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Article(id=1149768951426629826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405604, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721836800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-25, revisedDate=1730131200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055879694, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055879694, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055879694, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055879694, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768937925165147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='15', pageStart='6155', pageEnd='6586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055876475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456822194, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559490207699090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559490211893395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6561, endPage=6569, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768951753785545, articleId=1149768951426629826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Cultivation of Bryophytes in Ecological Restoration of Rocky Desertification Areas in Northern Guangxi, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The karst region in Northern Guangxi is one of the most typical and severely rocky desertification areas in China. Research on ecological restoration in this region is of significant importance. The study focused on the moss experimental research area in Pingfeng Mountain, Qixing District, Guilin City. The dominant moss species in four typical habitats were selected using the five-point sampling method. Field cultivation methods for these species were studied. Different slope treatments' effects on moss growth patterns were revealed. Mosses were explored as innovative methods for ecological restoration in rocky desertification areas. Hyophila involuta, Barbula unguiculata, and Bryum paradoxum were identified as dominant species, serving as references for ecological restoration in rocky desertification areas. In the field cultivation experiment, the effects of slope on moss growth indices were considered. The indices analyzed included moss coverage, plant density, plant height, moss crust thickness, and dry weight. Barbula unguiculata and Bryum paradoxum are considered as dominant moss species for ecological restoration of rocky surfaces in desertification areas. They effectively solve the problem of large bare rock surfaces in Northern Guangxi and improve the ecological benefits of karst areas.

, correspAuthors=Yong-xiong XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Neng-sheng HUANG, Yong-xiong XIE, Zhi-kui LIU, Hai-xia WEI, Guo-zheng TAO, Yu LU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149768980413465085, articleId=1149768951426629826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=苔藓植物在桂北石漠化地区生态修复中的培育, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

桂北地区是中国最典型的岩溶地区之一,同时也是石漠化最严重的区域之一,开展石漠化地区生态修复研究具有重要的意义。以桂北地区的桂林市七星区屏风山苔藓实验研究区为研究对象,基于五点取样法筛选桂林屏风山4种典型生境的优势苔藓植物并开展了优势苔藓植物野外培育方法研究,揭示不同坡度处理对苔藓植物的生长变化规律,探索以苔藓植物应用于石漠化地区的生态修复创新方法,为桂北石漠化地区的生态修复提供科学理念和实验依据。遴选了湿地藓、扭口藓和近高山真藓为优势苔藓物种,为石漠化生态修复植物物种作参考。在野外培育试验中,考虑了坡度对苔藓的生长指标的影响,通过分析苔藓植物的覆盖度、株密度、株高度、苔藓结皮层厚度及结皮层干重的试验指标,综合考虑以扭口藓和近高山真藓作为石漠化地区岩面生态恢复的优势苔藓物种,能有效解决桂北石漠化地区大面积基岩裸露问题,提高喀斯特地区的生态效益。

, correspAuthors=谢永雄, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 谢永雄(1978—),男,汉族,广东清远人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:环境岩土工程。E-mail:。
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黄能胜(2000—),男,汉族,四川泸州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环境岩土工程。E-mail:。

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黄能胜(2000—),男,汉族,四川泸州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环境岩土工程。E-mail:。

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黄能胜(2000—),男,汉族,四川泸州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环境岩土工程。E-mail:。

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figureFileBig=bvVeEXnJGEqBfm7YWKWtTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924198847656589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768951426629826, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Field observation indicators of bryophytes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生境 坡向 坡度/(°) 苔藓种类 生活型 基质 频数 面积/cm2 株密度/(株·cm-2)
裸岩 21°东南 57.35 卷叶湿地藓 丛集型 岩生 3 1 327 82
柱蒴绢藓 交织型 岩生 1 832 31
近高山真藓 丛集型 岩面薄土生 2 645 98
扭口藓 丛集型 岩面薄土生 3 1 831 67
密叶美喙藓 交织型 岩生 1 1 128 35
草地 平台 11.35 卷叶湿地藓 丛集型 土生 2 2 139 94
大灰藓 交织型 土生 3 1 932 24
近高山真藓 丛集型 土生 2 933 110
扭口藓 丛集型 土生 3 1 839 56
细叶小羽藓 交织型 土生 2 932 32
直叶泽藓 丛集型 土坡流水处 1 437 55
灌丛 42°西南 25.60 卷叶湿地藓 丛集型 岩生 3 2 731 89
大灰藓 交织型 土生 2 1 247 27
近高山真藓 丛集型 岩缝生 2 848 87
扭口藓 丛集型 岩面薄土生 4 1 232 79
细叶小羽藓 交织型 土生 2 1 349 28
乔木林 11°南 35.45 卷叶湿地藓 丛集型 岩生 4 2 213 76
近高山真藓 丛集型 土生 3 982 91
扭口藓 丛集型 土生 3 1 749 88
密叶美喙藓 交织型 树基生 2 579 33
纤枝羽藓 交织型 树基生 1 682 29
), ArticleFig(id=1172924198973485711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768951426629826, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

