Article(id=1149768946112442450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405462, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721404800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-20, revisedDate=1730131200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055878426, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055878426, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055878426, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055878426, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768937925165147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='15', pageStart='6155', pageEnd='6586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055876475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456822194, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559490207699090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559490211893395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6238, endPage=6251, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768946427015253, articleId=1149768946112442450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Structural Petrology, Physical and Mechanical Properties and Its Geohazard Effect of Tectonic Mélange in North Lancang River Suture Zone, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to enrich and improve the geohazard-pregnant mechanism of structural mélange, taking the North Lancang River suture zone as an example, the structural petrology characteristics of the structural mélange were dissected, then the physical and mechanical characteristics were identified through field geological investigation and laboratory test analysis, and finally its geohazard effect were revealed. The results show that the tectonic mélange in the northern Lancang River suture zone is sandwiched between granite and granite gneiss on the southwest and volcano-sedimentary rocks on the northeast as a non-abutment layer. The main rock types are phyllite and slate with a small amount of basalt, limestone and siliceous rock blocks, showing obvious “hybrid accumulation” characteristics. Under the coupling process of tectonic uplift, differential weathering and river erosion, it gradually evolved into a mountain deep canyon landform, which is the topographic basis for the development of geohazard. In terms of structural petrology, the structural mélange in the North Lancang River suture zone shows the characteristics of “one weak and three strong”, that is, weak metamorphism, strong deformation, strong alteration and strong orientation, which leads to serious deterioration of rocks and is the source basis of geohazard. In terms of physical and mechanical properties, the tectonic mélange appears as a set of easy to slip soft rock “formation”, rich in clay minerals, with high porosity and water absorption, low compressive and shear strength, which provides structural conditions for the development of geohazards. Tectonic activity and tectonic stress are strong in the North Lancang River suture zone, which provides dynamic conditions for the development of geohazards. The research results are conducive to further enriching and improving the geohazard breeding mechanism of tectonic mélange.

, correspAuthors=Hong-liang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-liang LI, You TIAN, Jia-jia ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149768980480569511, articleId=1149768946112442450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩构造岩石学、物理力学特性及地质灾害效应, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为进一步丰富和完善构造混杂岩孕灾机制研究,以北澜沧江结合带为例,通过野外地质调查和室内测试分析,精细解剖构造混杂岩构造岩石学特征,查明物理力学特性,揭示其地质灾害效应。结果表明:北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩作为非能干层夹持于西南侧花岗岩、花岗片麻岩和北东侧火山-沉积岩之间,主要岩石类型为千枚岩、板岩夹少量玄武岩、灰岩和硅质岩岩块,具明显“混杂堆积”特征,在构造隆升-差异风化-河流侵蚀的耦合作用下,逐渐演化为高山深切峡谷地貌,为地质灾害发育提供了地形地貌条件;在构造岩石学方面,北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩表现出“一弱三强”的特点,即弱变质、强变形、强蚀变和强定向,导致岩石严重劣化,是地质灾害发育的物源条件;在物理力学特性方面,北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩表现为一套易滑软岩“地层”,富含黏土矿物,具高孔隙度和吸水率、低抗压和抗剪强度,在斜坡内易形成软弱层或软弱带,进而长期蠕变演化为滑带,为地质灾害发育提供了结构构造条件;北澜沧江结合带区域构造运动和构造应力作用强烈,为地质灾害发育提供了动力学条件。研究结果有利于进一步丰富和完善构造混杂岩的孕灾机制。

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李洪梁(1990—),男,汉族,四川简阳人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:矿产及灾害地质。E-mail:

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李洪梁(1990—),男,汉族,四川简阳人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:矿产及灾害地质。E-mail:

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Journal of Railway Engineering Society, 2016, 33(5): 6-10., articleTitle=Research on the stress deformation and engineering effect of the Lancangjiang Fault in Sichuan-Tibet Railway, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172963887226961976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768946112442450, awardId=DD20243086, language=CN, fundingSource=中国地质调查局项目(DD20243086), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172963887298265145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768946112442450, awardId=DD20240014, language=CN, fundingSource=中国地质调查局项目(DD20240014), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172963887356985402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768946112442450, awardId=DD20230449, language=CN, fundingSource=中国地质调查局项目(DD20230449), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172963887415705659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768946112442450, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172963885394051099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768946112442450, language=CN, label=图1, caption=青藏高原大地构造单元划分简图[46], figureFileSmall=5vuMUcal2x7liWdlhnKW4Q==, figureFileBig=ZxYhPpuqHaiyYwIPx0cTZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172963885456965660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768946112442450, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Geohazards distribution of North Lancang River suture zone, figureFileSmall=O9FYCsMInAPVIZLRlW7sZA==, figureFileBig=8ZU1Te40haHhw5N9igyWLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172963885532463133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768946112442450, language=CN, label=图2, caption=北澜沧江结合带地质灾害分布, figureFileSmall=O9FYCsMInAPVIZLRlW7sZA==, figureFileBig=8ZU1Te40haHhw5N9igyWLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172963885599571998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768946112442450, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Development characteristics of tectonic mélange in North Lancang River suture zone, figureFileSmall=JxXDsNUweQczY//kRfyC8w==, figureFileBig=+Xdf8eW2dDe3AFWNgp11sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172963885658292255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768946112442450, language=CN, label=图3, caption=北澜沧江缝合带构造混杂岩发育特征

ph为千枚岩;sl为板岩;β为玄武岩;mb为大理岩化灰岩;qz为硅质岩

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Qtz为石英;Pl为长石;Ser为绢云母;Cc为方解石;Chl为绿泥石;CM为黏土矿物

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Ser为绢云母;Il为伊利石;Qtz为石英;CM为黏土矿物;Gy为石膏

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Basic physical properties of tectonic mélange

