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Article(id=1149768941351911534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404363, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718121600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-12, revisedDate=1731772800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055877292, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055877292, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055877292, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055877292, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768937925165147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='15', pageStart='6155', pageEnd='6586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055876475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456822194, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559490207699090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559490211893395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6579, endPage=6586, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768943927214208, articleId=1149768941351911534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Influencing Factors of Smoke Suppression Properties of Indoor Fire Isolation Belt, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to evaluate the characteristics of fire smoke dispersion in large-space buildings, FDS software was used to investigate the effects of air-inlet position, smoke-proofing depth and smoke exhausting rate to the working efficiency of fire isolation belt. The results show that, by opening the air-inlet in the non-fire zone and closing that in the fire zone, a reverse airflow can be induced below the fire isolation belt, which resists the smoke overflow and reduces the disturbances to the smoke layer. The increase of the smoke-proofing depth can increase the space for smoke storage and reduce the height of the smoke layer, thus delaying the instant of smoke overflow by decreasing the generation rate of fire smoke. In the scenario without mechanical smoke exhausting in the fire isolation belt, the instant of smoke overflow can be delayed by about 50% when the smoke-proofing depth increases from 20% to 40%. By adopting mechanical smoke exhausting in the fire isolation belt, the accumulated smoke can be timely extracted, which can effectively prevent the smoke spilling into other non-fire zone. It is concluded that, through an overall consideration to the smoke isolation efficiency, building functions and construction costs, the combination of “40% smoke-proofing depth + adopting the mechanical smoke exhausting rate with reference to the Smoke Standard + opening the air-inlet in the adjacent non-fire zone” is recommended as an advantageous design principle for fire isolation belts.

, correspAuthors=Ke WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-yu ZONG, Hui-ping HU, Xiao-feng CHEN, Kai ZHU, Ming-jian YIN, Ke WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149768974004568182, articleId=1149768941351911534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=大空间室内防火隔离带阻烟效果影响因素, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明确防火隔离带对大空间室内烟气蔓延特性的影响,通过数值模拟软件FDS研究了补风口位置、隔离带内排烟量及挡烟垂壁深度对隔离带阻烟效果的影响,揭示隔离带工作机理,提出优化设计原则。结果表明:仅开启无火源分区的补风口时,可在防火隔离带下方形成纵向诱导风流、更好发挥其阻烟效果,且对烟气层扰动较小;增加垂壁深度可提高火源分区储烟能力,减少烟气卷吸量、延缓烟气溢出时间并控制溢出烟气量。当隔离带内不设机械排烟时,随着垂壁深度由20%空间净高增加到40%,烟气初次溢出时间增加约50%。在防火隔离带设置机械排烟,可及时排出内部积聚烟气、有效防止烟气溢出到其他无火源分区。通过对比不同防排烟及补风策略,可见对于大空间室内火灾场景,采用“挡烟垂壁深度为空间净高40%+隔离带机械排烟量参照《烟标》确定+排烟联动相邻防烟分区补风口补风”组合措施,可达到良好的防烟控烟效果,为消防救援提供更多时间。

, correspAuthors=吴珂, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 吴 珂(1979—),男,汉族,重庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:火灾机理与防控。E-mail:。
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宗笑羽(1999—),女,汉族,江苏宿迁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:火灾安全。E-mail:。

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宗笑羽(1999—),女,汉族,江苏宿迁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:火灾安全。E-mail:。

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宗笑羽(1999—),女,汉族,江苏宿迁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:火灾安全。E-mail:。

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figureFileSmall=CJxyS9JyFPrF7aXunwaQQQ==, figureFileBig=dU4zUiyx/liiZQwIUQ6tZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924169164570816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941351911534, language=CN, label=图9, caption=隔离带内不同排烟量下的烟气蔓延范围(俯视图), figureFileSmall=CJxyS9JyFPrF7aXunwaQQQ==, figureFileBig=dU4zUiyx/liiZQwIUQ6tZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924169240068289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941351911534, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Numerical simulation details

