Article(id=1149768951061725366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405045, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720108800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-05, revisedDate=1731772800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055879607, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055879607, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055879607, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055879607, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768937925165147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='15', pageStart='6155', pageEnd='6586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055876475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456822194, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559490207699090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559490211893395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6332, endPage=6343, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768951376298175, articleId=1149768951061725366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer Characteristics and Influencing Factors in Middle-deep U-shaped Geothermal Well, columnId=1156264600770302582, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Energy and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The U-shaped geothermal well, as a method for extracting medium-deep geothermal energy, is considered significant for enhancing the energy utilization efficiency of geothermal reservoirs. Geological and reservoir data from the Huangling area in Shaanxi Province were used to establish a numerical model of a U-shaped geothermal well with a depth of 3 500 meters. Field experiment cases were simulated and validated to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of U-shaped geothermal wells and the impact of related factors on thermal extraction efficiency. The effects of well type, reservoir geothermal gradient, and operational conditions on thermal extraction efficiency were analyzed, and the optimization of well type and parameters was further evaluated. The results indicate that U-shaped geothermal wells achieve higher thermal extraction efficiency compared to other types, particularly in areas with high geothermal gradients and depths exceeding 3 000 meters. Within the parameter range of this study (injection flow rates of 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 m3/h, and injection temperatures of 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 ℃), it was found that a larger temperature difference between the inlet and outlet fluids of the U-shaped geothermal well leads to a higher heat transfer rate. The optimal injection flow rate and temperature for U-shaped geothermal wells in the study area were determined to be 100 m3/h and 20 ℃, respectively. The selection of the injection flow rate should consider the requirements for outlet temperature, thermal extraction power, and the power consumption of the circulating water pump. The research findings are expected to provide guidance for optimizing medium-deep geothermal extraction in the region.

, correspAuthors=Qian GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhao-xu HAN, Qian GAO, Yuan-hong HAN, De-sheng ZHOU, Hua-gui YU, Qiang SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149768993004765507, articleId=1149768951061725366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=中深层U型地热井换热特征及影响因素数值模拟研究, columnId=1156264600912908920, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·能源与动力工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

U型地热井作为开采中深层地热能的一种方式,其热开采效率的提高对地热储层的能源利用具有重要意义。为了研究U型地热井的换热特征及相关因素对热开采效率的影响,结合陕西黄陵地区地质与储层资料,通过建立3 500 m深U型地热井数值模型,对现场实验案例进行了模拟验证,重点分析了地热井井型、储层地温梯度和工况条件等因素对热开采效率的影响,并进一步对井型优选与参数优化做出了评价。研究结果表明:U型地热开采井相较于其他类型的地热井,在岩土地温梯度较高,尤其是管道埋深3 000 m以上的地区热开采效率更为突出;在本研究的参数选择范围内(注水流量分别为40、60、80、100、120 m3/h,注入温度分别为20、25、30、35、40 ℃),U型地热井的出入口的流体温差越大,换热量也就相应越高,研究区域U型地热开采井的注入流量采用100 m3/h,注入温度采用20 ℃为最佳,对于注入流量的选择需综合考虑出口温度和热开采功率的要求以及循环水泵的功耗进行设计。研究成果有望指导所在地区中深层地热开采的优化设计。

, correspAuthors=高千, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 高千(1984—),男,汉族,湖北仙桃人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地热开采、油气开采等领域中与岩石力学相关问题。E-mail:
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韩朝旭(1998—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油气田开发工程。E-mail:

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Detailed parameters of U-shaped horizontal docking well model[16]

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参数名称 参数值
右直井井深/m 2 780
水平井井深/m 3 155
左直井井深/m 3 155
右直井套管深度/m 2 780
左直井套管深度/m 2 730
聚氨酯保温层深度/m 812
岩土导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 1.00
岩土热容/[J·(m3·K)-1] 1.6×106
固井水泥导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.50
保温层导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.50
保温层厚度/mm 30
循环液导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.59
循环液热容/[J·(m3·K)-1] 4.19×106
循环液动力黏度/[kg·(m·s)-1] 1.14×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1172924483494097879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768951061725366, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

U型水平对接井模型详细参数[16]

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参数名称 参数值
右直井井深/m 2 780
水平井井深/m 3 155
左直井井深/m 3 155
右直井套管深度/m 2 780
左直井套管深度/m 2 730
聚氨酯保温层深度/m 812
岩土导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 1.00
岩土热容/[J·(m3·K)-1] 1.6×106
固井水泥导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.50
