Article(id=1149768941137997876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404299, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717948800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-10, revisedDate=1731772800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055877241, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055877241, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055877241, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055877241, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768937925165147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='15', pageStart='6155', pageEnd='6586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055876475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456822194, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559490207699090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559490211893395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6281, endPage=6289, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768941439987766, articleId=1149768941137997876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Optimal Control Model of Double Bottom Blowing Lead Smelting Process for Coprocessing Lead Based Solid Waste, columnId=1156264152168518571, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The double bottom blowing lead smelting is a representative kind of oxygen-enriched enhanced molten pool smelting process. Comparing with the traditional ore lead smelting,its production operation is more complex for coprocessing lead based solid waste. In order to ensure its production status in a stable and economic state, there are higher requirements for its process control. MetCal desk metallurgical computing platform was used to establish a calculation model for the double bottom blowing lead smelting process for coprocessing lead based solid waste through the principles of material balance, thermal balance and chemical balance in the smelting process. The process parameters of the double bottom blowing lead smelting process for coprocessing lead based solid waste were simulated and calculated. Meanwhile, the model was modified and controlled by the feedback control algorithm to make it more in line with the actual production situation, which can provide guidance for the actual production operation of the process engineers and realize the optimal control of the process.

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双底吹炼铅是一种典型的富氧强化熔池熔炼炼铅工艺,在协同处理铅基固废时,其实际生产操作相对于传统矿铅冶炼时更为复杂。为确保其生产状况处于稳定、经济的状态,对其工艺控制有了更高要求。采用MetCal desk冶金计算平台,基于冶炼过程物料平衡、热平衡及化学平衡的原理,建立了双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废工艺计算模型,模拟计算了双底吹炼铅工艺协同处理铅基固废工艺参数;同时通过反馈控制算法对模型进行修正及反馈控制,使其更符合实际生产情况,为现场工艺工程师实际生产操作提供指导,实现工艺过程的优化控制。

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张哲铠(1989—),男,汉族,浙江嘉兴人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:有色冶金工艺流程计算、智能控制系统。E-mail:

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张哲铠(1989—),男,汉族,浙江嘉兴人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:有色冶金工艺流程计算、智能控制系统。E-mail:

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张哲铠(1989—),男,汉族,浙江嘉兴人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:有色冶金工艺流程计算、智能控制系统。E-mail:

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Science Technology and Engineering, 2022, 22(20): 8652-8659., articleTitle=Analysis on the influence law of key parameters for double bottom blowing continuous copper smelting process based on MetCal calculation model, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172924187627893177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, awardId=2019YFC1907305, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1907305), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172924181437100372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172924181458071893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, companyId=1172924181437100372, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=China Enfi Engineering Corporation, Beijing 100038, China), 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Calculation model of double bottom blowing lead smelting process for coprocessing lead based solid waste, figureFileSmall=Jq1G5pzOyRlXMziIz7o1iw==, figureFileBig=EXFHT+ZhGiAjIgmLjiuzeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924184461193599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=CN, label=图2, caption=双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废工艺计算模型, figureFileSmall=Jq1G5pzOyRlXMziIz7o1iw==, figureFileBig=EXFHT+ZhGiAjIgmLjiuzeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924184561856898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Feedback control strategy of bottom blow oxidizing smelting, figureFileSmall=6bitwcOHDSu5lgUV5JOLSQ==, figureFileBig=lcFirJH2KNSEuIQ/rLAZ4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924184649937285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=CN, label=图3, caption=底吹氧化熔炼反馈控制策略, figureFileSmall=6bitwcOHDSu5lgUV5JOLSQ==, figureFileBig=lcFirJH2KNSEuIQ/rLAZ4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924184838680967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Feedback control interface of bottom blow oxidizing smelting, figureFileSmall=uGmz7zQbk3/wMemz7lM/CA==, figureFileBig=jJi1doRTWQgIRxvt6VMynQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924184926761353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=CN, label=图4, caption=底吹氧化熔炼反馈控制界面, figureFileSmall=uGmz7zQbk3/wMemz7lM/CA==, figureFileBig=jJi1doRTWQgIRxvt6VMynQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924184993870220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=A feedback control example of bottom blow oxidizing smelting, figureFileSmall=ffXbhn2Weid1X/ljNj+PEQ==, figureFileBig=O2jGX8yrn29U6j9qNG/2uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924185165836686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=CN, label=图5, caption=底吹氧化熔炼反馈控制示例, figureFileSmall=ffXbhn2Weid1X/ljNj+PEQ==, figureFileBig=O2jGX8yrn29U6j9qNG/2uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924185337803154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Feedback control strategy of bottom blow bottom reducing smelting, figureFileSmall=ZWXZ5ehWyszzouCLgubO8g==, figureFileBig=pNiGdL4pzCianWKsxSbxFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924185585267093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=CN, label=图6, caption=底吹还原熔炼反馈控制策略, figureFileSmall=ZWXZ5ehWyszzouCLgubO8g==, figureFileBig=pNiGdL4pzCianWKsxSbxFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924185669153177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Feedback control interface of bottom blow reducing smelting, figureFileSmall=sBe52o2yd9qqQdMeUCDUuw==, figureFileBig=5Wa12YfBF1Ab8r/r9t8cwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924185736262042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=CN, label=图7, caption=底吹还原熔炼反馈控制界面, figureFileSmall=sBe52o2yd9qqQdMeUCDUuw==, figureFileBig=5Wa12YfBF1Ab8r/r9t8cwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924185862091164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=A feedback control example of bottom blow reducing smelting, figureFileSmall=0Cmmo9vXztU9TMkkRppitw==, figureFileBig=zmB7AcEe0o3AS2risPIRSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924185979531677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=CN, label=图8, caption=底吹还原熔炼反馈控制演示, figureFileSmall=0Cmmo9vXztU9TMkkRppitw==, figureFileBig=zmB7AcEe0o3AS2risPIRSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924186206024095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Element distribution coefficient in oxidation smelting process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 元素 粗铅 高铅渣 烟气 烟尘
1 Pb ×
2 Zn × ×
3 Cu ×
4 S ×
5 Fe × ×
6 Si × ×
7 Ca × ×
8 Al × × ×
9 As
10 Sb ×
11 C × × ×
12 H × × ×
13 O ×
14 N × × ×
15 Au × ×
16 Ag × ×
17 Other ×
), ArticleFig(id=1172924186302493089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

