Article(id=1149768571103920610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404997, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720022400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-04, revisedDate=1741276800000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055789017, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1749312000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055789017, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055789017, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055789017, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768563956826506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='16', pageStart='6587', pageEnd='7021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055787314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456850262, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6766, endPage=6773, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768571280081390, articleId=1149768571103920610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation of Aerosol Retention Characteristics under Sodium Fire Accident Conditions in Sodium Technology Rooms, columnId=1156264259077137059, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Nuclear Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sodium fire accidents in sodium technology room can generate harmful aerosols. To analyze the impact of sodium fire aerosol particle migration, a microchannel grid structure similar to real cracks was constructed using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method based on the actual concrete crack characteristics to simulate the migration process of aerosol particles in the room wall. A two-dimensional horizontal microchannel flow model was established, considering gravity, inertial force, and the influence of Saffman lift and Brownian diffusion on particle motion was studied, and a microchannel particle motion model was constructed to numerically simulate particle retention characteristics for different gap structures. The results indicate that when the gap size is less than submillimeter, it is considered that there is no risk of causing a large amount of aerosol particle leakage in the gap. The branching corners and uneven micro structures within concrete gaps can effectively reduce the penetration coefficient of particles in the gaps and reduce leakage.

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钠工艺间发生钠火事故会产生有害的气溶胶,为分析钠火气溶胶粒子迁移所带来的影响,针对气溶胶粒子在工艺间墙体内迁移过程,利用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法基于实际混凝土缝隙特征,构建类比真实缝隙的微通道网格结构,建立二维水平微通道流动模型,考虑重力、惯性力、Saffman升力以及布朗扩散对粒子运动的影响,构建微通道粒子运动模型,对不同缝隙结构进行粒子滞留特性数值模拟。结果表明:当缝隙尺寸小于亚毫米时,认为该缝隙不存在引起大量气溶胶粒子泄漏风险;混凝土缝隙内分支拐角和凹凸不平的微小结构可以有效降低粒子在缝隙中的穿透系数,减少泄漏。

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李伊辰(1996—),女,汉族,河北石家庄人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:反应堆系统热工分析。E-mail:

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李伊辰(1996—),女,汉族,河北石家庄人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:反应堆系统热工分析。E-mail:

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李伊辰(1996—),女,汉族,河北石家庄人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:反应堆系统热工分析。E-mail:

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Xuzhou: China University of Mining and Technology, 2013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1178019515897103035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768571103920610, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1178019515905491644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768571103920610, companyId=1178019515897103035, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1178019515930657469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768571103920610, companyId=1178019515897103035, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国原子能科学研究院, 北京 102413)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1178019517365109461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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figureFileBig=RTyEAOj2NB0CdOsNB++1yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178019519315460851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768571103920610, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Stokes numbers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
进出口压差/MPa 粒径/nm 斯托克斯数
0.05 1 000 0.726 40
0.10 1 000 4.693 70
0.05 500 0.181 60
0.05 80 0.004 65
), ArticleFig(id=1178019519369986804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768571103920610, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

斯托克斯数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
进出口压差/MPa 粒径/nm 斯托克斯数
0.05 1 000 0.726 40
0.10 1 000 4.693 70
0.05 500 0.181 60
0.05 80 0.004 65
), ArticleFig(id=1178019519424512757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768571103920610, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Arrangement of different microstructure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构名称 布置方式
内凹结构1 间隔0.2 mm错落均布6个2 mm(长)×0.1 mm(宽)矩形内凹结构
内凹结构2 间隔0.1 mm对称均布6个2 mm(长)×0.1 mm(宽)矩形内凹结构
内凹结构3 错落均布15个2 mm(长)×0.1 mm(宽)矩形内凹结构
外凸结构 中间设置1个2 mm(长)×0.1 mm(宽)矩形外凸结构
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不同微结构布置

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结构名称 布置方式
内凹结构1 间隔0.2 mm错落均布6个2 mm(长)×0.1 mm(宽)矩形内凹结构
内凹结构2 间隔0.1 mm对称均布6个2 mm(长)×0.1 mm(宽)矩形内凹结构
内凹结构3 错落均布15个2 mm(长)×0.1 mm(宽)矩形内凹结构
外凸结构 中间设置1个2 mm(长)×0.1 mm(宽)矩形外凸结构
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钠工艺间事故工况下气溶胶滞留特性数值模拟
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李伊辰 , 朱桓君 , 颜翔宇
科学技术与工程 | 论文·原子能技术 2025,25(16): 6766-6773
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·原子能技术 2025, 25(16): 6766-6773
钠工艺间事故工况下气溶胶滞留特性数值模拟
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李伊辰 , 朱桓君, 颜翔宇
作者信息
  • 中国原子能科学研究院, 北京 102413
  • 李伊辰(1996—),女,汉族,河北石家庄人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:反应堆系统热工分析。E-mail:

Numerical Simulation of Aerosol Retention Characteristics under Sodium Fire Accident Conditions in Sodium Technology Rooms
Yi-chen LI , Huan-jun ZHU, Xiang-yu YAN
Affiliations
  • China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
出版时间: 2025-06-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404997
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钠工艺间发生钠火事故会产生有害的气溶胶,为分析钠火气溶胶粒子迁移所带来的影响,针对气溶胶粒子在工艺间墙体内迁移过程,利用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法基于实际混凝土缝隙特征,构建类比真实缝隙的微通道网格结构,建立二维水平微通道流动模型,考虑重力、惯性力、Saffman升力以及布朗扩散对粒子运动的影响,构建微通道粒子运动模型,对不同缝隙结构进行粒子滞留特性数值模拟。结果表明:当缝隙尺寸小于亚毫米时,认为该缝隙不存在引起大量气溶胶粒子泄漏风险;混凝土缝隙内分支拐角和凹凸不平的微小结构可以有效降低粒子在缝隙中的穿透系数,减少泄漏。

钠火气溶胶  /  微通道  /  钠冷快堆  /  数值模拟

Sodium fire accidents in sodium technology room can generate harmful aerosols. To analyze the impact of sodium fire aerosol particle migration, a microchannel grid structure similar to real cracks was constructed using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method based on the actual concrete crack characteristics to simulate the migration process of aerosol particles in the room wall. A two-dimensional horizontal microchannel flow model was established, considering gravity, inertial force, and the influence of Saffman lift and Brownian diffusion on particle motion was studied, and a microchannel particle motion model was constructed to numerically simulate particle retention characteristics for different gap structures. The results indicate that when the gap size is less than submillimeter, it is considered that there is no risk of causing a large amount of aerosol particle leakage in the gap. The branching corners and uneven micro structures within concrete gaps can effectively reduce the penetration coefficient of particles in the gaps and reduce leakage.

