Article(id=1149768947626586207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404574, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718726400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-19, revisedDate=1730131200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055878787, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055878787, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055878787, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055878787, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768937925165147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='15', pageStart='6155', pageEnd='6586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055876475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456822194, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559490207699090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559490211893395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6189, endPage=6199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768948054405218, articleId=1149768947626586207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Three-dimensional Quantitative Forward Modeling of Obstacles and Detected Objects at Different Distances in Air-coupled Ground-penetrating Radar, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Air-coupled ground penetrating radar is widely used in areas with poor terrain conditions and many surface obstructions. In order to precisely evaluate the influence of surface obstructions on the air-coupled ground penetrating radar detection, the horizontal distance between surface obstructions and the detection object was quantitatively studied. The air-coupled ground penetrating radar principle was first used to design an indoor experiment. The influence of the distance between the obstacle and the detection object on the depth of detection and the amplitude changes of the reflection interface of the detection object was analyzed. The relevant laws were then verified by forward simulation. Finally, the relationship between the distance between the obstacle and the detection object and the parameters of the air-coupled ground penetrating radar when it was working was derived based on the analysis of the electromagnetic wave propagation laws of the air-coupled ground penetrating radar. The research results show that the physical experiment obstacles used for air-coupled ground-penetrating radar detection of underground objects have no significant impact on the detection depth. As the obstacle gradually moves away from the detection object, the amplitude of the reflection interface of the detection object will first increase and then stabilize. The amplitude increase stage follows an exponential function distribution law, and the amplitude stability stage has the same amplitude value as when there are no obstacles. In this paper, the distance between the obstacle and the target object at which the amplitude is just approaching stability is defined as the critical distance at which the obstacle affects the amplitude of the radar signal. The height of the antenna, the depth of the target object, the dielectric constant of the detection medium, and the angle of incidence of the electromagnetic wave are all related to the critical distance. The result quantifies the influence of surface obstacles on the physical characteristics of the air-coupled ground penetrating radar and provides guidance for the operation of air-coupled ground penetrating radar.

, correspAuthors=Yu-xiang HUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Huan-yu LIU, Yu-xiang HUO, Lin-guo YI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149768992358839108, articleId=1149768947626586207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=空气耦合探地雷达障碍物与探测物体不同距离三维正演量化, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

空气耦合探地雷达广泛用于地形条件差、地表障碍物较多的区域。为了精确评价地表障碍物位置对于空气耦合探地雷达探测的影响,将地表障碍物与探测物体水平方向上不同距离进行了量化研究。首先根据空气耦合探地雷达原理设计室内试验,通过室内实验对障碍物与探测物体不同距离展开研究,分析了障碍物对探测物埋深的影响,以及探测物体反射界面振幅的变化规律。然后通过正演模拟对相关规律进行验证。最后通过分析空气耦合探地雷达工作时电磁波传播规律,得出了振幅变化趋于平稳时,障碍物与探测物体间的距离与空气耦合探地雷达工作时各个参数的关系。研究结果表明:物理实验所用障碍物对空气耦合探地雷达探测地下物体时,探测埋深基本无影响;随着障碍物逐渐远离探测物体,探测物反射界面振幅会先增大然后趋于平稳。振幅增大阶段,振幅变化与障碍物的距离服从指数函数分布规律,振幅平稳阶段,振幅值与无障碍物时相当;将振幅刚好趋于平稳时障碍物与探测物体的距离定义为障碍物对振幅影响临界距离,天线悬空高度、探测物体的埋深、探测介质的介电常数、电磁波入射角都与临界距离有关。量化了地表障碍物对空气耦合探地雷达物理回波特性的影响,对空气耦合探地雷达工作具有指导意义。

, correspAuthors=霍宇翔, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 霍宇翔(1981—),男,汉族,河北石家庄人,博士,讲师。研究方向:地质灾害预测与防治,探地雷达监测预警,岩体破碎理论与技术。E-mail:
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刘桓宇(2000—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地质灾害预测与防治,探地雷达监测预警。E-mail:

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刘桓宇(2000—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地质灾害预测与防治,探地雷达监测预警。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=p1+w0A3UwMjfWVX8+iA4Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172964039274676486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768947626586207, language=CN, label=图20, caption=电磁波信号反射与折射

θiθrθt分别表示入射角、反射角与折射角;v1v2分别表示电磁波在上部介质、下部介质的传播速度

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θiθt分别表示电磁波以最短距离到达石英砂-铁棒界面时的入射角、折射角;h1h2分别表示天线悬空高度及铁棒的埋深;Lr分别表示障碍物对振幅影响临界距离及障碍物中心到其边界距离;d为天线发射端到接收端距离

