Article(id=1149768569304564137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403841, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716393600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-23, revisedDate=1740931200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055788589, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1749312000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055788589, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055788589, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055788589, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768563956826506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='16', pageStart='6587', pageEnd='7021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055787314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456850262, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6707, endPage=6716, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768569484919210, articleId=1149768569304564137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation of Effect of Series Elbow Spacing on Erosion Wear of Elbow, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the natural gas pipeline transportation system, the series elbows is particularly susceptible to erosion due to its special structure and the sand-producing characteristics of natural gas. The erosion behavior of the series elbows is affected by multiple factors, among which the length of the connecting pipe between the two elbows is a variable that cannot be ignored. For this reason, the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)-discrete phase model(DPM) numerical simulation method was used to study the erosion behavior of the series elbows at different spacings of sand-containing natural gas. The results show that when two elbows are installed in series, the corrosion morphology and rate of the second elbow are greatly affected by the distance between the two elbows. With the increase of the length of the middle section of the series elbow, the corrosion morphology of the first elbow is V-shaped, but the corrosion morphology of the second elbow gradually changes from a triangle to a V-shape. In addition, due to the influence of gravity on the migration trajectory of sand particles, the area with the most serious erosion and wear of the second elbow is 5° to 8° behind the upstream elbow. By analyzing the multi-angle section flow field of the second elbow, it is found that the airflow generates a more complex secondary flow at the second elbow after passing through the middle section. Therefore, the maximum erosion rate of the second elbow decreases first and then increases with the increase of the length of the middle section of the series elbows. The research results can provide certain theoretical guidance and basis for optimizing the engineering design and erosion prevention of the double elbow system.

, correspAuthors=Kai LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ming-hao LIU, Xu-yu LIU, Yang-qin SHANGGUAN, Rui-quan LIAO, Kai LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149768585058369715, articleId=1149768569304564137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=串联弯管间距对弯管冲蚀磨损影响的数值模拟, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在天然气管道输送系统中,串联弯管由于其特殊结构以及天然气出砂特性,管道弯管处特别容易受到冲蚀的影响。串联弯管的冲蚀行为受到多个因素的影响,其中两弯头的连接管长度是不可忽视的变量。为此采用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)-离散相模型(discrete phase model,DPM)数值模拟方法,对含砂天然气在不同间距下串联弯管冲蚀行为进行研究。结果表明:当两个弯管串联安装时,下游弯管的腐蚀形貌和速率受两个弯管之间距离的影响较大。随着串联弯管中间段长度的增加,上游弯管的腐蚀形貌均呈V字形,但下游弯管的腐蚀形貌则由三角形逐渐变化为V字形。此外,因重力对砂粒运移轨迹产生的影响,下游弯管冲蚀磨损最严重区域相较于上游弯管要靠后5°~8°。通过对下游弯管多角度切面流场进行分析,气流经过中间段后在下游弯管处产生了较复杂的二次流,因此下游弯管的最大冲蚀速率随着串联弯管中间段长度的增加,呈现出先减小后增大的变化规律。研究成果可为优化双弯管系统的工程设计和冲蚀防控提供一定的理论指导和依据。

, correspAuthors=刘凯, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘凯(1986—),男,汉族,湖北鄂州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:油气管道腐蚀。E-mail:
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刘明颢(2001—),男,汉族,湖北宜昌人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油气管道冲刷腐蚀。E-mail:

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刘明颢(2001—),男,汉族,湖北宜昌人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油气管道冲刷腐蚀。E-mail:

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刘明颢(2001—),男,汉族,湖北宜昌人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油气管道冲刷腐蚀。E-mail:

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串联弯管间距对弯管冲蚀磨损影响的数值模拟
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刘明颢 1, 2, 3 , 刘旭煜 1, 2, 3 , 上官杨沁 1, 2, 3 , 廖锐全 1, 2, 3 , 刘凯 1, 2, 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(16): 6707-6716
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(16): 6707-6716
串联弯管间距对弯管冲蚀磨损影响的数值模拟
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刘明颢1, 2, 3 , 刘旭煜1, 2, 3, 上官杨沁1, 2, 3, 廖锐全1, 2, 3, 刘凯1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 长江大学油气钻采工程湖北省重点实验室, 武汉 430100
  • 2 中国石油天然气集团公司气举试验基地多相流研究室,武汉 430100
  • 3 长江大学石油工程学院, 油气钻完井技术国家工程研究中心, 武汉 430100
  • 刘明颢(2001—),男,汉族,湖北宜昌人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油气管道冲刷腐蚀。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘凯(1986—),男,汉族,湖北鄂州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:油气管道腐蚀。E-mail:
Numerical Simulation of Effect of Series Elbow Spacing on Erosion Wear of Elbow
Ming-hao LIU1, 2, 3 , Xu-yu LIU1, 2, 3, Yang-qin SHANGGUAN1, 2, 3, Rui-quan LIAO1, 2, 3, Kai LIU1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
  • 2 Laboratory of Multiphase Pipe Flow, CNPC Gas Lift Innovation Center, Wuhan 430100, China
  • 3 National Engineering Research Center for Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
出版时间: 2025-06-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403841
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在天然气管道输送系统中,串联弯管由于其特殊结构以及天然气出砂特性,管道弯管处特别容易受到冲蚀的影响。串联弯管的冲蚀行为受到多个因素的影响,其中两弯头的连接管长度是不可忽视的变量。为此采用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)-离散相模型(discrete phase model,DPM)数值模拟方法,对含砂天然气在不同间距下串联弯管冲蚀行为进行研究。结果表明:当两个弯管串联安装时,下游弯管的腐蚀形貌和速率受两个弯管之间距离的影响较大。随着串联弯管中间段长度的增加,上游弯管的腐蚀形貌均呈V字形,但下游弯管的腐蚀形貌则由三角形逐渐变化为V字形。此外,因重力对砂粒运移轨迹产生的影响,下游弯管冲蚀磨损最严重区域相较于上游弯管要靠后5°~8°。通过对下游弯管多角度切面流场进行分析,气流经过中间段后在下游弯管处产生了较复杂的二次流,因此下游弯管的最大冲蚀速率随着串联弯管中间段长度的增加,呈现出先减小后增大的变化规律。研究成果可为优化双弯管系统的工程设计和冲蚀防控提供一定的理论指导和依据。

串联弯管  /  计算流体动力学-离散相模型(CFD-DPM)  /  冲蚀磨损  /  数值模拟

In the natural gas pipeline transportation system, the series elbows is particularly susceptible to erosion due to its special structure and the sand-producing characteristics of natural gas. The erosion behavior of the series elbows is affected by multiple factors, among which the length of the connecting pipe between the two elbows is a variable that cannot be ignored. For this reason, the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)-discrete phase model(DPM) numerical simulation method was used to study the erosion behavior of the series elbows at different spacings of sand-containing natural gas. The results show that when two elbows are installed in series, the corrosion morphology and rate of the second elbow are greatly affected by the distance between the two elbows. With the increase of the length of the middle section of the series elbow, the corrosion morphology of the first elbow is V-shaped, but the corrosion morphology of the second elbow gradually changes from a triangle to a V-shape. In addition, due to the influence of gravity on the migration trajectory of sand particles, the area with the most serious erosion and wear of the second elbow is 5° to 8° behind the upstream elbow. By analyzing the multi-angle section flow field of the second elbow, it is found that the airflow generates a more complex secondary flow at the second elbow after passing through the middle section. Therefore, the maximum erosion rate of the second elbow decreases first and then increases with the increase of the length of the middle section of the series elbows. The research results can provide certain theoretical guidance and basis for optimizing the engineering design and erosion prevention of the double elbow system.