保温层导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.50
保温层厚度/mm 30
循环液导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.59
循环液热容/[J·(m3·K)-1] 4.19×106
循环液动力黏度/[kg·(m·s)-1] 1.14×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1172924483544429528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768951061725366, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detailed parameters of heat transfer model of coaxial casing geothermal well[20]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称 参数值
模拟区域深度/m 3 600
井孔深度/m 3 500
井孔半径/m 0.15
外管外半径/m 0.11
外管内半径/m 0.1
外管导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 41
外管定容比热/[J·(m3·K)-1] 3.8×106
内管外半径/m 0.07
内管内半径/m 0.06
内管导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.4
内管定容比热/[J·(m3·K)-1] 2.2×106
岩土导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 1.00
岩土定容比热/[J·(m3·K)-1] 1.6×106
循环液导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.59
循环液热容/[J·(m3·K)-1] 4.19×106
循环液动力黏度/[kg·(m·s)-1] 1.14×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1172924483611538393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768951061725366, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

同轴套管式地热井换热模型详细参数[20]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称 参数值
模拟区域深度/m 3 600
井孔深度/m 3 500
井孔半径/m 0.15
外管外半径/m 0.11
外管内半径/m 0.1
外管导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 41
外管定容比热/[J·(m3·K)-1] 3.8×106
内管外半径/m 0.07
内管内半径/m 0.06
内管导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.4
内管定容比热/[J·(m3·K)-1] 2.2×106
岩土导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 1.00
岩土定容比热/[J·(m3·K)-1] 1.6×106
循环液导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.59
循环液热容/[J·(m3·K)-1] 4.19×106
循环液动力黏度/[kg·(m·s)-1] 1.14×10-3
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中深层U型地热井换热特征及影响因素数值模拟研究
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韩朝旭 1 , 高千 2, * , 韩元红 3 , 周德胜 1 , 余华贵 2 , 孙强 4
科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025,25(15): 6332-6343
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025, 25(15): 6332-6343
中深层U型地热井换热特征及影响因素数值模拟研究
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韩朝旭1 , 高千2, * , 韩元红3, 周德胜1, 余华贵2, 孙强4
作者信息
  • 1 西安石油大学石油工程学院, 西安 710065
  • 2 西安石油大学新能源学院, 西安 710065
  • 3 自然资源部煤炭资源勘查与综合利用重点实验室, 西安 710021
  • 4 西安科技大学地质与环境学院, 西安 710054
  • 韩朝旭(1998—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油气田开发工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 高千(1984—),男,汉族,湖北仙桃人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地热开采、油气开采等领域中与岩石力学相关问题。E-mail:
Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer Characteristics and Influencing Factors in Middle-deep U-shaped Geothermal Well
Zhao-xu HAN1 , Qian GAO2, * , Yuan-hong HAN3, De-sheng ZHOU1, Hua-gui YU2, Qiang SUN4
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Petroleum Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
  • 2 College of New Energy, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Exploration and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi'an 710021, China
  • 4 College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405045
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U型地热井作为开采中深层地热能的一种方式,其热开采效率的提高对地热储层的能源利用具有重要意义。为了研究U型地热井的换热特征及相关因素对热开采效率的影响,结合陕西黄陵地区地质与储层资料,通过建立3 500 m深U型地热井数值模型,对现场实验案例进行了模拟验证,重点分析了地热井井型、储层地温梯度和工况条件等因素对热开采效率的影响,并进一步对井型优选与参数优化做出了评价。研究结果表明:U型地热开采井相较于其他类型的地热井,在岩土地温梯度较高,尤其是管道埋深3 000 m以上的地区热开采效率更为突出;在本研究的参数选择范围内(注水流量分别为40、60、80、100、120 m3/h,注入温度分别为20、25、30、35、40 ℃),U型地热井的出入口的流体温差越大,换热量也就相应越高,研究区域U型地热开采井的注入流量采用100 m3/h,注入温度采用20 ℃为最佳,对于注入流量的选择需综合考虑出口温度和热开采功率的要求以及循环水泵的功耗进行设计。研究成果有望指导所在地区中深层地热开采的优化设计。

U型地热井  /  换热特征  /  中深层地热  /  数值模拟  /  热开采效率

The U-shaped geothermal well, as a method for extracting medium-deep geothermal energy, is considered significant for enhancing the energy utilization efficiency of geothermal reservoirs. Geological and reservoir data from the Huangling area in Shaanxi Province were used to establish a numerical model of a U-shaped geothermal well with a depth of 3 500 meters. Field experiment cases were simulated and validated to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of U-shaped geothermal wells and the impact of related factors on thermal extraction efficiency. The effects of well type, reservoir geothermal gradient, and operational conditions on thermal extraction efficiency were analyzed, and the optimization of well type and parameters was further evaluated. The results indicate that U-shaped geothermal wells achieve higher thermal extraction efficiency compared to other types, particularly in areas with high geothermal gradients and depths exceeding 3 000 meters. Within the parameter range of this study (injection flow rates of 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 m3/h, and injection temperatures of 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 ℃), it was found that a larger temperature difference between the inlet and outlet fluids of the U-shaped geothermal well leads to a higher heat transfer rate. The optimal injection flow rate and temperature for U-shaped geothermal wells in the study area were determined to be 100 m3/h and 20 ℃, respectively. The selection of the injection flow rate should consider the requirements for outlet temperature, thermal extraction power, and the power consumption of the circulating water pump. The research findings are expected to provide guidance for optimizing medium-deep geothermal extraction in the region.