氧化熔炼过程各元素分配系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 元素 粗铅 高铅渣 烟气 烟尘
1 Pb ×
2 Zn × ×
3 Cu ×
4 S ×
5 Fe × ×
6 Si × ×
7 Ca × ×
8 Al × × ×
9 As
10 Sb ×
11 C × × ×
12 H × × ×
13 O ×
14 N × × ×
15 Au × ×
16 Ag × ×
17 Other ×
), ArticleFig(id=1172924186373796259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Composition of mixture

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分 Pb Zn Cu S Fe SiO2 CaO As Sb Au* Ag* 其他
含量 44.98 5.73 1.12 16.94 8.03 5.22 2.10 0.61 0.52 5.52 1 226.76 14.63
), ArticleFig(id=1172924186449293733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

混合料的化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分 Pb Zn Cu S Fe SiO2 CaO As Sb Au* Ag* 其他
含量 44.98 5.73 1.12 16.94 8.03 5.22 2.10 0.61 0.52 5.52 1 226.76 14.63
), ArticleFig(id=1172924186495431079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Material balance sheet of bottom blow oxidizing smelting process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
投入 产出
名称 温度/℃ 固体物料投入量/
(t·h-1)
气体体积流量/
(m3·h-1)*
名称 温度/℃ 固体物料投入量/
(t·h-1)
气体体积流量/
(m3·h-1)*
混合料* 25 120.00 一次粗铅 1 000 6.23
25 0.00 高铅渣 1 100 72.77
工业氧 40 22.44 15 814 烟气 936 58.67 34 610
氮气 40 1.64 1 300 烟尘 936 18.00
漏风 25 11.48 9 000
除盐水 25 0.13
合计 155.68 26 114 合计 155.68 34 610
), ArticleFig(id=1172924186700951977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

