、80°~100°、100°~120°、160°~180°占多数;当掺量为 6%时,颗粒在 0°~20°、140°~160°、160°~180°占多数;当掺量为8%时,颗粒在 20°~40°、80°~100°、120°~140°占多数,可见随着木质素掺量的改变对试样颗粒的方向键是存在着影响的。
另一方面,如图8(b)图8(c)所示,随着水泥掺量的改变,当水泥掺量为 2%,颗粒在 0°~20°、20°~40°、80°~100°占多数,并且不同分布区间所占比例的差异性较大;当水泥掺量为4%时,颗粒的方向角差异性表现的较小,只在80~120°所占比例略多其他区间。
试样在压缩过程中,势必会导致土骨架发生局部或整体的相对移动、局部的拉伸或挤压密实等,因而将会导致土体结构、颗粒直径的变化。而不同木质素纤维及水泥掺量下,引起土骨架变化的程度不同,对最后粒径大小的分布也不同。图9所示为不同木质素纤维及水泥掺量下,试样的颗粒平均直径变化规律。由图9(a)可知,素土试样在压缩后,颗粒平均粒径主要分布在<1 μm 范围内,占比达到 58.6%,而颗粒平均粒径>8 μm 的占比只1.5%,主要原因是素土本身强度不够,在压缩过程中土骨架基本发生重组,使得小粒径颗粒所占比例较高。
土颗粒丰度的变化情况是直观的反映其圆润或者狭长程度,丰度值越大代表颗粒约圆润。图10为不同木质素纤维及水泥掺量下,试样的颗粒丰度变化规律,由图10可知,素土在压缩后,颗粒的丰度主要集中在 0.2~0.5,占比高达 79.1%,此时颗粒表现出来的形状主要为长轴和短轴之比为 1/5~1/2的椭球体。如图10(a)随着木质素纤维的掺入,颗粒的丰度开始发生变化,主要集中在 0.1~0.6,占比高达 95.1%,此时颗粒形态为狭长型和圆润型的均有所增加,颗粒的形态丰富度大大增加,结合土力学中粒径级配可以知道,粒径分布均匀更有利于提高土的强度。如图10(b)图10(c)当水泥掺入后,颗粒丰度分布情况趋于山字形,在丰度为0.2~0.5的较高,占比一般在 60%左右,其他区间依次减少分布,此时颗粒粒径分布较之只掺入木质素纤维时,更加均匀,更有利试样提高强度。
(1)在木质素掺量0~4%范围内,无侧限抗压强度随木质素掺量的增加而逐步提高,木质素纤维掺量为4%时抗压强度达到峰值,超过4%,土体强度有所降低。理由是木素纤维的加入使土体颗粒间的结合更加紧密,同时也减轻了因水泥掺量增大而引起的脆性;水泥凝固后,木质素纤维和混凝土的粘接作用得到加强,使其强度得到了提高。
(2)孔隙的定向性随着木质素纤维的掺入而减弱,随着水泥的掺入而增强;孔隙的面积占比随着木质素纤维掺量的增加先减小后增大,掺量4%时最小,随着水泥掺量的增加而减小。
(3)改良土试样的孔隙平均直径主要分布于2 μm以内,并且50%~60% 孔隙的平均直径主要分在 1 μm 以内,随着水泥掺量的增加,压缩破坏后小孔隙数量减少了,1~2 μm 和 2~4 μm 孔隙所占比例增加。出现该现象主要是因为随着水泥掺量的增加,土体的强度得到了增加,从而使得试样在破坏时,原有较大的孔隙并未被直接挤压成小孔隙或者直接湮灭掉。
  • 国家重点实验室开放基金(NR1930)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52168044)
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2025年第25卷第14期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405160
  • 接收时间:2024-07-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-10
  • 修回日期:2025-02-27
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国家重点实验室开放基金(NR1930)
国家自然科学基金(52168044)
作者信息
    1. 东华理工大核资源与环境国家重点实验室, 南昌 330013
    2. 东华理工大学土木与建筑工程学院, 南昌 330013

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*鹿庆蕊(1984—),女,汉族,山东菏泽人,博士,副教授。研究方向:隧道稳定性,土质改良。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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