, figureFileSmall=Wp1TZYl1AxxYBZpiS+NSXQ==, figureFileBig=zwlSVOE1yj1NJw7Zy274nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172964039492780297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768947626586207, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental medium electrical parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
介质名称 介电常数 电导率/
(S·m-1)
传播速度/
(m·ns-1)
空气 1 0 0.3
固化后光敏树脂 3 10-16~10-12 0.173
石英砂颗粒 2.09 0.02 0.21
14 106 0.095
), ArticleFig(id=1172964039555694858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768947626586207, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验用介质电性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
介质名称 介电常数 电导率/
(S·m-1)
传播速度/
(m·ns-1)
空气 1 0 0.3
固化后光敏树脂 3 10-16~10-12 0.173
石英砂颗粒 2.09 0.02 0.21
14 106 0.095
), ArticleFig(id=1172964039631192331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768947626586207, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The amplitude fitting equation for the distance between the obstacle and the iron bar from 0 to 12 cm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验模型 障碍物靠近天线起点端 障碍物靠近天线终点端
拟合方程 y=0.052 24+0.001 43 e - 0.06474 x - 1 - 0.06474 y=0.052 31+0.001 09 e - 0.02004 x - 1 - 0.02004
R2 0.971 7 0.969 8
), ArticleFig(id=1172964039706689804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768947626586207, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

障碍物与铁棒距离0~12 cm时振幅拟合方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验模型 障碍物靠近天线起点端 障碍物靠近天线终点端
拟合方程 y=0.052 24+0.001 43 e - 0.06474 x - 1 - 0.06474 y=0.052 31+0.001 09 e - 0.02004 x - 1 - 0.02004
R2 0.971 7 0.969 8
), ArticleFig(id=1172964039782187277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768947626586207, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The amplitude fitting equation for the distance between the obstacle and the iron bar from 12 to 26 cm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验模型 障碍物靠近天线起点端 障碍物靠近天线终点端
拟合方程 y=-1.57×10-6x+0.064 64 y=-1.73×10-5x+0.064 64
R2 0.999 7 0.999 9
), ArticleFig(id=1172964039836713230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768947626586207, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

障碍物与铁棒距离12~26 cm时振幅拟合方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验模型 障碍物靠近天线起点端 障碍物靠近天线终点端
拟合方程 y=-1.57×10-6x+0.064 64 y=-1.73×10-5x+0.064 64
R2 0.999 7 0.999 9
), ArticleFig(id=1172964039903822095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768947626586207, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

GPRMax frward smulation prameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称 具体数值
空间 0.64×0.39×0.44
步长 0.002×0.002×0.002
时窗 20×10-9
介质 空气、石英砂、光敏树脂、铁
激励源类型 Ricker
激励源频率 1 500 MHz
发射端坐标 (0.02,0.37,0.22)
接收端坐标 (0.08,0.37,0.22)
天线移动步长 0.01
模型显示范围 0.64×0.39×0.44
形状 矩形、圆柱、半圆柱
), ArticleFig(id=1172964039962542352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768947626586207, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

GPRMax正演模拟参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称 具体数值
空间 0.64×0.39×0.44
步长 0.002×0.002×0.002
时窗 20×10-9
介质 空气、石英砂、光敏树脂、铁
激励源类型 Ricker
激励源频率 1 500 MHz
发射端坐标 (0.02,0.37,0.22)
接收端坐标 (0.08,0.37,0.22)
天线移动步长 0.01
模型显示范围 0.64×0.39×0.44
形状 矩形、圆柱、半圆柱
), ArticleFig(id=1172964040038039825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768947626586207, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The amplitude fitting equation for the distance between the obstacle and the iron bar from 0 to 12 cm in forward simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验模型 障碍物靠近天线起点端 障碍物靠近天线终点端
拟合方程 y=0.000 11+0.000 025×
e - 0.06237 x - 1 - 0.06237
y=0.000 11+0.000 048×
e - 0.2256 x - 1 - 0.2256
R2 0.980 1 0.991 1
), ArticleFig(id=1172964040096760082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768947626586207, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

