Article(id=1149768950214475956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404130, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717344000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-03, revisedDate=1732377600000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055879404, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055879404, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055879404, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055879404, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768937925165147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='15', pageStart='6155', pageEnd='6586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055876475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456822194, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559490207699090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559490211893395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6463, endPage=6476, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768951380492480, articleId=1149768950214475956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Load Bearing Capacity of Rock-socketed Pile Considering Rock Fragmentation, columnId=1156963932482130535, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the influence of rock fragmentation on the bearing capacity of rock-socketed pile, a concrete rock-shear model considering rock fragmentation was established using statistical theory. The calculation results of the model were compared with the experimental results to verify the accuracy of the model. Using a concrete rock shear model considering rock fragmentation and the load transfer mechanism of rock-socketed pile, a load transfer equation of rock socketed pile considering rock fragmentation was established and solved using the Runge-Kutta method. The calculation results of the equation were compared with the results of on-site static load experiments, which verified the accuracy of the equation. The research results indicate that it is feasible to establish a mechanical model for rock fragmentation through statistical theory. The load transfer equation of rock socketed pile considering rock fragmentation is consistent with the results of on-site static load experiments, which can describe the yield deformation stage and strain softening stage of the pile-rock relative displacement-pile side friction curve. The parameter sensitivity research was conducted, and the influence of rock fragmentation on the concrete-rock shear mechanism and rock-socketed pile bearing mechanism was conducted in-depth analysis.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-lin ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kai-yuan WANG, Xu JING, Yu-peng SHEN, Xiao-lin ZHAO, Jin-cui XU, Zhi-qiang LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149768983466918617, articleId=1149768950214475956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=考虑岩石破碎的嵌岩桩承载机理, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了研究岩石破碎对嵌岩桩承载力的影响,应用统计理论建立了考虑岩石破碎的混凝土-岩石剪切模型。将该模型的计算结果与实验结果对比,验证了该模型的准确性。利用考虑岩石破碎的混凝土-岩石剪切模型和嵌岩桩荷载传递机理,建立了考虑岩石破碎的嵌岩桩荷载传递方程并采用Runge-Kutta法求解。将该方程的计算结果与现场静载实验结果接近对比,验证了该方程的准确性。研究结果表明通过统计理论建立岩石破碎的力学模型是可行的。考虑岩石破碎的嵌岩桩荷载传递方程与现场静载实验结果吻合,可以描述桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线的屈服变形阶段和应变软化阶段。进行参数敏感性研究,深入分析了岩石破碎对混凝土-岩石剪切机制和嵌岩桩承载机制的影响。

, correspAuthors=赵小林, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 赵小林(1992—),男,汉族,河北邯郸人,博士研究生。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:
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王开源(1987—),男,汉族,北京人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:

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王开源(1987—),男,汉族,北京人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:

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王开源(1987—),男,汉族,北京人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:

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articleId=1149768950214475956, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=混凝土-岩石剪切), Keyword(id=1172924329630249285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=荷载传递方程), Keyword(id=1172924329697358153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=岩石破碎), Keyword(id=1172924329760272717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=统计理论)], refs=[Reference(id=1172924333400928702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=23, issue=16, pageStart=7044, pageEnd=7055, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=聂庆科, 李熙来, 袁维, journalName=科学技术与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=聂庆科, 李熙来, 袁维, 等. 穿越溶洞型基桩竖向极限承载力计算方法研究[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2023, 23(16): 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Analysis for the vertical bearing capacity of single pile for rock-socketed pile of the broken soft dolomite in Guizhou[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2016, 16(9): 253-258., articleTitle=Analysis for the vertical bearing capacity of single pile for rock-socketed pile of the broken soft dolomite in Guizhou, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172924333140881844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, awardId=KCJBZY23003536, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费专项(KCJBZY23003536), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172924333224767927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, awardId=42172291, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42172291), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172924326153171189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172924326182531318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, companyId=1172924326153171189, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The concrete-rock shear schematic diagram considering rock fragmentation, figureFileSmall=daNpGM4YZs0eH9YcwlDYNQ==, figureFileBig=nRh13mWINT/+lZ/lxdPrDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924330624299373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=CN, label=图4, caption=考虑岩石破碎的混凝土-岩石剪切示意图, figureFileSmall=daNpGM4YZs0eH9YcwlDYNQ==, figureFileBig=nRh13mWINT/+lZ/lxdPrDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924330691408240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The comparison of test results and calculation