Article(id=1149768949404975282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405395, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721145600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-17, revisedDate=1731772800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055879211, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055879211, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055879211, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055879211, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768937925165147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='15', pageStart='6155', pageEnd='6586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055876475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456822194, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559490207699090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559490211893395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6252, endPage=6260, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768951435018435, articleId=1149768949404975282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Spatiotemporal Variation and Driving Factors of Vegetation in the East Pamirs Plateau, columnId=1172606211632542000, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Exploring the spatiotemporal evolution of FVC(fractional vegetation cover) in the East Pamirs Plateau and the driving mechanisms of FVC by the driving forces, providing scientific data support and reference for vegetation protection in the study area. Based on Landsat remote sensing image data, meteorological data, DEM (digital elevation model)data and other data in 1993, 2000,2007,2014 and 2021, pixel dichotomous model, Markov transition model, spatial auto-correlation analysis and geodetector were used to research on the spatiotemporal evolution and detection driving forces of vegetation coverage in the East Pamirs Plateau. Results show as follows. The FVC in the East Pamirs Plateau is exhibiting a fluctuating upward trend, in terms of spatial distribution, is overall characterized by “higher in the east, lower in the west and extremely low in the medium”. The spatial autocorrelation analysis of vegetation coverage in the East Pamirs Plateau from 1993 to 2021 showed a significant positive spatial autocorrelation, with the global Moran's index of FVC 0.27~0.40. Local spatial autocorrelation shows that the vegetation coverage in local areas is dominated by low-low aggregation and high-high aggregation. Factor detection results showed that the explanatory power (q) of various driving factors on the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation coverage in the study area fluctuated to varying degrees from 1993 to 2021, with land use and DEM were the main driving factors of FVC in the East Pamirs Plateau. Results of the interaction detection showed that the influence of interaction between driving factors is greater than that of a single driving factor, and the interaction results are all enhanced.

, correspAuthors=Yu-ting LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chen HOU, Yu-ting LIU, Chun-mei CHAI, Yan-tao CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149768975145418933, articleId=1149768949404975282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=东帕米尔高原植被的时空演变及驱动力, columnId=1172606211942920497, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·生物科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过探究东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度的时空演变规律及驱动力对植被覆盖度的驱动机制,为研究区的植被保护提供科学的数据支撑和参考。基于1993年、2000年、2007年、2014年、2021年Landsat遥感影像、气象、数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)等数据,使用像元二分模型、马尔科夫模型、空间自相关分析和地理探测器,开展东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度时空演变及检测驱动力的研究。结果表明:①1993—2021年东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度呈上升趋势,在空间分布上总体表现为“东部高,西部低,中部极低”的特点;②1993—2021年东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度空间自相关分析表现为显著的正空间自相关,全局莫兰指数为0.27~0.40,局部空间自相关表明,植被覆盖度在局部地区以低-低聚集和高-高聚集为主的聚集;③因子探测结果表明,1993—2021年间,研究区各驱动因子对植被覆盖度空间异质性的解释力(q)表现出不同程度的波动,土地利用和DEM是东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度的主要驱动因素。交互探测结果表明,驱动因子之间交互的影响力大于单驱动因子的影响力,交互结果均表现为增强。

, correspAuthors=刘玉婷, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘玉婷(1986—),女,汉族,山东临沂人,博士,副教授。研究方向:资源利用和生态安全。E-mail:
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侯晨(1998—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,硕士研究生。研究方向:生物技术与工程。E-mail:

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侯晨(1998—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,硕士研究生。研究方向:生物技术与工程。E-mail:

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articleId=1149768949404975282, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Results of driving factor interaction detection, figureFileSmall=RukU8BDVLgGGZDznWWMi9g==, figureFileBig=BiFqPej+J2GDpZzS02P8VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172963816838148580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768949404975282, language=CN, label=图7, caption=驱动因子交互作用探测结果, figureFileSmall=RukU8BDVLgGGZDznWWMi9g==, figureFileBig=BiFqPej+J2GDpZzS02P8VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172963816901063141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768949404975282, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification of vegetation coverage grade

