Article(id=1149768944640241740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404568, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718640000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-18, revisedDate=1763308800000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055878075, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055878075, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055878075, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055878075, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768937925165147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='15', pageStart='6155', pageEnd='6586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055876475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456822194, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559490207699090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559490211893395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6419, endPage=6430, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768944791236685, articleId=1149768944640241740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Network Traffic Classification Method Improved Based on Data Augmentation and CNN-Optuna-Attention, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
In order to improve the accuracy of network traffic classification, a traffic classification method combining an attention mechanism and a convolutional neural network was proposed. An attention mechanism layer was designed and implemented on the basis of the convolutional neural network model, which received the output of the fully connected layer as input, calculated the weight of the input features, and multiplied it by the original features to strengthen the key features. This, in turn, helped to improve the model's ability to capture key information. Secondly, in order to solve the problem that the model was overfitting to the high-proportion category due to the unbalanced sample number of network traffic categories, and it was difficult to identify the small-proportion categories, a method to augment the dataset was proposed. Considering the perspective of hyperparameter combination optimization, a hyperparameter search strategy based on Bayesian optimization and five-fold cross-validation was proposed to optimize the hyperparameter combination of the model. The combination of hyperparameters of the model was determined by the above methods. The public dataset was used for the above experiments and model tests. The results show that compared with other methods, the overall accuracy, precision, and F1 score are significantly improved, which verifies that the proposed method has better classification performance.
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针对基于卷积神经网络的流量分类方法难以捕捉序列中不同部分的重要性、特征提取不足的问题,为提升网络流量分类精度,提出一种注意力机制与卷积神经网络相结合的流量分类方法,在卷积神经网络模型的基础上设计实现一种注意力机制层,通过接收全连接层的输出作为输入,计算输入特征的权重并乘以原始特征,实现对关键特征的加强,进而有助于提高模型对关键信息的捕捉能力。其次针对网络流量类别样本数不均衡导致模型过拟合于高比例类别,难以识别分类小比例类别的问题,提出了一种对数据集进行数据增强的方法。并且考虑到超参数组合优化的角度,提出一种基于贝叶斯优化的超参数搜索策略和五折交叉验证的方式对模型的超参数组合进行优化。通过上述方法研究确定模型的超参数组合。使用公开数据集进行上述实验与模型测试,结果表明:与其他方法相比,总体准确率、精确率以及F1分数都有明显的提升,验证了本文所提方法具有更好的分类性能。
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* 崔鑫(1972—),女,汉族,山东淄博人,博士,副教授。研究方向:下一代互联网技术、网络安全、网络大数据、无线传感网。E-mail:
cx@sdut.edu.cn。
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唐浩耀(2000—),男,汉族,山东济南人,硕士研究生。研究方向:网络服务与信息安全。E-mail:1393124747@qq.com。
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唐浩耀(2000—),男,汉族,山东济南人,硕士研究生。研究方向:网络服务与信息安全。E-mail:1393124747@qq.com。
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Li Yanhui,
Wang Yanmeng. Oilfield water injection flow prediction and effect based on data enhancement technique with CNN-BiLSTM-Attention[J].
