Article(id=1149768938701111390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727020800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-23, revisedDate=1736179200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055876659, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055876659, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055876659, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055876659, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768937925165147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='15', pageStart='6155', pageEnd='6586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055876475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456822194, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559490207699090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559490211893395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6155, endPage=6168, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768939003101279, articleId=1149768938701111390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Review of Research on Cooperative Picking Technology with Multiple Robotic Arms, columnId=1172606208759443758, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies·Agricultural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The efficiency, precision, and automation of fruit and vegetable picking are realized through the integration of multiple mechanical arms in multi-mechanical arm cooperative picking technology, effectively addressing the high costs and low efficiency associated with traditional manual picking methods. The research progress in multi-mechanical arm cooperative picking technology was summarized, and the framework of the multi-mechanical arm cooperative picking system was comprehended. In light of the decision-making challenges in cooperative picking, the cooperative methods and task allocation within cooperative picking task planning was analyzed, and the collision detection, obstacle avoidance strategies, and path planning techniques utilized in cooperative picking with multiple robotic arms was reviewed. The future development direction of multi-mechanical arm cooperative picking technology is outlined, with a proposed development trend that envisions the combination of machine and agronomy, human-machine collaboration, decision-making big models, and multi-algorithm fusion.

, correspAuthors=Zhong XUE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ri-hong ZHANG, De-zhao CHEN, Rui-hua ZHANG, Gui-chao LIN, Xiang GAO, Zhong XUE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149768957479010618, articleId=1149768938701111390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=多机械臂协同采摘技术研究综述, columnId=1172606208897855791, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=综述·农业科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

多机械臂协同采摘技术通过集成多个机械臂,实现果蔬采摘的高效、精准和自动化,有效解决传统人工采摘面临的成本高与效率低的难题。综述了多机械臂协同采摘技术的研究进展,梳理了多机械臂协同采摘系统框架。针对协同采摘中的决策难题,分析了协同采摘任务规划中的协同方式以及任务分配,综述了多机械臂协同采摘中的碰撞检测与避障策略,以及路径规划技术。最后,对多机械臂协同采摘技术未来发展方向进行展望,提出机与农艺结合、人机协作、决策大模型和多算法融合等方面的发展趋势。

, correspAuthors=薛忠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 薛忠(1980—),男,汉族,山西山阴人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:热带农业机械及农产品加工机械。E-mail:
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张日红(1980—),男,汉族,内蒙古乌兰察布人,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能农业技术与装备。E-mail:

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张日红(1980—),男,汉族,内蒙古乌兰察布人,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能农业技术与装备。E-mail:

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modeling, figureFileSmall=h3M27sgR4vrcmqS6raFdkg==, figureFileBig=TcgnuspMzOY+bLmJ5vzTYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924117385888600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768938701111390, language=CN, label=图8, caption=多机械臂碰撞模型的应用, figureFileSmall=h3M27sgR4vrcmqS6raFdkg==, figureFileBig=TcgnuspMzOY+bLmJ5vzTYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172924117486551897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768938701111390, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Picking task allocation model

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模型 应用方法 局限性
多旅行
商问题
将机械臂视为独立旅行商,任务分配问题转换为旅行商遍历城市问题 传统多旅行商难以直接映射臂间冲突问题
图着色问题 将果实视为图论中的顶点元素,顶点间的连线则表示臂间冲突。通过为顶点分配不同颜色,实现采摘任务分配 随着图大小的增加,所需计算时间成倍增长,解不唯一
基于马尔可
夫决策过程
通过训练智能体学习分配采摘任务,并根据果实的位置分布、数量等优化任务分配决策 需要大量的数据和环境交互训练,计算量要求大
), ArticleFig(id=1172924117599798106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768938701111390, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

采摘任务分配模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 应用方法 局限性
多旅行
商问题
将机械臂视为独立旅行商,任务分配问题转换为旅行商遍历城市问题 传统多旅行商难以直接映射臂间冲突问题
图着色问题 将果实视为图论中的顶点元素,顶点间的连线则表示臂间冲突。通过为顶点分配不同颜色,实现采摘任务分配 随着图大小的增加,所需计算时间成倍增长,解不唯一
基于马尔可
夫决策过程
通过训练智能体学习分配采摘任务,并根据果实的位置分布、数量等优化任务分配决策 需要大量的数据和环境交互训练,计算量要求大
), ArticleFig(id=1172924117754987355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768938701111390, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of collision models

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方法 计算复杂度 包围有效面积 适用场景
矩形体 较大 适中 直角机械臂连杆,基座
胶囊体 较大 较大 串联式机械臂连杆
球体 较小 较小 关节,末端执行器
), ArticleFig(id=1172924117838873436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768938701111390, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

碰撞模型比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 计算复杂度 包围有效面积 适用场景
矩形体 较大 适中 直角机械臂连杆,基座
胶囊体 较大 较大 串联式机械臂连杆
球体 较小 较小 关节,末端执行器
), ArticleFig(id=1172924117897593693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768938701111390, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of path planning algorithms in collaborative picking scenarios