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 岩性 吸水率/% 块体密度/(g·cm-3) 孔隙度/%
天然 饱和 天然 饱和 天然 饱和
BM3T01 千枚岩 0.45 1.43 2.63 2.66 3.31 2.37
BM3T02 千枚岩 0.47 1.14 2.66 2.68 2.56 1.91
BM3T03 板岩 0.10 0.59 2.68 2.69 1.47 0.99
BM3T04 千枚岩 0.49 0.72 2.70 2.71 1.46 1.23
BM3T05 板岩 0.13 0.72 2.70 2.72 1.82 1.24
BM3T06 千枚岩 0.46 1.31 2.62 2.64 2.96 2.15
BM2M01 千枚岩 0.11 0.29 2.82 2.83 0.70 0.53
BM1J04 千枚岩 0.18 0.42 2.88 2.89 1.03 0.79
), ArticleFig(id=1172963886639759409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768946112442450, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

构造混杂岩基本物性指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 岩性 吸水率/% 块体密度/(g·cm-3) 孔隙度/%
天然 饱和 天然 饱和 天然 饱和
BM3T01 千枚岩 0.45 1.43 2.63 2.66 3.31 2.37
BM3T02 千枚岩 0.47 1.14 2.66 2.68 2.56 1.91
BM3T03 板岩 0.10 0.59 2.68 2.69 1.47 0.99
BM3T04 千枚岩 0.49 0.72 2.70 2.71 1.46 1.23
BM3T05 板岩 0.13 0.72 2.70 2.72 1.82 1.24
BM3T06 千枚岩 0.46 1.31 2.62 2.64 2.96 2.15
BM2M01 千枚岩 0.11 0.29 2.82 2.83 0.70 0.53
BM1J04 千枚岩 0.18 0.42 2.88 2.89 1.03 0.79
), ArticleFig(id=1172963886706868274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768946112442450, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of mineral component content of tectonic mélange by X-ray diffraction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分 含量/%
千枚岩
(BM3T01)
千枚岩
(BM3T02)
板岩
(BM3T03)
千枚岩
(BM3T07)
石英 45 36.2 38.6 35.8
长石 18 9.2 15 21.7
方解石 17.6 20 20.3 3.3
白云石 10.3 5.4
石膏 2.5
硬石膏 15.9
黏土矿物 19.4 24.3 20.7 20.8
总含量 100 100 100 100
), ArticleFig(id=1172963886769782835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768946112442450, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

构造混杂岩矿物组分含量X射线衍射分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分 含量/%
千枚岩
(BM3T01)
千枚岩
(BM3T02)
板岩
(BM3T03)
千枚岩
(BM3T07)
石英 45 36.2 38.6 35.8
长石 18 9.2 15 21.7
方解石 17.6 20 20.3 3.3
白云石 10.3 5.4
石膏 2.5
硬石膏 15.9
黏土矿物 19.4 24.3 20.7 20.8
总含量 100 100 100 100
), ArticleFig(id=1172963886857863220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768946112442450, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mechanical indexes of main rock types in North Lancang River suture zone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 岩性 受力方向 单轴抗压强度R/MPa 天然抗剪强度 天然变形试验
天然 饱和 凝聚力
C/MPa
内摩擦角
φ/(°)
变形模量
E50 /104MPa
弹性模量
Eav/104MPa
泊松比
μ50
Y58 千枚岩 平行 24.0 13.8 1.82 40.9 1.61 1.96 0.22
Y58 千枚岩 垂直 28.9 22.6
Y57 灰岩 平行 23.7 16.8 1.79 40.8 1.58 2.04 0.22
Y56 灰岩 平行 45.4 40.1 2.96 42.2 2.75 3.50 0.19
Y55 花岗岩 平行 65.2 53.9 3.85 43.0 3.64 4.60 0.18
Y54 花岗岩 平行 94.4 71.0 5.11 43.8 4.71 6.12 0.18
Y53 板岩 平行 37.0 21.7 2.51 41.8 2.35 2.84 0.21
Y53 板岩 垂直 54.2 33.5
Y52 板岩 平行 43.7 33.2 2.84 42.2 2.68 3.23 0.20
Y52 板岩 垂直 48.6 37.5
Y51 板岩 平行 49.6 24.0 3.14 42.4 2.95 3.72 0.20
Y51 板岩 垂直 53.6 41.5
Y50 板岩 平行 66.1 40.4 3.90 43.0 3.67 4.61 0.19
Y50 板岩 垂直 73.3 52.7
Y49 灰岩 平行 67.7 44.4 3.98 43.1 3.73 4.69 0.18
Y13 玄武岩 29.3 25.6 2.13 41.3 1.73 2.10 0.21
Y12 钙质板岩 22.0 18.9 1.69 40.7 1.16 2.05 0.23
Y11 板岩 24.8 18.0 1.87 40.9 1.22 2.08 0.23
Y10 硅化板岩 20.2 16.2 1.59 40.5 1.18 1.98 0.22
Y09 千枚岩 18.5 16.1 1.48 40.3 0.95 1.63 0.23
Y08 板岩 24.7 17.8 1.83 40.9 1.25 2.03 0.22
Y07 千枚岩 13.7 10.5 1.17 39.7 0.72 1.25 0.24
Y06 灰岩 32.2 26.3 2.28 41.5 1.76 2.89 0.21
Y05 花岗岩 53.6 39.8 3.32 42.6 2.80 3.31 0.20
Y04 板岩 34.7 27.0 2.39 41.7 1.88 2.98 0.22
Y03 花岗岩 55.9 43.3 3.46 42.7 2.76 3.40 0.20
Y02 板岩 71.9 56.2 4.18 43.2 3.80 4.71 0.19
Y01 板岩 69.7 56.0 4.09 43.1 4.86 5.54 0.19
), ArticleFig(id=1172963886945943605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768946112442450, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