障碍物与铁棒距离0~12 cm时正演振幅拟合方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验模型 障碍物靠近天线起点端 障碍物靠近天线终点端
拟合方程 y=0.000 11+0.000 025×
e - 0.06237 x - 1 - 0.06237
y=0.000 11+0.000 048×
e - 0.2256 x - 1 - 0.2256
R2 0.980 1 0.991 1
), ArticleFig(id=1172964040193229075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768947626586207, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The amplitude fitting equation for the distance between the obstacle and the iron bar from 12 to 26 cm in forward simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验模型 障碍物靠近
天线起点端
障碍物靠近
天线终点端
拟合方程 y=-9×10-9x+
0.000 311
y=1.11×10-8x+
0.000 311
R2 0.999 9 0.999 9
), ArticleFig(id=1172964040256143636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768947626586207, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

障碍物与铁棒距离12~26 cm时正演振幅拟合方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验模型 障碍物靠近
天线起点端
障碍物靠近
天线终点端
拟合方程 y=-9×10-9x+
0.000 311
y=1.11×10-8x+
0.000 311
R2 0.999 9 0.999 9
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空气耦合探地雷达障碍物与探测物体不同距离三维正演量化
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刘桓宇 1, 2 , 霍宇翔 1, 2, * , 易林果 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(15): 6189-6199
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(15): 6189-6199
空气耦合探地雷达障碍物与探测物体不同距离三维正演量化
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刘桓宇1, 2 , 霍宇翔1, 2, * , 易林果1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院, 成都 610059
  • 2 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室, 成都 610059
  • 刘桓宇(2000—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地质灾害预测与防治,探地雷达监测预警。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 霍宇翔(1981—),男,汉族,河北石家庄人,博士,讲师。研究方向:地质灾害预测与防治,探地雷达监测预警,岩体破碎理论与技术。E-mail:
Three-dimensional Quantitative Forward Modeling of Obstacles and Detected Objects at Different Distances in Air-coupled Ground-penetrating Radar
Huan-yu LIU1, 2 , Yu-xiang HUO1, 2, * , Lin-guo YI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Geological Disaster Prevention and Geological Environmental Protection, Chengdu 610059, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404574
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空气耦合探地雷达广泛用于地形条件差、地表障碍物较多的区域。为了精确评价地表障碍物位置对于空气耦合探地雷达探测的影响,将地表障碍物与探测物体水平方向上不同距离进行了量化研究。首先根据空气耦合探地雷达原理设计室内试验,通过室内实验对障碍物与探测物体不同距离展开研究,分析了障碍物对探测物埋深的影响,以及探测物体反射界面振幅的变化规律。然后通过正演模拟对相关规律进行验证。最后通过分析空气耦合探地雷达工作时电磁波传播规律,得出了振幅变化趋于平稳时,障碍物与探测物体间的距离与空气耦合探地雷达工作时各个参数的关系。研究结果表明:物理实验所用障碍物对空气耦合探地雷达探测地下物体时,探测埋深基本无影响;随着障碍物逐渐远离探测物体,探测物反射界面振幅会先增大然后趋于平稳。振幅增大阶段,振幅变化与障碍物的距离服从指数函数分布规律,振幅平稳阶段,振幅值与无障碍物时相当;将振幅刚好趋于平稳时障碍物与探测物体的距离定义为障碍物对振幅影响临界距离,天线悬空高度、探测物体的埋深、探测介质的介电常数、电磁波入射角都与临界距离有关。量化了地表障碍物对空气耦合探地雷达物理回波特性的影响,对空气耦合探地雷达工作具有指导意义。

空气耦合探地雷达  /  障碍物  /  振幅  /  埋深  /  临界距离

Air-coupled ground penetrating radar is widely used in areas with poor terrain conditions and many surface obstructions. In order to precisely evaluate the influence of surface obstructions on the air-coupled ground penetrating radar detection, the horizontal distance between surface obstructions and the detection object was quantitatively studied. The air-coupled ground penetrating radar principle was first used to design an indoor experiment. The influence of the distance between the obstacle and the detection object on the depth of detection and the amplitude changes of the reflection interface of the detection object was analyzed. The relevant laws were then verified by forward simulation. Finally, the relationship between the distance between the obstacle and the detection object and the parameters of the air-coupled ground penetrating radar when it was working was derived based on the analysis of the electromagnetic wave propagation laws of the air-coupled ground penetrating radar. The research results show that the physical experiment obstacles used for air-coupled ground-penetrating radar detection of underground objects have no significant impact on the detection depth. As the obstacle gradually moves away from the detection object, the amplitude of the reflection interface of the detection object will first increase and then stabilize. The amplitude increase stage follows an exponential function distribution law, and the amplitude stability stage has the same amplitude value as when there are no obstacles. In this paper, the distance between the obstacle and the target object at which the amplitude is just approaching stability is defined as the critical distance at which the obstacle affects the amplitude of the radar signal. The height of the antenna, the depth of the target object, the dielectric constant of the detection medium, and the angle of incidence of the electromagnetic wave are all related to the critical distance. The result quantifies the influence of surface obstacles on the physical characteristics of the air-coupled ground penetrating radar and provides guidance for the operation of air-coupled ground penetrating radar.