底吹氧化熔炼过程物料平衡表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
投入 产出
名称 温度/℃ 固体物料投入量/
(t·h-1)
气体体积流量/
(m3·h-1)*
名称 温度/℃ 固体物料投入量/
(t·h-1)
气体体积流量/
(m3·h-1)*
混合料* 25 120.00 一次粗铅 1 000 6.23
25 0.00 高铅渣 1 100 72.77
工业氧 40 22.44 15 814 烟气 936 58.67 34 610
氮气 40 1.64 1 300 烟尘 936 18.00
漏风 25 11.48 9 000
除盐水 25 0.13
合计 155.68 26 114 合计 155.68 34 610
), ArticleFig(id=1172924186914861483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Heat balance sheet of bottom blow oxidizing smelting process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 热类型 热收入 热支出
物料 温度 /℃ 热量/(GJ·h-1) 占比/% 物料 温度 /℃ 热量/(GJ·h-1) 占比/%
1 物理热 混合料 25 0.00 0.00 一次粗铅 1000 0.96 0.57
25 0.00 0.00 高铅渣 1100 53.27 31.69
工业氧 40 0.31 0.19 烟气 936 58.21 34.63
氮气 40 0.03 0.02 烟尘 936 10.09 6.00
漏风 25 0.00 0.00
除盐水 25 0.00 0.00
小计 0.34 0.20 小计 122.53 72.89
2 化学热 25 167.76 99.80
3 交换热 冷却水 25 冷却水 35 33.43 19.89
4 热损失 自然散热 300 12.14 7.22
总计 合计 168.10 100.00 合计 168.10 100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1172924187057467822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

底吹氧化熔炼过程热平衡表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 热类型 热收入 热支出
物料 温度 /℃ 热量/(GJ·h-1) 占比/% 物料 温度 /℃ 热量/(GJ·h-1) 占比/%
1 物理热 混合料 25 0.00 0.00 一次粗铅 1000 0.96 0.57
25 0.00 0.00 高铅渣 1100 53.27 31.69
工业氧 40 0.31 0.19 烟气 936 58.21 34.63
氮气 40 0.03 0.02 烟尘 936 10.09 6.00
漏风 25 0.00 0.00
除盐水 25 0.00 0.00
小计 0.34 0.20 小计 122.53 72.89
2 化学热 25 167.76 99.80
3 交换热 冷却水 25 冷却水 35 33.43 19.89
4 热损失 自然散热 300 12.14 7.22
总计 合计 168.10 100.00 合计 168.10 100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1172924187170714031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Material balance sheet of bottom blow reducing smelting process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
投入 产出
名称 温度/℃ 固体物料投入量/
(t·h-1)
气体体积流量/
(m3·h-1)*
名称 温度/℃ 固体物料投入量/
(t·h-1)
气体体积流量/
(m3·h-1)
高铅渣 25 72.77 二次粗铅 1 050 32.77
石灰石 25 0.00 还原炉渣 1 200 26.84
还原煤 25 0.00 烟气 1 200 14.22 10 604
粉煤 25 3.83 烟尘 1 200 10.92
氮气 40 1.85 1 473
富氧空气 40 3.57 2 519
除盐水 25 0.16
漏风 25 2.55 2 000
合计 84.75 5 992 合计 84.75 10 604
), ArticleFig(id=1172924187267183025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

底吹还原熔炼过程物料平衡表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
投入 产出
名称 温度/℃ 固体物料投入量/
(t·h-1)
气体体积流量/
(m3·h-1)*
名称 温度/℃ 固体物料投入量/
(t·h-1)
气体体积流量/
(m3·h-1)
高铅渣 25 72.77 二次粗铅 1 050 32.77
石灰石 25 0.00 还原炉渣 1 200 26.84
还原煤 25 0.00 烟气 1 200 14.22 10 604
粉煤 25 3.83 烟尘 1 200 10.92
氮气 40 1.85 1 473
富氧空气 40 3.57 2 519
除盐水 25 0.16
漏风 25 2.55 2 000
合计 84.75 5 992 合计 84.75 10 604
), ArticleFig(id=1172924187397206452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Heat balance sheet of bottom blow reducing smelting process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 热类型 热收入 热支出
物料 温度/℃ 热量/(GJ·h-1) 占比/% 物料 温度/℃ 热量/(GJ·h-1) 占比/%
1 物理热 高铅渣 1 100 44.85 48.73 还原炉渣 1 200 35.79 38.89
石灰石 25 0.00 0.00 二次粗铅 1 050 6.00 6.52
还原煤 25 0.00 0.00 还原炉烟气 1 200 21.04 22.86
粉煤 25 0.00 0.00 还原炉烟尘 1 200 7.80 8.48
氮气 40 0.03 0.03
富氧空气 40 0.05 0.05
除盐水 25 0.00 0.00
漏风 25 0.00 0.00
小计 44.92 48.82 小计 70.64 76.76
2 化学热 25 47.10 51.18 25
3 交换热 冷却水 25 冷却水 29 10.03 10.89
4 热损失 自然散热 300 11.36 12.35
总计 合计 92.02 100.00 合计 92.02 100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1172924187506258358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768941137997876, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