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工况 补风口位置 挡烟垂壁深度/% 排烟量/(104 m3·h-1)
1 火源分区 30 24.4
2 两分区 30 24.4
3 无火源分区 30 24.4
4 无火源分区 20 0
5 无火源分区 30 0
6 无火源分区 40 0
7 无火源分区 20 12.2
8 无火源分区 30 12.2
9 无火源分区 40 12.2
10 无火源分区 20 24.4
11 无火源分区 40 24.4
), ArticleFig(id=1172924169353314498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941351911534, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数值模拟工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 补风口位置 挡烟垂壁深度/% 排烟量/(104 m3·h-1)
1 火源分区 30 24.4
2 两分区 30 24.4
3 无火源分区 30 24.4
4 无火源分区 20 0
5 无火源分区 30 0
6 无火源分区 40 0
7 无火源分区 20 12.2
8 无火源分区 30 12.2
9 无火源分区 40 12.2
10 无火源分区 20 24.4
11 无火源分区 40 24.4
), ArticleFig(id=1172924169453977795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941351911534, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Initial time of smoke overflow fire isolation belt

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排烟量 初次溢出时间/s
20%垂壁深度 30%垂壁深度 40%垂壁深度
隔离带无排烟 200.8 240.0 307.2
1倍排烟量 273.6 330.4 无烟溢出
2倍排烟量 315.2 无烟溢出 无烟溢出
), ArticleFig(id=1172924169621749956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941351911534, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

烟气初次溢出防火隔离带时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
排烟量 初次溢出时间/s
20%垂壁深度 30%垂壁深度 40%垂壁深度
隔离带无排烟 200.8 240.0 307.2
1倍排烟量 273.6 330.4 无烟溢出
2倍排烟量 315.2 无烟溢出 无烟溢出
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大空间室内防火隔离带阻烟效果影响因素
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宗笑羽 1 , 胡会平 1, 2, 3 , 陈小峰 2, 3 , 朱凯 1 , 殷铭简 1 , 吴珂 2, 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(15): 6579-6586
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(15): 6579-6586
大空间室内防火隔离带阻烟效果影响因素
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宗笑羽1 , 胡会平1, 2, 3, 陈小峰2, 3, 朱凯1, 殷铭简1, 吴珂2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国计量大学能源环境与安全工程学院, 杭州 310018
  • 2 浙江大学平衡建筑研究中心, 杭州 310007
  • 3 浙江大学城市火灾安全工程研究中心, 杭州 310058

    • 宗笑羽(1999—),女,汉族,江苏宿迁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:火灾安全。E-mail:。

通讯作者:

* 吴 珂(1979—),男,汉族,重庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:火灾机理与防控。E-mail:。
Influencing Factors of Smoke Suppression Properties of Indoor Fire Isolation Belt
Xiao-yu ZONG1 , Hui-ping HU1, 2, 3, Xiao-feng CHEN2, 3, Kai ZHU1, Ming-jian YIN1, Ke WU2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Energy Environment and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
  • 2 Research Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China
  • 3 Research Center for Urban Fire Safety Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404363
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摘要
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为明确防火隔离带对大空间室内烟气蔓延特性的影响,通过数值模拟软件FDS研究了补风口位置、隔离带内排烟量及挡烟垂壁深度对隔离带阻烟效果的影响,揭示隔离带工作机理,提出优化设计原则。结果表明:仅开启无火源分区的补风口时,可在防火隔离带下方形成纵向诱导风流、更好发挥其阻烟效果,且对烟气层扰动较小;增加垂壁深度可提高火源分区储烟能力,减少烟气卷吸量、延缓烟气溢出时间并控制溢出烟气量。当隔离带内不设机械排烟时,随着垂壁深度由20%空间净高增加到40%,烟气初次溢出时间增加约50%。在防火隔离带设置机械排烟,可及时排出内部积聚烟气、有效防止烟气溢出到其他无火源分区。通过对比不同防排烟及补风策略,可见对于大空间室内火灾场景,采用“挡烟垂壁深度为空间净高40%+隔离带机械排烟量参照《烟标》确定+排烟联动相邻防烟分区补风口补风”组合措施,可达到良好的防烟控烟效果,为消防救援提供更多时间。