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植被覆盖等级 植被覆盖度
极高植被覆盖度 0.70~1.00
高植被覆盖度 0.50~0.70
中植被覆盖度 0.35~0.50
低植被覆盖度 0.20~0.35
极低植被覆盖度 0.00~0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1172963816959783398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768949404975282, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

植被覆盖度等级分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植被覆盖等级 植被覆盖度
极高植被覆盖度 0.70~1.00
高植被覆盖度 0.50~0.70
中植被覆盖度 0.35~0.50
低植被覆盖度 0.20~0.35
极低植被覆盖度 0.00~0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1172963817018503655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768949404975282, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Annual changes in areas with a different FVC from 1993 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 植被覆盖度等级/%
极低 极高
1993 54.6 31.97 7.2 3.73 2.5
2000 51.56 35.26 7.26 3.66 2.27
2007 48.88 35.67 8.41 4.5 2.54
2014 37.93 44.21 9.52 5.12 3.22
2021 28.76 52.2 9.67 5.38 3.98
), ArticleFig(id=1172963817094001128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768949404975282, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1993—2021年植被覆盖度等级的年际变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 植被覆盖度等级/%
极低 极高
1993 54.6 31.97 7.2 3.73 2.5
2000 51.56 35.26 7.26 3.66 2.27
2007 48.88 35.67 8.41 4.5 2.54
2014 37.93 44.21 9.52 5.12 3.22
2021 28.76 52.2 9.67 5.38 3.98
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东帕米尔高原植被的时空演变及驱动力
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侯晨 1, 2 , 刘玉婷 1, 2, * , 柴春梅 1 , 陈艳桃 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·生物科学 2025,25(15): 6252-6260
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·生物科学 2025, 25(15): 6252-6260
东帕米尔高原植被的时空演变及驱动力
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侯晨1, 2 , 刘玉婷1, 2, * , 柴春梅1, 陈艳桃1
作者信息
  • 1 喀什大学生命与地理科学学院, 喀什 844000
  • 2 新疆维吾尔自治区帕米尔高原生物资源与生态重点实验室, 喀什 844000
  • 侯晨(1998—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,硕士研究生。研究方向:生物技术与工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘玉婷(1986—),女,汉族,山东临沂人,博士,副教授。研究方向:资源利用和生态安全。E-mail:
Spatiotemporal Variation and Driving Factors of Vegetation in the East Pamirs Plateau
Chen HOU1, 2 , Yu-ting LIU1, 2, * , Chun-mei CHAI1, Yan-tao CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Life and Geography, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecology of Pamirs Plateau in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Kashi 844000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405395
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通过探究东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度的时空演变规律及驱动力对植被覆盖度的驱动机制,为研究区的植被保护提供科学的数据支撑和参考。基于1993年、2000年、2007年、2014年、2021年Landsat遥感影像、气象、数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)等数据,使用像元二分模型、马尔科夫模型、空间自相关分析和地理探测器,开展东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度时空演变及检测驱动力的研究。结果表明:①1993—2021年东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度呈上升趋势,在空间分布上总体表现为“东部高,西部低,中部极低”的特点;②1993—2021年东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度空间自相关分析表现为显著的正空间自相关,全局莫兰指数为0.27~0.40,局部空间自相关表明,植被覆盖度在局部地区以低-低聚集和高-高聚集为主的聚集;③因子探测结果表明,1993—2021年间,研究区各驱动因子对植被覆盖度空间异质性的解释力(q)表现出不同程度的波动,土地利用和DEM是东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度的主要驱动因素。交互探测结果表明,驱动因子之间交互的影响力大于单驱动因子的影响力,交互结果均表现为增强。

植被覆盖度  /  时空演变  /  空间自相关  /  地理探测器  /  东帕米尔高原

Exploring the spatiotemporal evolution of FVC(fractional vegetation cover) in the East Pamirs Plateau and the driving mechanisms of FVC by the driving forces, providing scientific data support and reference for vegetation protection in the study area. Based on Landsat remote sensing image data, meteorological data, DEM (digital elevation model)data and other data in 1993, 2000,2007,2014 and 2021, pixel dichotomous model, Markov transition model, spatial auto-correlation analysis and geodetector were used to research on the spatiotemporal evolution and detection driving forces of vegetation coverage in the East Pamirs Plateau. Results show as follows. The FVC in the East Pamirs Plateau is exhibiting a fluctuating upward trend, in terms of spatial distribution, is overall characterized by “higher in the east, lower in the west and extremely low in the medium”. The spatial autocorrelation analysis of vegetation coverage in the East Pamirs Plateau from 1993 to 2021 showed a significant positive spatial autocorrelation, with the global Moran's index of FVC 0.27~0.40. Local spatial autocorrelation shows that the vegetation coverage in local areas is dominated by low-low aggregation and high-high aggregation. Factor detection results showed that the explanatory power (q) of various driving factors on the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation coverage in the study area fluctuated to varying degrees from 1993 to 2021, with land use and DEM were the main driving factors of FVC in the East Pamirs Plateau. Results of the interaction detection showed that the influence of interaction between driving factors is greater than that of a single driving factor, and the interaction results are all enhanced.