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生成对抗网络的质量提升技术研究[D]. 北京: 北京邮电大学,
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Research on quality improvement technology of generative adversarial network[D]. Beijing: Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,
2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172924326715207940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, awardId=4041422007, language=CN, fundingSource=山东理工大学科技博士项目(4041422007), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172924319958184093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172924319962378398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, companyId=1172924319958184093, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172924319966572703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, companyId=1172924319958184093, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山东理工大学计算机科学与技术学院, 淄博 255049)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172924322269245632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Flowchart of the methodology in this paper, figureFileSmall=N4fy2SmnWYaXyA/ULcyoXg==, figureFileBig=5enooCnHHM7Bh5tbfSZSaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924322340548801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
本文方法流程图, figureFileSmall=N4fy2SmnWYaXyA/ULcyoXg==, figureFileBig=5enooCnHHM7Bh5tbfSZSaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924322424434882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Data format with application type WWW, figureFileSmall=W4VUPbMs6gNfwC0FQ5d6/w==, figureFileBig=tYrpaGZixx2PfClMzOdP4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924322474766531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
应用类型为WWW的数据格式, figureFileSmall=W4VUPbMs6gNfwC0FQ5d6/w==, figureFileBig=tYrpaGZixx2PfClMzOdP4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924322525098180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Grayscale graph of Moore traffic data corresponding to the category, figureFileSmall=xZZTk22vohJBLVCT8TtjlQ==, figureFileBig=iLfS03p652uinyWsm14baw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924322592207045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
Moore流量数据对应类别的灰度图, figureFileSmall=xZZTk22vohJBLVCT8TtjlQ==, figureFileBig=iLfS03p652uinyWsm14baw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924322667704518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Grayscale graph of ISCX non-VPN traffic data corresponding to the category, figureFileSmall=FmRdQ3JgJSd/7kkXWXri9Q==, figureFileBig=9LZ7NhM1TEugz9RhkSELTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924322722230471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
ISCX non-VPN流量数据对应类别的灰度图, figureFileSmall=FmRdQ3JgJSd/7kkXWXri9Q==, figureFileBig=9LZ7NhM1TEugz9RhkSELTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924322810310856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Data augmentation generates images, figureFileSmall=SqTj6Y5uoD85BTqTzFGgyQ==, figureFileBig=nZ1vz0AATx4Hb2DStx7Tbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924322885808329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
数据增强生成图像, figureFileSmall=SqTj6Y5uoD85BTqTzFGgyQ==, figureFileBig=nZ1vz0AATx4Hb2DStx7Tbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924322948722890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Five-fold cross-validation graph, figureFileSmall=dz4h1SlqAvIK5G1pdOe71Q==, figureFileBig=CCOfAxGbS2lcdHj4lA3JQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924323066163403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
五折交叉验证方式图, figureFileSmall=dz4h1SlqAvIK5G1pdOe71Q==, figureFileBig=CCOfAxGbS2lcdHj4lA3JQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924323137466572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
The architecture of the CNN-optuna-attention model, figureFileSmall=+IQTVE+rAIokDY+Zp6bYmQ==, figureFileBig=qODO8hFFMIA+Cd0wnzL24A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924323225546957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