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算法 优势 局限性 适用性
群优化 适合并行计算,具有自适应性 容易陷入局部最优,收敛速度慢 紧协同采摘
人工势场 计算量小,实时性高 存在局部极小值点,自适应性差,难以处理复杂环境 双臂协同采摘
图搜索 具有较强的全局优化能力 搜索时间长,效率低 定点松协同采摘
基于采样的路径规划 动态适应性强,计算效率高 路径曲折度高,增加臂间碰撞风险 适用范围广泛
), ArticleFig(id=1172924117998256990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768938701111390, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

协同采摘场景下的路径规划算法比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 优势 局限性 适用性
群优化 适合并行计算,具有自适应性 容易陷入局部最优,收敛速度慢 紧协同采摘
人工势场 计算量小,实时性高 存在局部极小值点,自适应性差,难以处理复杂环境 双臂协同采摘
图搜索 具有较强的全局优化能力 搜索时间长,效率低 定点松协同采摘
基于采样的路径规划 动态适应性强,计算效率高 路径曲折度高,增加臂间碰撞风险 适用范围广泛
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多机械臂协同采摘技术研究综述
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张日红 1 , 陈德照 1 , 张瑞华 1 , 林桂潮 1 , 高翔 2 , 薛忠 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 综述·农业科学 2025,25(15): 6155-6168
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·农业科学 2025, 25(15): 6155-6168
多机械臂协同采摘技术研究综述
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张日红1 , 陈德照1, 张瑞华1, 林桂潮1, 高翔2, 薛忠3, *
作者信息
  • 1 仲恺农业工程学院机电工程学院, 广州 510225
  • 2 广东省现代农业装备研究院, 广州 510630
  • 3 中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所, 湛江 524088
  • 张日红(1980—),男,汉族,内蒙古乌兰察布人,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能农业技术与装备。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 薛忠(1980—),男,汉族,山西山阴人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:热带农业机械及农产品加工机械。E-mail:
Review of Research on Cooperative Picking Technology with Multiple Robotic Arms
Ri-hong ZHANG1 , De-zhao CHEN1, Rui-hua ZHANG1, Gui-chao LIN1, Xiang GAO2, Zhong XUE3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
  • 2 Guangdong Institute of Modern Agricultural Equipment, Guangzhou 510630, China
  • 3 South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524088, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407105
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多机械臂协同采摘技术通过集成多个机械臂,实现果蔬采摘的高效、精准和自动化,有效解决传统人工采摘面临的成本高与效率低的难题。综述了多机械臂协同采摘技术的研究进展,梳理了多机械臂协同采摘系统框架。针对协同采摘中的决策难题,分析了协同采摘任务规划中的协同方式以及任务分配,综述了多机械臂协同采摘中的碰撞检测与避障策略,以及路径规划技术。最后,对多机械臂协同采摘技术未来发展方向进行展望,提出机与农艺结合、人机协作、决策大模型和多算法融合等方面的发展趋势。

多机械臂  /  任务规划  /  路径规划  /  避障

The efficiency, precision, and automation of fruit and vegetable picking are realized through the integration of multiple mechanical arms in multi-mechanical arm cooperative picking technology, effectively addressing the high costs and low efficiency associated with traditional manual picking methods. The research progress in multi-mechanical arm cooperative picking technology was summarized, and the framework of the multi-mechanical arm cooperative picking system was comprehended. In light of the decision-making challenges in cooperative picking, the cooperative methods and task allocation within cooperative picking task planning was analyzed, and the collision detection, obstacle avoidance strategies, and path planning techniques utilized in cooperative picking with multiple robotic arms was reviewed. The future development direction of multi-mechanical arm cooperative picking technology is outlined, with a proposed development trend that envisions the combination of machine and agronomy, human-machine collaboration, decision-making big models, and multi-algorithm fusion.