fractional vegetation cover  /  spatiotemporal changes  /  spatial auto-correlation  /  geodetector  /  East Pamirs Plateau
侯晨, 刘玉婷, 柴春梅, 陈艳桃. 东帕米尔高原植被的时空演变及驱动力. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6252 -6260 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405395
Chen HOU, Yu-ting LIU, Chun-mei CHAI, Yan-tao CHEN. Spatiotemporal Variation and Driving Factors of Vegetation in the East Pamirs Plateau[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6252 -6260 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405395
植被是陆地生态系统重要的组成成分[1],在干旱半干旱地区植被对维持水土平衡、土壤保持和保护生态稳定对当地的可持续发展方面都发挥着至关重要作用[2]。全球气候变化加剧和人类活动影响扩大,植被研究特别是生态脆弱的干旱地区植被时空格局演变及其驱动机制研究已成为研究的热点。东帕米尔高原紧邻干旱半干旱沙漠地带,生态环境敏感[3],探究植被的演变规律及驱动力,对制定合理的区域生态环境保护策略对保障生态安全和可持续发展,都具有显著的实际价值。
植被覆盖度(fractional vegetation cover, FVC)是指在单位面积上的植被地上部分(涵盖叶片、茎干及枝条)在地面的垂直投影面积所占的百分比[4],植被覆盖度是评估区域植被状况的关键指标,能够有效反映生态系统环境的变化[5-6]。利用归一化植被指数 (normal difference vegetation index, NDVI)基于像元二分法模型对植被覆盖度进行提取的方法[7],在植被覆盖度的研究方面得到了广泛应用。张晓东等[8]采用像元二分模型基于TM卫星遥感影像数据对伏牛山的植被进行研究,结合数字高程模型分析对比不同海拔的植被覆盖变化。Fensholt等[9]使用像元二分法对1981—2007年半干旱地区的植被覆盖度进行了时空变化分析,揭示了其变化趋势及背后的驱动因素。路琦等[10]基于像元二分模型探究了黄河三角洲地区植被覆盖度的动态变化及趋势,发现植被覆盖退化的主要原因是草地和未利用土地向水域等类型的转化。张朔川等[11]用像元二分法和变异系数法等方法分析了2001—2020年秦皇岛市植被覆盖度的动态变化,并且利用元胞自动机-马尔可夫链模型预测了其后续变化。
东帕米尔高原作为亚欧大陆腹地的关键区域,在“丝绸之路经济带”中扮演着重要角色,其独特的地理位置和战略地位使得相关研究具有重要的学术价值和应用意义[3]。然而,目前有关于东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度的研究较少,对其时空变化特征及其驱动机理的研究也需要一步深入。基于1993—2021年Landsat遥感影像数据,探究东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度的时空变化特征,并探究其驱动力,深入分析植被覆盖度变化的驱动机制,旨为东帕米尔高原地区制定生态环境保护策略提供数据支持和科学理论依据。
帕米尔高原在中国古代被称为“葱岭”,是指位于青藏高原西北部的广阔高原山地[12]。其中,处在中国境内的部分被称为东帕米尔高原,在行政区划上属于新疆维吾尔自治区的喀什地区和克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州境内。东帕米尔高原作为“一带一路”倡议的重点建设区,以其独特的区位优势,成为我国连接中亚、西亚的重要地区(图1)。