results, figureFileSmall=GYbO2+PFYjpvMru1AYu9dA==, figureFileBig=7eR+GJUmHUHyfLjUVrW6iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924330750128499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=CN, label=图5, caption=实验结果与计算结果的对比, figureFileSmall=GYbO2+PFYjpvMru1AYu9dA==, figureFileBig=7eR+GJUmHUHyfLjUVrW6iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924330817237366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The load transfer mechanism of rock-socketed pile, figureFileSmall=JG8BINUWlFaTOg7KUCYS1Q==, figureFileBig=jYaOQWQHYJTlcm6xQONOdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924330905317753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=CN, label=图6, caption=嵌岩桩的荷载传递机理, figureFileSmall=JG8BINUWlFaTOg7KUCYS1Q==, figureFileBig=jYaOQWQHYJTlcm6xQONOdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924331043729790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The field geological conditions and the mechanical parameters of 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caption=中风化灰岩的sf对嵌岩桩承载机制的影响, figureFileSmall=1HyNxAp1rjTgIOjMoOGaCg==, figureFileBig=dn/NPlkUjj28L8fbud17rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924332398490017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The mechanical parameters of rock[7]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
弹性模量/GPa 7.8
泊松比μ 0.3
黏聚力/MPa 0.82
内摩擦角/(°) 41.3
基本摩擦角φb/(°) 30
残余摩擦角φr/(°) 25
), ArticleFig(id=1172924332461404579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩石力学参数[7]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
弹性模量/GPa 7.8
泊松比μ 0.3
黏聚力/MPa 0.82
内摩擦角/(°) 41.3
基本摩擦角φb/(°) 30
残余摩擦角φr/(°) 25
), ArticleFig(id=1172924332511736229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The test conditions and the calculation parameters[7]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号 三角形倾角β 法向刚度K/
(kPa·mm-1)
初始法向应力
σn0/kPa
m sf
1 20 294 200 25.488 4 7.426 5
2 400 18.226 4 7.300 1
3 588 200 13.086 2 6.898 5
4 400 11.789 9 6.973 4
), ArticleFig(id=1172924332583039398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验条件及计算参数[7]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号 三角形倾角β 法向刚度K/
(kPa·mm-1)
初始法向应力
σn0/kPa
m sf
1 20 294 200 25.488 4 7.426 5
2 400 18.226 4 7.300 1
3 588 200 13.086 2 6.898 5
4 400 11.789 9 6.973 4
), ArticleFig(id=1172924332645953959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The mechanical parameters of pile-rock interface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 桩-强风化灰岩
接触面
桩-中风化灰岩
接触面
基本摩擦角φb/(°) 30 40
残余摩擦角φr/(°) 25 35
三角形倾角β/(°) 17 14
m 6.243 5.041
sf 3.802 4.381
), ArticleFig(id=1172924332725645737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

桩-岩接触面力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 桩-强风化灰岩
接触面
桩-中风化灰岩
接触面
基本摩擦角φb/(°) 30 40
残余摩擦角φr/(°) 25 35
三角形倾角β/(°) 17 14
m 6.243 5.041
sf 3.802 4.381
), ArticleFig(id=1172924332813726123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

The relative parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
接触面法向刚度K/(kPa·mm-1) 588
初始法向应力σn0/kPa 400
m 15.172
sf 7.144
), ArticleFig(id=1172924332872446381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
接触面法向刚度K/(kPa·mm-1) 588
初始法向应力σn0/kPa 400
m 15.172
sf 7.144
), ArticleFig(id=1172924332931166639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

The relative parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 强风化灰岩 中风化灰岩
m 6.243 5.041
sf 3.802 4.381
), ArticleFig(id=1172924333010858417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768950214475956, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 强风化灰岩 中风化灰岩
m 6.243 5.041
sf 3.802 4.381
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考虑岩石破碎的嵌岩桩承载机理
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王开源 1 , 景旭 1 , 沈宇鹏 2 , 赵小林 2, * , 徐金翠 2 , 李志强 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(15): 6463-6476
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(15): 6463-6476
考虑岩石破碎的嵌岩桩承载机理
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王开源1 , 景旭1, 沈宇鹏2, 赵小林2, * , 徐金翠2, 李志强3
作者信息
  • 1 中交公路规划设计院有限公司, 北京 100010
  • 2 北京交通大学土木建筑工程学院, 北京 100044
  • 3 交通运输部科学研究院, 交通运输安全研究中心, 北京 100029
  • 王开源(1987—),男,汉族,北京人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 赵小林(1992—),男,汉族,河北邯郸人,博士研究生。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:
Load Bearing Capacity of Rock-socketed Pile Considering Rock Fragmentation
Kai-yuan WANG1 , Xu JING1, Yu-peng SHEN2, Xiao-lin ZHAO2, * , Jin-cui XU2, Zhi-qiang LI3
Affiliations
  • 1 CCCC Highway Consultants Co., Ltd., Beijing 100010, China
  • 2 School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
  • 3 Transportation Safety Research Center, China Academy of Transportation Science, Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404130
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为了研究岩石破碎对嵌岩桩承载力的影响,应用统计理论建立了考虑岩石破碎的混凝土-岩石剪切模型。将该模型的计算结果与实验结果对比,验证了该模型的准确性。利用考虑岩石破碎的混凝土-岩石剪切模型和嵌岩桩荷载传递机理,建立了考虑岩石破碎的嵌岩桩荷载传递方程并采用Runge-Kutta法求解。将该方程的计算结果与现场静载实验结果接近对比,验证了该方程的准确性。研究结果表明通过统计理论建立岩石破碎的力学模型是可行的。考虑岩石破碎的嵌岩桩荷载传递方程与现场静载实验结果吻合,可以描述桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线的屈服变形阶段和应变软化阶段。进行参数敏感性研究,深入分析了岩石破碎对混凝土-岩石剪切机制和嵌岩桩承载机制的影响。

山区高速公路  /  嵌岩桩  /  混凝土-岩石剪切  /  荷载传递方程  /  岩石破碎  /  统计理论

In order to study the influence of rock fragmentation on the bearing capacity of rock-socketed pile, a concrete rock-shear model considering rock fragmentation was established using statistical theory. The calculation results of the model were compared with the experimental results to verify the accuracy of the model. Using a concrete rock shear model considering rock fragmentation and the load transfer mechanism of rock-socketed pile, a load transfer equation of rock socketed pile considering rock fragmentation was established and solved using the Runge-Kutta method. The calculation results of the equation were compared with the results of on-site static load experiments, which verified the accuracy of the equation. The research results indicate that it is feasible to establish a mechanical model for rock fragmentation through statistical theory. The load transfer equation of rock socketed pile considering rock fragmentation is consistent with the results of on-site static load experiments, which can describe the yield deformation stage and strain softening stage of the pile-rock relative displacement-pile side friction curve. The parameter sensitivity research was conducted, and the influence of rock fragmentation on the concrete-rock shear mechanism and rock-socketed pile bearing mechanism was conducted in-depth analysis.