air-coupled ground penetrating radar  /  obstacle  /  amplitude  /  burial depth  /  critical distance
刘桓宇, 霍宇翔, 易林果. 空气耦合探地雷达障碍物与探测物体不同距离三维正演量化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6189 -6199 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404574
Huan-yu LIU, Yu-xiang HUO, Lin-guo YI. Three-dimensional Quantitative Forward Modeling of Obstacles and Detected Objects at Different Distances in Air-coupled Ground-penetrating Radar[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6189 -6199 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404574
探地雷达(ground penetrating radar,GPR)是一种高频电磁探测技术,其广泛应用于工程检测及浅层勘探领域[1]。传统的GPR探测方式是地面耦合,以此减少杂波干扰。但由于地形或障碍物限制,很多时候需要天线与被测物体间保持一定距离,即空气耦合式探测。空气耦合GPR进行探测时,首先应该确定天线悬空高度,天线悬空高度过高时,电磁波会有明显衰减,天线悬空高度过低时,反射波与直达波会耦合无法分辨[2-3]。刘小龙等[4]通过空气耦合GPR正演模拟与MATLAB编程建立了悬空高度与反射波的关系式,并提出400 MHz与1 000 MHz天线在悬空高度0.2 m情况下能有效探测地下空洞。毕代波[5]通过物理实验结合正演模拟探究不同悬空高度下,GPR对花岗岩-水反射界面的识别能力,并给出了不同频率天线的最优悬空高度。魏文涛[6]通过物理实验及正演模拟提出了车载探地雷达进行空气耦合探测时,天线最优悬空高度及最优前进速度。Xie等[7]提供了一种基于空气耦合GPR监测水泥凝固时间的方法,通过数值模拟确定水泥浆含水率及其介电常数相关关系,准确地确定了水泥浆的初始和最终凝固时间。Beauchamp-Robert等[8]研究了机载GPR探测干旱地区的地下水赋存,并认为GPR的中心频率低于10 MHz时具有更好的探测效果。
空气耦合GPR探测时,地形起伏及障碍物会对探测结果造成较大影响。究其原因主要是电磁波在不同介质中的传播速度及衰减幅度不一样,传播速度主要取决于介质的介电常数,衰减幅度主要取决于介质的电导率[9-11]。文献[12-13]总结了机载GPR的研究进展,发现天线的飞行高度变化会在雷达剖面图中形成畸变,地地表的起伏程度越大,杂波干扰也就越强。朱云峰等[14]利用正演模拟分析了与测线相反方向障碍物对探测精度的影响。曾昆[15]利用正演模拟及MATLAB编程进行三位模拟,有效识别了盾构前方障碍物的图像特征。Fu等[16]通过GPR从三维空间角度展示了沙丘地形的发育过程及沉积结构。任丽丽等[17]通过探地雷达测线上布置离散点,使用点云数据进行地形矫正,发现矫正后图像能准确反映地下介质分布形态。
GPR数值模拟的方法主要有射线追踪法与波动方程法,前者在早期被经常使用,但无法体现电磁波信号的波动特性,如今已很少使用。波动方程法顾名思义就是利用偏微分方程求解电磁波波动方程,主要包括有限元法(finite element method,FEM),矩量法(method of moment,MOM),边界元法(boundary element methodology,BEM)以及时域有限差分法(finite difference time domain,FDTD),时域有限差分法是目前应用最广泛,也是最成熟的模拟方法[18]。张迪等[19]使用gprMax正演模拟软件对不同的管线进行正演模拟。正演模拟结果能反映各类管线的成像特征,不同形状的管线具有特定的双曲线表现形式。Noshahri等[20]通过FDTD正演建模方法,研究了不同操作环境下GPR的B-scan特征,确定管道周围识别出早期形成的地下空洞。Liang等[21]利用gprMax模拟不同介电常数土壤中的植物根系,分析根系的直径在1.5 GHz天线下的响应情况。