1993年、2000年、2007年、2014年和2021年的Landsat遥感影像数据来源于中科院地理空间数据云平台(http://www.gscloud.cn/),行/列号为:149/033、149/034、150/032、150/033、151/033,空间分辨率为30 m。夏季是植被的生长情况最为茂盛的季节,在选取影像时,选择植被最为茂盛的6—9月遥感影像是计算NDVI和植被覆盖度的最佳时期。
数字高程模型 (digital elevation model,DEM)数据来源于中科院地理空间数据云平台(https://www.resdc.cn/),并经提取处理得到坡度数据,空间分辨率为90 m。年降水量、平均气温和平均潜在蒸散发数据来源于国家地球系统科学数据中心(https://www.geodata.cn/)的中国1 km分辨率年降水量数据(1982—2022年)、中国1 km分辨率平均气温数据(1982—2022年)和1901—2022年中国1km逐月潜在蒸散发数据集[13]。土地利用数据集来源于武汉大学发布的空间分辨率为30 m中国年度土地覆盖数据集(annual China land cover dataset, CLCD)[14]
NDVI具有能够灵敏度高、识别范围宽、消除辐射干扰等优点,被广泛应用于植被覆盖度的研究中[15]。其表达式为
NDVI= N I R - R N I R + R
式(1)中:NDVI为归一化植被指数值:NIR为近红外波段:R为红色波段。NDVI取值范围在-1~1。其值可代表地表植被覆盖情况,为正值、0、负值分别说明地表有植被覆盖、为裸土地面、被冰雪等覆盖。
基于NDVI数据,利用像元二分模型计算植被覆盖度[16]。其表达式为
FVC= N D V I - N D V I s o i l N D V I v e g - N D V I s o i l
式(2)中:FVC为植被覆盖度;NDVIveg为全部由植被覆盖的像元NDVI值;NDVIsoil为纯裸土像元NDVI值。参考相关研究植被覆盖度划分方法[17],对研究区的植被覆盖度等级进行划分,如表1所示。
采用马尔科夫模型分析东帕米尔高原地区植被覆盖度不同等级的变化情况[18]。公式为
V= V 11 V 12 V 1 n V 21 V 22 V 2 n V n 1 V n 2 V n n
式(3)中:Vij为第i种级别和第种j级别的植被覆盖度之间转化的面积:n为植被覆盖度的级别。
空间自相关分析是指通过总体离散程度确定空间是否聚集,用来反映要素值与相邻位置上要素值之间的相关程度[19],可通过莫兰指数衡量植被覆盖度变化特征的空间自相关程度,分为全局莫兰指数IG(global Moran's I)和局部莫兰指数IL(local Moran's I),全局莫兰指数可反映整体是否有集聚现象和聚集程度,其值经过方差归一化后,在-1~1之间。局部莫兰指数可确定聚类的类型和具体位置[20]。公式为
IG= n i = 1 n j = 1 n W i j ( x i - x - ) ( x j - x - ) i = 1 n j = 1 n W i j i = 1 n ( x i - x - ) 2
IL= n ( x i - x - ) j = 1 n W i j ( x j - x - ) i = 1 n ( x i - x - ) 2
式中:n为空间单元个数;xixj分别代表x在第i个和第j个空间单元的值: x -为平均值;Wij为空间权重矩阵元素。
该模型是由王劲峰等[21]提出的,其核心思想是:如果自变量对因变量具有重要影响,那么自变量和因变量的空间分布应该具有相似性。用于探测东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度空间的分异性及其驱动力。本研究1993年、2000年、2007年、2014年和2021年东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度作为因变量Y,选择同年份的DEM、坡度、年降水量、平均气温、土地利用和平均潜在蒸散发作为驱动因子自变量X。因子探测是探测单个驱动因子对植被覆盖度的解释力(q值),q值的范围在0~1,其越大则驱动因子的解释力越强。其计算公式为
q=1- 1 N σ 2 h = 1 LNhσh2
式(6)中:h=1,2,…,L表示为植被覆盖度Y或驱动因子X的分层;NhN则分别表示为层h和全区的单元数; σ h 2σ2分别表示为层h和全区Y值的方差。