elbow in series  /  computational fluid dynamics-discrete phase model(CFD-DPM)  /  erosion wear  /  numerical simulation
刘明颢, 刘旭煜, 上官杨沁, 廖锐全, 刘凯. 串联弯管间距对弯管冲蚀磨损影响的数值模拟. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (16) : 6707 -6716 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403841
Ming-hao LIU, Xu-yu LIU, Yang-qin SHANGGUAN, Rui-quan LIAO, Kai LIU. Numerical Simulation of Effect of Series Elbow Spacing on Erosion Wear of Elbow[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (16) : 6707 -6716 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403841
随着气藏的不断开发,气井出砂量也逐渐增大。尽管在采出后进行了除砂处理,但仍会有部分砂粒、粉尘及铁屑等固体颗粒与天然气共同输送至下游站场[1]。在输送过程中,天然气的流速较大,这些固体颗粒在气流的携带下不断冲击着管道内壁、阀门及弯管等,对管道结构造成了严重的冲蚀磨损。而在管道结构中,弯管由于冲击角度的特殊性,其冲蚀现象最为严重[2]。因此,有必要对天然气弯管处的携沙冲蚀行为展开研究。
目前中外许多学者对管道的冲刷腐蚀行为开展了大量研究。林楠等[3]对天然气集输管线弯头的冲蚀磨损进行研究,发现在相同条件下,直角弯头内壁的最大冲蚀磨损速率低于常规圆弧形弯头。Peng等[4]通过计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)数值模拟研究得出,改变弯管角度冲蚀程度不会发生明显变化。白莉等[5]研究了不同参数对固液两相流弯管冲蚀的影响,发现冲蚀磨损是管道外拱壁主要腐蚀方式,內拱壁则以腐蚀增重为主,并提出一种扩径管的防护方案。杨湘愚等[6]通过正交实验分析了5个因素对90°弯管冲刷腐蚀的影响程度,结果表明,弯管的冲蚀行为受到入口流速的影响最大,受到砂砾直径的影响最小。Rehan等[7]对不同尺寸颗粒与流体类型在T形和Y形管道的冲蚀情况进行了研究,结果表明,大尺寸颗粒下连接处的冲蚀现象更严重。同时,相较于气体,管道内流体为液体时管壁受到的磨损较小。莫丽等[8]通过CFD数值模拟对异面三通管的冲蚀规律进行了研究,结果表明,三管交汇处为冲蚀磨损的主要区域,水平管上管壁受到的冲蚀磨损最大。Sedrez等[9]通过实验研究了3种不同结构弯管的冲刷腐蚀,并分析了不同结构弯管冲蚀速率对重力方向的敏感性。
中外学者对单弯管冲刷腐蚀开展了大量研究,然而在实际的工程应用中,常会出现多个弯头成对或组合式应用。相较于单弯管冲蚀的研究,对串联弯头的研究较少,且部分学者对串联弯头的冲蚀研究所得出的结论存在一定分歧。Kumar等[10]对3个管径为50.8 mm的连续弯头进行实验,结果表明,第一个弯头的冲蚀最严重,第3个弯头受到的侵蚀程度最低。Zhao等[11]研究了4个串联弯管中气固两相流动,结果表明,大粒径颗粒对第一弯管造成的破坏更大,而对后续弯管造成的冲蚀损伤较小;弯头处腐蚀形貌为V形,当弯管曲率半径较大时,腐蚀形貌逐步演变为闭合环。然而,Uzi等[12]对4个弯管进行一维建模后,发现第1弯管的冲蚀量最小,第4弯管的冲蚀量最大。Jing等[13]研究了超临界条件下溢流管线弯头的冲蚀情况,发现在多弯头管道中,出口弯头的最大冲蚀速率是进口弯头的84倍。
两个弯管串联的情况下,固体颗粒对弯管所造成冲蚀行为受到多个因素的影响,其中两弯头连接管的长度是不可忽视的变量。鉴于此,通过CFD-离散相模型(discrete phase model,DPM)模型对不同连接管长度下弯头处的腐蚀形貌、冲蚀所处角度及冲蚀速率进行计算与预测,根据计算结果对冲蚀行为展开分析,并提出相应的改良建议。以期为实际工程中双弯管的设计与冲蚀防护提供一定的科学依据。
弯管内气体连续流动遵循质量、动量及能量守恒,不涉及温度变化,其控制方程为