目前国内外主要针对的研究为地形起伏及地下障碍物对于GPR探测的影响,对于地表障碍物研究较少。在进行空气耦合GPR测线选取时,地表障碍物的分布情况将是测线选取重要指标。现将通过物理实验及正演模拟探究地表障碍物与探测物体不同距离情况下GPR电磁波的物理回波特征。对于时域有限差分法正演模拟,目前研究大多采用二维模型,为了精确探究电磁波传播规律,现将采用三维模型进行正演模拟,并通过python语言编译将电磁波进行可视化;将提取物理实验与正演模拟的波形图、振幅特征、灰度图并进行对比验证,希望能精确探究障碍物对电磁波传播的影响。
对于空气耦合GPR而言,天线发射高频脉冲电磁波信号经由空气传递到地面以下,当电磁波传递到空地界面以及地下电性参数(介电常数与电导率)不同的界面时会发生反射与折射,并且遵循折射定律与反射定律。目前主流使用的GPR已将发射天线与接收天线集成在一起,空气耦合GPR工作原理见图1。从反射电磁波信号中分析得到电磁波的传播时间、振幅、相位、频率等数据,可用于评价目标介质的位置、形态等特性。
空气耦合GPR工作时,电磁波在空气与地下传播时波速不同;主机记录电磁波在空气和地下介质中传播的双程走时,根据双程走时及波速便可计算出被测物的埋藏深度;此外,电磁波在介质中传播时的波长可以由天线的中心频率与电磁波速度计算得来[22]。相关计算公式为
v= C ε
H= C T 2 ε
λ= v f
式中:v为电磁波在介质中的传播速度;H为被测地质体的埋深;C为电磁波在真空中的传播速度(0.3 m/ns);T为电磁波的双程走时;ε为介质的介电常数值;λ为电磁波的波长;f为天线中心频率。
空气耦合GPR工作时,电磁波在传播过程中极易受到地表障碍物的影响,从而使采集到的GPR数据信号变差,探测精度降低[22]。究其原因主要为两个方面:一是电磁波在障碍物中的振幅及速度的衰减;二是电磁波在障碍物中发生一次折射,其传播路径发生了改变。障碍物对空气耦合GPR的影响如图2所示。
图2可以看出,在没有障碍物时,空气耦合GPR发生一次折射到达探测物;在存在障碍物时,空气耦合GPR发生多次折射到达探测物。根据式(1)可知电磁波在介质中的传播速度与介电常数成反比,障碍物介电常数大于空气介电常数,电磁波在障碍物中的传播速度比空气中更慢,故在有障碍物情况下到达探测物比无障碍物用时更长[23-24]。电磁波振幅衰减主要取决于介质的电导率,而空气电导率无限接近于0,障碍物电导率明显大于空气,故电磁波在有障碍物情况下振幅衰减比无障碍物时更强[25-27]。后续通过物理实验获得障碍物与探测物体不同距离情况下,GPR电磁波物理回波特性,并通过三维正演对物理实验获得规律进行验证。
实验使用美国的SIR-3000型GPR系统,天线选型1 500 MHz,探地雷达主机见图3。探地雷达天线见图4。探地雷达探测过程中,障碍物较多的区域为粒径较大的碎石土,且障碍物多为大粒径碎石,石英砂颗粒与碎石土介电常数相当,光敏树脂与大粒径碎石介电常数相当。故实验模型将石英砂颗粒堆砌成尺寸为0.6 m×0.4 m×0.15 m的长方体。石英砂中部埋藏半径为0.02 m铁棒,埋藏深度(铁棒上表面到石英砂顶面距离)为0.11 m。障碍物为3D打印半径0.02 m半圆柱,打印材料为光敏树脂。使用升降机固定天线悬空高度为0.2 m。经室内实验测定使用的石英砂的介电常数为2.09,介质电性参数见表1。根据相对运动原理,利用拖车搭载被测介质进行水平向运动。障碍物与探测物体水平距离调节范围为0~0.26 m,每次以0.02 m递增,障碍物靠近天线起点端和天线终点端分别统计,实验现场模型如图5所示,实验模型示意图如图6所示。
电磁波由介电常数高的介质层进入到介电常数低的介质层,反射系数为正,反射电磁波信号的相位不发生转换,在雷达剖面的灰度图中显示为白色条纹。相反,若电磁波由介电常数低的介质层进入到介电常数高的介质层,反射系数为负,反射电磁波信号的相位发生转换,在雷达剖面的灰度图中显示为灰(黑)色条纹。因铁棒介电常数大于石英砂大于空气,故电磁波在达到空气-石英砂反射界面及石英砂-铁棒反射界面时,雷达剖面灰度图中会显示明显的黑色条纹,障碍物位于铁棒正上方时数据图像如图 7所示。