交互作用探测是探测两两驱动因子之间的交互作用,评估驱动因子两两之间的交互作用时对因变量的解释力的增减变化。两两驱动因子之间的交互作用可以分为5类:非线性增强、双因子增强、独立、单因子非线性减弱和非线性减弱。
在计算植被覆盖度时,NDVIsoil和NDVIveg的取值能够直接影响植被覆盖度计算结果的精度。为了获取准确的NDVI极值,凭借NDVIsoil和NDVIveg的经验取值范围在[-0.1,0.2]和[0.2,1],通过掩膜去除小于-0.1与大于1的像元[22]。在选择NDVIsoil和NDVIveg的取值时,并未选择NDVI统计分布数据(图2)的最大值和最小值,而是根据已有的研究和研究区实际的植被覆盖情况,选择统计分布数据中累计百分比为0.5%和99.5%处的NDVI数值作为NDVIsoil和NDVIveg,以规避异常数值对研究的影响[23]
1993年、2000年、2007年、2014年和2021年东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度分别为0.231、0.234、0.245、0.262、0.280,多年平均植被覆盖度为0.250。在1993—2021年研究区植被覆盖度增长了21.21%,呈现出持续上升的趋好态势,整体植被覆盖度水平较低,极低和低植被覆盖度等级占主导地位。
1993—2021年东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度在空间分布上(图3),极低植被覆盖度像元分较集中分布于中部的昆盖山、公格尔山和慕士塔格山地区;以东的东部地区高植被覆盖度和极高植被覆盖度像元分布较多;以西的西部地区低植被覆盖度像元分布较多。即研究区的植被覆盖度空间分布上表现出明显的空间异质性,总体呈现出“东部高、西部低、中部极低”的分布特点。极高、高和中植被覆盖度呈现出一条贯穿东部的高植被覆盖度带,且表现出扩张趋势,在东南部扩张尤为明显。低植被覆盖度在中部地区以外地区扩张显著,而极低植被覆盖度表现为显著的减少态势。
在时间变化上,如表2所示,1993—2021年植被覆盖度呈现持续增加向好趋势,年均增速约为0.001 75。1993—2000年,植被覆盖度从0.231小幅增长了0.003,低植被覆盖度等级区间占比增长,而极高、高植被覆盖度等级区间占比略有下降,极低植被覆盖度等级区间占比减少,从54.60%减少至51.56%。2000—2007年,植被覆盖度由2000年的0.234增加至2007年的0.245,极低和低植被覆盖度等级区间面积减少,由2000年的86.82%减少至2007年的84.55%。而中、高、极高植被覆盖度等级区间面积占比增大,增加量分别为423.34、310.33、100.23 km2。2007—2014年,植被覆盖度上升到了2014年的0.262,年均增长幅度为0.96%。极高、高、中和低植被覆盖度等级区间面积占比均有不同程度的增加,分别增加0.68%、0.62%、1.11%和8.54%,而极低植被覆盖度等级区间面积占比则由2007年的48.88%减少至2014年的37.93%。2014—2021年,植被覆盖度增长到了0.280,极高、高、中植被覆盖度区间面积占比略有增加,低植被覆盖度面积占比则显著增加,从16 702.91 km2增加至19 474.26 km2
使用桑基图描述1993—2021年东帕米尔高原各等级植被覆盖度之间的转移流向与转移面积,能够有效地定量表征各级别植被覆盖度的面积分流和转化关系(图4)。1993—2000年,极低植被覆盖度减少了3.04%,其流出最多的是流向低植被覆盖度,达到了4 345.85 km2。而低植被覆盖度面积占比增加了3.29%,由极低植被覆盖度的流入量占其总流入量的75.96%。2000—2007年,植被覆盖度流向更高等级的总面积为7 337.24 km2,相比1993—2000年间的流动量增加了408.71 km2,呈现出增加态势。2007—2014年,极低植被覆盖度流向更高级别植被覆盖度变化最为明显,由极低植被覆盖度流向更高级别植被覆盖度的转移面积达到了7 463.86 km2,而更高级别植被覆盖度流向极低植被覆盖度的转移面积为3 354.19 km2,使得极低植被覆盖度减少了10.95%。另外,极高、高、中植被覆盖度的流出量(485.70、1 143.62、2 200.16 km2)小于流入量(720.56、1 378.10、2 612.85 km2),三者的面积占比均有所增加。2014—2021年,极低植被覆盖度与低植被覆盖度之间的流动量最大,由极低植被覆盖度流向低植被覆盖度的流动量达到了3 654.41km2,由低植被覆盖度流向极低植被覆盖度的流动量达到了951.50 km2。总体来看,极低和低植被覆盖度之间流动量最大,极低植被覆盖度向低植被覆盖度转化显著;植被覆盖度流向更高等级的流动量大于流向更低等级的流动量。