大空间  /  防火隔离带  /  挡烟垂壁  /  烟气运动  /  数值模拟

In order to evaluate the characteristics of fire smoke dispersion in large-space buildings, FDS software was used to investigate the effects of air-inlet position, smoke-proofing depth and smoke exhausting rate to the working efficiency of fire isolation belt. The results show that, by opening the air-inlet in the non-fire zone and closing that in the fire zone, a reverse airflow can be induced below the fire isolation belt, which resists the smoke overflow and reduces the disturbances to the smoke layer. The increase of the smoke-proofing depth can increase the space for smoke storage and reduce the height of the smoke layer, thus delaying the instant of smoke overflow by decreasing the generation rate of fire smoke. In the scenario without mechanical smoke exhausting in the fire isolation belt, the instant of smoke overflow can be delayed by about 50% when the smoke-proofing depth increases from 20% to 40%. By adopting mechanical smoke exhausting in the fire isolation belt, the accumulated smoke can be timely extracted, which can effectively prevent the smoke spilling into other non-fire zone. It is concluded that, through an overall consideration to the smoke isolation efficiency, building functions and construction costs, the combination of “40% smoke-proofing depth + adopting the mechanical smoke exhausting rate with reference to the Smoke Standard + opening the air-inlet in the adjacent non-fire zone” is recommended as an advantageous design principle for fire isolation belts.