底吹还原熔炼过程热平衡表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 热类型 热收入 热支出
物料 温度/℃ 热量/(GJ·h-1) 占比/% 物料 温度/℃ 热量/(GJ·h-1) 占比/%
1 物理热 高铅渣 1 100 44.85 48.73 还原炉渣 1 200 35.79 38.89
石灰石 25 0.00 0.00 二次粗铅 1 050 6.00 6.52
还原煤 25 0.00 0.00 还原炉烟气 1 200 21.04 22.86
粉煤 25 0.00 0.00 还原炉烟尘 1 200 7.80 8.48
氮气 40 0.03 0.03
富氧空气 40 0.05 0.05
除盐水 25 0.00 0.00
漏风 25 0.00 0.00
小计 44.92 48.82 小计 70.64 76.76
2 化学热 25 47.10 51.18 25
3 交换热 冷却水 25 冷却水 29 10.03 10.89
4 热损失 自然散热 300 11.36 12.35
总计 合计 92.02 100.00 合计 92.02 100.00
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双底吹炼铅工艺协同处理铅基固废优化控制模型
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张哲铠 , 李兵
科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025,25(15): 6281-6289
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025, 25(15): 6281-6289
双底吹炼铅工艺协同处理铅基固废优化控制模型
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张哲铠 , 李兵
作者信息
  • 中国恩菲工程技术有限公司, 北京 100038
  • 张哲铠(1989—),男,汉族,浙江嘉兴人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:有色冶金工艺流程计算、智能控制系统。E-mail:

Optimal Control Model of Double Bottom Blowing Lead Smelting Process for Coprocessing Lead Based Solid Waste
Zhe-kai ZHANG , Bing LI
Affiliations
  • China Enfi Engineering Corporation, Beijing 100038, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404299
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双底吹炼铅是一种典型的富氧强化熔池熔炼炼铅工艺,在协同处理铅基固废时,其实际生产操作相对于传统矿铅冶炼时更为复杂。为确保其生产状况处于稳定、经济的状态,对其工艺控制有了更高要求。采用MetCal desk冶金计算平台,基于冶炼过程物料平衡、热平衡及化学平衡的原理,建立了双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废工艺计算模型,模拟计算了双底吹炼铅工艺协同处理铅基固废工艺参数;同时通过反馈控制算法对模型进行修正及反馈控制,使其更符合实际生产情况,为现场工艺工程师实际生产操作提供指导,实现工艺过程的优化控制。

铅冶炼  /  双底吹  /  MetCal desk  /  控制模型  /  铅基固废

The double bottom blowing lead smelting is a representative kind of oxygen-enriched enhanced molten pool smelting process. Comparing with the traditional ore lead smelting,its production operation is more complex for coprocessing lead based solid waste. In order to ensure its production status in a stable and economic state, there are higher requirements for its process control. MetCal desk metallurgical computing platform was used to establish a calculation model for the double bottom blowing lead smelting process for coprocessing lead based solid waste through the principles of material balance, thermal balance and chemical balance in the smelting process. The process parameters of the double bottom blowing lead smelting process for coprocessing lead based solid waste were simulated and calculated. Meanwhile, the model was modified and controlled by the feedback control algorithm to make it more in line with the actual production situation, which can provide guidance for the actual production operation of the process engineers and realize the optimal control of the process.