将植被覆盖度重采样为1km×1km,基于全局空间自相关分析,对研究区的植被覆盖度的空间相关性进行分析。1993—2000年间Moran I从0.31上升到0.36, 2000—2007年间Moran I减小到0.27,而后增大至2014年的0.39和2021年的0.40,说明东帕米尔高原的植被覆盖度的Moran I在研究时间段内呈现出波动上升趋势。1993—2021年间z得分范围在84.34~151.49,其为显著的正空间相关性(p<0.01),研究区植被覆盖度分布呈现聚集性,空间分布整体性明显,且呈现出上升增长的趋势。
利用局部莫兰指数对研究区植被覆盖进一步进行空间自相关分析,得到LISA的聚散类型分布图,包括低-低聚集、高-高聚集、高-低聚集、低-高聚集及不具有显著性五种类型,即低植被覆盖度和低植被覆盖度聚集的现象、高植被覆盖度和高植被覆盖度聚集的现象、高植被覆盖度和低植被覆盖度聚集的现象、低植被覆盖度和高植被覆盖度聚集的现象和邻近植被覆盖度之间的关联程度不强五种类型。根据图5可知,东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度的空间分布聚集特征主要表现为高-高聚集和低-低聚集类型,尽管不具有显著性区域占比较大,但聚集区的分布表明,植被覆盖度在局部范围内存在紧密的空间关联性。对比土地利用类型图可以发现,低-低聚集类主要聚集在昆盖山、公格尔山、慕士塔格山这些高海拔、被冰雪所覆盖的地区,植被覆盖度常年处于极低水平;而高-高聚集类主要分布在东部的植被覆盖度高的地区。1993—2021年间高-高聚集和低-低聚集在4种聚类中占比分别为81.36%、84.45%、80.76%、86.07%、86.45%,占比大且分布较为聚集;而高-低聚集和低-高聚集占比小且分布较为分散。总体来看,研究区植被覆盖度在1993—2021年间呈现出以高-高聚集和低-低聚集为主的局部空间聚集。
通过因子探测分析可以得到单个驱动因子对植被覆盖度空间分异的影响力。因子探测结果表明,各驱动因子的p值均小于0.01,表明选择的驱动因子对植被覆盖度的影响显著。
图6可以看出,1993—2021年间驱动因子对东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度空间分异的解释力,各驱动因子影响力大小排序为土地利用>DEM>平均潜在蒸散发>平均气温>年降水量>坡度。
土地利用在各驱动因子之中的解释力最大,其值在0.231以上且表现出上升趋势,是影响植被覆盖度空间分异的主导驱动因子。DEM对植被覆盖度空间分异影响力弱于土地利用位居第二。平均潜在蒸散发和平均气温的q值分别在0.057~0.100和0.050~0.095,两者对植被覆盖度空间分异的解释力较为接近。年降水量的q值在2007年时最小为0.016,在2014年时最大为0.090,影响力波动较大。在研究中解释力最小的驱动因子是坡度,其q值在2007年时仅为0.005。
通过因子交互探测,分析两种驱动因子对东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度空间分异的解释程度。对DEM(X1)、坡度(X2)、年降水量(X3)、平均气温(X4)、土地利用(X5)和平均潜在蒸散发(X6)6个驱动因子的交互探测表明(图7),两个驱动因子交互作用的q值大于单驱动因子,对东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度空间分异的解释力表现为双因子增强和非线性增强的效果,不存在非线性减弱、单因子非线性减弱和独立的效果,说明两个驱动因子的交互作用相较于单驱动因子增强了对植被覆盖度空间分布的影响力。其中,土地利用与其他驱动因子的交互作用的解释力最大,高于其他因子之间的交互作用。