图7可以看出电磁波在通过石英砂-金属反射界面时,其呈现明显双曲线特征。主要原因为天线发射的信号并不是竖直向下的,而是两侧带有15°的发散角度,如图 8所示。当天线未移动到目标体的正上方时,接收端已经可以接收到来及目标体的反射信号,而灰度图是将接收到的信号反映在正下方的位置,因此天线位于目标体正上方时传播时间最短,随着远离正上方位置,传播时间越长且对称分布。电磁波在介质中传播是有能量损耗的,传播时间越长损耗越多,所以双曲线的顶点位置反射能量最大,两端对称减小。后文进行埋深、振幅等物理回波特性分析时统计双曲线顶点位置相关参数。
当探测物体的几何尺寸相对于探地雷达的波束宽度更小时,该目标便可以被视为点状目标,其回波在探地雷达二维图像中将呈现双曲线形状,当地下目标的几何尺寸远大于探地雷达的波束宽度时,此时该目标便不可被视为点状目标,而应将其视为面状目标,面状目标在在探地雷达二维图像中呈现出直线的层状特征[28-31]。如图8所示,铁棒的直径为0.04 m,实验时天线悬空0.2 m。经过计算,天线发射的单次电磁波的信号覆盖范围为0.1 m,铁棒的尺寸远远小于信号覆盖范围的极限,因此反射信号的双曲线特征明显。
首先对采集到的数据进行时间零点的调整,将石英砂-铁棒反射界面作为零点位置,即电磁波信号到达石英砂表面时,该项处理有利于后续进行时间深度转化。时间零点调整前后对比如图 9所示。
障碍物位于铁棒正上方,即障碍物与铁棒距离为0 m时的数据图像如图10所示。提取石英砂-铁棒界面的单道波形图,石英砂-铁棒界面的反射波信号时间为1.06 ns,利用式(2)计算的铁棒埋深为0.11 m,与实际埋深相同。为直观分析计算埋深规律,将障碍物靠近天线起点端时距离为负值,障碍物靠近天线终点端时距离为正值,所有实验计算处铁棒埋深如图 11所示。
图11可知所有数据均分布在11 cm上下。计算埋深均值为10.99 cm,标准差为0.106 351,这与实际埋深几乎一致。电磁波在竖直方向依次经过空气-障碍物-石英砂-铁棒,由式(1)可知电磁波在介质中的传播速度与介电常数成反比,根据表 1可知电磁波在固化后光敏树脂中的传播速度比在空气中的传播速度略大,但本次实验障碍物尺寸较小,对于电磁波传播速度衰减及传播路径变化可忽略不计,故本次实验障碍物对于计算埋深几乎没影响。
目标体的反射信号强弱使用反射波振幅值定量描述,反射波振幅值主要取决于两种介质间介电常数的差值,差值越大,反射波振幅越大,反射信号越明显[32]。提取石英砂-铁棒界面的振幅值。所有实验统计石英砂-铁棒埋界面振幅如图 12所示。
图12可知随着障碍物远离铁棒,振幅逐渐上升,障碍物与铁棒水平距离12 cm时,其趋于稳定。主要是因为电磁波振幅衰减主要取决于介质的电导率,空气电导率无限接近于0,电磁波在空气中的衰减幅度远远小于障碍物中衰减幅度,故随着障碍物远离铁棒,振幅逐渐上升。障碍物距离铁棒达到障碍物对振幅影响临界距离后,电磁波到达铁棒不再经过障碍物,故障碍物与铁棒水平距离12 cm时其振幅与未施加障碍物基本一致,且趋于稳定。对于障碍物对振幅影响临界距离的数值本文在第4节具体讨论。进一步研究障碍物与铁棒不同距离电磁波振幅的变化规律,对振幅统计值进行分段拟合,距离为0~12 cm振幅逐渐上升为第一段,距离为12~26 cm振幅逐渐趋于平稳为第二段。拟合曲线如图13所示,拟合具体关系如表 2表3所示。
障碍物与铁棒距离0~12 cm时振幅变化拟合曲线服从指数函数分布规律,底数均为自然对数。相关系数R2均达到0.97以上,拟合效果良好。障碍物与铁棒距离12~26 cm时,振幅变化拟合曲线服从一次函数分布规律,相关系数R2均达到0.99以上,拟合效果良好。障碍物与铁棒距离12~26 cm时,函数斜率接近于0,函数可近视为水平直线,故障碍物与铁棒距离0~12 cm时振幅趋于稳定。同时函数截距为0.064 64,无障碍物时石英砂-铁棒界面振幅约为-0.064 637,其绝对值与函数截距接近,故障碍物与铁棒水平距离大于12 cm时,石英砂-铁棒界面振幅接近于无障碍物时振幅。
本次正演模拟使用基于FDTD原理的GPRMax3.0,该版本由python编写的命令驱动,能够进行三维建模,可以在GPU上运行,缩短计算时间。根据室内物理实验建立模型,将模型数据导入paraview5.8中进行可视化,障碍物与铁棒水平距离为0时正演模型见图14所示。天线激励源为Ricker子波,天线频率选择1 500 MHz。为提高模拟效果,模型空间尺寸为0.64 m×0.39 m×0.44 m。网格步长0.002 m×0.002 m,时窗20 ns,完美匹配层(perfectly matched layer,PML)吸波层设置为10个网格。本次实验所用探地雷达天线装置为将发射天线与接收天线集成在一起,天线发射端与接收端距离为0.06 m,天线模型见图15,天线移动步长设置为0.01 m,采集道数56道(天线移动步长与采集道数的乘积应小于模型长度),选取参数见表 4。为了更直观地观察电磁波传播规律,正演模拟时通过python编译,GPRMax3.0导出波场快照文件,并通过paraview5.8进行电磁波可视化。电磁波传播示意图见图 16