CNN-Optuna-Attention模型架构图, figureFileSmall=+IQTVE+rAIokDY+Zp6bYmQ==, figureFileBig=qODO8hFFMIA+Cd0wnzL24A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924323292655822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Comparison chart of the categorical precision of different methods in the Moore dataset, figureFileSmall=AwRJMoPkJdl61/wfYSg7kw==, figureFileBig=dUE7+3rgKxEVlWFghOhFaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924323401707727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
Moore数据集下不同方法的类别精确率对比图表, figureFileSmall=AwRJMoPkJdl61/wfYSg7kw==, figureFileBig=dUE7+3rgKxEVlWFghOhFaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924323573674192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Comparison chart of F1 scores of different methods in the Moore dataset, figureFileSmall=7JlMcZoGy/IgPC15GxGoHw==, figureFileBig=kjnNNBR/FpMwjW7kqIraSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924323636588753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
Moore数据集下不同方法的类别F1分数对比图表, figureFileSmall=7JlMcZoGy/IgPC15GxGoHw==, figureFileBig=kjnNNBR/FpMwjW7kqIraSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924323770806482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Comparison chart of the categorical precision of different methods in the ISCX non-VPN dataset, figureFileSmall=8cldtDU/LG4OqaWo+ha75A==, figureFileBig=77X54pcYI0TEYtNKsFh8BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924323993104595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
ISCX non-VPN数据集下不同方法的类别精确率对比图表, figureFileSmall=8cldtDU/LG4OqaWo+ha75A==, figureFileBig=77X54pcYI0TEYtNKsFh8BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924324097962196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Comparison chart of F1 scores of different methods in the ISCX non-VPN dataset, figureFileSmall=9hVjhY/6LaFAo478AANsEQ==, figureFileBig=JkmXBgzfIKgkP3jHE7pgRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924324248957141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
ISCX non-VPN数据集下不同方法的类别F1分数对比图表, figureFileSmall=9hVjhY/6LaFAo478AANsEQ==, figureFileBig=JkmXBgzfIKgkP3jHE7pgRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924324408340694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
The confusion matrix of the proposed method, figureFileSmall=Fnx95sP70abwsVdHmeEOSQ==, figureFileBig=Nc965iKhFGfvXn8aISVi6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924324488032471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
本文方法的混淆矩阵, figureFileSmall=Fnx95sP70abwsVdHmeEOSQ==, figureFileBig=Nc965iKhFGfvXn8aISVi6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924324609667289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Statistics of Moore traffic data
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类别 | 数量 | 应用来源 |
| WWW | 328 092 | Web browsers,web applications |
| MAIL | 28 567 | IMAP,POP,SMTP |
| FTP-CONTROL | 3 054 | FTP |
| FTP-PASV | 2 688 | FTP |
| ATTACK | 1 793 | Port scans,worms,viruses,sql injections |
| P2P | 2 094 | Napster,WKazaa,Gnutella,eDonkey,Bit Torrent |
| DATABASE | 2 648 | MySQL,dbase,Oracle |
| FTP-DATA | 5 797 | FTP |
| MULTIMEDIA | 576 | Windows Media Player,Real,iTunes |
| SERVICES | 2 099 | X11,DNS,IDENT,LDAP,NTP |
| INTERACTIVE | 110 | SSH,TELNET,VNC,GotoMyPC |
| GAMES | 8 | Half-Life |
| 总计 | 377 526 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924324710330588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
Moore流量数据统计信息
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类别 | 数量 | 应用来源 |
| WWW | 328 092 | Web browsers,web applications |
| MAIL | 28 567 | IMAP,POP,SMTP |
| FTP-CONTROL | 3 054 | FTP |
| FTP-PASV | 2 688 | FTP |
| ATTACK | 1 793 | Port scans,worms,viruses,sql injections |
| P2P | 2 094 | Napster,WKazaa,Gnutella,eDonkey,Bit Torrent |
| DATABASE | 2 648 | MySQL,dbase,Oracle |
| FTP-DATA | 5 797 | FTP |
| MULTIMEDIA | 576 | Windows Media Player,Real,iTunes |
| SERVICES | 2 099 | X11,DNS,IDENT,LDAP,NTP |
| INTERACTIVE | 110 | SSH,TELNET,VNC,GotoMyPC |
| GAMES | 8 | Half-Life |
| 总计 | 377 526 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924324810993886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Statistics of ISCX non-VPN traffic data