multiple robotic arms  /  task planning  /  path planning  /  obstacle avoidance
张日红, 陈德照, 张瑞华, 林桂潮, 高翔, 薛忠. 多机械臂协同采摘技术研究综述. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6155 -6168 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407105
Ri-hong ZHANG, De-zhao CHEN, Rui-hua ZHANG, Gui-chao LIN, Xiang GAO, Zhong XUE. Review of Research on Cooperative Picking Technology with Multiple Robotic Arms[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6155 -6168 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407105
随着城镇化和工业化持续推进,农村地区青壮年劳动力流出日益加剧,农业劳动力老龄化问题愈发严重,导致农业生产效率减低[1]。另一方面,农业劳动力老龄化现象间接推动农业自动化与机械化技术的发展,加速农业现代化的进程[2]
农业现代化发展过程中,农业机器人已逐渐成为农业生产中的重要工具[3]。农业机器人是应用于农业生产作业的特种机器人,通过传感器、`自动控制,人工智能等技术,实现农业生产自动化。根据应用场景不同,农业机器人可以分为采摘机器人、种植机器人、饲喂机器人等多种类型[4]
果蔬采摘作为农业生产中的高耗时、高劳动力环节,面临着季节性劳动力短缺、劳动力成本高、效率低下等难题。调查显示,劳动力成本占果蔬生产总成本30%~40%[5-6]。为针对性地解决上述问题,研究人员致力于采用机械替代人工采摘[7]。Schertz等[8]首次提出将机器人技术用于果蔬采摘后,采摘机器人技术迅猛发展,研究焦点聚焦于模拟人手采摘的机械臂采摘技术[9-10]。过去研究中,单机械臂采摘机器人研究已取得丰硕成果[11-13]。但由于单机械臂工作空间相对有限,灵活性不足,难以满足在复杂多变的采摘环境中高效作业的需求。其采摘效率和采摘成功率也远低于人工采摘,难以实现替代人工。因此,研究人员尝试利用多机械臂来提高采摘效率。Xiong等[14]研发的双机械臂草莓采摘机器人,相比单机械臂平均6.1 s采摘一个果实,双机械臂平均仅需4.6 s,显著提升采摘效率。Mu等[15]研发的双机械臂猕猴桃采摘机器人,采摘单果平均耗时4.5 s,成功率高达94.2%。Gong等[16]设计的双机械臂采摘机器人,应用于温室种植的番茄采摘,平均摘果时间为11 s,采摘成功率达到73.04%。Scarfe等[17]制造的四机械臂猕猴桃采摘机器人,每个采摘臂平均每秒采摘一个果实。冯青春等[18]研发的四臂苹果采摘机器人在试验中采摘382 个果,总耗时2 720 s,平均单果耗时7.12 s。Zion等[19]设计的多臂瓜类作物采摘机器人,搭载了4 个二自由度笛卡尔机械臂,实验采摘成功率达86.4%。Avigad[20]研发了一种高效多机械臂收获系统,集成12 个机械臂与6 个传送单元,每小时果实采摘数量高达9 000 个。
多机械臂采摘的研究已取得重大进展,部分方案已实现商业化,但迄今为止缺乏对于多机械臂协同采摘技术的系统性综述。为此,梳理多机械臂协同采摘的系统框架,重点分析多机械臂协同采摘决策问题,聚焦于协同采摘决策中的任务规划,碰撞检测,路径规划3个方面。以期为研究者提供有价值的参考和指导。
鉴于作业环境与采摘目标的多样性,研究人员选取不同类型的机械臂,以实现高效协同的多臂采摘作业。在农业采摘机器人中主要采用笛卡尔机械臂[21]、并联式机械臂[22]和串联式机械臂[23]这3种机械臂,如图1所示。笛卡尔机械臂工作范围为矩形体,其成本较低,负载能力强,适用于采摘地表作物以及棚架类规范生长的作物。在多臂协同采摘中,其结构简单,容易实现协同控制,但由于其自由度低,灵活性较差导致采摘耗时较长,且采摘作业中存在漏区。并联式机械臂控制方式简单,稳定性强,但由于其结构原因,机械臂占用空间大,实现多臂协同采摘较为困难。串联式机械臂工作范围为半球体,精度高,适用于非标准化种植的作物的采摘。串联式机械臂自由度高,能采用多种姿态采摘,更容易实现多臂协同。但其也存在成本较高,刚度较差,存在奇异点等问题。
末端执行器是机械臂采摘中的关键结构,直接影响着采摘成功率和果实损伤率[24]。主要分为两种:夹持式[25]、吸附式[26],如图2所示。夹持式末端通过夹持机构夹持果实或者果梗,通过扭断或者剪切果梗的方式使果实脱离,适用于体积较大且重量大的果实,如黄瓜、梨等。吸附式通过负压吸附原理吸取果实,对果实损伤小,适用于体积小且重量轻的果实,如草莓、番茄等。