large space  /  fire isolation belt  /  smoke-proofing  /  smoke movement  /  numerical simulation
宗笑羽, 胡会平, 陈小峰, 朱凯, 殷铭简, 吴珂. 大空间室内防火隔离带阻烟效果影响因素. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6579 -6586 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404363
Xiao-yu ZONG, Hui-ping HU, Xiao-feng CHEN, Kai ZHU, Ming-jian YIN, Ke WU. Influencing Factors of Smoke Suppression Properties of Indoor Fire Isolation Belt[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6579 -6586 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404363
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近年来,为满足多元化需求,新型大空间建筑越来越多,如苏州吴中博物馆、上海世博会展览中心、杭州东站候车大厅等。该类建筑不仅需要满足基本功能需求,还需要考虑内部空间的共享性和通透性,火灾情况下烟气影响范围大[1],这无疑对消防设计提出了更高的要求。
通过一定的空间间隔形成防火隔离带,发挥虚拟防火墙的作用,同时阻隔火势与烟气蔓延,为解决大空间建筑使用功能与消防安全之间矛盾提供了思路与方法。针对阻隔火势蔓延,上海市、北京市相关工程建设规范[2-3]中已经给出了不同火灾规模下所需的隔离带宽度。而针对阻隔烟气蔓延,通常利用挡烟垂壁形成防烟分区限制烟气蔓延范围[4],若结合防火隔离带设置防排烟措施,则可进一步提升控烟效果。从工程实践上看,中国已有研究人员提出在航空货运站中间仓库[5]、物流仓库[6]、青海国际会展[7]采用防火隔离带设计的工程建议。
针对常规挡烟垂壁,前人分析了挡烟垂壁下烟气的输运规律,并研究了与排烟系统协同作用下机械排烟速率、挡烟垂壁深度、排烟口位置与挡烟垂壁间距等因素对排烟效果和烟气控制效果的影响[8-13]。此外,文献[14]对挡烟垂壁的相关规定也可为防火隔离带内垂壁深度和排烟量的设置提供依据。而针对防火隔离带的研究虽已聚焦到室内,但多集中在阻隔地面的火势蔓延上,研究表明隔离带宽度(挡烟垂壁间距)[15-16]、火灾规模[17]是影响火灾热辐射阻隔的关键因素。近年来,为满足新型大空间建筑的防火安全设计需求,提升隔离带阻烟能力,文献[18-19]提出在防火隔离带顶部增设排烟口,从而快速排出烟气。史晓军等[20]通过实测发现了防火隔离带对大型地下敞开式汽车库室内流场的重塑作用。何学超等[21]借助实体试验,证实机械排烟可维持烟气层在一定厚度,有效延长烟气沉降时间,降低烟气温度,有利于人员疏散逃生。
综上,通过合理设置挡烟垂壁参数,配合排烟系统进行烟气控制,防火隔离带可有效减缓烟气蔓延。但目前尚缺少相应的垂壁深度及内部机械排烟量对大空间防火隔离带阻烟效果的定量化研究。
利用FDS模拟软件[22],建立大空间室内防火隔离带阻烟模型,定量化剖析防火隔离带挡烟垂壁深度、内设机械排烟量大小以及补风口位置对隔离带阻烟效果的影响,并借助烟气温度、速度流线和烟气初次溢出时间对影响机制进行分析,为防火隔离带设计提供理论依据。
1 数值模拟
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1.1 物理模型
以一博物馆为工程原型,通过FDS软件模拟研究室内防火隔离带的阻烟效果,其数值模型如图1(a)所示。模型长68 m、宽30 m、高9.8 m,中央设有两道间隔8 m的挡烟垂壁。垂壁之间区域作为防火隔离带[如图1(b)所示],将室内划分为两个30 m×30 m的防火分区。两防火分区及防火隔离带
顶部均设有机械排烟口,同时空间下部设有补风口。在实际消防控制中,一般仅启动火源分区及防火隔离带内部的排烟口,因此在数值模型中略去了无火源分区的排烟设施。
1.2 参数设置
(1)边界条件。模型设定环境温度为25 ℃,大气压力为101.325 kPa。
(2)火源设置。火源位于一侧防烟分区水平中心,距地高1 m位置处,考虑博物馆展览厅有喷淋情况,火灾规模为3 MW,火源面积为1 m2。采用快速t2火模型,火灾增长系数α取0.44,热释放速率在261 s时达到最大值,保持稳定燃烧状态,模拟800 s。
(3)排烟设置。首先根据建筑防烟排烟系统技术标准(GB 51251—2017,以下简称《烟标》),计算火源分区排烟量[14]。按《烟标》采用的轴对称型烟羽流公式,燃料面到烟层底部的高度Z (m)小于火焰极限高度Zl(m)时,轴对称型烟羽流质量流量M(kg/s),计算公式为
M=0.032 Q c 3 / 5Z
式(1)中:Qc为热释放速率Q的对流部分,取0.7倍的热释放速率,kW。
结合理想气体状态方程,计算确定3 MW火灾的羽流质量流量为4.98 kg/s,羽流体积流量为(以下简称“体积流量”)为12.2×104 m3/h。火源分区均匀设置9个1.9 m×1.9 m的排烟口,对分区总排烟量取《烟标》规定的安全系数1.2,计算得到每个排烟口的排烟量为16 272 m3/h。