sodium fire aerosol  /  microchannels  /  sodium cooled fast reactor  /  numerical simulation
李伊辰, 朱桓君, 颜翔宇. 钠工艺间事故工况下气溶胶滞留特性数值模拟. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (16) : 6766 -6773 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404997
Yi-chen LI, Huan-jun ZHU, Xiang-yu YAN. Numerical Simulation of Aerosol Retention Characteristics under Sodium Fire Accident Conditions in Sodium Technology Rooms[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (16) : 6766 -6773 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404997
液态金属钠作为钠冷快堆的冷却剂,具有化学性质活泼的特点,高温的液态钠和空气接触后会发生剧烈燃烧,燃烧产物包括浓密的白色烟雾——钠气溶胶[1]。事故情况下由于设备或管道的失效破裂等意外情况,会导致液态钠泄漏,发生钠火反应,事故发生点房间内会产生大量浓烟,约30%的燃烧钠会变为气溶胶悬浮物,同时着火房间内的压力升高,最高可达50 Pa,并产生局部的高温效应,破坏工艺系统。钠火事故发生后,配套的通风系统会迅速启动以起到泄压的效果,但大量悬浮气溶胶仍会存留在工艺间内,这些有害物质可能经由混凝土裂缝、墙体与管道接口缝隙、阀门旁路、电气穿孔等窄缝通道进入大气,造成厂区乃至大气环境受到放射性、毒性污染。研究表明,长期接触悬浮气溶胶颗粒会对人体产生十分不利的影响,包括呼吸系统疾病、皮肤过敏、脑血管疾病以及脱氧核糖核酸病变[2-4],带有放射性核素的气溶胶颗粒更是会对人体及周围环境产生直接且不可逆的有害影响[5]
为减少气溶胶的泄漏,研究人员对缝隙内气体及含气溶胶颗粒的气体流动特性进行了研究,早期研究认为气溶胶是伴随空气等流体一同泄漏至外界的,即整个泄漏路径上并没有气溶胶的沉积残留。后来一些研究人员利用实验数据和理论结果进行更为细致的分析,认为在整个泄漏路径上的气溶胶具有极强的滞留性,有时甚至直接阻塞缝隙通道[6-7],因此认为考虑气溶胶粒子滞留特性时气溶胶粒子的泄漏量可能比根据单介质气体泄漏量计算所得气溶胶粒子泄漏量结果低很多。
针对缝隙通道内气溶胶的沉降及迁移,目前最常见的模型是将气溶胶泄漏路径看作一个直管道,这种理想化的模型实验是早期相关研究的重点。Morewitz[7]通过利用几何形状规则的毛细管道进行试验,得到了泄漏率或堵塞的相关试验参数。Morton等[6]、Burton等[8]研究了小毛细管之间压差的改变对沉积颗粒堵塞泄漏通道的速度的影响,观察到颗粒沉积主要发生在毛细管入口附近,随着进出口压力差的改变,发现试验中出现了颗粒的再悬浮和颗粒聚集堵塞后又破碎的现象。Liu等[9]、François等[10]对形状规则的泄漏通道中的气溶胶沉积现象进行了相关研究。吴艳敏等[11]建立了缝隙透过率的测量装置,利用光滑和粗糙的缝隙试验件,验证了气溶胶在光滑缝隙中的迁移计算模型,初步确定了气溶胶在光滑和粗糙缝隙中的沉积行为,研究了流速对粗糙缝隙中粒子穿透率的影响,结果表明,随着流速增加,所测缝隙的粒子穿透率先增加后降低,即存在一个最易透过流速。Gensdarmes等[12]对常见筑物墙体中实际裂缝里面的气溶胶沉降进行了相关研究。Vate等[13]给出了混凝土中气溶胶穿透缝隙的一般方程,利用试验结果表明气溶胶沉积在混凝土墙体裂缝中的重要性,发现高速流动时的惯性沉降和低流速条件下的重力沉降控制着混凝土裂缝中的沉降过程。
混凝土缝隙多为纵向线状裂缝,尺寸为亚毫米级,连续性差,缝隙结构分散且尺寸不一。为了描述混凝土裂缝的尺寸,研究人员制定了各种各样的规范,Powers[14]研究认为,无论裂缝水平、垂直还是一定角度,均取与整体流动方向垂直的最小裂缝尺寸为裂缝高度。分析核电站的历史检测数据,被人工检测出的裂缝宽度多为0.5~5 mm,均为亚毫米级别,由于核电厂混凝土墙壁具有较高的安全等级,相较于其他的混凝土建筑物,达到5 mm的缝隙便认为是较大风险结构,但由于检测方法的不断改进,数字采集精度所得的缝隙数据已经达到缝隙稳定宽度0.18 mm[15]
