Article(id=1149768942366933103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405645, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722009600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-27, revisedDate=1732377600000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055877534, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055877534, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055877534, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055877534, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768937925165147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='15', pageStart='6155', pageEnd='6586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055876475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456822194, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559490207699090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559490211893395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6318, endPage=6323, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768943969157252, articleId=1149768942366933103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Development of Self-generated Rainfall Sensor Suitable for Landslide Monitoring, columnId=1156262732765717457, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Landslides are significant geological hazard, with most events directly related to rainfall. Consequently, rainfall monitoring is critical for landslide forecasting and prediction. A self-powered rainfall sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) technology was developed for landslide monitoring. The sensor consists of a transmission unit and a sensing unit, which enable rainfall measurement and self-powering through rain-induced contact electrification of nanomaterials. Experimental results indicate that the sensor maintains a measurement error of 5% within the 0~300 mL/24 h range, with a linearity of 3.4%. It is capable of being operated in environments where the temperature is below 100 ℃ and the relative humidity is under 90%. Additionally, the output of the sensor can achieve a maximum power of 203.5 nW when an external load resistance of 7.8×107 Ω is applied. The performance of the sensor can meet the practical requirements for field rainfall monitoring of landslides and also show potentials for the development of related rainfall monitoring technologies.

, correspAuthors=Chuan WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guo-bin WANG, Jun CHEN, Xian-yao DAI, Yong-quan ZHANG, Chao WANG, Chuan WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149768967255933735, articleId=1149768942366933103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=适用于滑坡监测的自发电雨量传感器的研制, columnId=1156262732954461139, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·机械、仪表工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

滑坡是一种非常严重的地质灾害,大多数滑坡与降雨直接相关,因此降雨量监测对于滑坡预报预测具有重要意义。基于摩擦纳米发电机技术,研制了一种用于滑坡监测的自发电雨量传感器。传感器包括传动单元和传感单元,通过降雨诱导纳米材料接触摩擦实现降雨测量和自发电的功能。实验结果表明:传感器在0~300 mL/24 h的量程范围内的测量误差为5%,线性度为3.4%,可在温度小于100 ℃及相对湿度小于90%的环境下正常工作,且当传感器外接负载阻值为7.8×107 Ω时可输出最大功率203.5 nW。传感器能够满足野外滑坡雨量监测的实际需要,可为相关雨量监测传感器的研制提供借鉴。

, correspAuthors=吴川, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 吴川(1986—),男,汉族,河北邯郸人,博士,副教授。研究方向:机电一体化技术在机器人、地质勘探、灾害监测、工业生产及电力电网等方向的应用。E-mail:
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王国斌(1974—),男,汉族,湖北公安人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:

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王国斌(1974—),男,汉族,湖北公安人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:

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王国斌(1974—),男,汉族,湖北公安人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=eMcNR+PYyPFdSYRIEopKBQ==, figureFileBig=FwECINON+0o9cPOmBOJeag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924078030729272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768942366933103, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification standard of rainfall intensity

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降雨等级 降雨量Y(24 h)
小雨 Y<10 mm
中雨 10 mm≤Y<25 mm
大雨 25 mm≤Y<50 mm
暴雨 50 mm≤Y<100 mm
大暴雨 100 mm≤Y<250 mm
特大暴雨 Y≥250 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1172924078139781177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768942366933103, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

降雨强度等级划分标准

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降雨等级 降雨量Y(24 h)
小雨 Y<10 mm
中雨 10 mm≤Y<25 mm
大雨 25 mm≤Y<50 mm
暴雨 50 mm≤Y<100 mm
大暴雨 100 mm≤Y<250 mm
特大暴雨 Y≥250 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1172924078244638780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768942366933103, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensor repeatability test results

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实验组数 重复性/%
100 1.63
200 1.87
300 0.97
400 1.84
500 1.96
), ArticleFig(id=1172924078311747644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768942366933103, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