mountain expressway  /  rock-socketed pile  /  concrete-rock shear  /  load transfer equation  /  rock fragmentation, statistical theory
王开源, 景旭, 沈宇鹏, 赵小林, 徐金翠, 李志强. 考虑岩石破碎的嵌岩桩承载机理. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6463 -6476 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404130
Kai-yuan WANG, Xu JING, Yu-peng SHEN, Xiao-lin ZHAO, Jin-cui XU, Zhi-qiang LI. Load Bearing Capacity of Rock-socketed Pile Considering Rock Fragmentation[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6463 -6476 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404130
嵌岩桩是一种高承载力的桩基础类型[1]。当建筑物地基下方存在坚硬岩石或建筑物对承载力要求较高,如大型桥梁、高层建筑,嵌岩桩是非常合适的选择[2]。嵌岩桩的桩侧摩阻力受到岩石性质、嵌岩深度、桩径和桩长以及施工等因素的影响[3]。桩顶荷载通过桩身逐渐传递到桩端,在正常使用极限承载力条件下,桩侧摩阻力在嵌岩桩承载力中的占比较大。因此,有必要对嵌岩桩的桩侧摩阻力进行深入研究。桩侧摩阻力是一种摩擦响应,其发展机制与混凝土-岩石的剪切行为有关[4]。在实际工程中,机械开挖形成粗糙的桩-岩接触面导致了嵌岩桩与围岩之间复杂的相互作用。当垂直荷载施加在桩顶,嵌岩桩会产生初始弹性沉降,粗糙的桩-岩接触面会产生径向膨胀,从而导致桩侧摩阻力。随着桩顶荷载地不断增大,桩侧摩阻力继续增大。这就是嵌岩桩桩侧摩阻力的发展机制[5]
但是目前桩侧摩阻力的计算方法与其发展机制并不一致。通常情况下,嵌岩桩的桩侧摩阻力是根据规范规定的经验公式进行估计的。该经验公式是通过岩石单轴抗压强度发展而来。仅仅依靠岩石单轴抗压强度很难准确预测桩侧摩阻力的分布情况,由此可见规范方法的局限性。为了深入了解嵌岩桩桩侧摩阻力的发展机制,研究人员采用混凝土-岩石剪切模型研究桩侧摩阻力。刘江豪等[6]制备混凝土-岩石非规则接触面试样,开展了不同法向应力作用下混凝土-岩石接触面的剪切试验。赵衡等[7]利用规则三角形粗糙体,提出了混凝土-岩石接触面粗糙度的量化方法。王明年等[8]通过室内剪切实验结果建立了考虑温度损伤的混凝土-岩石剪切模型,分析了不同温度下的混凝土-岩石剪切性质。Menes等[9]通过动态混凝土-岩石剪切试验探索了不同岩石类型和不同接触面粗糙程度的剪切行为。Zhang等[10]进行了,常法向刚度(constant normal stiffness,CNS)和常法向应力(constant normal load,CNL)条件不同温度的混凝土-砂岩循环剪切试验,分析了混凝土-岩石接触面剪切力学指标的退化特征。Chen等[11]对黏结状态的混凝土-岩石进行了剪切试验,并采用声发射技术监测了剪切破坏过程。上述研究成果表明,研究人员通过混凝土-岩石剪切行为提出了预测混凝土-岩石抗剪强度的模型。这些模型均考虑了接触面粗糙程度对混凝土-岩石抗剪强度的影响。但是这些模型并没有考虑岩石破碎对混凝土-岩石剪切行为的影响。岩石破碎不仅仅发生在岩石完全剪切破坏阶段,在不同的剪切阶段,由于应力状态的变化,岩石破碎的情况也会发生。因此,有必要深入研究岩石破碎对混凝土-岩石剪切行为的影响。
针对该问题,在以往研究成果的基础上提出一种考虑岩石破碎的混凝土-岩石剪切模型,该模型可以描述岩石破碎条件下剪切应力和剪切位移之间的非线性关系。通过混凝土-岩石剪切实验结果验证该模型,基于嵌岩桩的荷载传递机理,推导了考虑岩石破碎的嵌岩桩荷载传递微分方程,并采用Runge-Kutta法求解该微分方程。与现场静载试验结果进行对比,验证该微分方程的准确性并进行参数敏感性研究。研究成果可用于评估岩石破碎对混凝土-岩石剪切机制和嵌岩桩承载机制的影响。
混凝土-岩石剪切试验表明,在加载初期,随着荷载不断地增大,岩石中的微裂纹逐渐压实,这导致岩石的弹性模量增大,并伴随着剪切位移-剪切应力曲线明显的非线性行为。这一阶段的变化非常小,通常被忽略。因此,根据混凝土-岩石的剪切特性,在常法向刚度条件下混凝土-岩石的剪切位移-剪切应力曲线通常可以分为4个阶段(图1)。
(1)线弹性变形阶段:加载初期,混凝土-岩石接触面被压实,导致岩石发生线弹性变形。剪切位移-剪切应力曲线近似于一条直线,岩石从不连续介质转变为连续介质。
(2)屈服变形阶段:随着荷载不断地增大,剪切位移和剪切应力同时增大。当剪切应力超过屈服剪切强度时(τy),先前闭合的裂纹重新张开、积聚和扩展,这表明岩石开始破碎。此时,剪切位移的增大速率低于线弹性变形阶段。
(3)应变软化阶段:当剪切应力达到峰值剪切强度时(τp),在应力集中的作用下,微观裂纹持续扩展,岩石内部形成连续的破碎面,最终导致岩石的应变软化现象。随着应变不断地增大,岩石的抗剪强度逐渐降低,剪切应力随着剪切位移地增大而减小。
(4)残余阶段:随着剪切位移不断地增大,剪切应力不再表现出显著的变化。当岩石的剪切应力减小到残余剪切强度时(τr),岩石内部的微观裂纹已经扩展到宏观层面,岩石已经完全破碎。
在实际工程中,桩-岩接触面存在泥浆,泥浆具有润滑作用,降低桩-岩接触面的黏聚力。桩-岩接触面是粗糙的,在法向应力的作用下,随着剪切位移地发展,剪胀效应明显,混凝土与岩石之间产生爬坡现象,进一步降低了桩-岩接触面之间的黏聚力(图2)。
随着剪切过程的发展,岩石破碎程度加剧,桩-岩接触面的黏聚力不再存在。桩-岩接触面的黏聚力无法准确测量,通常被忽略。忽略桩-岩接触面的黏聚力是一种安全的计算方法。
为阐明桩侧摩阻力的发展机制,桩-岩接触面通常被简化为规则三角形(图3)。在荷载P传递过程中,桩-岩接触面存在垂直的剪切位移和径向膨胀。根据参考文献[7]和图3的几何关系,可以获得剪切应力与剪切位移的关系,其表达式(经典巴顿模型)为
τ=(σn0+Kstanβ)tan(φb+β)
式(1)中:σn0为初始法向应力;K为桩-岩接触面法向刚度;s为剪切位移;φb为桩-岩接触面基本摩擦角;β为桩-岩接触面剪胀角。
随着荷载不断地增大,嵌岩桩与岩石的接触面积减小,导致局部剪切应力增大。当剪切应力达到峰值剪切强度时(τp),岩石三角形破坏,同时剪切位移达到峰值剪切位移(sp)。岩石三角形破坏后,嵌岩桩沿着破坏后的接触面继续滑动,此时剪切应力接近残余剪切强度(τr)。表达式为
τ=(σn0+Ksrtanβ)tanφr
式(2)中:sr为残余剪切位移;φr为桩-岩接触面残余摩擦角,上述推导过程中,Er为岩石弹性模量;μ为岩石泊松比;r为嵌岩桩半径;Δr为嵌岩桩的径向膨胀;σn为桩-岩接触面法向应力;Δσn为法向应力增量。