lead smelting  /  double bottom blowing  /  MetCal desk  /  control model  /  lead based solid waste
张哲铠, 李兵. 双底吹炼铅工艺协同处理铅基固废优化控制模型. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6281 -6289 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404299
Zhe-kai ZHANG, Bing LI. Optimal Control Model of Double Bottom Blowing Lead Smelting Process for Coprocessing Lead Based Solid Waste[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6281 -6289 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404299
火法炼铅过程中存在原料多样性、铅及化合物高挥发性、液态铅强渗透性以及铅蒸气高毒性等技术难点,中国恩菲工程技术有限公司与铅冶炼企业合作进行多年技术攻关,成功研发了“底吹氧化熔炼-底吹还原熔炼”这一铅冶炼新技术,基本解决了传统铅冶炼工艺存在环境污染严重、能耗指标高、原料适应能力差、冶炼过程不连续、生产成本难以降低的问题[1-5]。近年来,随着中国工业化的发展,铅基固废的大量产生给社会环境增加了巨大的压力。利用当前双底吹炼铅工艺进行原生矿协同处理铅基固废,在不增加设备投资情况下,是一种较为经济合理的铅基固废处理方式[6-11]
双底吹炼铅工艺,具有连续性、瞬时性的特点,需要有相应的控制技术能进一步发挥其工艺特点,并确保产品质量稳定、炉况处于优化状态。同时,铅冶炼工艺是一个十分复杂的工艺过程,整个过程是多元输入与多元输出的系统,变量之间有耦合、时变、不确定性等特点。铅基固废存在原料复杂、成分波动大、杂质元素多等问题,当双底吹炼铅工艺在协同处理铅基固废时,其生产控制更为复杂。因此,有必要开发相应工艺优化控制模型,以减轻现场工艺工程师操作负担。
目前有关富氧底吹炼铅的研究主要集中在对底吹炉内部流场、温度场及元素分配等的模拟,其中陈霖等[12]对富氧底吹炼铅氧化熔炼过程中元素分配进行了热力学模拟研究,邓志敢等[13]对富铅熔渣底吹还原熔炼过程热平衡及热场分布规律进行了研究,张红亮等[14]、郗文龙等[15-16]对底吹炼铅炉内流动进行数值模拟研究。闫友等[17]对降低铅冶炼底吹炉高铅渣含硫量进行了生产实践研究。关于冶炼过程优化控制模型研究,魏丙坤等[18]研发了氩氧精炼低碳铬铁的碳含量终点控制系统,汪金良等[19]通过建立双底吹连续炼铜工艺模型对其全流程进行了模拟计算,李明周等[20]对建立铜闪速熔炼-转炉吹炼工艺模型对其全流程进行了模拟计算,但关于双底吹炼铅领域工艺流程模型的研究未见报道。
为此,以“底吹氧化熔炼-底吹还原熔炼”铅冶炼工艺协同处理铅基固废为研究对象,根据物质流、能量流守恒原理,搭建原料配料、底吹氧化熔炼、底吹还原熔炼等工序的数学模型,并建立反馈控制算法进行模型修正及反馈控制,以实现工艺过程的优化控制及稳定生产。
原生铅精矿,铅的形态主要为硫化物,在底吹氧化熔炼过程中放出大量热量,特别是高富氧浓度熔炼情况下,底吹氧化炉热量过剩。铅基固废,如含铅粉尘、铅膏、铅玻璃,铅的形态主要是氧化物或者硫酸盐,其熔炼过程中均为不发热物料。通过传统底吹炉氧化熔炼原生铅精矿过程中,协同处理铅基固废,充分利用原本过剩热量,在不增加设备投资情况下,是一种较为经济合理的铅基固废处理方式。
双底吹炼铅工艺协同处理铅基固废的流程如图1所示,主要由底吹氧化炉和底吹还原炉两个冶金炉窑构成。原生铅精矿、铅基固废、熔剂、返尘烟尘、备用煤等物料经过配料、混料、制粒后从底吹氧化炉上部加料口加入到炉内,底部通过氧枪喷吹富氧空气对铅精矿及铅基固废进行氧化熔炼,混合含铅物料在熔池中迅速完成升温、脱水、熔融、氧化、产粗铅和造渣等熔炼过程,熔融态一次粗铅和高铅渣因比重的不同而在熔池内分层,通过底吹炉炉体两端的粗铅排放口和渣排放口分别排放;底吹氧化炉产生高铅熔融渣经流槽流入底吹还原炉,还原炉底部喷吹粉煤及富氧空气进行还原熔炼,熔融态二次粗铅和还原渣因比重的不同而在熔池内分层,通过底吹炉炉体两端的粗铅排放口和渣排放口分别排放。通过流槽连接底吹氧化炉和底吹还原炉,充分利用了高铅熔融渣的显热,节省了大量燃料,使铅冶炼过程的能耗降低,同时富氧熔炼提高熔炼效率,降低熔炼烟气量,提升烟气SO2浓度,有利于烟气制酸。