传感器重复性测试结果

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实验组数 重复性/%
100 1.63
200 1.87
300 0.97
400 1.84
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适用于滑坡监测的自发电雨量传感器的研制
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王国斌 1 , 陈军 1, 2 , 代先尧 1 , 张永权 3 , 王超 4 , 吴川 4, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025,25(15): 6318-6323
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(15): 6318-6323
适用于滑坡监测的自发电雨量传感器的研制
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王国斌1 , 陈军1, 2, 代先尧1, 张永权3, 王超4, 吴川4, *
作者信息
  • 1 湖北省交通规划设计院股份有限公司, 武汉 430051
  • 2 湖北交投鄂南建设管理有限公司, 武汉 430051
  • 3 中国地质大学(武汉) 巴东地质灾害国家野外科学观测研究站, 武汉 430074
  • 4 中国地质大学(武汉) 机械与电子信息学院, 武汉 430074
  • 王国斌(1974—),男,汉族,湖北公安人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 吴川(1986—),男,汉族,河北邯郸人,博士,副教授。研究方向:机电一体化技术在机器人、地质勘探、灾害监测、工业生产及电力电网等方向的应用。E-mail:
Development of Self-generated Rainfall Sensor Suitable for Landslide Monitoring
Guo-bin WANG1 , Jun CHEN1, 2, Xian-yao DAI1, Yong-quan ZHANG3, Chao WANG4, Chuan WU4, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Hubei Communications Planning and Design Institute Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430051, China
  • 2 Hubei Jiao Tou E Nan Construction Management Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430051, China
  • 3 Badong National Observation and Research Station of Geohazards, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
  • 4 Faculty of Mechanical and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405645
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滑坡是一种非常严重的地质灾害,大多数滑坡与降雨直接相关,因此降雨量监测对于滑坡预报预测具有重要意义。基于摩擦纳米发电机技术,研制了一种用于滑坡监测的自发电雨量传感器。传感器包括传动单元和传感单元,通过降雨诱导纳米材料接触摩擦实现降雨测量和自发电的功能。实验结果表明:传感器在0~300 mL/24 h的量程范围内的测量误差为5%,线性度为3.4%,可在温度小于100 ℃及相对湿度小于90%的环境下正常工作,且当传感器外接负载阻值为7.8×107 Ω时可输出最大功率203.5 nW。传感器能够满足野外滑坡雨量监测的实际需要,可为相关雨量监测传感器的研制提供借鉴。

雨量传感器  /  自供电  /  摩擦纳米发电机  /  滑坡监测

Landslides are significant geological hazard, with most events directly related to rainfall. Consequently, rainfall monitoring is critical for landslide forecasting and prediction. A self-powered rainfall sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) technology was developed for landslide monitoring. The sensor consists of a transmission unit and a sensing unit, which enable rainfall measurement and self-powering through rain-induced contact electrification of nanomaterials. Experimental results indicate that the sensor maintains a measurement error of 5% within the 0~300 mL/24 h range, with a linearity of 3.4%. It is capable of being operated in environments where the temperature is below 100 ℃ and the relative humidity is under 90%. Additionally, the output of the sensor can achieve a maximum power of 203.5 nW when an external load resistance of 7.8×107 Ω is applied. The performance of the sensor can meet the practical requirements for field rainfall monitoring of landslides and also show potentials for the development of related rainfall monitoring technologies.