式(1)和式(2)构成了混凝土-规则三角形岩石剪切模型。该模型具有以下力学意义:①基本摩擦角越大,剪切应力越大;三角形倾角越大,剪切应力越大;接触面法向应力越大,剪切应力越大。②随着剪切位移地增大,桩-岩接触面逐渐减小,导致作用在岩石三角形上的法向应力增大,剪切应力也增大。③当剪切位移达到峰值剪切位移时,岩石三角形上的法向应力和剪切应力都达到峰值,导致岩石三角形破坏。这表明混凝土-岩石接触面的性质对混凝土-岩石剪切行为的显著影响。但是该剪切模型未能体现岩石破碎对剪切行为的影响。岩石破碎会导致混凝土-岩石接触面的局部性和不均匀性,在该模型的基础上考虑岩石破碎更接近实际。
研究结果表明岩石是对缺陷高度敏感的材料[12],其内部存在许多随机分布的微观裂纹。当荷载变化或环境变化对岩石产生影响时,微观裂纹逐渐扩展,最终导致岩石破碎,这是一个逐渐破碎的过程[13]。假设岩石由许多岩石微观单元组成,岩石微观单元的破碎是随机的,并且是一个不可逆转的过程[14]。值得注意的是,岩石破碎既不是单个岩石微观单元的破碎,也不是所有微观单元的同时破碎。事实上,当单个岩石微观单元破碎时,其破碎状态会传播到相邻的岩石微观单元,从而导致岩石宏观尺度的破碎现象[15]
岩石破碎是岩石内部微观裂纹扩展并最终合并形成宏观破碎的动态演化过程,是一个随机过程,可以采用概率方法进行描述。为了便于建模,设岩石微观单元的剪切应力是一个服从一定统计规律的随机变量。在剪切过程中,剪切应力随剪切位移的变化而变化,可以用概率密度函数和剪切位移来表示。岩石微观单元的剪切应力是不同剪切位移下岩石破碎程度的随机分布,通过对岩石破碎单元的剪切应力进行积分,可以获得岩石破碎微观单元的数量[16]。威布尔分布可以对岩石破碎的概率进行统计解释[17],其分布函数为
R(F)= 1 - e x p - F F f m , F > 0 0 , F 0
概率密度函数为
Q(F)= m F f F F f m - 1 e x p - F F f m , F > 0 0 , F 0
式中:m为形状参数;Ff为比例参数;F为岩石微观单元的剪切应力。
Ns为单位面积内岩石微观单元的平均数量,dNf为产生剪切应力增量的岩石破碎微观单元的平均数量[18]。当剪切应力从F增加到F+dF时,dNf的表达式为
dNf=NsQ(F)dF
当剪切应力从0增加到F时,单位面积内岩石破碎微观单元的平均数量Nf可表示为
Nf= 0 F N Q ( F ) d F = N s P ( F ) 0 F=Ns 1 - e x p - F F f m
定义岩石破碎变量为
D= N f N s
将式(6)代入式(7),可以得到岩石破碎变量的表达式为
D=1-exp - F F f m
为了描述岩石的破碎状态,需要进一步定义岩石微观单元随机破碎的分布变量。在剪切过程中,岩石微观单元剪切应力的变化可以用来描述可能的岩石破碎程度[16],所以采用岩石微观单元的剪切应力作为岩石随机破碎的分布变量。根据文献中的计算方法和混凝土-规则三角形岩石剪切模型[19],可以建立岩石微观单元剪切强度的表达式为
F=(σn0+Kstanβ)tan(φb+β)
Ff=(σn0+Ksftanβ)tan(φb+β)
将式(9)和式(10)代入式(8),整理可得
D=1-exp - σ n 0 + K s t a n β σ n 0 + K s f t a n β m
式中:sf为威布尔分布比例参数的剪切位移形式。
因为岩石破碎的力学机制是有效承载面积的减小和缺陷引起的破碎,所以剪切应力作用下的岩石可以抽象为两部分:岩石破碎微观单元和岩石未破碎微观单元(图4)。根据力的平衡原理和面积守恒,可以得到
A s = A u + A f τ A s = τ u A u + τ f A f
式(12)中:As为混凝土-岩石接触面总剪切面积;Au为岩石未破碎微观单元剪切面积;Af为岩石破碎微观单元剪切面积;τ为总剪切应力;τu为岩石未破碎微观单元剪切应力;τf为岩石破碎微观单元剪切应力。由式(12)中不难得出
τ = τ u ( 1 - D ) + τ f D D = A f A s
已知单位面积内岩石微观单元的平均数量为Ns,单位面积内岩石破碎微观单元的平均数量为Nf,单位面积内岩石未破碎微观单元的数平均量为Nu,每个岩石微观单元的剪切面积为A0。混凝土-岩石剪切过程也是岩石微观单元的破碎演化过程,在剪切过程中,每个岩石微观单元从未破碎状态逐渐转变为破碎状态。根据以上分析,可以得到
A s = N s A 0 A f = N f A 0 A u = N u A 0
岩石破碎变量可以表示为岩石破碎微观单元的数量与岩石微观单元的平均数量之比,即
D= A f A s= N f N s
根据1.1节推导出的混凝土-规则三角形岩石剪切模型,在加载初期,剪切位移-剪切应力曲线是线性的,即岩石破碎变量是0。表达式为
τ=τu=(σn0+Kstanβ)tan(φb+β)
随着荷载不断地增大,在不可逆岩石破碎的影响下,剪切应力在达到峰值后显著降低,并逐渐达到
稳定值(即残余剪切强度τr)。此时,岩石已完全破碎的,即岩石破碎变量是1。表达式为
τ=τr=τf=(σn0+Ksrtanβ)tanφr
随着剪切过程的发展,规则三角形的倾角逐渐降低,这也属于岩石破碎的范畴。将式(16)和式(17)组合成包含岩石破碎变量的动态方程。式(13)可以重写为
τ=(σn0+Kstanβ)tan(φb+β)(1-D)+(σn0+Ksrtanβ)tanφrD
将式(11)代入式(18),即可获得考虑岩石破碎的混凝土-岩石剪切模型,表达式为
$\begin{aligned} \tau= & \left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s \tan \beta\right) \tan \left(\varphi_{\mathrm{b}}+\beta\right) \times \\ & \exp \left[-\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m}\right]- \\ & \left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{r}} \tan \beta\right) \tan \varphi_{\mathrm{r}} \times \\ & \exp \left[-\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m}\right]+ \\ & \left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{r}} \tan \beta\right) \tan \varphi_{\mathrm{r}} \end{aligned}$
在峰值点,式(19)的一阶导数为0。表达式为