信息感知技术融合了图像传感器、激光雷达、惯性传感器等多种高精度传感器,实现对采摘环境及空间的三维精确感知与定位[27]。在多机械臂协同采摘作业中通常需部署多个感知单元,用于感知外部和内部信息[28-30]。外部信息感知中,果蔬的识别与定位最为关键,其中基于深度相机的目标果蔬的识别与定位应用最为广泛,当前的研究中视觉算法相机在采摘机械臂上搭载位置,研究人员还指出已经达到极高的识别准确率和识别速度[31-35]。依据两种信息采集策略:局部信息采集(eye-in-hand),即将相机直接安装于机械臂末端,随机械臂移动获取近距离、高精度的目标信息[36];以及全局信息采集(eye-to-hand),相机固定于机械臂外部,提供整个工作区域的广泛视野[37]。内部信息感知中,机械臂的位姿可以通过惯性传感器和电机编码器等获取[38]。多机械臂协同采摘需要依赖信息感知机构获取外部与内部信息为协同采摘决策提供信息基础。
决策系统由通讯和决策两大模块构成[39]。通讯模块负责环境信息传输和决策信息传输,其中最核心的是机械臂间信息交换以及协同指令传输。决策模块则专注于协同采摘的决策环节:任务规划、碰撞检测和路径规划,具体决策流程如图3所示。决策模块通过对感知信息的处理和分析,为机械臂提供精确的协同采摘指令。整个决策系统作为多机械臂协同采摘系统的核心枢纽,统筹协调采摘机构和信息感知机构的工作,实现多臂协同采摘。多机械臂协同采摘系统整体框架如图4所示。
相较于传统单机械臂采摘方式,多机械臂协同采摘作业中需要为每个机械臂分配采摘任务,机械臂工作空间可能存在重叠区域,特定采摘任务中需要多个机械臂协作完成。因此,任务规划对于协同采摘至关重要,其中包括根据协同采摘方式划分任务空间和采摘任务分配[40]。协同采摘方式根据作业空间与臂间耦合程度的不同分为松协同采摘和紧协同采摘。两种协同方式如图5所示,松协同采摘下,根据机械臂数量,采摘区域被划分为相应数量的独立子工作区域,各个机械臂独立执行其子空间中的采摘任务。紧协同采摘作业中,多个机械臂工作在同一区域中,臂间存在任务和运动的约束。
松协同采摘方式本质上是多个单机械臂采摘系统并行作业,各个机械臂相互独立采摘各自区域中的果实。这种协同方式总体上能够缩短果实的平均采摘时间。Yoshida等[41]设计一种作业于V形棚架种植环境的双臂采摘系统,采用双臂松协同作业方式,上臂和下臂分别采摘棚架上方和下方的果实,平均10 s采摘一个果实。针对矮化苹果园的采摘作业,松协同采摘方式不存在臂间任务冲突,整体设计较为简单,在多臂采摘机器人中得到广泛应用,部分已具备商业化应用的能力。Trinidad等[42]开发的一种用于高岭栽培的草莓采摘机器人,移动平台的两侧搭载多个独立控制的机械臂实现采摘。Thorne[43]开发一款采用24 个独立机械臂的苹果采摘机器人,通过机械隔离避免臂间干扰实现松协同采摘。Delbridge[44]研发的草莓四臂松协同采摘机器人,其高效作业能力显著,每小时可完成约100 lb(1 lb=0.454 kg)草莓的采摘任务,这一效率等同于5位熟练采摘工人的总和。Guo等[45] 均在推出的多臂草莓采摘机器人中采用了松协同采摘方案。
松协同采摘虽具优势,但实际应用中采摘效率会受限于多臂工作空间与采摘区域的适配程度。Au等[46]基于所开发的松协同双机械臂猕猴桃采摘系统分析了多机械臂系统的工作空间对于采摘效率的影响,得出当工作空间与树冠体积的几何形状相符时,能够有效减少笛卡尔机械臂的步数和降低停机时间,从而提高采摘效率。Xiong等[47]设计的双臂苹果采摘机器人,采用垂直松协同作业方式,结合冠层三维分区技术获得苹果分布,并运用CRITIC-TOPSIS(criteria importance though intercrieria correlation- technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution)组合法对果园作业空间进行分析,得到双臂的最佳长度与水平姿态角,实现工作空间冗余度仅为16.62%的高效采摘设计。松协同采摘方式中相邻机械臂工作区域间存在采摘死区,容易导致漏采现象发生。崔永杰等[48]根据猕猴桃采摘面积最大和机械臂工作重叠区域占比最小建立目标函数,利用粒子群算法求解出最优双臂安装相对位置,高度和移动平台最大间歇式前进步距,解决双臂间采摘区域不连续的问题。实际采摘过程中松协同采摘还会出现由于果实分布不均,导致臂间任务分配不均,整个采摘周期中可能存在单个或多个手臂闲置的阶段[49]。松协同采摘系统机械臂间不能互补作业,需要等待所有的机械臂完成其区域内采摘任务,才能切换到新的采摘工作空间,延长了整体采摘周期。
紧协同采摘相较于松协同,其优势在于能够高效地调度所有机械臂,从而显著提升采摘效率。在紧协同模式下,由于多个机械臂在同一采摘区域内协同作业,因此需要进行更为复杂的控制规划,以确保采摘作业的安全与高效。紧协同采摘下的多机械臂控制方式又分为主从控制和非主从控制。