self-powered  /  rainfall sensor  /  triboelectric nanogenerator  /  landslide monitoring
王国斌, 陈军, 代先尧, 张永权, 王超, 吴川. 适用于滑坡监测的自发电雨量传感器的研制. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6318 -6323 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405645
Guo-bin WANG, Jun CHEN, Xian-yao DAI, Yong-quan ZHANG, Chao WANG, Chuan WU. Development of Self-generated Rainfall Sensor Suitable for Landslide Monitoring[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6318 -6323 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405645
中国的滑坡地质灾害频发,给人民生命财产安全带来了巨大威胁,同时也给国家经济发展带来了严重损失[1-2]。降雨是诱发滑坡的主要因素之一。降雨会导致土壤中的水分增加,当土壤饱和度达到一定程度时,土壤的黏聚力会减小,摩擦力也会降低,使得土层之间的结构变得不稳定[3]。此外,降雨还会增加土壤的重量,加大对地下水的压力,进一步削弱土壤的稳定性[4]。因此,通过持续监测和分析降雨数据,建立降雨量和滑坡发生率之间的关联模型[5-6],是实现滑坡预测预报的重要技术手段。
雨量传感器是实现雨量监测的重要手段。相关学者对雨量传感器进行了研究,产生了系列研究成果,比如黄飞龙等[7]采用电阻应变测量技术,设计了一种称重式的降雨传感器,可在1 mm/min和4 mm/min两种雨强下实现误差小于0.4 mm的雨量测量。不同于接触式的测量方法,部分学者研发了光学非接触式的雨量传感器,比如王相等[8]利用光学的全反射现象研制了新型的雨量传感器,利用光通量与降雨量之间的标定关系实现雨量的测量。姚宇等[9]则进一步对提高光学雨量传感器灵敏度的方法进行了研究,结果表明适宜的波长及角度能够有效提高传感器的灵敏度,然而当前的雨量传感器均采用外部供电方式,包括太阳能电池板和电池。若采用太阳能电池板供电,则遇连续阴雨天或树木遮挡时,发电效率将急剧降低甚至无法发电,导致雨量测量及数据传输中断;若采用电池供电,则定期更换或维护电池将增加监测成本和工作量。因此,若雨量传感器具备自发电功能,将有效避免传感器传统供电方式的不足,具有更高的可靠性和稳定性,更加适宜滑坡野外监测实际工况环境。
摩擦纳米发电机技术是一种新兴的能量收集技术,可以将机械运动转化为电能[10]。目前摩擦纳米发电机技术已经在许多领域得到应用,例如自动驱动系统[11]、智能穿戴设备[12-13]和无线传感器网络[14-15]等。尤其是在研发自发电传感器领域,摩擦纳米发电机已取得了广泛的应用,包括振动传感器[16-17]、风速传感器[18]、轨迹传感器[19]、气湿传感器[20]及触觉传感器[21]等,因此基于摩擦纳米发电机原理研制一种新型的自发电雨量传感器,可同步实现降雨测量及发电的功能,从而提高滑坡监测系统的可靠性和稳定性,并降低维护成本和工作量。
图1(a)所示,传感器主要由传动单元和传感单元组成。传动单元由轴承、连杆、拨杆和转杯(容积为10 mL)组成,转杯和轴承之间通过连杆进行连接,6个传动单元组成了以降雨为驱动力的风车结构。工作时传动单元末端的6个转杯会依次收集雨水,随后在雨水重力作用下诱导风车结构旋转。图1(b)为传感单元去掉外壳后的内部结构图,传感单元内部由翘板、摩擦圆弧和支撑块组成。翘板固定在支撑块中间,翘板受传动单元的拨杆压迫后发生转动。以转动轴为分界线,翘板可以分为主动翘板和摩擦翘板两部分,主动翘板和摩擦翘板的长度比为1∶3,因此主动翘板和摩擦翘板的角位移比也是1∶3。摩擦翘板末端粘贴有聚酰亚胺(Kapton)薄膜,充当摩擦纳米发电机的负极材料。摩擦圆弧内侧贴有铝(Al)薄膜,既充当摩擦纳米发电机的正极材料,又作为电极。初始状态如图1(b)中Ⅰ所示,受重力作用摩擦翘板将位于摩擦圆弧下方。传动单元转动时如图1(b)中Ⅱ所示,拨杆压迫主动翘板向下转动,而摩擦翘板向上转动,此时Kapton薄膜和Al薄膜摩擦接触,形成单电极式摩擦纳米发电机。
现结合图2对自供电雨量传感器的工作原理进行详细说明。初始状态如图2中Ⅰ所示,此时Kapton薄膜与Al薄膜不接触,没有摩擦电信号产生。降雨发生时的状态如图2中Ⅱ所示,雨水使得传动单元的拨杆拨动翘板转动,此时Kapton薄膜和Al薄膜开始接触。由于两种纳米材料得失电子能力不同,使得Kapton薄膜表面带负电,而Al薄膜表面带正电,电路中由于电荷的移动产生电流。随着转动角度增加,到达如图2中Ⅲ所示状态,此时Kapton薄膜和Al薄膜完全接触,电荷转移完毕,电路中无电流产生,所产生的开路电压达到最大值。随着转动角度进一步增加,到达如图2中Ⅳ所示状态,此时Kapton薄膜和Al薄膜开始分离。由于Kapton薄膜对Al薄膜正电荷的静电引力逐渐减弱,电荷产生反向转移,电路中产生反向电流,且开路电压逐渐降低。可见在一个摩擦周期内,电路中将产生一次交流脉冲信号和一个直流电压脉冲信号,两种信号均可以作为传感器的检测信号。
雨量测量时,通过微处理器的脉冲信号输入端口与传感器相连接,通过微处理器对脉冲信号进行识别。假设微处理器连续两次检测到脉冲信号的时间间隔为Δt,雨量传感器转杯的容量为L(本传感器中L = 10 mL),则降雨量Q的计算公式为
Q= L Δ t
式(1)中:Q为降雨量,mL/h;L为转杯体积,mL;Δt为连续两次检测到脉冲信号的时间间隔,h。