分析干旱区植被覆盖度的变化,对保障干旱区生态安全至关重要[24]。本研究基于东帕米尔高原的遥感影像数据,分析了1993—2021年东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度的时间空间变化过程和规律。结果表明研究区植被覆盖度由0.231上升至0.280,增长了21.21%,表明植被覆盖度呈现趋好态势。这与王建国等[25]研究的南疆植被覆盖度呈现上升趋势的研究结果具有一致性。东帕米尔高原地区积极实施了一系列生态保护和治理工程,其中具有代表性的是,2005年成立的新疆帕米尔高原湿地自治区级自然保护区,和新疆在2011年开启的草原生态保护补助机制,使得东帕米尔高原退化的草场得到休养生息。虽然植被覆盖度呈现持续增长状态,但是有些地区植被覆盖度出现下降,这可能是与开发观光旅游资源、放牧牛羊、基础设施建设、风力对植被的破坏等因素有关。
本文研究中使用的30m分辨率的Landsat遥感数据,分辨率高,有利于提升植被覆盖度估测精度。但是在实际应用过程中,存在数据容易受到云层遮挡造成数据缺失,和同一地区影像的获取频率较低造成数据选择受限的问题。严重制约了Landsat遥感数据对植被覆盖度开展分析。有学者将Landsat与MODIS等不同光学遥感数据进行多源遥感数据融合,从而加强影像数据准确性和精度,以解决云层污染和时间分辨率低产生的数据缺失问题[26]。基于地理探测器模型,本研究对东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度空间分异进行了定量分析。然而,本研究仅选取了以自然因素为主的6个驱动因子来探究植被覆盖度空间分异的驱动力,选取的驱动因子数量上不够多,种类上不够全面。基于此,后续研究应从人为活动、地形特征和自然条件出发使用更多驱动因子对植被覆盖度驱动力做出多维度考量。
(1)从植被覆盖度时空演变来看,植被覆盖度在空间分布上,总体呈现出“东部高,西部低,中部极低”的分布格局。在时间尺度上,东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度呈现出持续增长,年平均增长速率为0.001 75。极低向低覆盖度的转变显著,植被覆盖度向高等级转变的流动量大于向低等级转变的流动量。
(2)从空间自相关性来看,东帕米尔高原植被覆盖度呈现出显著的空间正相关性,且在1993—2021年间空间集聚程度呈现上升趋势。聚散类型分布图显示,在局部范围内存在以低-低聚集和高-高聚集为主的聚集。
(3)从地理探测器来看,单因子探测结果表明,土地利用、DEM、平均潜在蒸散发对影响东帕米尔高原植被覆盖空间分异具有较高影响力。交互探测结果显示,驱动因素之间的相互作用均具有增强效果,土地利用与其他驱动因素的结合对植被覆盖度空间分异的解释力较强。
  • 新疆自治区科技计划项目(2021D01B05)
  • 喀什大学研究生科研创新项目(KD2023KY053)
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2025年第25卷第15期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405395
  • 接收时间:2024-07-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-17
  • 修回日期:2024-11-17
基金
新疆自治区科技计划项目(2021D01B05)
喀什大学研究生科研创新项目(KD2023KY053)
作者信息
    1 喀什大学生命与地理科学学院, 喀什 844000
    2 新疆维吾尔自治区帕米尔高原生物资源与生态重点实验室, 喀什 844000

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* 刘玉婷(1986—),女,汉族,山东临沂人,博士,副教授。研究方向:资源利用和生态安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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