主从控制多臂采摘系统控制框图如图6所示,该框架体现了系统资源在主从控制策略下的优先分配原则。主从控制下系统资源优先满足主机械臂的采摘任务,当从机械臂不存在与主机械臂任务和路径上的冲突时,从机械臂再进行自身的采摘任务或辅助主机械臂完成采摘任务[50]。这种控制策略主要应用于双机械臂采摘机器人中:Sarabu等[51]提出一种主从双臂苹果采摘方案,主机械臂上搭载深度相机负责检测苹果,从机械臂负责采摘。占涛[52]提出一种主从协同采摘策略,主臂夹持树枝后,从臂依据主臂轨迹跟随夹果,简化从臂运动规划,缩短采摘周期。研究人员还探究了主从控制框架下潜在的臂间冲突解决方案。张亮[53]对主从双臂苹果采摘机器人的工作空间进行划分,主臂优先在双臂重叠工作区域中采摘,从臂在相对独立工作空间中采摘。Jiang等[54]在双臂葡萄采摘机器人上采用异步主从控制策略,该策略核心在于两个机械臂以非同步方式进入重叠作业区域进行采摘作业。这两种方法分别通过空间与时间上的异步控制避免主从控制下的机械臂冲突。在主从控制架构下,控制策略通常展现出较高的简洁性与易实现性,多臂采摘系统的自避障方案容易实现。然而,这种控制方式也伴随着显著的臂间高度耦合问题,系统鲁棒性不高[55]
在非主从控制架构下,多机械臂采摘系统的紧协同控制展现出高度的复杂性,其核心挑战在于动态划分机械臂工作区域,以确保系统的效率与安全性。Sepúlveda等[56]将茄子采摘工作空间左右划分,双机械臂自两侧向中心采摘作业。当检测到两臂目标茄子间距小于预设安全阈值时,转为单臂采摘作业。蒋宗祥[57]通过相机采集茶叶嫩芽的分布后,用K最近邻算法来动态划分每个机械臂的作业区域,有效平衡4 个机械臂的任务量,消除作业区域重叠,提高了采摘效率。针对紧协同下的猕猴桃采摘,张莎莎[58]将采摘区域平均划分,并针对间距紧密的猕猴桃集群,进一步界定子区域。两机械臂自子区域外围向中心协同采摘,实现紧协同下的安全采摘。在非主从控制架构下,研究人员还深入探索臂间协作的采摘策略与方法。鉴于苹果树生长结构的复杂性,Ahlin等[59]提出将两个机械臂分别作为采摘臂和搜索臂,搜索臂多角度探测树枝间的空隙,为采摘臂路径规划提供环境信息,能够有效解决因为遮挡导致的漏摘问题。Ling等[60]为双机械臂番茄采摘系统的双臂分别设计末端执行器,一个机械臂搭载真空吸附性末端执行器,另一个末端集成切割刀具切割果茎,此方案有效克服了传统单臂采摘过程中因切茎操作导致的番茄晃动问题。
多机械臂协同采摘作业空间中通常存在多个待采摘目标果实,采摘顺序和机械臂之间的调度都会极大影响采摘效率。随着采摘规模、机械臂数量和作业范围的增加,死区、漏采和臂间冲突等问题愈加突出,解决这些问题的关键在于合理的采摘任务分配[61]
多机械臂协同采摘任务的核心目标在于无任务冲突的前提下,通过最优策略将任务空间内的果实分配至各机械臂,以实现采摘效率的最大化。如图7所示,潜在的任务冲突分为3种,果实分配冲突,一个果实分配给多个机械臂;任务路径冲突,机械臂之间存在采摘路径交叉;采摘顺序冲突,多机械臂同时采摘间距小于安全阈值的相邻果实。采摘任务的最优分配是一种组合优化问题,研究中通常将该问题抽象为数学模型求解[62]。多臂协同采摘任务分配研究中常用的建模方法如表1所示。
研究者们针对采摘任务分配的模型等效进行了深入的探究,Mann等[63]将任务分配问题等价为区间图上最大K值可着色问题,并推广到多个三自由度笛卡尔机械臂瓜类采摘系统中,采用归纳法证明该方法在实现最大采摘效率方面的有效性。穆龙涛[64]针对猕猴桃簇状生长的特点,开展全视场范围内果实任务分区和采摘顺序规划研究,采用K-means聚类对采摘任务空间分区,将采摘顺序规划转换为多旅行商问题,实现猕猴桃采摘分配。Li等[65]针对多臂协同任务分配,设计一种基于马尔可夫决策过程的多智能体强化学习算法,在四臂采摘机器人的应用中,采摘成功率为79.31%,单果平均采摘时间为5.8 s。
多旅行商问题因其高度的灵活性,在协同采摘任务分配领域中展现出最为广泛的应用前景,成为解决该类问题的优选模型[66]。研究者致力于优化模型的应用策略,旨在提升采摘作业的效率。Recce等[67]将橙子采摘任务分配问题转化为双人旅行商问题,并借助神经网络算法求解,实现高效的采摘任务分配,每个机械臂的平均采摘时间为7.5 s。Edan等[68]采用旅行商算法规划瓜类作物的采摘顺序,通过计算最小时间序列将采摘时间缩减了49%。Zhang等[69]将棚架梨园环境下的采摘任务分配问题转化为二维旅行商问题,通过模拟退火算法对采摘顺序进行优化,采摘效率提高20%。
多旅行商模型在处理多臂协同采摘任务分配中会出现臂间任务量不均的情况,且传统多旅行商问题难以映射臂间复杂的任务冲突。鉴于此,实际应用中亟需针对这些缺陷进行优化与改进。He等[70]将猕猴桃采摘任务分配问题转化为多旅行商问题,根据采摘数量相近的原则,结合头脑风暴优化算法制定各机械臂的采摘顺序,平衡臂间任务量。针对多机械臂在重叠工作区域内采摘作业发生任务冲突的问题,李涛等[71]在多旅行商问题中引入异步规则,限制2 个以上的机械臂同时进入重叠区域,避免了臂间冲突并有效缩短了遍历时间。