$\begin{aligned} 0= & K \tan \beta \tan \left(\varphi_{\mathrm{b}}+\beta\right) \exp \left[-\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m}\right]- \\ & \frac{m K \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m}\left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+\right. \\ & \left.K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta\right) \tan \left(\varphi_{\mathrm{b}}+\beta\right) \exp \left[-\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m}\right]+ \\ & \frac{m K \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m}\left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{r}} \tan \beta\right) \times \\ & \tan \varphi_{\mathrm{r}} \exp \left[-\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m}\right] \end{aligned}$
式(19)在峰值点处满足
$\begin{aligned} \tau_{\mathrm{p}}= & \left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta\right) \tan \left(\varphi_{\mathrm{b}}+\beta\right) \times \\ & \exp \left[-\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m}\right]-\left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{r}} \tan \beta\right) \times \\ & \tan \varphi_{\mathrm{r}} \exp \left[-\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m}\right]+ \\ & \left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{r}} \tan \beta\right) \tan \varphi_{\mathrm{r}} \end{aligned}$
重新排列式(21),得到
$\begin{array}{l} \tau_{\mathrm{p}}-\left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{r}} \tan \beta\right) \tan \varphi_{\mathrm{r}}=\left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta\right) \times \\ \tan \left(\varphi_{\mathrm{b}}+\beta\right) \exp \left[-\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m}\right]- \\ \left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{r}} \tan \beta\right) \tan \varphi_{\mathrm{r}} \exp \left[-\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m}\right] \end{array} $
基于式(20)和式(22),可得
$\begin{array}{l} K \tan \beta \tan \left(\varphi_{\mathrm{b}}+\beta\right) \exp \left[-\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m}\right]= \\ \frac{m K \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m} \tau_{\mathrm{p}}- \\ \frac{m K \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m} \sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0} \tan \varphi_{\mathrm{r}}- \\ \frac{m K \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m} K s_{\mathrm{r}} \tan \beta \tan \varphi_{\mathrm{r}} \end{array} $
重新排列式(22)可得
τ p - ( σ n 0 + K s r t a n β ) t a n φ r ( σ n 0 + K s p t a n β ) t a n ( φ b + β ) - ( σ n 0 + K s r t a n β ) t a n φ r=exp - σ n 0 + K s p t a n β σ n 0 + K s f t a n β m
将式(24)代入式(23)可得
K t a n β t a n ( φ b + β ) ( σ n 0 + K s p t a n β ) t a n ( φ b + β ) - ( σ n 0 + K s r t a n β ) t a n φ r= m K t a n β σ n 0 + K s p t a n β σ n 0 + K s p t a n β σ n 0 + K s f t a n β m
取式(24)的对数
ln ( σ n 0 + K s p t a n β ) t a n ( φ b + β ) - ( σ n 0 + K s r t a n β ) t a n φ r τ p - ( σ n 0 + K s r t a n β ) t a n φ r= σ n 0 + K s p t a n β σ n 0 + K s f t a n β m