图16分别表示1.7 ns时发射端发射电磁波到达空气-石英砂界面时示意图;2.2 ns时发射端发射电磁波到达石英砂-铁棒界面时示意图;2.7 ns时石英砂-铁棒界面反射电磁波到达空气-石英砂界面时示意图;3.2 ns时石英砂-铁棒界面反射电磁波到达接收端时示意图。由图16可以看出,发射端发射电磁波在到达石英砂-铁棒反射界面前,电磁波在空气-障碍物反射界面发生了反射,电磁波振幅会产生衰减。由于空气石英砂介电常数差值明显小于石英砂铁棒,故由图16可明显看出石英砂-铁棒界面反射电磁波振幅大于空气-石英砂界面(反射电磁波颜色越深,振幅越大)。
基于FDTD原理的模拟是将模型中的电磁信息数值化,不存在环境干扰。正演模拟得到的灰度剖面图像如图17所示。为了验证室内物理实验的振幅特征,提取石英砂-铁棒界面反射波振幅值,统计结果如图18所示。
图18可知正演模拟振幅变化趋势与物理实验基本一致,随着障碍物远离铁棒,振幅逐渐上升。障碍物与铁棒水平距离12 cm时,其趋于稳定,并接近无障碍物时的振幅值。进一步研究障碍物与铁棒不同距离正演电磁波振幅的变化规律,对振幅统计值进行分段拟合,距离为0~12 cm振幅逐渐上升为第一段,距离为12~26 cm振幅逐渐趋于平稳为第二段。拟合曲线如图19所示,拟合具体关系表见表 5表 6
图19可以看出,正演模拟振幅变化拟合曲线与物理实验振幅变化拟合曲线相对一致。障碍物与铁棒距离0~12 cm时振幅变化拟合曲线服从指数函数分布规律,底数均为自然对数。相关系数R2均达到0.98以上,拟合效果良好。障碍物与铁棒距离12~26 cm时,振幅变化拟合曲线服从一次函数分布规律,相关系数R2均达到0.99以上,拟合效果良好。障碍物与铁棒距离12~26 cm时,函数斜率接近于0,函数可视为水平直线,故障碍物与铁棒距离12~26 cm时振幅趋于稳定,同时函数截距为0.000 311,无障碍物时,石英砂-铁棒界面正演振幅约为-0.000 311,其绝对值与函数截距相同,故障碍物与铁棒水平距离大于12 cm时,石英砂-铁棒界面振幅接近于无障碍物时振幅。值得说明的是为确保模拟效果,正演模拟规定了最大振幅值,故模拟所得振幅会被压缩,其数值与物理实验所得数值不同。正演模拟为理想条件下探测环境,实验场地无法保证零电磁干扰,因此拟合函数的常数项存在差异,分析时只关注变化趋势便可。
从物理实验及正演模拟石英砂-铁棒界面振幅变化规律可以看出,当障碍物与铁棒水平距离大于某一数值后振幅值趋于平稳,且与未施加障碍物时振幅值相当。根据这一变化规律不难得出水平距离大于某一数值后,障碍物对空气耦合GPR振幅基本没有影响,故将这一距离考虑为障碍物对振幅影响临界距离,后文将通过分析电磁波传播特性来探究障碍物对振幅影响临界距离与空气耦合GPR测量时各个参数间的关系。由前文可知电磁波在不同介质间传播会发生反射与折射,且遵循反射定律与折射定律,如图 20所示。
由反射定律知
θi=θr
由折射定律知
s i n θ i s i n θ t= v 1 v 2
将式(1)代入式(5)可得入射角与折射角之间的关系为
s i n θ i s i n θ t= ε 2 ε 1
式(6)中:ε1ε2分别为上部介质、下部介质的介电常数。由式可知GPR发射电磁波的入射角和折射角的正弦值与介电常数成反比。障碍物对电磁波振幅的影响主要是因为电磁波在障碍物中的衰减幅度比空气中衰减幅度更大,对障碍物靠近天线起点端时临界距离进一步量化分析。由前文可知GPR天线发射电磁波并不是垂直向下的,而是两侧带有15°的发散角度,GPR天线发射电磁波以最短距离到达石英砂-铁棒界面时,障碍物在GPR天线发射信号范围外不会对振幅造成影响。具体过程如图 21所示。
根据图21中各部分几何关系计算临界距离,公式为
L=h1tan15°+h1tanθi+h2tanθr+r
式(7)中:h1h2分别为天线悬空高度及铁棒的埋深;Lr分别为障碍物对振幅影响临界距离及障碍物中心到其边界距离。