以上述计算得到火源分区总排烟量为基准,考虑防火隔离带内排烟量为其0倍、1倍和2倍三类工况,以下简称无排烟、1倍排烟量和2倍排烟量。设置隔离带内单个排烟口的面积是2.3 m×2.3 m,排烟量为24 408 m3/h,通过改变排烟口数量来控制隔离带的排烟量,即1倍排烟量和2倍排烟量分别对应6个排烟口和12个排烟口。
1.3 模拟工况
共设置11个模拟工况,如表1所示。工况1~3探究补风口位置对烟气速度流场和蔓延范围的影响;工况3~11探究挡烟垂壁深度及隔离带排烟量对烟气蔓延状态及溢出时间的影响。此处应说明的是,在实际工程中,本文研究的挡烟垂壁深度较大的情况(如40%净高)可通过电动装置实现,不会严重影响建筑功能。
1.4 网格无关性验证
根据FDS用户手册,确定网格尺寸范围在0.09~0.36 m。以工况8为例,模拟网格尺寸分别为0.18、0.24、0.3、0.36 m的火灾场景,对比火源上方7.5 m处X方向顶棚烟气温度,如图2所示。由于无火源分区补风作用,火焰稍微倾斜。由图2可知,网格尺寸0.3 m与0.18、0.24 m的模拟结果差异较小,考虑到计算精度和模拟时长问题,本文选择0.3 m×0.3 m×0.3 m的网格尺寸开展模拟。
1.5 模拟验证
为验证数值模拟的准确性,本文中模拟复现了何学超等[21]关于防火隔离带阻烟效果的全尺寸试验,并将模拟结果与试验数据对比。在此试验中,防火隔离带由紧密布置的两道挡烟垂壁及其中央的机械排烟口构成,其建筑构造及烟气运动规律均与本文的研究场景近似。
图3为全尺寸试验示意图,建筑左右两侧分别设有1.5 m×2 m的自然补风口,内部设有宽4 m、深0.5 m的防火隔离带。隔离带中央设有5个尺寸为0.8 m×0.8 m的机械排烟口,排烟量为18 720 m3/h;此外火源分区距离隔离带下缘约17 m处还设有15个尺寸为0.8 m×0.8 m的自然排烟口。为观测隔离带内的温度数据,在隔离带中心位置从下至上依次设立1~6号热电偶。
图4对比了实体试验和数值模拟的热电偶所测温度。由图4可知,1~5号热电偶的试验与模拟数据吻合良好,说明当前数值模型能较好预测隔离带下方的温度分布及烟气运动规律;仅靠近顶棚的6号热电偶存在一定偏差,这可能是由于机械排烟口烟气运动剧烈,温度波动大,且数值模型中未能考虑现场试验中各个随机因素的影响。但其温度变化趋势仍与实测结果一致,且温度均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)仅为8.4 ℃,结果仍在可接受范围内。故本文中数值模型能准确预测隔离带内部温度分布、捕捉烟气输运特征,适合用于开展大空间室内火灾场景下的防火隔离带阻烟特性研究。
2 模拟结果与分析
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2.1 补风口位置对隔离带阻烟效果的影响
以垂壁深度30%、隔离带设置2倍排烟量的一组典型工况分析补风口位置对烟气运动的影响,模拟得到各工况的流场及烟气蔓延范围如图5所示。
如图5(a)所示,仅对火源分区进行补风时,溢出防火隔离带进入无火源分区的烟气最多,甚至充满整个大空间,阻烟效果极差。虽然补风口和排烟口配合可以排出一部分烟气,但是未能约束剩余烟气横向扩散到无火源分区。烟气在越过防火隔离带之后,在浮力作用下撞击顶棚后遇到侧墙时形成反浮力壁面射流,扰乱无火源分区气流组织,火灾烟气充斥整个空间。
而两个分区同时补风时,火源分区烟气出现分层,整体阻烟效果显著提升,仅有少量烟气溢出到无火源分区,如图5(b)所示。增设无火源分区的补风口有助于产生纵向诱导风流,与挡烟垂壁形成等效“阻烟屏障”,基本抑制烟气向无火源分区蔓延。
仅对无火源分区进行补风时,火源分区烟气分层现象更显著,且无烟气蔓延到无火源分区,此时防火隔离带的阻烟效果最佳,如图5(c)所示。在总排烟量一致的条件下,相较于两个分区同时补风时,仅对无火源分区补风产生的纵向诱导风流更强,与挡烟垂壁形成更强的等效“阻烟屏障”,因此可以完全抑制烟气向无火源分区蔓延。
根据上述分析,本文将基于仅对无火源分区进行补风的策略,进一步探究防火隔离带内部排烟量与挡烟垂壁深度对隔离带阻烟效果的影响。
2.2 垂壁深度对隔离带阻烟效果的影响
室内防火隔离带的设计目的是等效替代实体防火墙、彻底阻断火灾烟气蔓延。因此,本节以是否有烟气溢出隔离带作为评判标准,分析不同设计和控制措施对阻烟效果的影响。
图6对比了稳定状态下,不同挡烟垂壁深度及排烟量下的烟气蔓延范围。由图6可见,防火隔离带不设置机械排烟时,仅靠挡烟垂壁对烟气阻隔效果有限,尽管不同垂壁深度下的蔓延速度有所差异,但最终状态下烟气均充斥整个空间。因此,以下对比烟气初次溢出时间(即远离火源的挡烟垂壁外侧感烟探测器数值达到阈值3.28%/m[23]且逐渐增大的时刻),量化分析垂壁深度对阻烟效果的影响。
表2列出了不同垂壁深度下烟气初次溢出时间。由表2可知,隔离带无排烟时,随着垂壁深度由空间净高的20%增加至30%、40%,烟气初次溢出时间由200.8 s逐渐滞后至240.0、307.2 s,时间递次滞后20%左右,总体滞后50%左右,表明挡烟垂壁越深,烟气阻隔作用越强,可有效延缓烟气溢出。