对于核电厂混凝土气溶胶泄漏问题,Morewitz[16]研究发现,在设计压力下运行的典型反应堆安全壳中,气溶胶泄漏量在考虑气溶胶的沉降比假定气溶胶作为气体泄漏的情况减少4个多数量级,并发现在堵塞泄漏通道的过程中,附着在墙壁上的气溶胶或之前沉积聚团的气溶胶可能发生团聚体脱落并在气流中重新悬浮的情况,从较短泄漏路径中泄漏的气溶胶的尺寸大大增加。Parozzi等[17]研究发现,颗粒扩散、沉降、湍流沉积、扩散电泳和热电泳是裂纹内沉积的作用机理,利用小管和毛细管试验模拟堵塞的形成,采用拉格朗日方法对典型压水堆事故条件下的裂缝进行了模拟计算,并与欧拉方法的预测结果进行了比较。Gelain等[18]确定了缝隙网络中气体流、两相流和气溶胶沉降模型,并对60 nm粒径的气溶胶颗粒进行了气溶胶沉积试验。Bishnoi等[19]利用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法,建立拉格朗日离散相模型,研究气溶胶颗粒在产生缝隙后的核电厂安全壳内所引起的气流场中的输运,提出了一种基于分形模型的缝隙模型。
为保证数值模拟结果的可信性,所设置的模拟气溶胶性能参数与钠工艺间内实际产生的气溶胶尽可能接近,综合考虑分析结果和中外研究成果,确定钠气溶胶由钠的氧化物与氢氧化钠等成分混合而成,钠气溶胶其性质跟普通气溶胶不同,成分复杂,文献[20]中给出了钠火事故中钠气溶胶成分分析,根据其结论,计算得到钠气溶胶等价密度为2 600 kg/m3。本次研究重点关注钠工艺间混凝土结构缝隙内钠气溶胶迁移、滞留特性分析。
钠火事故发生后,钠工艺间混凝土缝隙内会充满高温气体,气溶胶粒子随主流在缝隙内运动,本次研究采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法,将气相作为连续相,粒子作为离散相,认为粒子碰到壁面即被捕获。考虑到混凝土缝隙径向长度大,尺寸为微通道级别,简化缝隙结构为水平二维模型。
计算时需求解速度、压力、温度等物理量,考虑利用连续性方程[式(1)]、能量方程[式(2)]与纳维斯托克斯方程[式(3)]进行求解。
ρ t+ ρ u x x+ ρ u y y+ ρ u z z=0
( ρ T ) t+div(ρuT)=div k c p g r a d T+ST
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{\partial u_{x}}{\partial t}+u_{x} \frac{\partial u_{x}}{\partial x}+u_{y} \frac{\partial u_{x}}{\partial y}+u_{z} \frac{\partial u_{x}}{\partial z}= \\ \quad f_{x}-\frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial P}{\partial x}+\nu\left(\frac{\partial^{2} u_{x}}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2} u_{x}}{\partial y^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2} u_{x}}{\partial z^{2}}\right) \\ \frac{\partial u_{y}}{\partial t}+u_{x} \frac{\partial u_{y}}{\partial x}+u_{y} \frac{\partial u_{y}}{\partial y}+u_{z} \frac{\partial u_{y}}{\partial z}= \\ \quad f_{y}-\frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial P}{\partial y}+\nu\left(\frac{\partial^{2} u_{y}}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2} u_{y}}{\partial y^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2} u_{y}}{\partial z^{2}}\right) \\ \frac{\partial u_{z}}{\partial t}+u_{x} \frac{\partial u_{z}}{\partial x}+u_{y} \frac{\partial u_{z}}{\partial y}+u_{z} \frac{\partial u_{z}}{\partial z}= \\ \quad f_{z}-\frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial P}{\partial z}+\nu\left(\frac{\partial^{2} u_{z}}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2} u_{z}}{\partial y^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2} u_{z}}{\partial z^{2}}\right) \end{array}\right.$