$\begin{aligned} m= & K \tan \beta \tan \left(\varphi_{\mathrm{b}}+\beta\right)\left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta\right) / \\ & \left\{K \operatorname { tan } \beta \left[\left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta\right) \tan \left(\varphi_{\mathrm{b}}+\beta\right)-\right.\right. \\ & \left.\left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{r}} \tan \beta\right) \tan \varphi_{\mathrm{r}}\right] \times \\ & \left.\ln \left[\frac{\left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{p}} \tan \beta\right) \tan \left(\varphi_{\mathrm{b}}+\beta\right)-\left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta\right) \tan \varphi_{\mathrm{r}}}{\tau_{\mathrm{p}}-\left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta\right) \tan \varphi_{\mathrm{r}}}\right]\right\} \end{aligned}$
式(27)为m的表达式,由式(27)可以看出,m与混凝土-岩石接触面的性质密切相关。
基于式(26)和式(27)可得
sf= σ n 0 + K s p t a n β l n ( σ n 0 + K s p t a n β ) t a n ( φ b + β ) - ( σ n 0 + K s r t a n β ) t a n φ r τ p - ( σ n 0 + K s r t a n β ) t a n φ r m 1 K t a n β- 1 K t a n βσn0
为了验证考虑岩石破碎的混凝土-岩石剪切模型的准确性,将该模型的计算结果与常法向刚度条件下的混凝土-岩石剪切实验结果[7]进行比较。实验中的岩石为中风化泥质砂岩,力学参数如表1所示,实验条件和计算参数如表2所示。对比结果如图5所示。
图5可知,考虑岩石破碎的计算的结果与混凝土-岩石剪切实验的结果之间存在较小的差异,不考虑岩石破碎的计算结果高估了峰值剪切应力。考虑岩石破碎的混凝土-岩石剪切模型准确地描述了混凝土-岩石剪切过程的4个阶段,不考虑岩石破碎的混凝土-岩石剪切模型没有表现出屈服变形阶段和应变软化阶段。与实验结果相比,不考虑岩石破碎的计算结果失真。
将嵌岩桩划分为N个相等的单元,如图6所示。由任意单元的静力平衡条件可得
d P ( z ) d z=-Uτp-r(z)
单元的弹性压缩可表示为
ds=- P ( z ) d z A r E c
将式(29)代入式(30),整理可得
d 2 s d z 2- U A r E cτp-r(z)=0
式中:P(z)为桩基础轴力;dP(z)为单元轴力;dz为单元长度;U为嵌岩桩截面周长;τp-r(z)为桩侧摩阻力;Ar为嵌岩桩截面面积;Ec为混凝土弹性模量。将式(19)代入式(31),即可获得考虑岩石破碎的嵌岩桩的荷载传递微分方程。即
$\begin{aligned} \frac{\mathrm{d}^{2} s}{\mathrm{~d} z^{2}}= & \frac{U}{A_{\mathrm{r}} E_{\mathrm{c}}}\left\{\left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s \tan \beta\right) \tan \left(\varphi_{\mathrm{b}}+\beta\right) \times\right. \\ & \exp \left[-\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m}\right]- \\ & \left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{r}} \tan \beta\right) \tan \varphi_{\mathrm{r}} \times \\ & \exp \left[-\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s \tan \beta}{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m}\right]+ \\ & \left.\left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{r}} \tan \beta\right) \tan \varphi_{\mathrm{r}}\right\} \end{aligned}$
式(32)为非线性微分方程,采用Runge-Kutta法求解。重新排列式(32),可得
s″=f(z,s)
边界条件可表示为
s ( z 0 ) = s t s ' ( z 0 ) = - P t E c A r
式(34)中:z0为桩顶竖坐标;st为桩顶沉降,Pt为桩顶荷载。引入的新变量,即
s 0 = s s 1 = s '
计算式(35)的一阶导数,得
s ' 0 = s ' s ' 1 = s
将式(35)代入式(36)可得
s ' 0 = s 1 s ' 1 = s = f ( z , s ) = f ( z , s 0 )
式(37)为一阶微分方程组。边界条件已经被修改为
s 0 ( z 0 ) = s t s 1 ( z 0 ) = - P t E c A r
结合式(32)可得