北澜沧江结合带主要岩石类型力学指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 岩性 受力方向 单轴抗压强度R/MPa 天然抗剪强度 天然变形试验
天然 饱和 凝聚力
C/MPa
内摩擦角
φ/(°)
变形模量
E50 /104MPa
弹性模量
Eav/104MPa
泊松比
μ50
Y58 千枚岩 平行 24.0 13.8 1.82 40.9 1.61 1.96 0.22
Y58 千枚岩 垂直 28.9 22.6
Y57 灰岩 平行 23.7 16.8 1.79 40.8 1.58 2.04 0.22
Y56 灰岩 平行 45.4 40.1 2.96 42.2 2.75 3.50 0.19
Y55 花岗岩 平行 65.2 53.9 3.85 43.0 3.64 4.60 0.18
Y54 花岗岩 平行 94.4 71.0 5.11 43.8 4.71 6.12 0.18
Y53 板岩 平行 37.0 21.7 2.51 41.8 2.35 2.84 0.21
Y53 板岩 垂直 54.2 33.5
Y52 板岩 平行 43.7 33.2 2.84 42.2 2.68 3.23 0.20
Y52 板岩 垂直 48.6 37.5
Y51 板岩 平行 49.6 24.0 3.14 42.4 2.95 3.72 0.20
Y51 板岩 垂直 53.6 41.5
Y50 板岩 平行 66.1 40.4 3.90 43.0 3.67 4.61 0.19
Y50 板岩 垂直 73.3 52.7
Y49 灰岩 平行 67.7 44.4 3.98 43.1 3.73 4.69 0.18
Y13 玄武岩 29.3 25.6 2.13 41.3 1.73 2.10 0.21
Y12 钙质板岩 22.0 18.9 1.69 40.7 1.16 2.05 0.23
Y11 板岩 24.8 18.0 1.87 40.9 1.22 2.08 0.23
Y10 硅化板岩 20.2 16.2 1.59 40.5 1.18 1.98 0.22
Y09 千枚岩 18.5 16.1 1.48 40.3 0.95 1.63 0.23
Y08 板岩 24.7 17.8 1.83 40.9 1.25 2.03 0.22
Y07 千枚岩 13.7 10.5 1.17 39.7 0.72 1.25 0.24
Y06 灰岩 32.2 26.3 2.28 41.5 1.76 2.89 0.21
Y05 花岗岩 53.6 39.8 3.32 42.6 2.80 3.31 0.20
Y04 板岩 34.7 27.0 2.39 41.7 1.88 2.98 0.22
Y03 花岗岩 55.9 43.3 3.46 42.7 2.76 3.40 0.20
Y02 板岩 71.9 56.2 4.18 43.2 3.80 4.71 0.19
Y01 板岩 69.7 56.0 4.09 43.1 4.86 5.54 0.19
), ArticleFig(id=1172963887017246774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768946112442450, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of mechanical indexes of major rock types in tectonic mélange

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 岩性 天然抗剪强度 饱和抗剪强度 天然变形试验 饱和变形试验
凝聚力
C/MPa
内摩擦角
φ/(°)
凝聚力
C/MPa
内摩擦角
φ/(°)
弹性模量
E50/104MPa
泊松比
μ50
弹性模量
E50/104MPa
泊松比
μ50
BM3T01 千枚岩 2.54 41.8 2.10 41.3 3.94 0.20 3.18 0.22
BM3T02 千枚岩 3.07 41.9 2.13 41.3 4.04 0.21 3.24 0.24
BM3T03 板岩 2.81 42.1 2.19 41.4 4.39 0.20 3.31 0.23
BM3T04 千枚岩 1.72 40.8 1.07 39.4 2.51 0.22 1.38 0.25
BM3T05 板岩 2.25 40.9 1.24 39.8 2.78 0.22 1.67 0.24
BM3T06 千枚岩 1.68 41.0 0.96 39.1 2.84 0.21 1.24 0.25
BM2M01 千枚岩 1.97 41.2 1.13 39.5 2.97 0.21 1.49 0.23
BM1J04 千枚岩 2.91 42.2 2.45 41.7 4.57 0.18 3.77 0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1172963887088549943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768946112442450, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

构造混杂岩主要岩石类型力学指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 岩性 天然抗剪强度 饱和抗剪强度 天然变形试验 饱和变形试验
凝聚力
C/MPa
内摩擦角
φ/(°)
凝聚力
C/MPa
内摩擦角
φ/(°)
弹性模量
E50/104MPa
泊松比
μ50
弹性模量
E50/104MPa
泊松比
μ50
BM3T01 千枚岩 2.54 41.8 2.10 41.3 3.94 0.20 3.18 0.22
BM3T02 千枚岩 3.07 41.9 2.13 41.3 4.04 0.21 3.24 0.24
BM3T03 板岩 2.81 42.1 2.19 41.4 4.39 0.20 3.31 0.23
BM3T04 千枚岩 1.72 40.8 1.07 39.4 2.51 0.22 1.38 0.25
BM3T05 板岩 2.25 40.9 1.24 39.8 2.78 0.22 1.67 0.24
BM3T06 千枚岩 1.68 41.0 0.96 39.1 2.84 0.21 1.24 0.25
BM2M01 千枚岩 1.97 41.2 1.13 39.5 2.97 0.21 1.49 0.23
BM1J04 千枚岩 2.91 42.2 2.45 41.7 4.57 0.18 3.77 0.20
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北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩构造岩石学、物理力学特性及地质灾害效应
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李洪梁 1 , 田尤 2, 3 , 张佳佳 2, 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(15): 6238-6251
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(15): 6238-6251
北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩构造岩石学、物理力学特性及地质灾害效应
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李洪梁1 , 田尤2, 3, 张佳佳2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 中国地质调查局军民融合地质调查中心,成都 610036
  • 2 中国地质科学院探矿工艺研究所,成都 611734
  • 3 自然资源部地质灾害风险防控工程技术创新中心,成都 611734
  • 李洪梁(1990—),男,汉族,四川简阳人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:矿产及灾害地质。E-mail:

Structural Petrology, Physical and Mechanical Properties and Its Geohazard Effect of Tectonic Mélange in North Lancang River Suture Zone
Hong-liang LI1 , You TIAN2, 3, Jia-jia ZHANG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Civil-Military Integration Center of China Geological Survey, Chengdu 610036, China
  • 2 Institute of Prospecting Technology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Chengdu 611734, China
  • 3 Technology Innovation Center for Risk Prevention and Mitigation of Geohazard, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu 611734, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405462
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为进一步丰富和完善构造混杂岩孕灾机制研究,以北澜沧江结合带为例,通过野外地质调查和室内测试分析,精细解剖构造混杂岩构造岩石学特征,查明物理力学特性,揭示其地质灾害效应。结果表明:北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩作为非能干层夹持于西南侧花岗岩、花岗片麻岩和北东侧火山-沉积岩之间,主要岩石类型为千枚岩、板岩夹少量玄武岩、灰岩和硅质岩岩块,具明显“混杂堆积”特征,在构造隆升-差异风化-河流侵蚀的耦合作用下,逐渐演化为高山深切峡谷地貌,为地质灾害发育提供了地形地貌条件;在构造岩石学方面,北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩表现出“一弱三强”的特点,即弱变质、强变形、强蚀变和强定向,导致岩石严重劣化,是地质灾害发育的物源条件;在物理力学特性方面,北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩表现为一套易滑软岩“地层”,富含黏土矿物,具高孔隙度和吸水率、低抗压和抗剪强度,在斜坡内易形成软弱层或软弱带,进而长期蠕变演化为滑带,为地质灾害发育提供了结构构造条件;北澜沧江结合带区域构造运动和构造应力作用强烈,为地质灾害发育提供了动力学条件。研究结果有利于进一步丰富和完善构造混杂岩的孕灾机制。

北澜沧江结合带  /  构造混杂岩  /  构造岩石学  /  物理力学性质  /  地质灾害效应

In order to enrich and improve the geohazard-pregnant mechanism of structural mélange, taking the North Lancang River suture zone as an example, the structural petrology characteristics of the structural mélange were dissected, then the physical and mechanical characteristics were identified through field geological investigation and laboratory test analysis, and finally its geohazard effect were revealed. The results show that the tectonic mélange in the northern Lancang River suture zone is sandwiched between granite and granite gneiss on the southwest and volcano-sedimentary rocks on the northeast as a non-abutment layer. The main rock types are phyllite and slate with a small amount of basalt, limestone and siliceous rock blocks, showing obvious “hybrid accumulation” characteristics. Under the coupling process of tectonic uplift, differential weathering and river erosion, it gradually evolved into a mountain deep canyon landform, which is the topographic basis for the development of geohazard. In terms of structural petrology, the structural mélange in the North Lancang River suture zone shows the characteristics of “one weak and three strong”, that is, weak metamorphism, strong deformation, strong alteration and strong orientation, which leads to serious deterioration of rocks and is the source basis of geohazard. In terms of physical and mechanical properties, the tectonic mélange appears as a set of easy to slip soft rock “formation”, rich in clay minerals, with high porosity and water absorption, low compressive and shear strength, which provides structural conditions for the development of geohazards. Tectonic activity and tectonic stress are strong in the North Lancang River suture zone, which provides dynamic conditions for the development of geohazards. The research results are conducive to further enriching and improving the geohazard breeding mechanism of tectonic mélange.