式中:ρ为流体密度;u为速度;T为温度;k为导热系数;cp为比热容;ST为热源;t为时间项;P为压力;fxfyfz为外加力(如重力)在不同方向上的分量;ν为动力黏度。
欧拉-拉格朗日模型将流体介质作为连续相进行流场计算,并在欧拉坐标系内加以描述,而将离散相作为离散存在的一个个颗粒,求解时首先计算连续相流场,再结合流场变量求解每一个颗粒的受力情况从而获得颗粒的速度,追踪每一个颗粒的轨迹,进而得到粒子速度、位置等信息。当颗粒相体积分数小于10%时,利用FLUENT离散相模型进行求解可得到较为准确的结果,其中流动介质仍然以连续相进行处理,其物性参数可看作是绝对参考系中空间和时间的函数[21]
为构建钠工艺间混凝土缝隙模型,对实际缝隙结构进行简化,保留其主要特征,利用矩形微通道模拟缝隙结构,考虑到检测技术对于微米量级缝隙检测疏漏,建立微通道厚度为0.001~0.25 mm,长度为10~2 000 mm的缝隙结构。缝隙结构模型如图1~图3所示。
利用不同的拐角A,得到不同非水平结构微通道,如图2所示。
为接近实际混凝土缝隙结构,还可以考虑在规则矩形微通道内部增加不同的微结构,从而得到更接近真实缝隙的微通道结构,如图3所示。
利用ICEM对缝隙进行结构化网格划分,如图2所示,本次研究构建的缝隙结构如图4所示,随后进行网格无关性验证,当网格数在4×105以上时,缝隙出口泄漏量不再随网格数增加而明显变化,认为达到网格无关性检验的要求,网格数量也满足经济性要求。
影响粒子运动特性的常见因素包括:惯性作用、布朗作用、曳力、重力、扩散泳、热泳、电泳、Saffman升力、反弹、冷凝相变以及再悬浮等多种,考虑利用简化的离散单元模型,着重分析其悬浮随主流移动的过程,针对重力、曳力、布朗扩散以及Saffman升力进行研究,将粒子看作没有体积的质点,忽略颗粒间的相互作用。缝隙入口设置为压力入口,缝隙出口设置为压力出口,采用标准湍流模型搭配Enhanced Wall壁面函数。
由于钠气溶胶颗粒性质多变,在生成过程中易发生凝集作用,其小颗粒份额较少,考虑在计算实验过程中仅考虑部分特征粒径的颗粒进行追踪分析,选取粒径范围为10~2 000 nm,粒子密度为2 600 kg/m3
随着检测技术的提高,被人工检测出的裂缝宽度为0.1~5 mm,均为亚毫米级别,从建筑安全角度考虑,微米量级缝隙不具有普遍危险性,但是微米级缝隙是客观存在的,微米级缝隙同样可能造成粒子泄漏,为此针对微米级缝隙进行模拟计算,由于部分模拟结构的缝隙尺寸极小,认为在凝集作用下聚合的较大粒径(1 200~2 000 nm)粒子不易从工艺间进入缝隙,故不再对该范围粒子的滞留特性进行模拟计算。
随机产生的混凝土缝隙往往曲折延伸,类比常规流道中流体局部阻力系数与弯管角度等影响因素,考虑微通道不同拐角结构会对流体流动特性产生影响,故针对不同的拐角位置及拐角角度大小进行模拟分析。选择拐角角度分别为165°、150°、135°、120°、105°、90°,发现随着拐角度数的增加,泄漏量增加,这与常规通道规律相似,拐角越大流道越为平缓,流向改变处即拐角位置的损失更小,由于进出口压差一定,在拐角处由于流动方向改变、流速分布变化,导致切向应力产生沿程损失,各类拐角处的能量损失之和使得流速降低,泄漏量下降。认为拐角虽然可以起到减少泄漏量,降低泄漏速度的效果,但降幅较小,随流体泄漏的粒子的运动特性可能不会发生较大改变,但从结构角度分析:一是认为较大的拐角会增加竖直方向运动距离,降低水平方向运动距离,这一作用会使得受重力影响较大的大直径粒子运动有所改变;二是考虑到常规流道中的拐角结构会使得粒子受惯性作用后冲击在拐角附近,从而改变粒子滞留特性。为分析拐角结构对气溶胶粒子滞留特性的影响,针对不同的拐角大小及不同的拐角前后流通长度比值进行分析模拟,得到图5图6
拐角流通前后长度比值定义为垂直段长度L1与水平段长度L2的比值,结构示意图如图7所示。
当缝隙内流速较低时,随着拐角度数的增加,受重力影响较大的大直径粒子穿透系数增加,且全部沉积处图线拐点对应的粒子直径增加,这是由于竖直方向距离分量的增加以及粒子速度在竖直方向上的增加导致的,当主流速度不变,竖直方向速度增加,水平方向速度的降低使得类平抛运动水平距离缩短,进而减少了粒子与壁面接触的概率,降低了气溶胶粒子滞留量。
水平段长度对受布朗运动影响较大的小直径粒子几乎没有影响,而对于受重力作用影响较大的大直径粒子影响较大,随着竖直段距离的增加,粒子的穿透系数增加。
由常规尺寸流道流动特性可知,在拐角结构处由于惯性力作用粒子会沿初始流动方向继续运动,并造成大量粒子冲击壁面并沉降的现象,但上述结果表明,在低流速条件下,重力影响占主导地位,粒子运动轨迹也并未显示出冲击壁面的情况,而是随主流继续运动。考虑到惯性作用与运动速度有关,增加缝隙通道压差为0.05 MPa,针对不同拐角大小的缝隙流道进行粒子滞留特性模拟计算,得到图8
当进出口压差为0.05 MPa时,如图8所示,发现粒径较大的粒子受到拐角结构变化影响较大,这是由于拐角度数的改变会使得拐角附近壁面位置发生变化,粒子受到惯性作用后继续沿初始流动方向运动,粒子运动估计图如图9所示,随着角度的减小,更多粒子冲击在壁面上,造成粒子穿透系数的降低。