$\begin{aligned} s_{1}^{\prime}= & \frac{U}{A_{\mathrm{r}} E_{\mathrm{c}}}\left\{\left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{0} \tan \beta\right) \tan \left(\varphi_{\mathrm{b}}+\beta\right) \times\right. \\ & \exp \left[-\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{0} \tan \beta}{\sigma_{n 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m}\right]- \\ & \left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{r}} \tan \beta\right) \tan \varphi_{\mathrm{r}} \times \\ & \exp \left[-\left(\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{0} \tan \beta}{\sigma_{n 0}+K s_{\mathrm{f}} \tan \beta}\right)^{m}\right]+ \\ & \left.\left(\sigma_{\mathrm{n} 0}+K s_{\mathrm{r}} \tan \beta\right) \tan \varphi_{\mathrm{r}}\right\} \end{aligned}$
上述求解过程由Python程序实现。
在贵州和云南等地区,由于频繁的地质构造活动,这些地区出现了大量的断层地带和严重的岩石破碎现象[20]。清池特大桥位于贵州省北部,全长861.5 m,横跨岩石破碎区域,采用大直径嵌岩桩作为桥梁基础。在这种地质条件下,大直径嵌岩桩的承载力受到两个突出问题的困扰:①由于地表侵蚀、风化和地质构造活动的影响,出现了显著的岩石破碎现象。②传统的嵌岩桩承载能力计算方法没有考虑岩石破碎。鉴于此,以清池特大桥的嵌岩桩为研究对象,对岩石破碎区域内嵌岩桩的承载力进行全面的分析。现场地质条件和嵌岩桩的力学性质如图7所示,桩-岩接触面力学参数如表3所示。根据求解方法,可以获得桩顶荷载-沉降曲线以及桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线。对比结果如图8所示。
图8(a)可知,考虑岩石破碎的桩顶荷载-沉降曲线更接近现场静载试验结果。不考虑岩石破碎的桩顶沉降明显小于现场静载试验结果。这表明,忽略岩石破碎对嵌岩桩承载力的影响将导致对嵌岩桩承载力的保守估计。由图8(b)可知,当桩顶荷载小于35 000 kN时,强风化灰岩的桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线处于线弹性变形阶段和屈服变形阶段。两种方法的计算结果与现场静载试验结果吻合。随着桩顶荷载不断地增大,不考虑岩石破碎的桩侧摩阻力明显大于考虑岩石破碎的桩侧摩阻力。同时,当桩侧摩阻力达到峰值时,不考虑岩石破碎的桩侧摩阻力迅速下降到残余摩擦力,直接进入残余阶段,没有应变软化阶段。由图8(c)可知,当桩顶荷载为35 000 kN时,两种方法计算的中风化灰岩的桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线与现场静荷试验结果吻合,均处于线弹性变形阶段和屈服变形阶段,没有应变软化阶段。当桩顶荷载为80 000 kN时,不考虑岩石破碎的桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线突然下降,而考虑岩石破碎的桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线没有观察到这种现象。
为研究岩石破碎对混凝土-岩石剪切机制的影响,以1.4节模型验证中的案例为基础,对msf进行敏感性分析。相关参数如表7所示,msf对剪切位移-岩石破碎变量曲线和剪切位移-剪切应力曲线的影响如图9所示。
图9(a)可知,当m=15.172时,岩石破碎变量的变化范围为s=3.8~8.2 mm。这表明从s=3.8 mm开始,先前闭合的微观裂纹重新开放、积聚和扩展,岩石开始破碎。当s=8.2 mm时,混凝土-岩石剪切过程处于残余阶段,表明岩石已完全破碎。随着m地增大,破碎开始时的剪切位移增大,而完全破碎时的剪切移位减小,从而减小了岩石破碎变量的变化范围。这表明随着m地增大,岩石的脆性增强。此外,不同m对应的剪切位移-岩石破碎变量曲线存在一个交点,交点两侧的变化规律相反。由图9(b)可知,在线弹性变形阶段,剪切位移-剪切应力曲线不受m变化的影响。随着m地增大,峰值剪切应力和对应的剪切位移均增大。因此,在屈服变形阶段,曲线不再重合。随着m地增大,残余剪切位移减小,从而使应变软化阶段的变化范围减小。岩石由塑性向脆性逐渐转化。此外,不同m对应的剪切位移-剪切应力曲线中存在一个交点,交点两侧具有相反的趋势。这一特征与剪切位移-岩石破碎变量曲线一致。
图9(c)可知,sf对剪切位移-岩石破碎变量曲线的影响存在显著差异。不同sf对应的剪切位移-岩石破碎变量曲线近似平行。随着sf地增大,岩石开始破碎时的剪切位移和完全破碎时的剪切移位都逐渐增大,岩石破碎变量的变化范围增大,这表明岩石的塑性增强。由图9(d)可知,在线弹性变形阶段,不同sf对应的剪切位移-剪切应力曲线重合。随着sf地增大,峰值剪切应力和峰值剪切位移均增大。剪切位移-剪切应力曲线在屈服变形阶段不再重合。在应变软化阶段,剪切位移-剪切应力曲线近似平行,表现出与剪切位移-岩石破碎变量曲线相似的模式。随着sf地增大,残余剪切位移也增大。残余剪切应力和残余剪切位移是岩石的固有特性,不随msf的变化而发生变化。
为研究岩石破碎对嵌岩桩承载机制的影响,在2.2节案例研究的基础上,对msf进行参数敏感性分析,相关参数如表8所示。
强风化灰岩m对嵌岩桩承载机制的影响如图10所示。
图10(a)可知,不同m对应的桩顶荷载-沉降曲线重合,m对桩顶荷载-沉降曲线的影响不明显。
图10(b)可知,当桩-岩相对位移小于1.75 mm时,不同m对应的桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线重合。随着m地增大,峰值桩侧摩阻力逐渐增大,而残余桩-岩相对位移逐渐减小,峰后应变软化阶段的变化范围减小。当桩-岩相对位移大于1.75 mm时,桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线不再重合。当m=2.243时,桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线只包括线弹性变形阶段、屈服变形阶段和应变软化阶段。随着m地增大,桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线包括混凝土-岩石剪切的4个阶段。此外,不同m对应的桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线存在一个明显的交点,交点两侧的变化趋势相反。由图10(c)可知,随着m地增大,岩石开始破碎时的桩-岩相对位移逐渐增大,而当岩石完全破碎时,桩-岩相对位移逐渐减小,缩小了岩石破碎变量的变化范围。同时,不同m相对应的桩-岩相对位移-岩石破碎变量曲线存在一个明显的交点,交点两侧的变化趋势相反。与桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线一致。