在协同采摘任务空间中,诸如任务量、臂间运动耦合等约束条件,随着机械臂与果实数量的增多,其组合复杂性显著增长,从而增大了任务分配策略设计与实施的挑战性。在既有研究范畴内,研究者普遍采用通过划分复杂任务为若干子任务空间的方法来实现简化处理。Barnett等[72]设计一种猕猴桃采摘调度器,该调度器依据猕猴桃沿机器人臂排列的次序构建任务空间,进而将整体任务空间划分为多个独立的任务子空间,每个子空间对应分配给单个机械臂,实现任务完成时间的最优化或高效近似。针对柑橘采摘任务简化,Li等[73]设计了一种任务重规划算法,该算法将采摘任务分解为合作与个体两级。合作级层面,依据系统配置与初始位置编队,并计算合作绩效指数排序;个体级则基于优化后的线性规划策略,精准计算各机器人最优路径。
在农业采摘的复杂环境中,各类障碍物(如树枝、树干及农业生产设备等)密布其间,要求多机械臂协同作业时持续监测各机械臂与障碍物间的相对位置,以评估潜在的碰撞风险。依据机械臂与障碍物交互方式的差异,碰撞检测技术可划分为接触式与非接触式两大类[74]。接触式检测依赖传感器捕捉碰撞瞬间产生的物理信号,但其要求机械臂与障碍物直接触碰,刚性机械臂与障碍物的直接碰撞不仅可能损坏机械结构,还易导致果实位置偏移,显著降低采摘作业的成功率。鉴于此,农业机械臂采摘系统普遍采用非接触式碰撞检测技术,以确保作业的安全性与高效性[75]
针对采摘环境中的外部障碍物检测,研究人员通常采用RGB-D相机和激光雷达等传感器进行检测[76-79]。为避免外部碰撞和提高采摘成功率,研究人员还从采摘策略方面深入研究,对于果梗类果实的采摘,目标果实可能会被多个果实包围,机械臂末端执行器在采摘过程中可能会与周围果实发生碰撞,导致目标果实偏移原位和损伤果实。为此,Rong等[80]提出一种从外到内采摘的规划算法应用于番茄采摘,减少末端执行器和果实间的碰撞。Xiong等[81]提出一种主动障碍物分离策略,利用一个机械臂推和拖运动将障碍物与目标草莓分离,另一个机械臂完成采摘。
多机械臂协同采摘中不但需要考虑外部障碍物,还要避免机械臂之间的自碰撞。可能存在的臂间碰撞限制了采摘工作范围并影响每个手臂的连续作业,因此机械臂间的碰撞检测是保障多臂采摘机器人安全作业的关键。虽然通过建立 Denavit-Hartenberg参数模型并限制关节角范围可以避免部分臂间碰撞[82],但会导致采摘工作空间相应压缩。目前多机械自碰撞检测通常构建动态碰撞模型的方式进行检测。碰撞模型指用简单的空间几何体包围机械臂以及末端执行器,得到满足精度需求的空间几何模型。确定碰撞模型后,通过代数几何法等方法对几何体空间距离进行实时检测,确保机械臂间距始终大于安全距离。多臂碰撞检测问题在数学本质上皆可简化为双臂碰撞检测问题,陈善言等[83]基于高级逻辑定理证明了多机械臂建模碰撞检测法的可行性,为多臂系统碰撞检测算法的验证奠定基础。以双机械臂为例,碰撞模型示意图如图8所示。碰撞模型建模方法根据包络采用的几何体类型可以分为矩形体建模法[84-86]、胶囊体建模法[87-89]和球体群建模法[90]等。方法比较如表2所示。
建模方法需要根据采用的采摘机械臂的几何形状确定。He等[70]在双机械臂猕猴桃采摘机器人中,将串联式机械臂的关节建模为球体,连杆建模为胶囊体,将机械臂之间的碰撞检测简化为各个胶囊体与球体之间以及胶囊体之间的碰撞检测。Kong等[91]提出一种用于双机器人协调系统的高效碰撞检测算法,将机械臂建模为具有3个层次的边界体积层次树,边界体积使用轴对齐边界框和定向边界框构建,在仿真实验中有效地检测出机械臂间的碰撞。Lei等[92]提出一种适用于双臂机器人的实时自碰撞避免算法。该算法提出一种基于不同半径离散球包围体的碰撞模型和一种实时度量球体间距的灵敏度指标,在球体中心生成斥力速度,避免自碰撞。
建模及距离计算的过程由于其复杂性而需要消耗大量的计算资源,这一过程所耗费的计算时间会对采摘效率产生影响。为了减少碰撞检测的计算量,Bac等[93]设计的自避障算法将模型分级,并在检测中引入了八叉树的方法,仅当父级别存在碰撞时才在子级别检查碰撞,大大减少了不必要的计算量。马萧杰等[94]将柑橘采摘环境下的圆柱体障碍物均采用多个球体拟合的简化,降低了碰撞检测复杂度。此外,采摘机械臂通常不是标准的常规几何体也会导致建模精度不够高。针对检测精度问题,Gan等[95]提出了一种改进的混合层级边界框碰撞检测优化算法,通过改进空间时间相关理论和同步下降规则,提高检测效率和准确性。Cui[96]提出了一种基于差分进化算法的双机械臂碰撞检测系统,可以根据机械臂的实际运行速度,动态地改变包围盒模型的半径,显著提高检测精度。
路径规划旨在规划机械臂末端自初始至目标水果位置的轨迹。在协同采摘场景中,需要在规避外界障碍并防止臂间自碰撞的前提下,优化运动时间与距离,以提高协同采摘效率[97]