当缝隙内流速较低时,重力是影响粒子滞留特性的主要因素,随机生成的混凝土缝隙中竖直方向的开裂不利于气溶胶粒子的滞留,反而增加缝隙中气溶胶粒子的泄漏量,而当缝隙内流速较高时,惯性作用是影响粒子滞留特性的主要因素,随机生成的混凝土缝隙中竖直方向的开裂有利于气溶胶粒子的滞留,降低缝隙中气溶胶粒子的泄漏量,上述结论与文献[13]结论一致。
缝隙内流速的不同极大地影响了拐角结构对于粒子滞留特性的影响结果,查阅相关资料,可以利用斯托克斯数表征粒子惯性作用和扩散作用的比值,斯托克斯数越小,粒子惯性越小,越倾向于随流体一起运动,反之,斯托克斯数越大,粒子惯性越大,粒子运动的跟随性越不明显,粒子更倾向于按初始运动状态运动。通过计算斯托克斯数可以更好地描述粒子运动,通常认为当斯托克斯数大于1时,粒子会依然按原路径运动,直至碰撞流动边界,当斯托克斯数小于等于1时,粒子会随流体运动。
斯托克斯数的计算公式为
Stk= t 0 u D
式(4)中:u为流体流速,m/s;D为水力直径,m;t0为粒子弛豫时间,s。
t0= ρ d d d 2 18 μ g
式(5)中:ρd为粒子密度,kg/m3;dd为粒子直径,m;μg为流体黏度,Pa·s。
斯托克斯数的数值受粒子粒径影响较大,从图8可以看出,100 nm以下的粒子受到惯性力作用影响较小,粒子穿透系数相差较小,随着粒径的增加,粒子弛豫时间增加,粒子惯性作用越强,粒子穿透系数变化较大,为进一步分析影响粒子惯性作用的因素,表1给出了不同进出口压差下不同粒径粒子的斯托克斯数。结合表1图10可以看出,在相同流动条件下,不同粒径粒子的斯托克斯数相差较大,反映出的粒子滞留特性也有较大差异,粒径为1 000 nm及以上的粒子几乎不沿流道做转向运动,继续保持初始流动方向,随着粒径的减小,斯托克斯数减小,粒子开始随主流工质转向,粒子粒径越小,转向效果越明显,惯性作用越弱。针对平均粒径在微米量级的钠气溶胶颗粒,惯性作用占主导,有利于在曲折蜿蜒的混凝土缝隙中沉积,从而减少有害钠气溶胶的泄漏。
实际混凝土缝隙中除了包含不同程度的曲折结构和不同长度的延伸结构,还可能在缝隙内存在凹凸不平的微小结构,这些微小的凸起或者凹陷会改变流道局部阻力特性,针对这一问题,利用不同尺寸、不同个数的微结构进行模拟。
微结构分布分为错落分布与对称分布两种,这两种分布方式如图11所示,二者区别在于对称分布使得流动截面缩小程度增加,大大限制了流动区域。
通过分析含有不同微结构的微通道内流动特性,发现微结构对于缝隙微通道泄漏量有着极大的影响,微结构可以同时改变流动过程中的局部阻力以及沿程阻力,对不同微结构进行粒子滞留特性模拟,得到图12。不同微结构方案具体说明如表2所示。
观察图线,发现微通道中相同压差下泄漏量越大(外凸结构),即流速越高,粒子穿透系数越大,而泄漏量较小的结构(内凹结构),粒子穿透系数较小,粒子穿透系数的降低,一方面可能是由于内凹结构的存在限制的流道流通截面,使得流速降低,另一方面可能是由于凹凸结构对粒子起到了拦截作用,粒子沉积在凹凸表面上。为验证这两种影响因素,将相同压差下外凸结构数据结果与无微结构数据结果进行对比,得到图13
发现外凸结构中的粒子穿透系数与相同条件下无微结构的数据结果相差不大,认为在当前条件下,流速增加与结构拦截作用共同作用,观察图14可知,由于流道中流速较低,凸起拐角处多为滞止区域,粒子大多随主流蜿蜒流过凸起,部分粒子会撞击在凸起结构的壁面上,从而增加了粒子的滞留效率,另一方面由于流道变宽,缝隙泄漏量提高导致粒子的泄漏率提高,在这两种作用共同影响下,整体来看粒子的穿透系数几乎不发生改变。
为验证结构拦截作用,选取不同缝隙结构,设置相同缝隙泄漏量,在此基础上进行粒子滞留特性模拟计算,得到图15
采用CFD方法基于实际缝隙特征,构建类比真实缝隙的微通道网格结构,针对不同工况、不同粒径粒子滞留特性进行归纳总结,得到如下结论。
(1)类比钠工艺间混凝土缝隙,当缝隙尺寸小于亚毫米时,认为该缝隙不存在引起大量气溶胶粒子泄漏风险。
(2)大直径粒子的惯性作用是其滞留的主要原因,此时缝隙中竖直方向的开裂有利于气溶胶粒子的滞留。
(3)缝隙通道中的凹凸结构一方面会改变流道局部阻力特性,另一方面会对粒子起到拦截作用,促进粒子的滞留,认为缝隙内存在凹凸不平的微小结构可以有效降低粒子在缝隙中的穿透系数,防止有害钠气溶胶外泄。
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404997
  • 接收时间:2024-07-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-06-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-04
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    中国原子能科学研究院, 北京 102413
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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