由图6及表2中的工况3及工况7~工况11可知,当隔离带内进行机械排烟时,增加垂壁深度对烟气初次溢出的延迟效果更加显著。当隔离带内排烟量为火源分区1倍时,垂壁深度增加至40%净高,即可将烟气完全控制在防火隔离带内;当隔离带内排烟量加强至火源分区2倍时,只需将垂壁深度增大至30%净高,即可完全控制烟气。这是由于,随着挡烟垂壁加深和储烟仓体积增大,燃料面到烟层底部的高度Z 减小,由此导致烟气卷吸减弱、实际产烟量减小,因此外溢至隔离带的烟气减少,从而一定程度上缓解了隔离带内的机械排烟负荷。
火场内的热交换主要通过烟气卷吸实现,因此不同位置的温度可反映该处烟气浓度、隔离带内外温差则可反映溢出烟气的能量损失。以隔离带内无机械排烟的情况为例,图7对比了不同垂壁深度下的防火隔离带内、外烟气温度变化过程。由图可见,挡烟垂壁深度对火源分区测点的温度变化影响不大,且最终均稳定在50~55 ℃。另一方面,随着垂壁深度由20%净高增大至40%,隔离带内测点的温升速率显著降低,且最终稳定状态下的隔离带内、外烟气温差由8 ℃左右增大至约20 ℃。这是由于高温烟气在流经挡烟垂壁的运动过程中,与壁面和空气的接触面积扩大,强化了热交换而导致温度下降。
2.3 排烟量对隔离带阻烟效果的影响
图6也展现了防火隔离带内部排烟量对阻烟效果的影响。无论挡烟垂壁深度大小,当防火隔离带内排烟量由0增加的过程中,火源分区烟气分层现象逐渐明显,隔离带下方纵向诱导风流的阻烟效果明显提升,溢出到无火源分区的烟气大幅减少防火隔离带内增加机械排烟可进一步减少大空间内烟气量。这是由于,计算火源分区排烟量所用的烟羽流公式仅考虑了火羽流抬升阶段生成的烟气量,但在实际大空间火场中还存在烟气纵向蔓延现象,这一过程伴随着烟气层底部的空气卷吸,由此导致火源分区的实际烟气体积大于理论结果。通过在防火隔离带内增设机械排烟,可有效排出这部分额外的烟气,从而提升防火缓冲效果、控制烟气溢出。
当挡烟垂壁深度为空间净高的20%,在防火隔离带内不同排烟量下,隔离带内外烟气温度和烟气蔓延范围分别如图8和图9所示。在火源分区,烟气温度普遍较高,约为50 ℃;而隔离带内部烟气温度明显降低,下降幅度与排烟量大小成正比。其中,隔离带内无排烟时,内部烟气温度最高,可达45 ℃,此时高温烟气大多囤积在隔离带顶部区域内[图9(a)];设置1倍排烟量时,大部分烟气被限制在防火隔离带,仅有少量烟气溢出至无火源分区[图9(b)],烟气温度降低至33 ℃,控烟效果提升显著;继续增加排烟量至火源分区排烟量的2倍,此时溢出至无火源分区的烟气量已极其微弱,但由于排烟量过大,排烟口在排出烟气的同时还会大量吸入烟气层下方的冷空气,形成“烟气吸穿”现象[图9(c)][24],使排烟效率降低。
由上述分析可知,当采用仅通过相邻分区补风的联动控制策略时,采用“40%垂壁深度+1倍排烟量”和“30%垂壁深度+2倍排烟量”均可完全阻断烟气溢出、满足防火隔离带的设计要求,但后者的排烟效率低、设计难度大。因此,综合考虑控烟效果和经济成本,推荐采用“40%垂壁深度+1倍排烟量”的防火隔离带设计原则,并通过采用电动挡烟垂壁,减少对建筑功能性及美观程度的影响。
3 结论
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利用数值模拟方法构建了带有防火隔离带的全尺寸大空间室内火灾场景,探究了补风口位置、防火隔离带内设排烟量大小及挡烟垂壁深度对烟气蔓延特征、防火隔离带阻烟效果的影响。得到主要结论。
(1)补风口设置于无火源分区时对烟气分层的影响较小,且产生的纵向诱导风流有利于提升防火隔离带的阻烟效果。
(2)增加垂壁深度,可使防火隔离带储烟功能加强,减少烟气生成量,延缓烟气溢出时间并控制溢出烟气量。
(3)在防火隔离带内采用机械排烟有利于控制烟气蔓延。以《烟标》计算得到的火源分区排烟量为基准,防火隔离带内排烟量采用1倍基准值时的控烟效果提升显著;但进一步加强其排烟量至2倍基准值时,排烟效率下降、控烟效果增益不大。
(4)综合考虑控烟效果、建筑功能和设计难度,推荐采用“挡烟垂壁深度为空间净高40%+隔离带内机械排烟量取为火源分区的1倍+排烟联动相邻防烟分区补风口补风”的设计原则。
在今后有条件情况下,将尽可能开展实体试验并与本文结果进行对比,以期为室内防火隔离带设计提供坚实可靠的理论依据。
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2025年第25卷第15期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404363
  • 接收时间：2024-06-12
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-12
  • 修回日期：2024-11-17
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    1 中国计量大学能源环境与安全工程学院, 杭州 310018
    2 浙江大学平衡建筑研究中心, 杭州 310007
    3 浙江大学城市火灾安全工程研究中心, 杭州 310058

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* 吴 珂(1979—),男,汉族,重庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:火灾机理与防控。E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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