对于底吹炉氧化熔炼而言,输入参数有铅精矿、铅基固废、熔剂、返回烟尘、备用煤、富氧空气、氮气及加料口漏风等;输出参数包括高铅渣、一次粗铅及烟气烟尘等。对于底吹炉还原熔炼,输入参数有热态高铅渣、备用熔剂、备用煤、粉煤、富氧空气、氮气及加料口漏风;输出参数包括二次粗铅、还原渣及烟气烟尘。
双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废工艺计算模型采用冶金工艺流程计算系统开发平台MetCal软件构建。MetCal计算平台是由江西理工大学冶金仿真研究团队研发“冶金工艺流程计算系统通用开发平台MetCal desk”,是一套可供冶金、化工设计研究人员自主开发冶金、化工工艺全流程计算模型的高效软件通用平台工具,可完成物料平衡、热量平衡与化学平衡计算,具有集流程绘图与模型计算一体,过程直观、通用性强、操作简便灵活和运算速度快等特点,能满足双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废工艺模型搭建的要求[21]
双底吹炼铅工艺协同处理铅基固废是一个复杂的流程,包括配料混料、底吹氧化熔炼、底吹还原熔炼等多个冶金控制单元。由于设定参数多、物料种类繁多且成分复杂,采用传统手段进行工艺流程计算相对困难。因此,基于各冶炼工序单元的物料平衡、热平衡及化学平衡等原理,构建了冶炼工艺过程各工序的多约束条件控制数学模型。
以构建河南豫光金铅股份有限公司底吹氧化熔炼工序模型为例,双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废其他工序物料平衡和热平衡计算数学模型依此法构建。
底吹氧化熔炼过程投入的各物料主要包括铅精矿、铅基固废、熔剂、返回烟尘、备用煤、富氧空气、氮气等。
原料考虑的元素组成有Pb、Zn、Cu、S、Fe、Si、Ca、Al、As、Sb、Bi、C、H、O、N、Au、Ag共17 种元素。未考虑的微量元素定义为Other,并假定其构成的物质不参与反应,但对模型物相组成有影响。各元素在氧化熔炼产物各相中的分配系数由文献资料与生产经验数据确定,如表1所示。
底吹氧化熔炼过程中主要产物有一次粗铅、高铅渣、烟气、烟尘、冷却水。根据铅冶炼基本理论与实际生产经验确定其物相组成。
(1)一次粗铅:Pb,Cu,Cu2S,As,Sb,Au,Ag,其他。
(2)高铅渣:PbO,SiO2,CaO,ZnO,Cu2S,FeO,FeS,2FeO·SiO2,2CaO·SiO2,Al2O3,As2O3,Sb2O3,AgO,Au,其他。
(3)烟尘:PbO,ZnO,SiO2, Cu2O,Fe2O3,CaO,As2O3,Sb2O3,其他。
(4)烟气:SO2,SO3,CO2,N2,O2,H2O,As2O3,其他。
(1)输入物料:混合球料(前序配料混料单元输出)已知、铅玻璃量未知、电石渣量未知、备用煤量未知、氮气与氧气投入量未知。各输入物料组成及组成成分均已知,输入物料共5个未知量。
(2)输出物料:输出物料数量及组成成分均未知,总共44个未知量。
(3)未知量总数:未知量总数(49)= 输入物料未知量数(5)+输出物料未知量数(44)。
铅基固废底吹氧化熔炼体系中共有49个未知量,需构建49个方程式。基于元素质量平衡,输出物料组分平衡、自定义约束条件、化学反应平衡条件等构建约束数学模型,以此求解所有未知量。
本模型默认约束合计21个,分配约束合计16个,自定义约束合计10个,平衡反应合计2个,总共49个约束,从而实现数学模型的求解。
热平衡模型在物料平衡的模型上进行构建,其反应热平衡表达式为
iΔ H 298 , A i+ i 298 T i C p A idT= jΔ H 298 , B j+ j 298 T j C p B jdT+QLoss
式(1)中:Δ H 298 , A i为输入项Ai标准生成焓;Δ H 298 , B j为输出项Bi标准生成焓; C p A i C p B j分别为输入项Ai、输出项Bi的热容;QLoss为过程的热损失;热量平衡模型表示底吹氧化熔炼过程中输入项物料热量和输出项物料热量相等,即能量守恒。
其他冶金单元基于物质流、能量流守恒原理,利用相似方法分别构建原料配料、造球制粒、底吹还原熔炼等多约束控制数学模型。基于MetCal Desk计算平台,通过物质流线、控制流线等将各单元模型物料信息进行衔接,从而建立双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废工艺流程模型,并对全流程进行迭代模拟计算。