苔藓植物野外观测指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生境 坡向 坡度/(°) 苔藓种类 生活型 基质 频数 面积/cm2 株密度/(株·cm-2)
裸岩 21°东南 57.35 卷叶湿地藓 丛集型 岩生 3 1 327 82
柱蒴绢藓 交织型 岩生 1 832 31
近高山真藓 丛集型 岩面薄土生 2 645 98
扭口藓 丛集型 岩面薄土生 3 1 831 67
密叶美喙藓 交织型 岩生 1 1 128 35
草地 平台 11.35 卷叶湿地藓 丛集型 土生 2 2 139 94
大灰藓 交织型 土生 3 1 932 24
近高山真藓 丛集型 土生 2 933 110
扭口藓 丛集型 土生 3 1 839 56
细叶小羽藓 交织型 土生 2 932 32
直叶泽藓 丛集型 土坡流水处 1 437 55
灌丛 42°西南 25.60 卷叶湿地藓 丛集型 岩生 3 2 731 89
大灰藓 交织型 土生 2 1 247 27
近高山真藓 丛集型 岩缝生 2 848 87
扭口藓 丛集型 岩面薄土生 4 1 232 79
细叶小羽藓 交织型 土生 2 1 349 28
乔木林 11°南 35.45 卷叶湿地藓 丛集型 岩生 4 2 213 76
近高山真藓 丛集型 土生 3 982 91
扭口藓 丛集型 土生 3 1 749 88
密叶美喙藓 交织型 树基生 2 579 33
纤枝羽藓 交织型 树基生 1 682 29
), ArticleFig(id=1172924199069954705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768951426629826, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calculation data of important values of bryophytes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
苔藓种类 相对密度/% 相对盖度/% 相对频度/% 重要值/%
卷叶湿地藓 26.01 30.49 25 27.17
直叶泽藓 4.20 1.58 2 2.59
柱蒴绢藓 2.36 3.02 2 2.46
近高山真藓 29.44 12.35 18 19.93
大灰藓 3.89 11.25 10 8.47
扭口藓 22.12 24.11 27 24.41
细叶小羽藓 4.58 8.27 8 6.95
密叶美喙藓 5.19 6.19 6 5.79
纤枝羽藓 2.21 2.47 2 2.23
), ArticleFig(id=1172924199241921171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768951426629826, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

苔藓植物重要值计算数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
苔藓种类 相对密度/% 相对盖度/% 相对频度/% 重要值/%
卷叶湿地藓 26.01 30.49 25 27.17
直叶泽藓 4.20 1.58 2 2.59
柱蒴绢藓 2.36 3.02 2 2.46
近高山真藓 29.44 12.35 18 19.93
大灰藓 3.89 11.25 10 8.47
扭口藓 22.12 24.11 27 24.41
细叶小羽藓 4.58 8.27 8 6.95
密叶美喙藓 5.19 6.19 6 5.79
纤枝羽藓 2.21 2.47 2 2.23
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苔藓植物在桂北石漠化地区生态修复中的培育
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黄能胜 1 , 谢永雄 1, 2, * , 刘之葵 1, 2 , 韦海霞 1 , 陶国钲 1 , 陆钰 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(15): 6561-6569
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(15): 6561-6569
苔藓植物在桂北石漠化地区生态修复中的培育
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黄能胜1 , 谢永雄1, 2, * , 刘之葵1, 2, 韦海霞1, 陶国钲1, 陆钰1
作者信息
  • 1 桂林理工大学土木工程学院, 桂林 541004
  • 2 桂林理工大学, 广西岩土力学与工程重点实验室, 桂林 541004