U-shaped geothermal well  /  heat transfer characteristics  /  medium-deep geothermal energy  /  numerical simulation  /  efficiency of thermal extraction
韩朝旭, 高千, 韩元红, 周德胜, 余华贵, 孙强. 中深层U型地热井换热特征及影响因素数值模拟研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6332 -6343 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405045
Zhao-xu HAN, Qian GAO, Yuan-hong HAN, De-sheng ZHOU, Hua-gui YU, Qiang SUN. Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer Characteristics and Influencing Factors in Middle-deep U-shaped Geothermal Well[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6332 -6343 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405045
地热能与太阳能、风能、生物能、海洋能等统称为可再生能源或新能源[1],中国中深层地热资源的开发广泛采用的是“取热不取水”的方式[2],而地热井换热作为一种开采中深层地热能的利用方式[3],其取热性能的好坏直接影响储层的热开采效率。因此,研究如何提升地热井的换热性能,对促进地热资源的深度利用具有重要意义。
地热井的换热性能是由钻孔与井筒周围土壤/岩石之间的热传输过程控制的,而井筒内循环流体温度的变化取决于井筒与周围地层之间的传热过程[4],大量研究人员已经在分析量化这一过程方面取得了重大的进展。Ramey[5]首先进行了开创性的工作,率先建立了井筒传热理论模型,这为后续研究井筒传热工作提供了可靠的解析解作为参考。基于Ramey解析解的研究方法,许多学者对其进行了改进与优化。Codo等[6]通过对Ramey解析解进行改进,假定井筒中的传热是稳态的,而对地面的传热是非稳态的径向传导,提出了一种计算地热井井筒中产生的流体水温度的解析方法,从而对Ramey的井筒传热理论进行了完善与优化。综上所述,对于Ramey井筒传热解析解,研究人员通过数值计算与实验成功证实了其在井筒传热理论中运用的可行性,但对于将该解析解融入地热井换热数值模型的控制方程中的应用方面还有所欠缺,因此本研究采用Ramey解析解与物理场控制方程结合的方式来对地热井换热模型的数值模拟提供理论参考依据。
对于地热井中不同换热特征及因素对地热储层热开采效率的影响研究,许多学者展开了深入的研究与讨论。Eskilson[7]采用有限差分法建立了二维有限元数值模型,通过分析井筒内的壁面温度和出口温度,用于计算地热井引起的土壤温度分布,该研究总结了地面和钻孔热过程中相当完整的理论,开创了从理论解析解模型向数值模型过渡的先河,为研究地热井的换热奠定了基础。张丰琰等[8]通过研究不同温度下地热井固井水泥石传热能力的变化规律,并利用模型拟合确定了测试温度与固井水泥导热系数间的数值关系,为地热井热损失的精确计算和井口水温的精准预测提供了参考依据。汪浩等[9]通过分析雄县地热开采区地热地质构造背景、热储特征及地热形成机理,建立了热储的三维地质模型和数学数值模型,对区域内地热资源的开采和回灌进行了水热耦合模拟,分析得到了研究区内合理井距和采灌量的最优设计,并评价了研究区的地热资源储量。张政等[10]通过建立预测井筒和周围地层温度分布的二维瞬态温度模型,得到了地热井裸眼段发生漏失时井筒温度分布规律,分析了影响井筒温度分布的敏感性因素,研究表明在钻井液循环相同的时间后,漏失情况下的井口温度和井底温度明显低于正常循环情况下的井口温度和井底温度。Gao等[11]通过建立三维数值模型探讨了中国鄂尔多斯盆地废弃油井利用同轴深井地热交换器提取地热能的潜力,考虑了热物理性质、地质特征和操作条件等因素,并对井筒完整性、操作条件和流入流出管之间的隔热等因素提出建议,该研究为深层地热开发中利用同轴深井换热器提高热开采效率提供了参考依据。综上所述,前人在针对地热井井筒与地层之间的换热过程方面已经做了充分的研究,但在围绕各种工况条件下影响地热井热开采效率的因素与换热特征的分析还有所不足,而且对于U型地热井与其他井型之间热开采效率的对比还有所欠缺,因此本研究采用数值模型验证现场实验案例的方法,利用数值模拟工具进行运行实验,针对U型地热井的换热影响因素及自身的井型结构特征展开讨论与分析,进而得出结论。
通过建立中深层U型地热井换热数值模型来分析不同地质条件下各个因素对储层热开采效率的影响,并且对于U型地热井的换热特征进行讨论与总结。首先根据黄陵地区U型井现场的实验数据进行模型的验证,围绕U型地热井换热数值模型展开因素敏感性分析,主要分析包括地温梯度、注入流量、注水温度等因素对采热率的影响,通过敏感性分析和自身井型结构特征,利用数值模拟进而得出U型地热井相较于其他井型所存在的优缺点及自身特色,最后对井型优选与参数优化做出合理评价。