在上述模型构建思路的指导下,根据该河南铅冶炼企业生产数据,在MetCal平台中建立双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废工艺计算模型,如图2所示。可知模型主要包括原料配料、造球制粒、底吹炉氧化熔炼以及底吹炉还原熔炼四个计算单元,单元之间通过流程线连接,配料混料单元的输出参数作为底吹氧化炉熔炼单元的输入参数,而底吹氧化炉熔炼单元输出参数高铅渣,作为底吹还原炉熔炼单元的输入参数,从而实现双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废工艺整体流程计算。
将该河南铅冶炼企业现场生产参数作为模拟计算条件,各工序主要控制条件如下:
(1)配料混料:铅精矿、铅基固废、熔剂等混合入料,混合料平均成分见表2,混合料处理量为120 t/h。
(2)底吹氧化熔炼:氧化熔炼温度1 000 ℃, 粗铅品位97.7%,高铅渣中铁硅比1.48,高铅渣中钙硅比0.41,富氧浓度95%,烟尘率15%。
(3)底吹还原熔炼:还原熔炼温度1 200 ℃,氧浓度95%。
在建立的双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废计算模型基础上,设置相关计算参数,通过调试,模拟计算,可以选择输出结果。底吹炉氧化熔炼物料平衡表和热平衡表分别如表3表4所示,底吹炉还原熔炼物料平衡表和热平衡表分别如表5表6所示。
对于反馈控制策略而言,通过相应仪器仪表对高铅渣温度进行测量,与模型计算值进行对比,利用专业知识分析原因,然后针对性的调节输入参数,得到富氧空气量及熔剂量的修正值,使得流程模型计算得到的预测值与仪器的测量值更为接近,从而降低模型的误差。
底吹氧化熔炼过程反馈控制策略如图3所示。可知,根据底吹氧化熔炼炉的实际生产数据,提炼出系统的相关输入参数,再基于底吹氧化熔炼模型,遵循物料平衡、热量平衡及化学平衡原料计算原则,计算高铅渣Fe/SiO2、高铅渣CaO/SiO2及高渣温度等参数。将底吹氧化炉高铅渣Fe/SiO2、高铅渣CaO/SiO2及高渣温度等重要参数的模型计算值和仪器仪表测量的实际值进行对比,判定两者之间是否存在偏差。若存在偏差,分析原因,并调整模型中对应设定参数,提出相应调整措施;若不存在偏差,则保持模型中参数不变,并维持相应措施。
底吹氧化熔炼反馈控制界面如图4所示。可知底吹氧化熔炼反馈修正的目标参数为高铅渣Fe/SiO2、高铅渣CaO/SiO2及高渣温度3个参数。计算模型设定了参数的目标值,而现场仪器仪表测量得到了参数的实际值,两者对比,可计算得到两者的偏差量(新偏差量),从而计算所需的修正量(新修正量),再点击“反馈修正”按钮,通过反馈修正模块计算富氧空气、熔剂等需要调节的量。
底吹氧化熔炼反馈控制示例如图5所示。可知将底吹熔炼高铅渣CaO/SiO2、高铅渣Fe/SiO2及高铅渣温度的目标值设为0.41、1.48、1 000 ℃,而通过现场仪器测量得到高铅渣CaO/SiO2、高铅渣Fe/SiO2及高铅渣温度实测值分别为0.39、1.44、1 010 ℃,底吹氧化炉反馈修正模型计算得到高铅渣CaO/SiO2、高铅渣Fe/SiO2及高铅渣温度的新偏差量分别为-0.04、-0.02、10 ℃,而新的修正量分别为0.04、0.02、-10 ℃,通过反馈修正可以计算得到富氧空气、底吹熔炼煤、电石渣及铅玻璃等参数新的设定值。其中富氧空气量从原先15 944 m3/h变为修正后的15 849 m3/h,煤的量从0.08 t/h变为修正后的0.02 t/h,电石渣的量从0.26 t/h变为修正后的0.36 t/h,铅玻璃的量从原先0.30 t/h变为修正后的0.09 t/h。
通过冶炼工程师的观察和确认,认为可操作的话,点击“接受”按钮,反馈模型将相应参数新的设定值输入到分散控制系统(distributed control system,DCS)控制系统,以此类推,再次得到的实际测量值与新设定值对比分析,不断修正,减少控制模型与实际生产结果的误差,从而实现底吹氧化熔炼过程的反馈控制。
对于反馈控制策略而言,通过相应仪器仪表对还原渣温度、还原渣含铅及二次粗铅含铅进行测量,与双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废工艺模型计算值进行对比,利用专业知识分析原因,然后针对性的调节输入参数,得到富氧空气量及粉煤的修正值,使得工艺计算模型得到的预测值与仪器的测量值更为接近,从而降低模型的误差。
底吹还原熔炼过程反馈控制策略如图6所示。可知根据底吹还原熔炼炉的实际生产数据,提炼出系统的相关输入参数,再基于底吹还原熔炼炉模型,遵循物料平衡、热量平衡及化学平衡原料计算原则,计算还原渣温度、还原渣含铅量及二次粗铅含铅量等参数。将底吹还原炉还原渣温度、还原渣含铅量及二次粗铅含铅量等重要参数的模型计算值和仪器仪表测量的实际值进行对比,判定两者之间是否存在偏差。若存在偏差,分析原因,并调整模型中对应设定参数,提出相应调整措施;若不存在偏差,则保持模型中参数不变,并维持相应措施。