    • 黄能胜(2000—),男,汉族,四川泸州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环境岩土工程。E-mail:。

通讯作者:

* 谢永雄(1978—),男,汉族,广东清远人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:环境岩土工程。E-mail:。
Cultivation of Bryophytes in Ecological Restoration of Rocky Desertification Areas in Northern Guangxi
Neng-sheng HUANG1 , Yong-xiong XIE1, 2, * , Zhi-kui LIU1, 2, Hai-xia WEI1, Guo-zheng TAO1, Yu LU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
  • 2 Guangxi Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541008, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405604
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桂北地区是中国最典型的岩溶地区之一,同时也是石漠化最严重的区域之一,开展石漠化地区生态修复研究具有重要的意义。以桂北地区的桂林市七星区屏风山苔藓实验研究区为研究对象,基于五点取样法筛选桂林屏风山4种典型生境的优势苔藓植物并开展了优势苔藓植物野外培育方法研究,揭示不同坡度处理对苔藓植物的生长变化规律,探索以苔藓植物应用于石漠化地区的生态修复创新方法,为桂北石漠化地区的生态修复提供科学理念和实验依据。遴选了湿地藓、扭口藓和近高山真藓为优势苔藓物种,为石漠化生态修复植物物种作参考。在野外培育试验中,考虑了坡度对苔藓的生长指标的影响,通过分析苔藓植物的覆盖度、株密度、株高度、苔藓结皮层厚度及结皮层干重的试验指标,综合考虑以扭口藓和近高山真藓作为石漠化地区岩面生态恢复的优势苔藓物种,能有效解决桂北石漠化地区大面积基岩裸露问题,提高喀斯特地区的生态效益。

石漠化  /  生态修复  /  苔藓植物  /  野外培育  /  优势物种

The karst region in Northern Guangxi is one of the most typical and severely rocky desertification areas in China. Research on ecological restoration in this region is of significant importance. The study focused on the moss experimental research area in Pingfeng Mountain, Qixing District, Guilin City. The dominant moss species in four typical habitats were selected using the five-point sampling method. Field cultivation methods for these species were studied. Different slope treatments' effects on moss growth patterns were revealed. Mosses were explored as innovative methods for ecological restoration in rocky desertification areas. Hyophila involuta, Barbula unguiculata, and Bryum paradoxum were identified as dominant species, serving as references for ecological restoration in rocky desertification areas. In the field cultivation experiment, the effects of slope on moss growth indices were considered. The indices analyzed included moss coverage, plant density, plant height, moss crust thickness, and dry weight. Barbula unguiculata and Bryum paradoxum are considered as dominant moss species for ecological restoration of rocky surfaces in desertification areas. They effectively solve the problem of large bare rock surfaces in Northern Guangxi and improve the ecological benefits of karst areas.