本研究中所用到的控制方程主要包括三类:第一,换热管道内流体的流动传热方程,描述了循环流体在管道内流动传热的过程;第二,井筒和地热储层之间的传热方程,描述了井筒与储层的热交换过程;第三,地热储层取热功率的计算公式,描述了循环流体与地热储层之间的热交换程度。
采用非等温管道流模型描述换热管道内取热工质的强制对流换热过程,具体包括了质量守恒方程、动量方程和能量守恒方程[12],即
$\frac{\partial\left(A_{\mathrm{p}} \rho_{\mathrm{f}}\right)}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot\left(A_{\mathrm{p}} \rho_{\mathrm{f}} \boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)=0 $
$\rho_{\mathrm{f}} \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{f}}}{\partial t}=-\nabla p-\frac{1}{2} f_{\mathrm{D}} \frac{\rho_{\mathrm{f}}}{d_{\mathrm{p}}}\left|\boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{f}}\right| \boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{f}} $
$\begin{array}{c} \rho_{\mathrm{f}} A_{\mathrm{p}} c_{p, \mathrm{f}} \frac{\partial T_{\mathrm{f}}}{\partial t}+\rho_{\mathrm{f}} A_{\mathrm{p}} c_{p, \mathrm{f}} \boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{f}} \cdot \nabla T_{\mathrm{f}}=\nabla \cdot\left(A_{\mathrm{p}} \lambda_{\mathrm{f}} \nabla T_{\mathrm{f}}\right)+ \\ \frac{1}{2} f_{\mathrm{D}} \frac{\rho_{\mathrm{f}} A_{\mathrm{p}}}{d_{\mathrm{p}}}\left|\boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{f}}\right| \boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}+Q_{\text {wall }} \end{array}$
式中:Ap为换热管横截面积,m2;ρf为流体密度,kg/m3;uf为流体的流速,m/s;p为井内压力,Pa;fD为达西摩擦因子;dp为管的内径,m;cp,f为流体的定压比比热容,J/(kg·℃);Qwall为地热流体通过换热管壁传递给取热工质的热量,J;λf为换热管内流体的导热系数,W/(m·℃);Tf为流体的温度,℃。
在式(2)中,等式右边第二项表示由于管壁黏滞力而产生的压力损失。根据Churchill模型[13],fD由管道表面粗糙度和管道直径决定,表达式为
f D = 8 8 R e 12 + ( A + B ) - 1.5 1 12 A = - 2.457 l n 7 R e 0.9 + 0.27 e d p 16 , B = 37530 R e 16 e = 0.61 m m
式(4)中:Re为雷诺数;e为内管粗糙度。
在式(3)中,方程右边第二项为摩擦产生的热量,第三项Qwall的计算公式为
Qwall=(hZ)eff(Text-Tf)
式(5)中:Text为换热导管壁外侧的温度,℃;(hZ)eff为总当量传热系数,包括管壁热阻和内外壁的对流热阻,W/(m·℃);Z为管壁的周长,m;h为强制对流换热系数,W/(m2·℃),计算公式为
h= N u λ f d p
式(6)中:Nu为努塞特数,表示管壁附近的无量纲温度梯度;λf为换热管内流体的导热系数。对于圆管,(hZ)eff的计算公式为
(hZ)eff= 2 π 1 r i h i n t + 1 r o h e x t + l n ( r o / r i ) λ p
式(7)中:hint为管内对流换热系数,W/(m·℃);hext为管外对流换热系数,W/(m·℃);riro分别为圆管的内径与外径。上述两参数可通过努塞特数NuintNuext计算,即
h i n t = N u i n t λ f d p h e x t = N u e x t λ g d p
式(8)中:λg为换热管外流体的导热系数;Nuint可通过Gnielinski公式[14]计算,即
Nuint= f D 8 ( R e - 1000 ) P r 1 + 12.7 f D / 8 ( P r 2 / 3 - 1 )