$\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}+\nabla(\rho \boldsymbol{v})=0 $
$\frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho \boldsymbol{v})+\nabla(\rho \boldsymbol{v} \boldsymbol{v})=-\nabla p+\nabla \overline{\boldsymbol{\tau}}+\rho \boldsymbol{g}+\boldsymbol{F}$
$\overline{\boldsymbol{\tau}}=\mu\left[\left(\nabla \boldsymbol{v}+\nabla \boldsymbol{v}^{\mathrm{T}}\right)-\frac{2}{3} \nabla \boldsymbol{v} \boldsymbol{I}\right]$
式中:ρ为流体密度,kg/m3;t为时间,s;v为流体速度,m/s;p为压力,Pa;g为重力加速度,m/s2; τ -为应力张量;F为离散相作用于连续相上的力,N;μ为流体黏度,Pa·s;I为单位张量。
天然气在管道中的流动为湍流且在弯管处极易产生旋涡,Realizable k-ε模型在计算旋流和剪切流时具有较高的准确度,因此选用Realizable k-ε模型,其方程为[14]
( ρ k ) t+ ( ρ k u i ) x i= x j u + u t δ k k x j+Gk+Gb-ρε-Ym+Sk
( ρ ε ) t+ ( ρ ε u i ) x i= x j u + u j δ ε ε x j+ρC1Sε-ρC2 ε 2 k + v ε+C1εC3ε ε kGb
C1=max 0.43 , η η + 5
η=S k ε
S= 2 S i j S i j
μt=ρCμ k 2 ε
式中:u为黏性系数;ut为湍流涡黏性系数;k为湍流动能,J;ε为湍流动能耗散率;uii方向的湍流速度,m/s;δkδε分别为湍流动能k和耗散率ε对应的普朗特数;GkGb分别为由速度梯度和浮力引起的湍动能;Ym为可压缩湍流过渡中所做的膨胀功,J;ν为流体的运动黏度;C1为动态系数;μt为湍流涡黏性系数;Sk为湍动能源相,J;η为相对应变参数;S为应变率;Sij为平均应变率张量;C1εC2C3εCμ为经验常数,取值为C1ε=1.44,C2=1.9,C3ε=0.9,Cμ=0.09。
CFD-DPM模型中不考虑颗粒的相互碰撞,遵循牛顿第二定律,其运动方程为[15-16]
mp d u p d t=mp u L - u p τ y+mp g ( ρ p - ρ ) ρ p+FA
τy= ρ d p 2 18 μ c d 24 C d R e
式中:mp为颗粒质量,kg;uL为流体速度,m/s;mp u L - u p τ y为流体拖曳力,N;mp g ( ρ p - ρ ) ρ p为重力与浮力的合力;FA为附加力,包括虚拟质量力、压力梯度力和Saffman升力,N;dp为固体颗粒直径,m;μcd为连续相动力黏度,Pa·s;Cd为曳力系数;Re为相对雷诺数;up为颗粒的速度;τy为颗粒弛豫时间;ρp为颗粒的密度。
采用基于颗粒碰撞角度的冲蚀模型来预测冲蚀速率,其表达式为
Rerosion= f = 1 N p a r t i c l e s m f C ( d p ) f ( α ) v p b ( v p ) A f
式(12)中:Nparticles为颗粒个数;mf为颗粒质量流量,kg/s;C(dp)为颗粒粒径函数;α为颗粒与壁面的撞击角;f(α)为颗粒撞击角函数,当α为0°、20°、30°、45°、90°时,f(α)的取值分别为0、0.8、1.0、0.5、0.4;b(vp)为颗粒相对速度函数;Af为壁面面积,m2
颗粒与壁面碰撞后会发生能量损失与转移,分为法向恢复系数en和切向恢复系数eτ,可分别表示为[17]
en=0.993-0.030 7θ+4.75×10-4θ2-2.61×10-6θ3
eτ=0.998-0.029θ+6.43×10-4θ2-3.56×10-6θ3
式中:θ为固相颗粒冲击角
所研究的弯管模型(L=5D)如图1所示,管道直径D为76.2 mm,弯管中间段长度为L。弯管模型由弯管前后的竖直管、两弯管中间的水平连接管和两个弯管组成,前后两弯管的弧度α1α2均为90°,为保证进入弯管前流动充分发展,上游弯管前长度设置为10D,弯管曲率半径R=1.5D