stone desertification  /  ecological restoration  /  moss plants  /  field cultivation  /  rock slope
黄能胜, 谢永雄, 刘之葵, 韦海霞, 陶国钲, 陆钰. 苔藓植物在桂北石漠化地区生态修复中的培育. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6561 -6569 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405604
Neng-sheng HUANG, Yong-xiong XIE, Zhi-kui LIU, Hai-xia WEI, Guo-zheng TAO, Yu LU. Cultivation of Bryophytes in Ecological Restoration of Rocky Desertification Areas in Northern Guangxi[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6561 -6569 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405604
正文
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全球有33%~52%的陆地位于干旱或半干旱地区,由于水资源缺乏,这些区域的地表植被覆盖率较低,裸露的地表易遭受外部侵蚀,导致荒漠化的频繁发生[1]。石漠化是指在人类社会经济活动及自然因素影响下,喀斯特地区的生态环境遭到破坏,导致水土流失、植被退化、岩石裸露、土地生产力下降,地表呈现荒漠化的演变过程[2-6]。全球对喀斯特石漠化区域的研究和治理都十分重视[7]。石漠化地区环境恶劣,生态修复植物应选择生物量大、抗逆性强、生长迅速和抗旱耐寒等适生植物[8]。目前生态重建的修复物种,主要以草本、藤本、木本植物等为主,在桂北石漠化地区的生态修复效果并不理想,植物成活率低,面对极端天气极易返贫[9]。桂林作为典型的喀斯特岩溶区,具有亚热带季风气候,苔藓植物在此环境下发育良好,具有很大的修复潜力,但尚未得到充分重视。利用苔藓植物进行植被恢复在桂北石漠化地区具有很高的研究价值。因此在石漠化地区开展优势苔藓植物野外勘察试验,筛选出更具环境耐受性的苔藓植物,对桂北地区石漠化生态修复理论研究有重要意义。
苔藓植物在生态系统中具有重要的调节功能。它们能在高寒、高温、干旱、弱光等极端条件下生长繁衍[10-13]。苔藓植物在土壤结皮形成、防风固沙、水土保持、涵养水源及营养循环等方面具有独特的作用[14-17]。苔藓植物强大的适应性使其能够减缓草本和木本植物初期生长时表层土壤的侵蚀,促进草本植物发芽和木本植物的生长,因此适合作为生态修复的先锋植物[18]。此外,苔藓植物还具有较强的抗冲刷性和抗雨蚀性,增加边坡稳定性[19-21]。这对于利用苔藓植物进行喀斯特石漠化生态修复研究至关重要。
目前对于苔藓植物的研究多集中在黄土高原和贵州喀斯特地区,而关于桂北地区苔藓植物的环境适应性及其在石漠化生态修复中的功能研究较少。以桂林七星区屏风山苔藓实验基地为例,通过筛选试验区的优势种苔藓植物,进行野外培育试验,分析苔藓植物在桂北石漠化地区生态修复中的可能性,为桂北石漠化地区的生态防护提供新的途径。
1 材料与试验方法
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1.1 研究区概况
本研究区位于广西壮族自治区桂林市七星区屏风山实验区。桂林属亚热带季风气候区,四季分明,年平均气温20 ℃左右,年平均降雨量2 000 mm以上,相对湿度75%以上,绝对湿度18.0%。基岩主要以石灰岩为主,岩溶石山成土速度较慢,土质呈黏性,土壤类型主要是由第四世纪石灰岩发育而成的红色或红褐色红黏土。研究区内典型生境类型主要有裸岩、草地、灌丛、乔木林。
1.2 样品采集及优势苔藓物种的筛选