式(9)中:Pr为普朗特数,方程的适用范围:Re=3 000~6×106,Pr=0.5~2 000。对于换热管外的自然对流,可通过Churchill和Chu提出的模型[15]计算,即
Nuext= 0.6 + 0.387 R a 1 6 1 + 0.559 P r 9 16 8 27 2
式(10)中:Ra为瑞利数,Ra=PrGr,Gr为无量纲格拉晓夫数,表示浮力和黏性力的比值。式(10)的适用范围是Ra<1012
在井筒中,热交换过程主要包括对流传热和热传导两部分,可描述[12]
$\rho_{\mathrm{g}} c_{p, \mathrm{~g}} \frac{\partial T_{\mathrm{w}}}{\partial t}+\rho_{\mathrm{g}} c_{p, \mathrm{~g}} \boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{g}} \nabla T_{\mathrm{w}}-\nabla \cdot\left(\lambda_{\mathrm{g}} \nabla T_{\mathrm{w}}\right)=-Q_{\text {wall }}$
式(11)中:cp,g为地层流体的定压比热容,J/(kg·K);ug为流体的流速;Tw为地层流体温度,℃。此外,式(11)中的Qwall与式(3)和式(5)中的Qwall相等,通过Qwall可以把井筒和换热导管中的热交换过程联系起来。
在地热储层中,采用局部热平衡理论计算地热流体与储层岩石之间的换热,能量方程[12]
$\left(\rho c_{p}\right)_{\text {eff }} \frac{\partial T_{\mathrm{r}}}{\partial t}+\rho_{\mathrm{g}} c_{p, \mathrm{~g}} \boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{g}} \nabla T_{\mathrm{r}}-\nabla \cdot\left(\lambda_{\text {eff }} \nabla T_{\mathrm{r}}\right)=0$
式(12)中: ( ρ c p ) e f f为有效定压比热容,J/(℃·m3);λeff为有效导热系数,W/(m·℃);Tr为地层温度,℃。
换热量的大小反映了地热采出量的大小,用来描述循环流体与地热储层之间的热交换程度,计算公式[16]
Qr=cmΔT=1.163QΔT
式(13)中:Qr为换热量,kW;c为循环流体比热容,J/(kg·℃);Q为流量,m3/h;ΔT为入口和出口之间的水温差值,℃。
延米换热功率即考虑到单位每延米换热量的计算,计算公式[17]
Qt= Q r L
式(14)中:Qt为延米换热功率,W/m;Qr为换热量,kW;L为换热段长度,m。
现场实验案例验证采用的是陕西黄陵地区地热科研用水平对接井(以下简称“DRKY-02井”)与直井(DRKY-01井)的现场数据。基于该U型井的结构特征,将该井按照其在地层中的分布分为左直井,右直井和水平井。根据对所研究地区的资料进行统计,该地区的地温梯度为3 ℃/100 m,地表温度为12.4 ℃。
在对现场实验案例进行模型验证的过程中,首先要针对该U型水平对接井进行数值模型的建立,建立过程如下:在一个4 000 m×3 000 m且地层垂直深度为5 000 m的层状基岩中,建立了右端直井井深2 780 m,联通水平井构成圆弧形,其中水平井井深为3 155 m,左端直井井深3 155 m,与水平井联通构成U型水平对接井数值模型,其中左端直井和右端直井的距离为1 172.79 m,入口流入的水的初始温度为20 ℃,分别以60、80、100、120 m3/h的流量从右端注入U型水平对接井,运行时间为50 h,观察其左端出口水温变化情况。该模型要求的详细参数来自该参考文献[16],如表1所示。
该模型的几何建模与网格划分如图1所示,由于岩土网格划分的尺度远大于井筒流体、管道(套管和保温层)、固井水泥等的网格尺度,为了保证计算结果的收敛性,将固井水泥部分和管道集成为一体,岩土部分和水平换热段部分采用自由四面体网格处理,固井水泥部分和管道部分采用预定义极细化网格处理[18],最大单元增长率为1.3,曲率因子为0.6,网格顶点数为52 796,网格单元数为125 614。
通过将数值模拟结果与现场实验数据进行比较来验证该模型,验证模型需要模拟和实际U型水平对接井的操作参数一致。U型水平对接井以水作为换热介质,分别以初始注入温度20 ℃,流量60、80、100、120 m3/h进行注水换热循环试验,观测其50 h后的出口水温变化。将模拟的4个流量工况下(60、80、100、120 m3/h)的注水换热循环试验出口水温随时间的变化与现场实验数据的变化进行比较,结果如图2所示。