North Lancang River Suture zone  /  tectonic mélange  /  structural petrology  /  physical and mechanical properties  /  geohazard effect
李洪梁, 田尤, 张佳佳. 北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩构造岩石学、物理力学特性及地质灾害效应. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6238 -6251 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405462
Hong-liang LI, You TIAN, Jia-jia ZHANG. Structural Petrology, Physical and Mechanical Properties and Its Geohazard Effect of Tectonic Mélange in North Lancang River Suture Zone[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6238 -6251 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405462
构造混杂岩是一套由不同时代、构造环境、变形样式和变质程度岩石组合体混杂堆积组成的构造地层[1],是大洋板块在俯冲过程中被刮削下来的板块残片、远洋沉积物和海沟沉积物等经构造搬运并堆叠在上覆板块前端形成的以逆冲断层为边界的狭长条带状楔形地质体,代表了地块碰撞边界及俯冲消减带中洋盆消亡的痕迹[2-5]。尽管构造混杂岩分布局限,但因其所处区域地质构造复杂而活跃,内外动力地质作用过程强烈,地貌演化过程特殊,构造混杂岩对地质灾害的发育具有明显的控制作用[6-7]
青藏高原及其东缘因特提斯洋特殊而复杂的构造演化制约,形成了七条构造混杂岩带,并以此为界限,分割次级地体,控制了区域构造格架[7]。中新世以来,伴随高原的强烈隆升,这些构造混杂岩带转化为构造活动带、地震带和高温地热带[8],是地质灾害的高频活动区。一方面,传统的浅层崩塌、滑坡和泥石流灾害等主要受构造混杂岩带及其次级断裂控制,且构造混杂岩带地震频发,可直接诱发地质灾害(链),并在震后较长时间内仍具有高风险。另一方面,构造混杂岩带作为超壳断层,是流体运移的主要通道,对于隧道等地下工程,还存在高地应力、高渗压、高地温、软岩大变形等工程地质问题[9]。伴随川藏铁路和雅下水电开发等国家重大工程的实施,沿线构造混杂岩带已成为制约川藏交通建设工程的关键区带[8],对其地质灾害效应的研究具有重大理论与现实意义。同时,近年来色东普、白格等与构造混杂岩相关的重大地质灾害(链)的相继爆发导致了严重的生命和财产损失,引起了国内外学者对构造混杂岩地质灾害效应的广泛思考[10-21]。然而,目前已有的地质灾害效应研究主要聚焦活动断裂[9,22-39]和红层碎屑岩[40-41]等,对构造混杂岩的研究主要以孕灾机制为主[10,13,21,38,42],在地质灾害效应方面却鲜有涉及。
张永双等[36]、薛翊国等[9]对青藏高原东缘部分已转化为活动断裂的构造混杂岩带的调查研究认为,其地质灾害效应表现为影响地形地貌和岩体、诱发地质灾害等;张永双等[11]通过对金沙江结合带白格滑坡的现场调查发现,构造混杂岩带对滑坡发育的效应体现在断裂控制斜坡结构、水岩交互软化岩石结构面、卸荷作用制约滑坡规模和失稳方式;易树健等[43]对金沙江、澜沧江和怒江结合带的调查研究认为,结合带控制了软岩(实为构造混杂岩)分布;李洪梁等[7]通过现场调查发现,川藏铁路沿线板块结合带地质灾害效应表现为塑造地貌、创造地形条件,劣化岩体、提供物质来源,控制地质灾害分布和诱发地质灾害(链);张永双等[37]采用现场调查和岩土力学试验对怒江结合带多拉寺滑坡的分析认为,构造混杂岩内部的蚀变黏土化带是滑坡发育的易滑地质结构,李金秋等[21]对白格滑坡的分析亦得出了相似结论;张永双等[38]进一步总结了青藏高原构造混杂岩带的孕灾地质基因,包括地质构造、水热因素、岩性组合、蚀变软岩和导水通道等,是诱发地质灾害的根源。由上可知,已有的研究主要基于野外地质调查,侧重从宏观视角揭示构造混杂岩地质灾害效应,或在此基础上,结合岩土力学试验从灾害或工程地质角度进行分析,但地质灾害的形成是内外动力地质作用耦合的结果,尤其内动力地质作用是灾害发育的根本原因[7,11]。为此,结合近年来的工作积累,以北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩为例,在野外地质调查的基础上,以构造混杂岩构造岩石学为切入点,精细解剖构造混杂岩显微岩石组构特征,结合室内物理力学试验,剖析其物理性质和力学性能,揭示构造混杂岩的地质灾害效应,以期进一步丰富和完善构造混杂岩的孕灾机制研究。
北澜沧江缝合带位于青藏高原东缘,是高原中北部龙木错—双湖结合带的东延部分[44]。该结合带最早由李才[45]提出,代表了龙木措-双湖-澜沧江洋的残留,被认为是原-古特提斯连续演化的产物。最新研究结果证实,北澜沧江结合带向南沿澜沧江西岸延伸,与滇西南澜沧江结合带相接(图1),是南、北羌塘地体的地质分界线[46]。区域构造线呈北西—南东向(图2),主要构造样式为大型逆冲断层及相关斜歪褶皱。区域地层受构造扰动影像,经历了强烈改造作用,尤其以石炭系、二叠系地层最为显著,主要岩性为板岩、千枚岩、片岩及以岩块形式夹杂在其中的玄武岩、灰岩和硅质岩等,是北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩的主要组成部分。三叠系、侏罗系和白垩系地层主要分布在北澜沧江结合带东北侧和西南侧,地层内主要发育复式褶皱,主要岩性为中-细粒碎屑岩及火山-沉积岩。除此之外,则为沿北澜沧江结合带分布的新元古代片麻岩和印支期花岗质岩石[47],由于两者强度高,在后期构造运动中主要以矿物之间的塑性变形为主,发育片麻状构造。新生代以来,青藏高原东缘出现显著的断块差异抬升,北澜沧江结合带持续活动,逐渐转化为右行平移断层,现今走滑速率(5.1±2.1) mm/a[48]
北澜沧江结合带所在的藏东昌都地区夹持于芒康山与他念他翁山之间,地势北高南低,最低海拔2 800 m,最高海拔5 752 m,平均海拔约4 250 m;区内地势险要,切割深,起伏大,表现为高原高山狭谷地貌。海拔在5 600 m以上的山峰或山脊地带基本是终年积雪,空气极为稀薄,气候十分寒冷,表现为山岳冰川地貌。受海拔差异的影响,气候垂直分带明显,昼夜温差大;降雨量时空分布差异明显,小气候极为发育,风化作用强烈。