试验采用五点取样法,于2023年5月对桂林屏风山进行样地考察和样品采集,在考察区内选取裸岩、草地、灌丛、乔木林4种典型生境类型,每个生境类型下设置1个4 m×4 m的样地,在每个样地内采用五点取样法取样并调查,布设5个0.5 m×0.5 m的样方取样点。对样方内苔藓植物进行取样,装入标本袋中带回实验室,对苔藓植物样本,使用显微镜观察植株形态,对照《中国常见植物野外识别手册——苔藓册》和《中国苔藓志》进行苔藓种类进行初步鉴别,再把苔藓样品送到广西植物研究所进行专业鉴别。统计样方内每种苔藓出现的次数,标注采集时间、地点、坡度、坡向等数据,分别记录生物结皮的种类、生活型、基质、面积及株密度等指标,并进行苔藓植物重要值(bryophyte important value,BIV)评估。
1.3 优势种苔藓野外培育试验
野外培育试验点位于桂林屏风山山脚,使用小型电焊机焊接角铁(L 30 mm×30 mm×3 mm)成9个方框(尺寸为300 mm×300 mm)。随后建立野外培育网格,首先用水泥砂浆将网格框固定在石灰岩岩板上,设置三个不同坡度:0°(平面)、30°和60°。因石质创面的最大坡度为60°,达到了陡坡的标准。因此,为了使苔藓能够成功完成在石灰岩岩板上的接种,需加入一种辅助黏结剂,琼脂作为实验室组织培养常用的培育基质,其对植物生长的干扰很小,本试验加入琼脂作为黏结剂,辅助苔藓的附着生长。将琼脂和红黏土按1∶4的比例搅拌均匀铺撒在石灰岩岩板,基质土厚度约为2 mm。选取三种优势种苔藓进行野外培育试验,将野外采集到的苔藓结皮置于70 ℃烘箱烘干24 h后取出,使用粉碎机粉碎成苔藓碎皮粉末组织。为保证苔藓粉均匀分布,分两次进行撒播。首先按苔藓碎皮粉800 g/m2的播撒量均匀撒播在培育网格内;待浇水固结后,进行二次撒播。按照100 g/m2撒播量撒在培育网格空缺处,以保证整体均匀。两次撒播后,苔藓碎皮粉末的厚度约为2 mm。
浇水处理:试验前期(0~20 d),考虑到苔藓结皮黏结度低且易受雨水干扰,每日8点和18点进行人工雾喷灌溉400 mL,雨天不浇水并进行避雨处理。试验后期(20~80 d),使用定时灌溉装置,每天补水4次,每次间隔6 h,每次时长3 min,并设置雨天不浇水。经测验,雾化喷头浇水量各网格基本一致,避免了因浇水量不同导致苔藓植物发育差异。
本试验主要实测指标为苔藓植物覆盖度、株密度、株高度、结皮层厚度及结皮层干重,对苔藓植物进行生长发育评价。生长数据采集每20 d进行一次。具体数据统计方法如下所示。
(1)苔藓植物覆盖度。苔藓植物覆盖度是描述苔藓生长变化的重要参数,同时也是评价石漠化地区生态修复中植物修复效果的重要衡量指标。利用数码相机垂直拍摄苔藓照片,并借助Python语言对数字照片进行RGB-Lab颜色空间转换处理。根据设定阈值,将图像分为苔藓区域和背景区域,生成二值图像。如图1所示,其中白色代表苔藓,黑色代表背景。最后对照采集图像对二值化结果进行人工对照复核,并计算苔藓与背景之间的像素值数量比值,完成所有采集图像覆盖率的统计。
(2)苔藓植物株密度。用直径2 cm白色圆环在每个培育网格内随机框选10次,9个培育网格共计90组数据,使用微距镜头记录图像数据。在计算机上统计图像数据,将各培育网格的10组数据取平均值,作为该组苔藓植物株密度。
(3)苔藓植物株高度。苔藓植物株高度,使用圆锥尺测量苔藓植株高度,在培育网格内任意选取10株苔藓植株,重复测量3次,取其平均数作为苔藓植物株高度。
(4)结皮层厚度。培育第80天,对培育网格进行五点取样选取5个点,取样前不浇水,保持土壤干燥,使用直径1.5 cm环形取样器取结皮层样品,使用电子游标卡尺随机测量结皮层厚度3次,每个培育网格总计15个数据,并取其平均值作为苔藓结皮成厚度。
(5)结皮层干重。结皮层厚度测定结束后,将样品收集到纸质取样袋,用烘箱以70 ℃高温烘干至恒重后称量,所测质量除以取样结皮层的面积即为结皮层干重。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 优势种苔藓筛选
对各样方内采集的苔藓植物进行鉴种。该地区自然发育条件下,样方内苔藓植物共有7科,分别是丛藓科、珠藓科、绢藓科、真藓科、灰藓科、羽藓科、青藓科;共有9属,分别是湿地藓属、泽藓属、绢藓属、真藓属、灰藓属、扭口藓属、小羽藓属、青藓属、羽藓属;共有苔藓植物9种,分别为卷叶湿地藓(Hyophila involuta)、直叶泽藓(Philonotis marchica)、柱蒴绢藓(Entodon challengeri)、近高山真藓(Bryum paradoxum)、大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme)、扭口藓(Barbula unguiculata)、细叶小羽藓(Haplocladium microphyllum)、密叶美喙藓(Eurhynchium savatieri)、纤枝羽藓(Cyrto-hypnum bonianum),各项指标如表1所示。