在数值模拟实验条件下连续运行且入口水温基本保持一致时,可以看到出口温度在运行初期上升的速度很快,井内的循环流体和周围地温场进行热交换,导致其温度急剧上升;在随后的运行中,由于入口水温基本保持在20 ℃左右,出口水温缓慢开始下降;最后水温达到一定的稳定趋势,说明注入的水与周围地温场的热量传输已基本稳定。当注水流量分别为60、80、100、120 m3/h,最终出口温度保持稳定时,数值模拟结果与现场实验结果的相对误差分别为3.50%、4.54%、1.92%、4.98%,基本保持在5%以内,满足数值模拟验证的合理误差范围。
通过数值模拟结果与现场实验结果的验证对比可以看出,水温的变化趋势基本相同,出口温度的相对误差也在合理范围内,因此该数值模型可以用于接下来的模拟分析中。
同轴套管式地热井,是在深井之中通过同轴套管的方式进行单井内部流体循环,也是基于热传导的方式与地热储层之间进行换热[19]。运行机制如下:首先在外套管中注入冷水,冷水下降过程中被地热储层中的围岩与土壤加热升温,当水流到套管底部之后,然后通过内套管再次向上运移,这样就能将地下储层中的热量带到地表。
针对U型地热井的井型特征,采用相同地质条件下的同轴套管式地热井与之进行对比,通过比较两者之间的换热效果差异,进而得出热开采效率相对较高的井型结构,对实际的生产操作更加具有参考价值。
采用的地温梯度为3.00 ℃/100 m,地温温度和深度的回归关系式为T=0.03H+12.4。其中:T为地层温度,℃;H为深度,m。U型地热井换热模型仍然采用现场实验验证模型中的U型水平对接井,而同轴套管式地热井换热模型的详细参数如表2所示,边界条件及操作参数与原模型保持一致,注水流量为60 m3/h、注入温度为20 ℃,模拟时间取50 h[20]
在地质条件、边界条件及操作参数保持相同的条件下,U型地热井与同轴套管式地热井在运行50 h的情况下,其换热量的对比如图3所示,由图3可以看出,U型地热井的换热量在前6 h低于同轴套管式地热井,这是因为U型井中的循环流体流经水平换热段的过程中需要与周围的地热储层进行热量交换,这个过程需要一定的时间,随着流体的运移,周围地层向井筒内部传递的热量积聚,换热量也在一直攀升,在第7~50 h,U型地热井的换热量始终高于同轴套管式地热井,并逐渐趋于稳定,经过对比其换热量提升了40.32%。综上所述,可以分析得出在稳定运行且同样的地质条件下,U型地热井的换热效率高于同轴套管式地热井。
不同时间段内(分别在第1年和第10年)U型地热井及周围储层的温度场剖面如图4所示,可以看出循环液从右直井注入初期,由于井筒的深度较浅,与地层的换热比较缓慢,温度刚开始变化并不明显,再者地表温度低于循环液注入初始温度,因此不升反降,而随着深度不断增加,当循环液下降到地下2 400 m时井筒内与储层的温差导致换热量增加,温度开始逐渐平稳上升,当到达水平换热段时,由于其末端和另一端的左直井相连通,导致循环液经过水平井末端产生热量积聚,因此温度并没有太大改变,最终随着循环液回流,井底的循环液经过左直井上升至地面,在聚氨酯保温层的作用下隔断热量的散失,完成整个流动传热过程。
在其他运行参数与因素一定的条件下,其中注入温度为20 ℃,注入流量为60 m3/h,通过改变地温梯度的参数(地温梯度分别为0.030、0.031、0.032、0.033、0.034 ℃/m),观察其出口温度及换热量的变化情况,进而分析得出其对热开采效率的影响。
当模拟时间为1年时,出口温度、换热量及延米换热功率的短期变化情况如图5所示。由图5可以看出,随着地温梯度的升高,出口温度及换热量随之升高,延米换热功率也呈现升高的趋势,当地温梯度为0.030 ℃/m时,对应的换热量为1 849.73 kW,出口温度为46.508 ℃;而当地温梯度为0.034 ℃/m时,对应的换热量为2 143.92 kW,出口温度为50.724 ℃。通过对数据的分析可以得出,地温梯度每增加0.001 ℃/m,出口温度平均升高1.054 ℃,换热量平均增加73.55 kW,延米换热功率平均升高10.04 W/m。
不同地温梯度下,井筒内循环液温度沿井深的短期变化分布曲线如图6所示,可以看出,随着地温梯度的升高,初始阶段温度变化基本保持一致,当深度逐渐增加,沿井深的循环液温度分布变化幅度越来越大,地温梯度为0.030 ℃/m时,入口与出口之间的温差为26.508 ℃,而地温梯度为0.034 ℃/m时,出入口温差达到了30.724 ℃,增幅为15.90%。
当模拟时间为10年时,出口温度、换热量及延米换热功率的长期变化情况如图7所示,可以看出在长期运行情景下,其变化趋势与短期运行情景下的趋势基本相同。当地温梯度为0.030 ℃/m时,对应的换热量为855.01 kW,出口温度为32.253 ℃;而当地温梯度为0.034 ℃/m时,对应的换热量为984.81 kW,出口温度为34.113 ℃。通过对数据的分析可以得出,地温梯度每增加0.001 ℃/m,出口温度平均升高0.465 ℃,换热量平均增加32.45 kW,延米换热功率平均升高4.43 W/m。
不同地温梯度下,井筒内循环液温度沿井深的长期变化分布曲线如图8所示,可以看出其变化趋势与短期基本相当,但最后的出口温度相较于短期有所下降,而无论是短期还是长期,处于高地温梯度的U型井换热量总是优于低地温梯度。
由此分析可以得出,在短期运行和长期运行情景下,地温梯度的改变对于初始地温场的影响并不明显,而对于换热量的增幅影响较为显著,相比于低地温梯度,较高的地温梯度能够极大地提高U型井的热开采效率。因此,U型地热井在实施之前应该综合考虑地质条件,选择具有较高的地温梯度的地热储层进行热开采。