遥感解译及现场调查结果显示,北澜沧江结合带区域地质灾害及隐患点共计发育183处,其中滑坡89处,崩塌48处,泥石流46处。在分布高程上,北澜沧江结合带地质灾害主要分布于3 000~5 580 m的主河两侧斜坡及其支沟中,其中又以4 000~4 500 m最为密集,显示高位特征;缓冲区分析表明,距断层距离小于100 m范围内地质灾害占比19.7%,100~300 m范围内占比33.9%,300~500 m范围内占比23.1%,500~800 m范围内地质灾害占比19.1%,表明断层的发育对地质灾害的分布具有控制作用。
在空间分布上,地质灾害显示出明显的带状展布特征(图2),具体表现为沿澜沧江河谷右岸密集分布,且以滑坡为主,泥石流次之。进一步梳理发现,滑坡主要分布在石炭系构造混杂岩中,指示构造混杂岩是滑坡发育的主控因素。由于地处深切河谷,滑坡前缘多抵近澜沧江河道,因此总体表现为高位但不远程的发育特点;泥石流以小型规模为主,沟道高陡、狭窄,物源以上部构造混杂岩的风化产物为主,虽冲出方量较小,但在夏季雨水充沛季节,爆发频率极高,常常堵塞道路,影响正常通行。
作为分割南、北羌塘地体的区域性特殊超壳“断层”,北澜沧江结合带宽度介于2~19 km,“断层”带内以构造混杂堆积为主,受后期构造—热事件影响,内部还侵入了大量印支期花岗岩体(图2),在规模和岩石组合上明显不同于一般区域性脆性断层碎裂岩系和韧性断层糜棱岩系。
典型野外露头解剖发现,北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩主要由基质和岩块两部分组成,具明显“混杂堆积”特征[图3(a)]。其中,基质主要为相对塑性的板岩、千枚岩和片岩等,整体以千枚岩、板岩为主,由泥、砂质岩石变质形成,是构造混杂岩的主要组成部分。岩石经历了强烈的挤压剪切变形作用,原生层理已被置换,内部密集发育片理、千枚理和板理等结构面,将岩石切割为松散的板片状、碎屑状[图3(b)~图3(c)],是地质灾害发育的主要物质来源。
外来岩块主要来自俯冲板片,成分较为复杂,可见玄武岩、大理岩或大理岩化灰岩、硅质岩等。岩石呈透镜状或板条状夹杂在基质中,均已不同程度变质、蚀变,受后期构造活动影响,相对塑性的玄武岩和大理岩化灰岩多被挤压剪切形成长透镜、条带状,或组合形成紧闭无根褶皱[图3(d)]。岩块与基质之间接触界线清晰,多为结合带内部发育的次级剪切带,是蚀变热液及流体活动的重要通道。
北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩以基质为主,其中又以千枚岩和板岩占比最高,两者均为弱变质的低绿片岩相岩石,原岩为泥质岩和砂泥质岩,变质新生矿物含量少。野外可见板岩和千枚岩互层产出[图4(a)],代表了变质之前的泥岩和粉砂质泥岩、粉砂岩之间的互层。尽管岩石变质程度低,但因北澜沧江结合带地处青藏高原东西向构造带和滇西南北向三江构造带的结合部,构造应力集中,且经历了后续班公湖—怒江结合带、雅鲁藏布江结合带闭合及高原隆升的改造,构造混杂岩变形强烈[49-51],变形样式可分为塑性和脆性变形两类,其中塑性变形主要表现为平行面理的挤压剪切,形成各类膝折、弯折或无根褶皱[图4(b)]。脆性变形可细分为早期与千枚理近于垂直的剪节理和晚期平行千枚理或与千枚理斜交的张性裂隙,裂隙内部充填热液蚀变绢云母。此外,在千枚岩及千枚岩和板岩的接触边界,因结构面密集发育,千枚理及两侧多发育厚度不等的绢云母化带,岩石松散,呈细小鳞片状[图4(c)],表面可见明显的丝绢光泽,表明岩石经历了强烈的热液蚀变。
千枚岩和板岩作为构造混杂岩的主要组成部分和地质灾害发育的主要物质来源,本次研究重点对其进行了精细解剖。镜下可见千枚岩内部呈条带状构造,鳞片粒状变晶结构,矿物定向明显,主要由石英、长石和绢云母及少量绿泥石组成[图5(a)图5(b)]。石英及长石颗粒沿长轴定向排列,绢云母呈细小鳞片状连续充填在长英质矿物颗粒之间,形成千枚理,将岩石分割为薄片状。在千枚理内发育剪切带[图5(b)],剪切带内主要为鳞片状的绢云母和绿泥石矿物,为低温热液蚀变的典型代表;板岩内部矿物组合、分布特征与千枚岩近于一致,区别在于板岩原岩为粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩等,内部长石、石英颗粒粒径更大,绢云母含量更低[图5(c)图5(d)],在较大的石英、长石颗粒边部可见挤压剪切形成的虚脱空间,内部充填绢云母及黏土矿物[图5(c)]。岩石发育平行板理的次生结构面,结构面内部以绢云母为主,边部发育长英质矿物细颗粒边[图5(d)],显示张性特征,应为后期脆性变形的产物。
为获取千枚岩的微观破裂特征,本次研究针对性的开展了扫描电镜试验。在电镜视角下,千枚岩可见单个矿物颗粒,主要包括绢云母和长石、石英颗粒,显示原岩为极细粒的碎屑岩。其中,绢云母主要呈鳞片状,定向排列显著,均已发生不同程度伊利石化,局部层间微缝隙被钙质物质充填,但无明显胶结,属方解石脉填充后层间裂隙二次破碎造成,无明显固结,因此整体较为松散,发育定向或阶梯状微裂隙[图6(a)]。石英颗粒整体特征较为破碎,裂隙极为发育,完整性较差,微观下为不规则的网状裂隙,但裂隙展现出二维延展,延展方向与千枚理展布一致[图6(b)],指示同期构造的产物,但因矿物颗粒固有的物理性质差异而表现出不同的破裂特征。石英颗粒在颗粒破裂面上发育晶体粉末,石英单晶松动,晶体间具有明显的剪切位移或错动。
值得一提的是,千枚岩中除具有显著的千枚理及未固结的破裂裂隙外,千枚理间充填了大量微细鳞片状、纤状黏土矿物,黏土矿物晶格可见显著优势生长方向,但因放大级别有限,未能从多角度观测,但可以肯定的是,单矿物晶体具有明显的定向斜列[图6(c)],显示出同剪切构造变形特征,指示构造裂隙为张剪性。除定向排列的纤状黏土矿物外,在局部千枚理间还可见簇状石膏,晶型发散而完整,应为张性空间生长[图6(d)]。因此,从裂隙发育期次来看,构造混杂岩至少经历了2期构造活动,第一期次为挤压剪切,第二期次为伸展拉张。
综上,北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩由弱变质的低绿片岩相岩石组成,受后期构造—热液活动影,岩石发育多期次塑性和脆性变形,且原生层理面已被后期千枚理和板理面置换,内部矿物颗粒呈定向排布,层间发育强烈的绢云母化、绿泥石化等低温热液蚀变,体现出弱变质、强变形、强蚀变和强定向的特征。