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类别 | 数量 | 应用来源 |
| 语音 | 500 | AIM,ICQ,Facebook,Skype,Hangout,Google |
| 聊天 | 500 | Skype,Hangout,Facebook |
| 视频 | 500 | Skype,Hangout,Facebook |
| IP语音 | 500 | Voipbuster |
| 总计 | 2 000 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924324920045793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
ISCX non-VPN 流量数据统计信息
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类别 | 数量 | 应用来源 |
| 语音 | 500 | AIM,ICQ,Facebook,Skype,Hangout,Google |
| 聊天 | 500 | Skype,Hangout,Facebook |
| 视频 | 500 | Skype,Hangout,Facebook |
| IP语音 | 500 | Voipbuster |
| 总计 | 2 000 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924325012320483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Parameter settings for ImageDataGenerator
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 设置值 | 具体描述 |
| rotation_range | 20 | 随机旋转的角度范围,以度为单位,设置为-20°~+20° |
| width_shift_range | 0.1 | 随机水平平移的宽度范围,设置为10% |
| height_shift_range | 0.1 | 随机垂直平移的高度范围,设置为10% |
| horizontal_flip | True | 是否随机水平翻转,设置为True表示会进行水平翻转 |
| vertical_flip | True | 是否随机垂直翻转,设置为True表示会进行垂直翻转 |
| shear_range | 0.2 | 随机剪切变换的角度范围,设置为-0.2~+0.2 rad |
| zoom_range | 0.2 | 随机缩放的范围,设置为原始尺寸的80%~120% |
| fill_mode | “nearest” | 当进行变换时,超出图像边界的像素填充方式,设置为“nearest”表示最近邻插值 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924325108789477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
ImageDataGenerator参数设置
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 设置值 | 具体描述 |
| rotation_range | 20 | 随机旋转的角度范围,以度为单位,设置为-20°~+20° |
| width_shift_range | 0.1 | 随机水平平移的宽度范围,设置为10% |
| height_shift_range | 0.1 | 随机垂直平移的高度范围,设置为10% |
| horizontal_flip | True | 是否随机水平翻转,设置为True表示会进行水平翻转 |
| vertical_flip | True | 是否随机垂直翻转,设置为True表示会进行垂直翻转 |
| shear_range | 0.2 | 随机剪切变换的角度范围,设置为-0.2~+0.2 rad |
| zoom_range | 0.2 | 随机缩放的范围,设置为原始尺寸的80%~120% |
| fill_mode | “nearest” | 当进行变换时,超出图像边界的像素填充方式,设置为“nearest”表示最近邻插值 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924325205258472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Changes in the sample size of the Moore dataset
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类别 | 原样本数量 | 数据增强后样本数量 |
| INTERACTIVE | 110 | 3 410 |
| GAMES | 8 | 3 208 |
| 总计 | 377 526 | 384 026 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924325322698987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
Moore数据集的样本数量变化
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类别 | 原样本数量 | 数据增强后样本数量 |
| INTERACTIVE | 110 | 3 410 |
| GAMES | 8 | 3 208 |
| 总计 | 377 526 | 384 026 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924325444333805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Comparison between pptuna and grid search methods
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | Optuna方法 | 网格搜索方法 |
| 灵活性 | 高 | 低 |
| 超参数搜索范围 | 连续、离散参数等自动定义 | 手动定义参数组合 |
| 搜索方式 | TPE、随即搜索等 | 穷举迭代搜索 |
| 收敛速度 | 快 | 慢 |
| 使用场景 | 复杂超参数空间 | 简单超参数空间 |
| 适用性 | 多样化模型优化 | 简单模型调优 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924325528219886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
Optuna与网格搜索方法对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | Optuna方法 | 网格搜索方法 |
| 灵活性 | 高 | 低 |
| 超参数搜索范围 | 连续、离散参数等自动定义 | 手动定义参数组合 |
| 搜索方式 | TPE、随即搜索等 | 穷举迭代搜索 |
| 收敛速度 | 快 | 慢 |
| 使用场景 | 复杂超参数空间 | 简单超参数空间 |
| 适用性 | 多样化模型优化 | 简单模型调优 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924325645660399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Search space for hyperparameters
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 超参数 | 搜索空间 |
| 学习率 | 0.000 1~0.1 |
| 丢弃率 | 0.0~0.3 |
| 批次大小 | 64/128/256 |
| 迭代次数 | 200(使用早停策略) |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924325712769264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
超参数的搜索空间
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 超参数 | 搜索空间 |
| 学习率 | 0.000 1~0.1 |
| 丢弃率 | 0.0~0.3 |
| 批次大小 | 64/128/256 |
| 迭代次数 | 200(使用早停策略) |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924325792461041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=
The network structure of the CNN-optuna-attention model