针对U型地热井的工况条件对热开采效率的影响研究,主要包括循环流体的注入温度及注入流量的分析,其对U型地热井的热开采起到了至关重要的作用。通过分别改变注入温度及注入流量的参数条件,进而分析得出其对热开采效率的影响。
为了研究注入温度对U型水平对接井数值模型出口温度及换热量的影响,在不同的注入温度参数条件下(注入温度分别为20、25、30、35、40 ℃),以60 m3/h的流量注入U型水平对接井,边界条件及操作参数与原模型保持一致。
当模拟时间为1年时,出口温度、换热量及延米换热功率的短期变化情况如图9所示,不同注入温度下U型地热井温度场剖面如图10所示,由图9可以看出,随着注入温度的升高,出口温度逐渐升高,而换热量整体呈现下降的趋势,延米换热功率也在逐渐降低。当注入温度为20 ℃时,对应的换热量为1 849.73 kW,出口温度为46.508 ℃;而当注入温度为40 ℃时,对应的换热量为1 168.82 kW,出口温度为56.75 ℃。通过对数据的分析可以得出,注入温度每升高5 ℃,出口温度平均升高2.56 ℃,换热量平均降低170.23 kW,延米换热功率平均降低23.25 W/m。
不同注入温度下,井筒内循环液温度沿井深的短期变化分布曲线如图11所示,随着注入温度的升高,沿井深的温度分布变化幅度也越来越小,较低的注入温度最终达到热稳定状态的变化幅度最大,注入温度为20 ℃时,入口与出口之间的温差为26.508 ℃,而注入温度为40 ℃时,出入口温差仅为16.75 ℃,降幅为36.81%。
当模拟时间为10年时,出口温度、换热量及延米换热功率的变化情况如图12所示,温度场剖面如图13所示,可以看出在长期运行情景下,其变化趋势与短期运行情景下的趋势相同。当注入温度为20 ℃时,对应的换热量为855.01 kW,出口温度为32.253 ℃;而当注入温度为40 ℃时,对应的换热量为506.67 kW,出口温度为47.261 ℃。通过对数据的分析可以得出,注入温度每升高5 ℃,出口温度平均升高3.752 ℃,换热量平均降低87.09 kW,延米换热功率平均降低11.89 W/m。
不同注入温度下,井筒内循环液温度沿井深的长期变化分布曲线如图14所示,可以看出其变化范围与短期一致,最终的出口温度相较于短期有所降低,注入温度为20 ℃时,入口与出口之间的温差为12.253 ℃,而注入温度为40 ℃时,出入口温差仅为7.261 ℃,降幅为40.74%。
由此可以得出,在短期运行和长期运行情景下,注入温度与出口温度之间呈线性正比例关系,虽然注入温度较高可带来较高的出口温度,但换热量却随着注入温度的升高而降低,整体呈现线性反比例关系,注入温度越低,换热量越高。综上所述,出口温度随着注入温度的升高而升高,换热量随着注入温度的升高而降低,扩大循环流体和地热储层之间的温差可以提高彼此之间的换热。
通过分析U型地热井循环流体的不同注入温度对出口水温及换热量的影响变化情况,可以看出换热量的强度与流体与地热储层间温差的大小有直接联系,具体表现在:当流体在进入和离开地热井过程中的温差增大时,其相应的换热量也将显著提升。在此情况下,若入口水温较低,则流体与地热储层之间的热交换效率更优,因为较大的温差使得能量传递更为活跃。然而,随着入口水温的逐步升高,流体与地热储层内部地温场所形成的热交换温差会相应减小,这直接导致换热量出现下降趋势。
为了研究注入流量对U型水平对接井数值模型出口温度及换热量的影响,在不同的注入流量参数条件下(注入流量分别为40、60、80、100、120 m3/h),以初始温度为20 ℃的水注入U型水平对接井,边界条件及操作参数与原模型保持一致。
当模拟时间为1年时,出口温度、换热量及延米换热功率的短期变化情况如图15所示,不同注入流量下U型地热井温度场剖面如图16所示,由图15可以看出,随着注入流量的增加,出口温度逐渐降低,相反换热量则在逐渐升高,延米换热功率也在逐渐升高。当注入流量为40 m3/h时,对应的换热量为1 581.12 kW,出口温度为53.988 ℃;而当注入流量为120 m3/h时,对应的换热量为2 127.59 kW,出口温度为35.245 ℃。通过对数据的分析可以得出,注入流量每增加20 m3/h,出口温度分别降低7.762、5.043、3.45、2.488 ℃,出口温度的降低趋势随着注水流量的上升逐渐趋于平缓。对应的换热量分别升高248.93、140.82、91.48、65.24 kW,流量从40 m3/h增加为60 m3/h时对换热量有较大影响, 此时换热量的增量最大,增长率为15.74%,而当流量从100 m3/h增加为120 m3/h时,此时换热量的增长率仅为3.16%。
不同注入流量下,井筒内循环液温度沿井深的短期变化分布曲线如图17所示,随着注入流量的升高,沿井深的温度分布变化幅度越来越小,较低的注入流量最终达到热稳定状态的变化幅度最大,当注入流量为40 m3/h,此时入口与出口之间的温差为33.988 ℃,而当注入流量为120 m3/h,此时温差为15.245 ℃,降幅为55.15%。而在这期间,从40 m3/h升高到60 m3/h这一阶段出入口温差从33.988 ℃下降到26.226 ℃,降幅为22.84%,而从100 m3/h升高到120 m3/h此阶段温差从17.733 ℃下降到15.245 ℃,降幅为14.03%,因此从40 m3/h升高到60 m3/h这一阶段的温度变化幅度高于从100 m3/h升高到120 m3/h这一阶段。