苔藓植物相对株密度(relative density,RD)、相对盖度(relative coerage,RC)、相对频度(relative frequency,RF)计算公式为
RDi= P D i ∑ i = 1 n P D i×100%
RCi= C A i ∑ i = 1 n C A i×100%
RFi= F R i ∑ i = 1 n F R i×100%
式中:PDi为样方内第i种苔藓植物的株密度;CAi为样方内第i种苔藓植物的覆盖面积;FRi为样方内第i种苔藓植物的出现频度;n为所有样方中苔藓植物种类的数量。
综上所得,对样方内的苔藓植物,进行植物重要值计算,公式为
BIV=(相对密度+相对盖度+相对频度)/3
依据上述公式,得出苔藓植物重要值相关计算结果,具体见表2。
如表1所示,桂林市七星区屏风山自然发育条件下,研究区内4种不同的典型生境类型中,苔藓物种有7科9属9种,苔藓植物重要值有明显的种间差异,其中,卷叶湿地藓和扭口藓相对盖度最大(分别为30.49%和24.11%),并且生长状态良好,可见这两种苔藓植物在桂北石漠化地区不同生境中具有更强的适应性。
同时,近高山真藓、卷叶湿地藓和扭口藓相对密度最大(分别为29.44%、26.01%和22.12%),且这三种苔藓植物都具有较高的相对盖度。从相对频度来看,扭口藓和卷叶湿地藓相对频度最大(分别为27.00%和25.00%)。这两种苔藓植物具有较高的相对频度,表明对环境因子要求低,对石漠化地区的各类生境具有强适应性,而直叶泽藓、柱蒴绢藓和纤枝羽藓相对频度最小(均为2%),在四个不同生境的共计25个样方中仅出现1次,出现频率很低,其中柱蒴绢藓和纤枝羽藓这2种苔藓植物都生长在其他苔藓群落中,而直叶泽藓仅出现在靠近水源出口处,表明这三种苔藓植物对生境比较敏感,只有在特定的条件下才能够在此生长,不适宜作为该地区复绿种源。
如图2所示,苔藓植物重要值大小排列如下:卷叶湿地藓>扭口藓>近高山真藓>大灰藓>细叶小羽藓>密叶美喙藓>直叶泽藓>柱蒴绢藓>纤枝羽藓。其中,卷叶湿地藓、扭口藓和近高山真藓为桂林市七星区屏风山优势苔藓物种。
2.2 苔藓覆盖度动态特征
在桂北石灰岩质边坡开展的苔藓植物生态修复试验中,坡度能够显著影响苔藓植物的覆盖度指标。三种苔藓在不同坡度培育下生长覆盖度的变化情况,如图3~图5所示。
可以看出,三种苔藓在不同坡度下前20 d内均无明显覆盖,扭口藓和湿地藓在培育中期(40~60 d)覆盖度增速最高,分别为60°坡度下的扭口藓(增幅为45.22%)和卷叶湿地藓(增幅为32.99%)。近高山真藓在培育前中期(20~40 d)覆盖度增速最高,为60°坡度时(增幅为48.05%),这表明近高山真藓能在野外培育中达到快速扩繁的目的。
扭口藓和近高山真藓在各坡度下培育末期(培育时间第80天)其覆盖度基本能达到90%以上,仅平面近高山真藓覆盖度未能达到90%(其覆盖度为88.02%),而卷叶湿地藓在培育前期覆盖度增长较慢,且在培育末期覆盖度均未超过80%,这表明卷叶湿地藓在野外样方取样时尽管拥有最高的植物重要值,但在野外人工培育试验中相较于其他两种高植物重要值的优势种苔藓其培育和扩繁效果相对较低。对于人工培育环境较为敏感,对于生存环境要求相对较高,苔藓植物群落不稳定。
坡度对苔藓植物覆盖度指标的影响有显著影响,三种优势种苔藓在30°坡度下的覆盖度动态指标均大于其他两种坡度处理,在培育前中期苔藓覆盖度差异度较为显著,在培育末期趋于接近。其苔藓覆盖度在坡度影响下的总体发育趋势为30°坡>60°坡>平面。
2.3 苔藓株密度及株高度动态特征