多机械臂协同采摘决策离不开路径规划算法的应用,其中广泛应用的路径规划算法分为4类,群优化算法[98-100]、人工势场法[101]、图搜索法[102-103]和基于采样的路径规划算法[104-105]。本节聚焦于上述4类路径规划算法在协同采摘任务中的实际应用,剖析其中关键算法的特点与改进方案。
群优化算法的原理是通过模拟自然界中生物群体的行为来解决路径选择和优化问题,如蚁群算法,粒子群算法,遗传算法等。群优化算法中的每个个体(如粒子、蚂蚁等)均具备自主搜索能力,这一特性促使算法能够并行地规划路径,同时,算法展现出高度的自适应特性,能够动态调整搜索策略以应对复杂环境,基于这些优势,群优化算法在复杂的多机械臂紧密协同采摘路径规划中得到了广泛应用。原艳芳等[106]在双笛卡尔机械臂名优茶采摘机器人中,应用蚁群算法规划采摘路径。针对蚁群算法收敛慢、易陷局部最优的问题,提出自适应调整信息素浓度参数及优化迭代终止条件,改进后的算法能快速收敛至全局最优解,显著提升了效率。任盼等[107]提出一种加入非线性递减函数与贝塔分布动态调整惯性权重的粒子群算法,应用于主从双机械臂中,路径得到明显缩短,提高了机械臂的运行效率。针对连续采摘路径规划,Zhang等[108]在蚁群算法中引入奖惩机制和信息素波动因子自适应调整机制,提高全局搜索能力和鲁棒性。Cao等[109]提出一种改进的多目标粒子群优化算法来解决采摘轨迹规划问题。该算法结合变分算子、退火因子和反馈机制,在满足稳定运动的同时,提高种群的多样性,避免陷入局部最优解,加快收敛速度。
人工势场法通过构建机械臂工作空间的抽象力场模型,其中目标果实作为引力源吸引机械臂,而障碍物则产生斥力阻碍其接近。然而,当目标点邻近障碍物时,传统人工势场法易陷入局部最优,导致无法抵达目标。此外,障碍物的形态与尺寸亦会直接影响路径规划的质量。因此,在多机械臂协同作业中,人工势场法的研究与应用核心聚焦于如何有效克服其固有的局限性。薛阳等[110]针对主从双机械臂路径规划,提出一种改进人工势场法,采用创新势能函数,增设虚拟吸引点,有效规避局部极小值陷阱。邱博等[111]针对主从双机械臂系统,提出改进人工势场双向规划算法。该算法在斥力势能函数中融入变增益系数,实现环境适应性势能调整。结合自适应步长策略,有效规避局部极小点,显著提升路径规划效率。马豪男等[112]通过采用新势能函数和构建虚拟目标点的方法,优化了传统人工势场法。这种改进克服了传统人工势能法陷入局部最优解的缺陷,实现非主从控制双机械臂的路径规划。由于人工势场法自适应性较差,随着机械臂数量的增加,系统中的引力与斥力关系愈发复杂,会出现无法达到目标果实位置的情况,因此人工势场法通常仅应用在双臂协同采摘中。
图搜索法指将机械臂的路径规划问题转化为图论问题,通过遍历图中的节点和边,找到从起点到终点的最优路径。其中A*算法以其搜索效率高的特点在多臂路径规划中应用最为广泛。Tavares等[113]提出的双重A*算法,通过两个阶段的搜索和对配置空间的离散化处理,使得算法能够更高效地处理多机械臂系统路径规划问题。沈旭明[114]提出一种时序A*算法,该算法在双机械臂实验平台上与多种主流路径规划算法进行了对比,证明了该算法执行速度快,且能够实现在已知动态环境下的路径规划。图搜索算法因需遍历全局状态空间,导致计算复杂度较高,耗时显著,且动态性适应较差,进而制约了其在协同采摘领域内应用的实时性与灵活性。
基于采样的路径规划算法主要包含概率路线图(probabilistic road map,PRM)和快速扩展随机树(rapidly-exploring random trees,RRT)算法以及它们的优化变体PRM*和RRT*。PRM因均匀采样的特性,在狭窄区域产生稀疏采样,进而引发规划失败,难以在由枝干、叶片等障碍物构成的复杂狭窄环境中稳定实现机械臂的路径规划[115]。RRT算法以其高效的搜索能力、强大的自适应性和可扩展至多维度状态空间处理的能力,展现了在多种复杂场景下实现协同采摘任务的卓越潜力。
RRT算法的核心机制在于通过空间中的随机采样逐步探索,直至到达终点。然而,算法的随机性导致生成的路径往往并非最优解。此外,其全局范围内实施的均匀随机采样策略,收敛速度较慢[116]。针对RRT(rapidly exploring random tree)算法存在的搜索盲目,采样成功率低等问题,张亮[53]提出采用自适应目标引导策略和采样调整策略和路径修正的方法改进RRT算法,应用于主从双机械臂苹果采摘机器人中,提高了搜索成功率,缩短了运行时间,生成的路径更为平滑。陈波芝等[117]提出一种基于改进 RRT 算法的双机械臂协同避障规划方法。以主臂为动态障碍物规划从臂路径,并通过剪枝择优和设置目标区域的方式加快了RRT算法的收敛速度。Sarabu等[118]在所设计的双臂协同苹果采摘机器人上使用RRT算法规划路径,果实位置和路径信息被编码成图形表示,降低了计算量。