当模拟时间为10年时,出口温度、换热量及延米换热功率的变化情况如图18所示,温度场剖面如图19所示,可以看出在长期运行情景下,其变化趋势与短期运行情景下的趋势相同。当注入流量为40 m3/h时,对应的换热量为806.61 kW,出口温度为37.339 ℃;而当注入流量为120 m3/h时,对应的换热量为907.98 kW,出口温度为26.506 ℃。通过对数据的分析可以得出,注入流量每增加20 m3/h,出口温度分别降低5.101、2.798、1.747、1.187 ℃,出口温度的降低趋势随着注水流量的上升逐渐趋于平缓。对应的换热量分别升高47.36、24.33、16.40、13.28 kW,流量从40 m3/h增加为60 m3/h时对换热量有较大影响,此时热量的增量最大,增长率为5.87%,而当流量从100 m3/h增加为120 m3/h时,此时换热量的增长率仅为1.48 %。
不同注入流量下,井筒内循环液温度沿井深的长期变化分布曲线如图20所示,可以看出其变化范围与短期基本一致,最终的出口温度相较于短期有所降低。
综上所述,在短期运行和长期运行情景下,并且在本研究中的注水流量变化范围内,出口温度随着注入流量的升高而降低,换热量随着流量的增加而增加,注入流量极大地影响着U型地热井的出口温度,但不可盲目增大注入流量,在合理的变化范围内应有一个临界值,如果超过这个临界值,热开采效率几乎保持恒定。
通过分析U型地热井数值模型的出口水温随注入流量的变化情况,可以看出在恒定入口水温条件下,单位时间内注入的工作流体流量增加,会导致井口出口温度的降低。这一现象的机理在于:U型地热井的关键热量提取区域集中在其水平段部分,此部分的换热效率明显优于垂直部分。当工作介质在管道内部流动并与周围地层持续进行热交换时,其自身的温度逐渐攀升,同时地层的温度则在逐渐下降。鉴于注入流量的不同,循环流体在水平换热段内的滞留时间存在差异,从而造成热交换效率的变化各异,反映在出口温度上的表现也不尽相同。基于数值模拟实验数据分析,随着循环流体流量的增大,意味着流体在管道内的流速加快,进而导致流体与地热储层的实际接触时间缩短,由此热交换效能降低。
结合陕西省延安市黄陵县地热科研水平对接井的地质和储层资料,利用数值模拟软件研究了运行参数对U型地热井短期运行和长期运行情况下的出口温度及换热量的影响,得到如下的结论。
(1)U型地热开采井相较于其他类型的地热井,在岩土地温梯度较高,尤其是管道埋深3 000 m以上的地区取热效率更为突出,其热开采效率较高,但也存在着建造成本较高的缺点。
(2)在本研究的参数选择范围内(注水流量分别为40、60、80、100、120 m3/h,注入温度分别为20、25、30、35、40 ℃),U型地热井的出口温度随着注入流量的增加而降低,随着注入温度的升高而升高,但U型井的换热量却随着注入流量的增加而增加,随着注入温度的升高而降低,可见出入口的流体温差越大,换热量也就相应越高,对于注入流量的选择需综合考虑出口温度和热开采功率的要求以及循环水泵的功耗进行设计,不可盲目增大流量。
(3)从长期运行的角度考虑,建议该地区U型地热开采井的注入流量采用100 m3/h、注入温度采用20 ℃为最佳。
(4)对于不同井型来说,在稳定运行且同样的地质条件下,U型地热井的换热效率高于同轴套管式地热井,建议优先选取U型地热开采井。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52174029)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52274039)
  • 国家自然科学基金(U23B2089)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405045
  • 接收时间:2024-07-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-05
  • 修回日期:2024-11-17
基金
国家自然科学基金(52174029)
国家自然科学基金(52274039)
国家自然科学基金(U23B2089)
作者信息
    1 西安石油大学石油工程学院, 西安 710065
    2 西安石油大学新能源学院, 西安 710065
    3 自然资源部煤炭资源勘查与综合利用重点实验室, 西安 710021
    4 西安科技大学地质与环境学院, 西安 710054

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* 高千(1984—),男,汉族,湖北仙桃人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地热开采、油气开采等领域中与岩石力学相关问题。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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