苔藓植物株密度、株高度是衡量苔藓结皮发育的重要指标,一段时间内株密度增长越大,说明苔藓萌发速度越快,在区域环境下更具有优势性。苔藓结皮植株密度反映了苔藓茎叶的密度,过大可能会导致通风条件变差,使苔藓丛中间生长菌斑,以致苔藓死亡;而密度过小不利于结皮层的形成。如图6~图8所示,3种优势种苔藓在不同坡度处理下人工培育期间株密度随着时间变化的情况,可以清晰地看出所有的处理号中的生物结皮的株高度随着时间的推移,呈现出线性上升的趋势,但不同试验组存在一定差异。试验发现三种优势种苔藓在培育初期(0~20 d)株密度增长缓慢,在第20 d,近高山真藓在各坡度处理下株密度均达到了13株/cm2,其中株密度最大为30°坡度处理(16株/cm2),而扭口藓和卷叶湿地藓在各坡度处理下均未达到10株/cm2,其中扭口藓最大株密度(7株/cm2)为30°坡度处理;卷叶湿地藓最大株密度(3株/cm2)也为30°坡度处理,但远低于同培育时间内的近高山真藓。在培育前中期(20~40 d),三种苔藓在各坡度处理下株密度的增长较为缓慢。在培育中后期(40~60 d)三种苔藓开始快速发育,各处理下株密度快速增加。增幅最大为30°坡度处理下的卷叶湿地藓(株密度为55株/cm2),虽然其增幅速率最快,但株密度仍不及相同坡度下的近高山真藓(87株/cm2)和扭口藓(82株/cm2)。在培育后期(60~80 d),除平面处理下,各苔藓在30°坡度和60°坡度处理下的株密度增长趋于平缓,培育第80天,30°坡度处理和60°坡度处理下苔藓的株密度指标无显著差异,最大为60°坡度处理下的近高山真藓(118株/cm2),远大于相同坡度下的扭口藓(92株/cm2)和卷叶湿地藓(74株/cm2)。最终,各坡度处理下株密度呈现:30°>60°>平面。
苔藓结皮植株高度指苔藓植物茎叶从地表到茎叶顶端的垂直距离,可反映孢子体发育的潜力。如图所示,各坡度处理下三种苔藓的株高度随培育时间的推移呈整体上升趋势,而各组之间存在一定差异。在试验前期(20 d前),各坡度处理下三种苔藓的株高度变化缓慢,其株高度均不超过0.3 mm,在培育前中期(20~40 d),各坡度处理下三种苔藓的株高度增幅平缓,这一时期最大株高度为30°坡度处理下的近高山真藓株高度能达到0.8 mm,在培育中后期(40~60 d)三种苔藓迅速发育,各组内的苔藓株高度增长速率达到最快,增幅明显,第60天时,各坡度处理下的卷叶湿地藓的株高度较第40天时增长了200%以上,扭口藓和近高山真藓的株高度增幅也在100%以上,表面这一时期的苔藓细胞活性较强,细胞分裂加快,使株高度呈显著上升趋势。在培育后期(60~80 d)除平面处理的苔藓外,其他两种坡度处理的苔藓株高度增长趋于平缓,平面处理的苔藓在整个培育周期内,其株高度均远小于同一培育时期内的其他坡度处理的同种苔藓,因此在培育后期株高度仍处于增长趋势。总的来说各坡度处理下株高度呈现:30°>60°>平面。
2.4 苔藓结皮层厚度及结皮层干重特征
苔藓结皮层厚度指土壤较为干燥时施加外力能够使生物结皮层完整自然剥离层的厚度,是生物结皮层及所黏附土壤层的总厚度,是结皮发育特征的重要指标。如图9所示,在培育末期(第80天)各坡度处理下苔藓结皮层厚度。因为苔藓发育了80 d,各组苔藓结皮均有发育。由图9可知,各坡度处理下苔藓结皮层厚度均在1.5 mm以上,其中30°坡度处理下的苔藓结皮层厚度高于其他两种坡度处理,最大为近高山真藓(结皮层厚度2.5 mm)。卷叶湿地藓的结皮厚度远小于同组内的其他两种苔藓,说明卷叶湿地藓干燥时失水较多,植物体收缩体积变化大,对所黏附土壤层的黏聚力不及其他两种苔藓,从而导致苔藓结皮层厚度小于同种处理条件下的其他苔藓。
苔藓结皮层干重指土壤较为干燥时施加外力能够使生物结皮层完整自然剥离层的质量除以对应面积,是结皮发育特征的重要指标。图9反映在培育末期(第80天)各坡度处理下苔藓结皮层干重,各组苔藓的结皮层干重的差异与同时期苔藓结皮层厚度的差异大致相同,最大为30°处理下的近高山真藓,结皮层干重达到了0.31 g/cm2,远高于同组处理下的其他两种苔藓;同时,其他两组坡度处理下,近高山真藓的结皮层干重均为最高。这说明近高山真藓的苔藓生物量大,其假根分泌的黏性物质对土壤颗粒的黏附力较强,在石漠化地区对土壤的固定作用也就越强。
3 讨论
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重要值指标(BIV)来筛选。卷叶湿地藓、扭口藓和近高山真藓在桂林屏风山苔藓植物群落中处于优势性地位。主要环境变量的空间结构会影响苔藓植物分布,并产生与环境变量类似的空间结构[22],在这种情况下,卷叶湿地藓、扭口藓和近高山真藓均在桂林屏风山的4种典型生境中出现,且相对频度达到25%、27%、18%。丛集型苔藓植物体之间密集,空隙较小,能有效减少植物体内水分的蒸腾[23],因此丛集型苔藓更适应环境较恶劣的石漠化生境,此外,苔藓植物物种间的相互竞争加剧了物种的空间分离,使苔藓植物群落以单一优势物种为主,而三种优势种苔藓均为丛集型,这表明桂林屏风山独特的环境条件下,为这3种苔藓的生长发育提供有利的影响。因此,我们可以将卷叶湿地藓、扭口藓和近高山真藓作为植物种源进行桂北石漠化地区生态修复,可以提高野外培育成功率,节约后期维护成本。