底吹还原熔炼过程反馈控制策略如图7所示。可知底吹还原熔炼反馈修正的目标参数为还原渣温度、还原渣含铅量及二次粗铅含铅量3个参数。计算模型设定了参数的目标值,而现场仪器仪表测量得到了参数的实际值,两者对比,可计算得到两者的偏差量(新偏差量),从而计算所需的修正量(新修正量),再点击“反馈修正”按钮,通过反馈修正模块计算得到还原熔炼粉煤、富氧空气需要调节的量。
底吹氧化熔炼反馈控制示例如图8所示。可知将底吹还原熔炼的还原渣温度、还原渣含铅量及二次粗铅含铅量等参数放热目标值设为1 200 ℃、1.62%及93.34%,而通过现场仪器测量得到还原渣温度、还原渣含铅量及二次粗铅含铅量的实测值分别为1 150 ℃、1.58%及94.0%,还原炉反馈修正模型计算得到还原渣温度、还原渣含铅量及二次粗铅含铅量的新偏差量分别为-50 ℃、-0.04%及0.66%,而新的修正量分别为50 ℃、0.04%及-0.66%,通过反馈修正可以计算得到粉煤、石灰石、富氧空气及氮气的设定值。其中还原熔炼粉煤量从原先4.14 t/h变为修正后的4.35 t/h,还原熔炼富氧空气量从原先2 912 m3/h变为修正后的3 173 m3/h。
通过现场冶炼工程师的观察和确认,认为可操作的话,点击“接受”按钮,反馈模型将相应参数新的设定值输入到DCS控制系统,以此类推,再次得到的实际测量值与新设定值对比分析,不断修正,减少控制模型与实际生产结果的误差,从而实现底吹还原熔炼过程的反馈控制。
该河南双底吹铅冶炼企业原先依据高铅渣成分、温度等检测结果,工艺工程师根据其生产经验,进行氧料比、熔剂配入等工艺参数的调整,但由于高铅渣的取样、送样、制样及分析检验需要耗费时间,得到高铅渣化学成分化验结果一般需要1 h左右时间,工艺工程师根据检测结果进行工艺参数的调整,存在严重的滞后性。此外,依赖工艺工程师经验进行调控的传统作业方式,存在粗放、不确定性及随意性的缺点,不利于双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废工艺的稳定性。在使用本控制模型后,以高铅渣渣型、温度等参数为导向,在协同熔炼前和冶炼过程中,基于双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废工艺计算模型及反馈控制模型反向优化配料及氧料比等工艺参数,使得高铅渣成分、温度等关键数控制在适宜的范围内,具有提前预测与提前校正的优点。
本文建立了双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废工艺计算模型和反馈控制模型,实现了工艺过程的优化控制,得到以下结论。
(1)利用MetCal desk冶金计算平台,采用物料平衡、热平衡和化学平衡等原理建立双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废工艺计算模型,模拟计算配料混料、底吹氧化熔炼、底吹还原熔炼等过程,并通过反馈计算模块进行修正,使其更加符合实际生产情况。
(2)双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废工艺控制模型可与生产现场DCS控制系统进行连接,为实际工程生产操作提供指导意见与控制手段,实现了在线与智能控制,从而提高了双底吹炼铅协同处理铅基固废情况下现场冶炼工程师计算、决策与控制的效率和准确率。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1907305)
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2025年第25卷第15期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404299
  • 接收时间:2024-06-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-10
  • 修回日期:2024-11-17
基金
国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1907305)
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    中国恩菲工程技术有限公司, 北京 100038
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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