为测试传感器工作性能,搭建了传感器测试平台,如图3所示。在滑坡土体上放置雨量传感器,传感器上方安装有降雨模拟装置,可模拟不同等级的降雨,传感器的输出数据依次经过数据采集卡和静电计处理后接入上位机软件,利用上位机软件对数据进行分析和存储。试验时分别对传感器的测量特性、发电特性及环境适应性进行了测试,具体如下。
根据国家标准,降雨可划分为6个强度等级(假设24 h内的降雨量用Y表示),如表1所示。
传感特性测试结果如图4所示,其中图4(a)为不同降雨等级下的输出电压波形图。由图4(a)可知,随着降雨等级的升高,传感器的输出电压幅值并未呈现出明显的变化,但输出电压波形频率却逐渐增大。原因在于随着降雨量的增大,摩擦接触面积并未改变,因此电压幅值没有发生变化,然而降雨量增大时会导致传感器传动单元旋转速度加快,由此导致摩擦接触频率增加,因此呈现出电压脉冲频率加大的趋势。
进一步对传感器在不同降雨量下的输出电压及输出电流进行测试,所得测试结果拟合曲线分别如图4(b)图4(c)所示,可见传感器的输出电压及电流幅值分别为7.5 V及125 nA左右。相较于电压值,电流幅值较小,容易受到噪声干扰而引入较大的测量误差,因此本传感器中优先选择电压输出信号作为传感器的检测信号。
传感器的测量误差如图5所示。如图5(a)所示,随着雨量的增加,标准雨量与测定雨量之间的差值逐渐扩大,利用最小二乘法分析后得出传感器的线性度为3.4%。进一步对0~300 mL/24 h量程范围的测量误差进行了分析,部分具有代表性的测量误差散点图如图5(b)所示,可见传感器的误差控制在5%以内,能够满足野外滑坡雨量监测需求。
进一步对实验结果的重复性进行了测试。采用标准差表示传感器输出数据的重复性。试验时分别统计了不同实验组数下的标准差,所得结果如表2所示,可见当选取不同的试验组数计算标准差时,所得到的重复性数值不同,但最大值均不超过2%,由此表明了传感器具有较好的重复性。
进一步对传感器的发电特性进行了测试,结果如图6所示。如图6(a)所示为暴雨时传感器在不同负载下的输出电压及电流曲线,可见电压和电流曲线均可划分为三个阶段,即,缓慢减小/增加,急剧减小/增加以及缓慢减小/增加阶段。由于传感器基于摩擦纳米发电机原理研制,具有高电压及低电流的特点,因此输出电压与电流幅值的量级相差较大。同时随着外负载的增加,电压逐渐增加而电流逐渐降低,这与欧姆定律相一致。图6(b)所示为传感器在不同负载阻值下的输出功率,可见传感器的输出功率随外部负载电阻的增大呈现先变大后变小的趋势,且在外接负载阻值约为7.8×107 Ω时输出最大功率可达203.5 nW。
与室内环境不同,真实的滑坡中存在影响传感器性能的因素,包括温度及相对湿度的变化,因此需要对传感器在温度及相对湿度下的输出特性进行测试,结果如图7所示。由图7(a)图7(b)可知,在温度范围为5~100 ℃且降雨等级为暴雨的环境条件下,随着温度的升高,传感器的输出峰值电压由7.98 V降至6.69 V,降幅约为16.2%。同样,如图7(c)图7(d)所示,在相对湿度范围为0%~90%且降雨等级为暴雨的环境条件下,随着相对湿度的增加,传感器的输出电压峰值由7.98 V下降到6.9 V,降幅约为13.2%。在温度及湿度升高的工况下,传感器的输出电压虽然有所下降,但下降后的电压幅值仍远大于噪声信号幅值,因此不影响传感器的检测精度,由此证明传感器具备较高的环境适应性。
基于摩擦纳米发电机研制了一种用于滑坡监测的自发电雨量传感器,可同步实现雨量测量及发电的功能。实验结果表明,传感器在0~300 mL/24 h的量程范围内的测量误差为5%,线性度为3.4%,可在温度小于100 ℃及相对湿度小于90%的环境下正常工作,且当传感器外接负载阻值为7.8×107 Ω时可输出最大功率203.5 nW。由此证明传感器具备较高的可靠性和环境适应性,能够满足滑坡监测系统的需求。
未来可从如下两方面对传感器进一步的改进与拓展。一是进一步优化摩擦材料和结构设计,提升摩擦纳米发电机的能量转化效率,进一步提高传感器的发电能力和测量精度,以适应更加精细的降雨监测需求;二是将自发电雨量传感器与其他环境传感器(如位移、风速、倾角等)集成,开发综合性的自发电环境监测系统,提供多维度的数据支持,实现更全面的滑坡灾害预警。
  • 汉阳区第五批“知音英才计划”(A 5-22)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3007004)
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2025年第25卷第15期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405645
  • 接收时间:2024-07-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-27
  • 修回日期:2024-11-24
基金
汉阳区第五批“知音英才计划”(A 5-22)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3007004)
作者信息
    1 湖北省交通规划设计院股份有限公司, 武汉 430051
    2 湖北交投鄂南建设管理有限公司, 武汉 430051
    3 中国地质大学(武汉) 巴东地质灾害国家野外科学观测研究站, 武汉 430074
    4 中国地质大学(武汉) 机械与电子信息学院, 武汉 430074

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* 吴川(1986—),男,汉族,河北邯郸人,博士,副教授。研究方向:机电一体化技术在机器人、地质勘探、灾害监测、工业生产及电力电网等方向的应用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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