将式(6)代入式(7)可得
L=h1tan15°+h1tanθi+h2 s i n θ i ε 1 ε 2 1 - s i n 2 θ i ε 2 2 ε 2 2+r
根据式(8)可以看出天线悬空高度、探测物体的埋深、探测介质的介电常数、电磁波入射角都与临界距离有关。对式(8)进一步简化,由图21可以得出入射角、折射角与天线发射端和接收端距离的几何关系表达式为
d=2h1tanθi+2h2tanθt
将式(9)代入式(7)可得式(10)得
L=h1tan15°+ 1 2d+r
为验证上述分析的合理性,将物理实验及正演模拟所取参数代入式(10)。天线悬空高度h1=0.2 m、铁棒的埋深h2=0.11 m、障碍物中心r到其边界距离0.02 m、天线发射端与接收端距离d=0.06 m,代入算出障碍物对振幅影响临界距离为0.104 m。根据物理实验及正演模拟结果,障碍物与铁棒距离达到0.12 m后,石英砂-铁棒界面振幅趋于平稳,且接近于无障碍物时振幅,故分析合理。障碍物位于天线终点端时,天线接收端接收电磁信号同样为两侧带有15°的发散角度,障碍物对振幅影响临界距离分析基本与上述一致,二者振幅变化整体为对称过程。
(1)在空气耦合GPR探测时,障碍物对电磁波的影响主要有两方面:一是电磁波在障碍物中其传播速度及振幅衰减幅度比在空气中更大;二是电磁波在有障碍物情况下,其发生折射次数比无障碍情况下更多,电磁波传播路径更复杂。
(2)通过物理实验识别了空气耦合GPR工作时各个反射界面的图像特征,物理实验所用障碍物对空气耦合GPR探测地下物体时,探测埋深基本无影响,主要原因为本次实验障碍物尺寸较小,对于电磁波传播速度衰减及传播路径变化可忽略不计。结合室内物理实验与正演模拟实验的分析结果得出:空气耦合GPR探测时,随着障碍物与探测物体距离逐渐增大,探测物体反射界面的振幅值会先增大然后趋于平稳。其中振幅增大阶段,振幅变化值与障碍物的距离服从指数函数分布规律,振幅平稳阶段,振幅值与无障碍物时相当,且无论障碍物靠近天线起点端或终点端均满足此规律。
(3)将振幅刚好趋于平稳时障碍物与探测物体的距离定义为障碍物对振幅影响临界距离,通过分析空气耦合GPR工作时电磁波传播规律,得出了临界距离表达式。根据表达式可以得出空气耦合GPR工作时,天线悬空高度、探测物体的埋深、探测介质的介电常数、电磁波入射角都与临界距离有关。并根据公式对物理实验及正演模拟结果进行了验证。
(4)本文中障碍物均为半圆状障碍物,忽略了在实际工作过程中障碍物的多样性与复杂性,难免存在以偏概全之嫌。今后的研究可以具体针对障碍物形状的选取,以此来更好的评价障碍物对空气耦合GPR工作的影响。
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2025年第25卷第15期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404574
  • 接收时间:2024-06-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-19
  • 修回日期:2024-10-29
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地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室自主研究课题(SKLGP2023Z018)
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    1 成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院, 成都 610059
    2 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室, 成都 610059

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* 霍宇翔(1981—),男,汉族,河北石家庄人,博士,讲师。研究方向:地质灾害预测与防治,探地雷达监测预警,岩体破碎理论与技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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