路径规划算法各具其优势,也存在相应的局限性,其适用性因应用场景而异,多机械臂协同采摘应用场景下路径规划算法比较如表3所示。为提高多机械臂协同路径规划效率,研究人员根据不同算法的优缺点进行融合互补[119]。康浩博[120]融合了蚁群算法的全局搜索能力与粒子群算法的快速收敛特性,提出一种双臂路径规划方法,显著提高规划效率。彭鹏等[121]在主从机械臂上采用人工势场法与RRT算法结合,在人工势场法规划进入局部最小值时,改用RRT进行随机扩展,避免规划计算陷入局部最小值。Liu等[122]提出了一种结合黏液菌算法与蚁群算法的优势的融合路径规划策略,经实验验证,该算法在解决多旅行商问题上展现出卓越性能,尤为适合应用于多机械臂系统的路径规划中。Cao等[123]针对荔枝采摘规划,提出了一种优化的RRT算法变体。该算法融入了目标重力并借助遗传算法对RRT生成的路径实施优化策略。此改进不仅显著缩短路径规划的时间,还大幅提高所生成路径的质量水平。
随着人工智能的深入研究,众多学者致力于将传统路径规划算法与深度学习、强化学习等人工智能算法相融合。Lei等[92]利用激光雷达创建猕猴桃果园点云信息,将传统的基于网格的覆盖路径规划转化多旅行商问题,采用强化学习求解,实现了高效的采摘路径规划。熊春源等[124]提出了一种结合人工势场法和深度强化学习的柑橘采摘机械臂路径规划方法,引入长短期记忆结构处理时间序列信息,显著提高了路径规划效率和成功率。由于目标水果和障碍物位置的高度随机性和不确定性,人工智能算法训练初期面临有效样本稀缺的挑战。针对这个问题,Liu等[125]提出了一种融合RRT算法与专家经验的深度强化学习策略,该策略显著提升了算法在训练初期的学习效率,有效减少了盲目探索过程。
(1)农机与农艺结合。农业机器人投入实践生产应用永远离不开农机与农艺结合,在多机械臂采摘中也是如此。果蔬高标准化种植使得采摘区域与多臂协同采摘系统的工作区域相适应,能够极大提高采摘效率和质量;通过剪枝等农艺手段也能够显著降低果蔬识别算法的复杂度,降低感知传感器成本。
(2)人机协作。人机协作的方式也是多机械臂协同采摘发展的一个重要方向,文献[126]开发了一种基于人机协作的双机械臂温室番茄采摘机器人,番茄的识别和定位由人工在人机交互界面标记完成,为多臂协同采摘的发展提供了新思路。多臂协同采摘中可以通过人工协作弥补识别,定位,决策等问题上存在的精度不足,提高采摘效率。
(3)决策大模型。随着语言,视觉大模型等大模型的发展与应用,采用农业决策大模型进行数据分析和决策,指导多臂协同采摘系统是未来的发展趋势。通过决策大模型的逻辑思维,实现采摘任务的高效分配。
(4)多算法融合。单一路径规划算法无法满足采摘中非结构化环境,通过融合多种路径规划算法并融入深度学习,解决不同采摘环境下的路径规划将成为未来研究热点。
多机械臂协同采摘系统在提高农业生产效率中扮演着关键角色,其应用前景广阔,在农业生产中具有巨大潜力。然而,协同采摘决策仍面临诸多挑战,包括任务规划、碰撞检测和路径规划等关键技术问题。本文主要综述了两种协同采摘方式及采摘任务规划,碰撞检测和路径规划算法在多机械臂采摘中的应用。最后提出4个多机械臂协同采摘系统的研究展望。
  • “十四五”广东省农业科技创新十大主攻方向“揭榜挂帅”项目(2024KJ27)
  • 广东省普通高校重点领域专项(2021ZDZX4052)
  • 2022 年度广东省重点建设学科科研能力提升项目(2022ZDJS024)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32101632)
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2025年第25卷第15期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407105
  • 接收时间:2024-09-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-23
  • 修回日期:2025-01-07
基金
“十四五”广东省农业科技创新十大主攻方向“揭榜挂帅”项目(2024KJ27)
广东省普通高校重点领域专项(2021ZDZX4052)
2022 年度广东省重点建设学科科研能力提升项目(2022ZDJS024)
国家自然科学基金(32101632)
作者信息
    1 仲恺农业工程学院机电工程学院, 广州 510225
    2 广东省现代农业装备研究院, 广州 510630
    3 中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所, 湛江 524088

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* 薛忠(1980—),男,汉族,山西山阴人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:热带农业机械及农产品加工机械。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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