选取板岩和千枚岩分进行了简要的物性分析,分析结果如表1所示。可见,岩石天然吸水率为0.10%~0.49%,平均0.30%,饱和吸水率为0.29%~1.43%,平均0.83%;岩石块体密度在天然和饱和状态下分别为2.62~2.88 g/cm3、2.64~2.89 g/cm3,平均2.71 g/cm3和2.73 g/cm3;岩石孔隙度相差较大,天然状态下为0.70%~3.31%,平均1.91%,而饱和状态下为0.53%~2.37%,平均1.40%。总体而言,北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩具有较大的孔隙度和吸水率,这与岩石千枚理、板理等结构面的透入性发育有着密切关联,预示着岩体一般具有较低的强度。
岩体内部矿物组分类型及含量是影响岩石物性特征的重要影响因素[52],因此本次研究利用射线衍射对构造混杂岩进行了细致的矿物组分分析,分析结果如表2所示。测试结果表明,构造混杂岩中典型的千枚岩、板岩岩石矿物组分主要由石英、斜长石、方解石和白云石、石膏、黏土矿物组成,偶见少量绿泥石存在,指示低温蚀变的存在。值得注意的是,不同岩石类型内部黏土矿物含量均达到了20%左右。从上面微观构造岩石学分析可见,构造混杂岩内部黏土矿物主要是蚀变而形成,且分布在面理之间,大大降低了岩石层系之间的抗滑力,对滑坡的发育具有促进作用。
进一步分析发现,黏土矿物主要由绢云母、伊利石(绢云母蚀变而成)和绿泥石混层组成(图7),而这类矿物属于典型的层状硅酸盐矿物,具有遇水膨胀的特点,有着较大的比表面积,且物理化学活动性强。结合试验参数估算,北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩内蒙脱石含量约为13.2%~19.5%,比表面积可达276 m2/g,属于膨胀性黏土,在高原强物理风化作用的循环影响下,对构造混杂岩的物理力学性能具有严重弱化作用。
北澜沧江构造混杂岩主要为一套弱变质、强变形、强蚀变和强定向的板岩、千枚岩基质夹玄武岩、灰岩(大理岩)岩块,局部见火山岩条带,基质沉积于由深海-斜坡-前海陆棚组成的大陆边缘环境。受早期构造应力的影响,岩石发育极为明显的透入性板理、千枚理,以及与之相交的结构面,加上高原强风化作用,岩体极为破碎,力学性能发生了极大变化,为区内典型的易滑地层,是区域滑坡分布的主要层位。
对北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩主要岩性单元进行了系统的力学测试,测试结果如表3所示。从分析结果可见,构造混杂岩中板岩单轴抗压强度在天然和饱和状态下分别为25~74 MPa、18~56 MPa,平均值为50 MPa和35 MPa,而千枚岩的单轴抗压强度在天然和饱和状态下分别为14~28 Ma、10~22 Ma,平均值为21 Ma和15 Ma,均表现出饱和状态下大幅降低的趋势;构造混杂岩内部玄武岩、大理岩化灰岩及穿插的花岗岩等岩体及其他力学参数也表现出类似的特征,不过衰减幅度有所收窄。在抗剪强度方面,构造混杂岩中板岩的凝聚力(C)和内摩擦角(φ)分别为1.83~4.18 MPa、40.9°~43.2°,平均值为2.96 MPa和42.1°,而千枚岩的凝聚力(C)和内摩擦角(φ)分别为1.17~1.82 MPa、39.7°~40.9°。
受蓝晶石莫氏硬度各项异性的启发,千枚岩、板岩的岩体结构在宏观上与蓝晶石的矿物结构类似,即蓝晶石发育1组[100]完全解理,在完全解理面硬度为4~5,而在垂直解理面上为5~7。板岩、千枚岩呈板状、板片状,发育1组透入性结构面(板理、千枚理),是否具有与蓝晶石类似的各项异性呢?测试结果发现,板岩、千枚岩在平行结构面方向的天然抗压强度低于垂直结构面的抗压强度10%~15%,而在饱和状态下,两者差距更是达到了30%~50%,具显著各向异性。
综合对比不同岩性单元的力学性能参数,千枚岩在抗压强度、抗剪强度和天然弹性模量等各项指标均最低,表现为极弱的力学性能,其次为板岩(图8)。花岗岩为期后侵入,且与大理岩化灰岩等岩组单元经历了青藏高原隆升过程的深变质作用[53],岩石具不同程度重结晶,从而导致其力学性能有所增强。
北澜沧江结合带内分布的滑坡主要受到构造混杂岩的控制,而滑坡主要沿混杂岩内部不同岩片之间界线或在重力作用下形成的蠕滑面下滑。滑坡区岩体主要岩性为千枚岩和板岩,但以千枚岩为主。因此,本次研究选取滑坡区发育的千枚岩进行了剪切变形试验,剪切变形特征如图9所示,测试结果如表4所示。
从变形特征来看,千枚岩在天然状态下进行剪切试验后,剪切面出现了明显矿物粒度细化和矿物定向排列[图9(a)],显示出塑性岩石的属性。而在饱和状态下,除表现出与天然状态下相似的变形特征外,在剪切面前缘、两侧挤出更多的黏土物质[图9(b)],表明在剪切应力作用下,分布于千枚理中的蚀变黏土矿物被挤压、排泄至剪切面。同时,对天然和饱和状态下千枚岩的抗剪强度试验显示,饱和状态下的千枚岩抗剪强度相比于天然状态下降了21%~76%。由此可见,构造混杂岩在饱和状态下,力学性能严重弱化,岩体破碎加剧,而沿剪切面析出的黏土矿物更是会大大降低滑坡启动的抗滑力,对滑坡等灾害的发育具有促进作用。
综上可见,构造混杂岩整体表现为一套软岩,其抗剪、抗压、弹性模量等力学参数明显弱于侵位于其中的花岗岩和经变质作用的硅质岩、大理岩化灰岩等,其中力学特性最弱的为千枚岩,分析其原因主要是由于岩石本身的矿物组成、排列特征、微观构造岩石学特征所决定的,而岩石的蚀变及饱水状态下黏土矿物的物理性质变化进一步弱化了岩体的物理力学性能,在斜坡内易形成软弱层或软弱带,进而长期蠕变演化为滑带,是地质灾害发育的结构构造条件。
北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩主体沿澜沧江西岸延伸(图2),区域地形地貌为典型的高山深切峡谷,现场实测两岸坡度多在30°~50°(图10)。从宏观视角看,构造混杂岩夹持于西南侧花岗岩、花岗片麻岩和北东侧火山-沉积岩之间(图2),属于典型的非能干层,类似于“夹心饼干”中的“夹心”,在后期构造运动中表型为软弱层,一方面其原生结构、构造极易被破坏,如形成大量千枚理、板理等透入性结构面和张性裂隙等,导致岩体破碎;另一方面,构造混杂岩与两侧岩体抗风化作用具有显著差别,差异风化作用极为强烈,尤其在高原强物理、化学风化作用影响下,构造混杂岩更易被剥蚀殆尽,形成负地形,伴随与高原隆升的耦合,进一步发展为高山深切峡谷(图10),这一地质过程同样适用于澜沧江两侧的雅鲁藏布江、(班公湖—)怒江、帕隆藏布和金沙江[54-55]等大江大河。
张永双等[36]、高杨等[56]、熊德清等[57]研究认为高山深切峡谷落差大,是滑坡发育的理想场所;杨志华等[35]对青藏高原东缘地质灾害的研究发现,25°~40°的斜坡具有最高的地质灾害敏感度;李洪梁等[7,58]对川藏铁路沿线板块结合带的研究认为,板块结合带就位的构造运动是区域地形地貌演化的内生动力,是地质灾害发育的重要前置条件。北澜沧江结合带区域地质灾害主要分布在澜沧江河谷两岸斜坡,更确切地说是分布在构造混杂岩所在的斜坡(图2),地质灾害运动方向与北澜沧江结合带走向垂直或大角度相交(图10图11),表明构造混杂岩在经历构造隆升—差异风化—河流侵蚀的耦合过程下,形成高山深切峡谷,为区域地质灾害的发育创造了地形条件,进而控制着灾害的发育与分布。