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 层类型 | 输入尺寸 | 卷积核/ 池化大小 | 卷积核/ 神经元数 | 步长 | 填充 方式 | 输出 尺寸 | 激活 函数 |
| 卷积层1 | (batch_size,16, 16, 1) | (3, 3) | 8 | 1 | ‘same' | (batch_size,16, 16, 8) | ReLU |
| 池化层1 | (batch_size,16, 16, 8) | (2, 2) | — | 2 | ‘same' | (batch_size,8, 8, 8) | — |
| 卷积层2 | (batch_size,8, 8, 8) | (3, 3) | 16 | 1 | ‘same' | (batch_size,8, 8, 16) | ReLU |
| 池化层2 | (batch_size,8, 8, 16) | (2, 2) | — | 2 | ‘same' | (batch_size,4, 4, 16) | — |
| 扁平化层 | (batch_size,4, 4, 16) | — | — | — | — | (batch_size,256) | — |
| 失活层1 | (batch_size,256) | — | — | — | — | (batch_size,256) | — |
| 全连接层1 | (batch_size,256) | — | 256 | — | — | (batch_size,256) | ReLU |
| 失活层2 | (batch_size,256) | — | — | — | — | (batch_size,256) | — |
| 全连接层2 | (batch_size,256) | — | 128 | — | — | (batch_size,128) | ReLU |
| 注意力机制层 | (batch_size,128) | — | — | — | — | (batch_size,128) | — |
| 全连接层3(输出层) | (batch_size,128) | — | 12/4 | — | — | (batch_size,12/4) | softmax |
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CNN-Optuna-Attention模型网络参数结构
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| 层类型 | 输入尺寸 | 卷积核/ 池化大小 | 卷积核/ 神经元数 | 步长 | 填充 方式 | 输出 尺寸 | 激活 函数 |
| 卷积层1 | (batch_size,16, 16, 1) | (3, 3) | 8 | 1 | ‘same' | (batch_size,16, 16, 8) | ReLU |
| 池化层1 | (batch_size,16, 16, 8) | (2, 2) | — | 2 | ‘same' | (batch_size,8, 8, 8) | — |
| 卷积层2 | (batch_size,8, 8, 8) | (3, 3) | 16 | 1 | ‘same' | (batch_size,8, 8, 16) | ReLU |
| 池化层2 | (batch_size,8, 8, 16) | (2, 2) | — | 2 | ‘same' | (batch_size,4, 4, 16) | — |
| 扁平化层 | (batch_size,4, 4, 16) | — | — | — | — | (batch_size,256) | — |
| 失活层1 | (batch_size,256) | — | — | — | — | (batch_size,256) | — |
| 全连接层1 | (batch_size,256) | — | 256 | — | — | (batch_size,256) | ReLU |
| 失活层2 | (batch_size,256) | — | — | — | — | (batch_size,256) | — |
| 全连接层2 | (batch_size,256) | — | 128 | — | — | (batch_size,128) | ReLU |
| 注意力机制层 | (batch_size,128) | — | — | — | — | (batch_size,128) | — |
| 全连接层3(输出层) | (batch_size,128) | — | 12/4 | — | — | (batch_size,12/4) | softmax |
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Confusion matrix for calculating assessment metrics
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| 真实值 | 预测值 |
| Negative | Positive |
| Positive | False Negative(FN) | True Positive(TP) |
| Negative | True Negative(TN) | False Positive(FP) |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924326090256628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=表8, caption=
计算评估指标的混淆矩阵
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| 真实值 | 预测值 |
| Negative | Positive |
| Positive | False Negative(FN) | True Positive(TP) |
| Negative | True Negative(TN) | False Positive(FP) |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924326220280056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=
The accuracy of different methods under the Moore dataset
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| 方法 | 准确率 |
| BP神经网络 | 0.993.1 |
| 文献[21]的方法 | 0.993 0 |
| 对比方法1 | 0.992 7 |
| 对比方法2 | 0.992 5 |
| 本文方法 | 0.995 9 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924326325137659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=表9, caption=
Moore数据集下采用不同方法的准确率
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| 方法 | 准确率 |
| BP神经网络 | 0.993.1 |
| 文献[21]的方法 | 0.993 0 |
| 对比方法1 | 0.992 7 |
| 对比方法2 | 0.992 5 |
| 本文方法 | 0.995 9 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924326455161085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=
The accuracy of different methods under the ISCX non-VPN dataset
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| 方法 | 准确率 |
| 文献[15]的方法 | 0.977 2 |
| 文献[22]的方法 | 0.985 8 |
| 文献[23]的方法 | 0.996 5 |
| 本文方法 | 0.997 5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1172924326547435777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768944640241740, language=CN, label=表10, caption=
ISCX non-VPN数据集下采用不同方法的准确率
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| 方法 | 准确率 |
| 文献[15]的方法 | 0.977 2 |
| 文献[22]的方法 | 0.985 8 |
| 文献[23]的方法 | 0.996 5 |
| 本文方法 | 0.997 5 |
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