强风化灰岩的sf对嵌岩桩承载力的影响如图11所示。
图11(a)可知,当桩顶荷载小于50 000 kN时,不同sf的桩顶沉降没有显著差异。当桩顶荷载大于50 000 kN后,随着sf地增大,桩顶沉降逐渐减小。由图11(b)可知,当桩-岩相对位移小于1.75 mm时,桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线重合。随着sf地增大,桩侧摩阻力和相应的桩-岩相对位移均增大,因此桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线不再重合。当sf=1.802和sf=3.802时,桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线包括混凝土-岩石剪切的四个阶段。当sf=5.802时,桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线包含了线弹性变形阶段、屈服变形阶段和应变软化阶段。当sf=7.802时,桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线包含了线弹性变形阶段和屈服变形阶段。由图11(c)可知,随着sf地增大,强风化灰岩开始破碎和和完全破碎时的桩-岩相对位移均增大。当sf=1.802时,岩石破碎变量的变化范围为s=0.8~2.9 mm。当sf=3.802时,岩石破碎变量的变化范围为s=1.6~5.2 mm。当sf=5.802时,强风化灰岩没有完全破碎,岩石破碎变量为0.74。当sf=7.802时,岩石破碎变量为0.18。这表明sf增大导致岩石塑性增强。
中风化灰岩的m对嵌岩桩承载机制的影响如图12所示。
图12(a)可知,m对桩顶荷载-沉降曲线没有显著影响。由图12(b)可知,当桩-岩相对位移小于2.75 mm时,不同m对应的桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线重合,并且均处于线弹性阶段。随着m地增大,桩侧摩阻力逐渐增大,桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线在屈服变形阶段不再重合。由图12(c)可知,当桩-岩相对位移小于1.5 mm时,不同m对应的岩石破碎变量均为0。随着m地增大,岩石开始破碎时的桩-岩相对位移逐渐增大。不同m对应的岩石破碎变量均没有达到1,这意味着中风化灰岩没有完全破碎。
中风化灰岩的sf对嵌岩桩承载机制的影响如图13所示。
图13(a)可知,当桩顶荷载小于60 000 kN时,不同sf的桩顶沉降没有显著差异。当桩顶荷载大于60 000 kN后,随着sf地增大,桩顶沉降逐渐减小。由图13(b)可知,当桩-岩相对位移小于2 mm时,不同sf的桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线重合。
当桩-岩相对位移大于2 mm时,随着sf地增大,峰值桩侧摩阻力逐渐增大,桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线不再重合。当sf=2.381时,桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线包含了混凝土-岩石剪切的4个阶段。随着sf地增大,不同sf的桩-岩相对位移-桩侧摩阻力曲线只包含线弹性变形阶段和屈服变形阶段。由图13(c)可知,当桩-岩相对位移小于1 mm时,不同sf的岩石破碎变量均为0。当sf=2.381时,随着桩-岩相对位移地增大,岩石破碎变量逐渐接近1,表明中风化灰岩已经完全破碎。随着sf地增大,不同sf的岩石破碎变量逐渐减小。同时,岩石开始破碎时的桩-岩相对位移逐渐增大。
桩-岩接触面的力学性质受到msf的影响,进而影响混凝土-岩石剪切机制和嵌岩桩的承载机制。因此,应充分考虑岩石破碎对嵌岩桩承载机制的影响。
为研究岩石破碎对嵌岩桩承载机制的影响,在以往研究的基础上提出了一种新的考虑岩石破碎的混凝土-岩石剪切模型。基于该模型,推导了考虑岩石破碎的嵌岩桩荷载传递微分方程。本研究得出以下结论。
(1)考虑岩石破碎的混凝土-岩石剪切模型的计算结果与混凝土-岩石剪切实验结果更吻合。考虑岩石破碎的嵌岩桩荷载传递微分方程的计算结果与现场静载试验的结果更接近,并提供了对嵌岩桩承载能力的进一步预测。
(2)使用威布尔分布模拟岩石破碎的演化过程,保留了主要的研究因素,同时避免了许多不必要的因素。混凝土-岩石剪切过程中的岩石破碎过程被视为随机破碎的演化过程,混凝土-岩石接触面被视为服从统计分布的岩石微观单元材料的等效平面,这是一种恰当的方法来考虑混凝土-岩石接触面的性质。
(3)引入的岩石破碎变量可以有效地刻画在混凝土-岩石剪切过程中岩石的破碎演化特征,msf均具有明确的物理意义,均可以通过具体的数学表达式和试验数据确定。
(4) msf对混凝土岩石剪切性能的影响不同。随着m地增大,峰值剪切应力(峰值桩侧摩阻力)增大,应变软化阶段的变化范围减小,岩石破碎变量的变化范围减小,岩石的脆性增强。随着sf地增大,峰值剪切应力(峰值桩侧摩阻力)增大,应变软化阶段的变化范围增大,岩石破碎变量的变化范围增大,岩石的塑性增强。
(5)考虑岩石破碎可以准确地表征岩石的性质,而忽略岩石破碎会导致对嵌岩桩承载力的保守估计。m对桩顶荷载-沉降曲线的影响小,随着sf地增大,桩顶沉降逐渐减小。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(KCJBZY23003536)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42172291)
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2025年第25卷第15期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404130
  • 接收时间:2024-06-03
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-03
  • 修回日期:2024-11-24
基金
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(KCJBZY23003536)
国家自然科学基金(42172291)
作者信息
    1 中交公路规划设计院有限公司, 北京 100010
    2 北京交通大学土木建筑工程学院, 北京 100044
    3 交通运输部科学研究院, 交通运输安全研究中心, 北京 100029

通讯作者:

* 赵小林(1992—),男,汉族,河北邯郸人,博士研究生。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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