此试验开展的苔藓植物培育位于桂北石漠化地区,且以石灰岩岩板为基质。野外培育研究结果表明,在石漠化生态修复中,生态修复效果与苔藓种类和坡度有着密切关系,平面处理中,各苔藓发育生长指标不及同时期的其他试验组,我们推测,由于基质为石灰岩岩板,仅表面只有一层薄土层覆盖,苔藓植株只有在环境湿润情况下才会发育,而刚发育的幼小植株难以控制自身水分,自动喷淋系统喷水量大于苔藓植物前期生长发育的需水量,其他坡度组多余的水分可随着坡度从预留孔排除,而平面组多余的水分不能透过石灰岩岩板下渗,使水面长期贴合基质,使土壤基质透气性下降,苔藓结皮无氧呼吸作用加剧,产生更多酸性物质抑制苔藓结皮发育,导致平面处理的各苔藓生长缓慢[24]。
4 结论
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对桂林屏风山苔藓试验区进行优势种苔藓筛选及野外培育试验分析可得出以下结论。
(1)基于5点取样法统计研究区内4种不同的典型生境苔藓植物多样性构成,统计出苔藓物种共有7科9属9种,分别为卷叶湿地藓、直叶泽藓、柱蒴绢藓、近高山真藓、大灰藓、扭口藓、细叶小羽藓、密叶美喙藓、纤枝羽藓,展现了桂北石漠化地区苔藓物种的多样性。
(2)在自然发育条件下,不同生境中的苔藓植物种类和重要值存在显著差异。卷叶湿地藓、扭口藓和近高山真藓在相对盖度、相对密度和相对频度方面更加突出,相较之下,直叶泽藓、柱蒴绢藓和纤枝羽藓在四种生境中频度较低,适应性较差,不适合作为生态修复的优先种源。卷叶湿地藓、扭口藓和近高山真藓的重要值分别为27.17%、24.41%、19.93%,为优势苔藓物种,表明这些物种对桂北石漠化地区的不同生境具有更强的环境适应性,可以为生态修复植物物种作参考。
(3)在野外培育试验中,坡度对苔藓的生长指标有显著影响。总体趋势显示,30°坡度处理的苔藓植物覆盖度、株密度及株高度均优于60°坡度和平面处理,表明适度的坡度有利于苔藓植物的生长发育。尤其是近高山真藓在30°坡度下的覆盖度、株密度和结皮层厚度均达到最佳状态,其在较陡峭的边坡环境中具有优异的适应性和扩繁能力。扭口藓和近高山真藓能够在不同坡度的边坡上达到极好的修复效果,为苔藓植物在桂北石漠化地区修复工程提供实践经验和理论依据。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(41867039)
  • 广西岩土力学与工程重点试验室项目(桂科能20-Y-XT-03)
  • 南方石山地区矿山地质环境修复工程技术创新中心项目(CXZX12020002)
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2025年第25卷第15期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405604
  • 接收时间：2024-07-25
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-25
  • 修回日期：2024-10-29
基金
国家自然科学基金(41867039)
广西岩土力学与工程重点试验室项目(桂科能20-Y-XT-03)
南方石山地区矿山地质环境修复工程技术创新中心项目(CXZX12020002)
作者信息
    1 桂林理工大学土木工程学院, 桂林 541004
    2 桂林理工大学, 广西岩土力学与工程重点实验室, 桂林 541004

通讯作者:

* 谢永雄(1978—),男,汉族,广东清远人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:环境岩土工程。E-mail:。
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405604
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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