在构造岩石学方面,北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩表现出“一弱三强”的特点,即弱变质、强变形、强蚀变和强定向,这一特点是导致构造混杂岩岩体严重破碎内在原因。构造混杂岩以千枚岩为主,板岩次之,原岩为砂泥质细碎屑岩,经历了低绿片岩相变质,岩石内部石英、长石等碎屑颗粒基本无重结晶,新生绿泥石呈鳞片状分布于碎屑颗粒之间,改变了岩石初始结构,是岩体劣化的诱因之一。更主要的是,受印度—欧亚板块碰撞造山影响,构造混杂岩在北东—南西向应力场改造下,岩石内部矿物强烈分异,定向排列,置换原生沉积层理,形成透入性千枚理、板理等面状构造,为低温热液提供了运移通道,加剧了对岩石的蚀变。叠加新生代以来脆性拉张构造扰动,造成岩石破碎为松散的薄板、薄片状,为地质灾害的发育提供了物质来源。
在物理力学特性方面,北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩表现为一套易滑软岩“地层”,具高孔隙度和吸水率、低抗压和抗剪强度,富含绢云母、伊利石和绿泥石等黏土矿物,且黏土矿物主要赋存在千枚理之间,在与流体或大气降水相互作用下,水化、膨胀,在扩展结构面的同时,大大降低了斜坡上构造混杂岩的力学性能。由于片状矿物的定向排列使得“地层”滑动性增强,而千枚理间蚀变黏土矿物的出现进一步降低了构造混杂岩的抗滑力,对滑坡的发育具有显著促进作用,这也表明构造混杂岩具有天然易于孕灾的属性。
在构造动力学方面,已有研究显示,结合带就位的构造运动是藏东地区地质灾害发育的内生动力[7]。北澜沧江结合带所代表的古洋盆经历了中-晚寒武世开启、晚泥盆世—早三叠世俯冲、中三叠世洋板片断离、晚三叠世洋盆闭合及南、北羌塘地体碰撞造山的演化过程[46,59-61]。进入新生代,北澜沧江结合带区域开启了幕式褶皱造山运动,形成了区内广泛分布的逆冲退覆断层及相关斜歪褶皱,而在中新世—更新世,以区域差异性抬升、断块掀斜为典型特征[62-63],表明区域构造演化由早期挤压剪切转换为晚期伸展拉张,进而奠定了区域构造格架。
前已述及,北澜沧江结合带呈北西—南东向展布,是古生代—中生代原—古特提斯连续演化的产物[46]。区域宏观构造线及北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩内部发育的微观千枚理、板理等面理均与北澜沧江结合带延伸一致,表明现今构造格架受控于区域大地构造演化。同时,构造混杂岩内部发育的早期挤压剪切面理与晚期纤状黏土矿物、簇状石膏等亦是区域构造演化的微观佐证。
现代构造应力场分析表明,青藏高原东缘区域最大主应力方向为北东向,向南沿喜马拉雅东构造结顺时针旋转,具明显右行走滑分量[64]。北澜沧江结合带西接龙木措—双湖结合带,南连南澜沧江结合带,地处青藏高原腹地东西向构造和滇西南北向三江构造带结合部,属于典型的应力集中区和强震活动区,对地质灾害的发育具有显著促进作用[7]。高精度全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)监测显示,印度—欧亚大陆碰撞造山导致青藏高原东缘地壳物质向南、南东挤出,现今北澜沧江结合带区域走滑速率最大为7.2 mm/a,拉张速率可达7.5 mm/a[48],但因受到了结合带内部断续分布的碰撞型花岗岩和地壳深部结晶基底和盖层之间的近水平软弱带影响,逐渐转换为震源断裂,控制了区域应力—形变场,曾诱发Ms 4.0级以上地震6次,如2007年妥坝Ms 5.6级地震,诱发地质灾害40余处[47,65]。因此,北澜沧江结合带就位的构造运动促进岩体劣化,发育大量压性、张性等透入性面理,导致岩体破碎瓦解,为地质灾害发育提供了物源来源;而区域强烈的构造应力场可直接诱发地质灾害,是地质灾害发育的动力学条件。
以北澜沧江结合带为例,通过野外地质调查和室内测试分析,解剖构造混杂岩构造岩石学特征,分析物理力学特性,揭示了地质灾害效应,主要结论如下。
(1)北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩主要由基质组成,主要岩石类型为千枚岩,板岩次之,夹少量玄武岩、大理岩化灰岩和硅质岩岩块,具明显“混杂堆积”特征。
(2)北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩作为非能干层夹持于西南侧花岗岩、花岗片麻岩和北东侧火山-沉积岩之间,在构造隆升-差异风化-河流侵蚀的耦合过程下,演化为高山深切峡谷地貌,为区域地质灾害的发育创造了地形条件。
(3)北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩经历了多期构造活动,表现出“一弱三强”的特点,即岩石弱变质、强变形、强蚀变和矿物强定向,导致岩石破碎,是地质灾害发育的物质基础。
(4)北澜沧江结合带构造混杂岩为一套易滑软岩“地层”,富含绢云母、伊利石和绿泥石等黏土矿物,具高孔隙度和吸水率、低抗压和抗剪强度,在斜坡内易形成软弱层或软弱带,是地质灾害发育的结构构造条件。
(5)北澜沧江结合带就位的强烈构造运动及伴生的区域构造应力场是地质灾害发育的动力学基础。
  • 中国地质调查局项目(DD20243086)
  • 中国地质调查局项目(DD20240014)
  • 中国地质调查局项目(DD20230449)
  • 国家科技重大专项(2019QZKK0902)
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2025年第25卷第15期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405462
  • 接收时间:2024-07-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-20
  • 修回日期:2024-10-29
基金
中国地质调查局项目(DD20243086)
中国地质调查局项目(DD20240014)
中国地质调查局项目(DD20230449)
国家科技重大专项(2019QZKK0902)
作者信息
    1 中国地质调查局军民融合地质调查中心,成都 610036
    2 中国地质科学院探矿工艺研究所,成都 611734
    3 自然资源部地质灾害风险防控工程技术创新中心,成都 611734
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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