将模型进行六面体网格划分,并对管壁边界层进行细化处理,最终划分出的网格模型(L=5D)如图2所示。对网格进行无关性验证,由图3可知,当网格数量达到425 698后,最大冲蚀速率趋于平稳,满足网格无关性要求,且网格质量均大于0.85。
在进行冲刷腐蚀数值模拟中采用DPM模型,其中连续相为甲烷,密度0.667 9 kg/m3,黏度1.08×10-5 Pa·s;离散相为沙粒,密度2 650 kg/m3,粒径300 μm,质量流量0.2 kg/s,考虑连续相和离散相的双向耦合作用。入口条件采用速度入口,流速20 m/s,出口为大气压压力出口,壁面为无滑移边界。离散相设置从入口表面垂直入射,入口和出口采用Escape条件,壁面采用Reflect条件。压力速度耦合采用SIMPLE算法,压力项、动能项、对流项和扩散项均采用二阶迎风离散格式。
图4为4个不同中间段长度(1D、5D、10D、15D)上游弯管的冲蚀速率云图,可以看出,随着中间段长度的增大,上游弯管的冲蚀形貌无明显变化,均呈现V字形,且最大腐蚀速率出现在V字底端,这与多数研究保持一致[18-19]
产生V字形的冲蚀形貌与颗粒对壁面的撞击有关,颗粒集中撞击的部位更容易发生冲蚀。图5(a)为中间长度1D和10D上游弯管处颗粒的速度轨迹图。可以看出,颗粒随着天然气流在直管道的运动方向几乎与管道平行,颗粒与管道未发生明显的碰撞和摩擦,因此直管段的冲蚀速率较低。在颗粒进入弯管后,由于流动方向改变,首先在弯管入口处与管壁发生第一次碰撞,随后经过反弹大量的颗粒汇集于矩形区域与壁面发生二次碰撞,且此次碰撞较为集中(图中矩形区域),造成了V字底部较大的冲蚀速率。在集中碰撞后,颗粒主要分散为左右两股向前运动, 形成V字冲蚀形貌。通过观察还可得到分成的两股颗粒流速一直较低,说明分散的颗粒在此过程中一直与壁面产生的作用为摩擦而非撞击。由于不同中间段长度对上游弯管的流动影响较低,因此上游弯管的冲蚀形貌不随中间管道长度的增加而变化。
图6为不同中间段长度下游弯管的冲蚀速率云图,可以看出,中间段长度为1D的下游弯管腐蚀云图覆盖面积相比于上游弯管较大,呈三角形。随着中间段长度的逐渐增加,下游弯管的腐蚀形貌图越来越接近于上游弯管,即从三角形逐步转化为清晰的V字形。通过下游弯管的颗粒速度轨迹图同样可以分析出此变化趋势,对于中间段长度较短的管路而言,颗粒与上游弯管剧烈碰撞后,运动方向发生较大变化,相比进入上游弯管前较混乱地进入下游弯管,即此时的流动还未充分发展,颗粒会以不同角度与下游弯管发生第一次碰撞,由于撞击角度不同,撞击后各颗粒与下游弯管的第二次撞击点分散在较大的一片区域内,如图5(b)左图椭圆区所示。随着中间管道长度增大,流体经过上游弯管后逐步恢复为充分发展流,颗粒轨迹与流动方向逐步恢复与管道平行,颗粒二次撞击的部位也越发集中于较小的面积上,如图5(b)右图椭圆区所示。值得注意的是,即使流动状态逐步与上游弯管接近,颗粒在下游弯管的碰撞集中区域面积仍然比上游弯管大,这意味着上游弯管对流动状态带来的影响无法避免。
为了研究弯管最大冲蚀率处于的具体位置,将不同中间段长度两个弯管最大冲蚀速率所处角度进行统计,绘制最大冲蚀速率所处角度分布图,如图7所示。可以看出,不论中间段为何种长度,上游弯管的最大冲蚀所处角度均约为49°,与此相比,下游弯管的最大冲蚀速率所处角度均大于上游弯管,且平均相差5°~8°。
图8为中间长度为15D的颗粒速度轨迹图。可以看出,颗粒在经过上游弯管时会集中撞击于弯管49°上下的区域,在此次撞击过后,颗粒随着主体流体流向中间直管段,并逐步分散于整个直管段。在直管段中颗粒的主体运动方向与重力方向约呈90°,则重力对颗粒运动方向的影响逐步显现,直观表现为颗粒不是随着管道平行运动,而是与管道呈一个向下的倾角φ。因此当颗粒经过长直管段进入下游弯管时,主要冲击部位相比上游弯管靠后,导致最大冲蚀速率所处角度较大。
图9为不同中间段长度,上游与下游弯管的最大冲蚀速率变化图。可以看出,上游弯管由于处于变量(中间段长度)前,其冲蚀速率与冲蚀形貌的变化规律类似,均不随中间段长度的增加而产生明显变化,保持在4.6×10-7~4.8×10-7 kg/(m2·s)。下游弯管的最大冲蚀速率随着中间段长度的增加呈现减小后增大的变化趋势,且始终小于上游弯管。在中间段长度较小时,上游弯管处的最大冲蚀速率相差较为悬殊,中间段长度为2D的最大冲蚀速率仅为1D的54.6%。
同一种类型的颗粒对管壁冲蚀的严重程度与多方面因素相关,其中占主导的有:颗粒撞击壁面的速度、角度和次数。同一尺寸的颗粒速度越大,说明颗粒所携带的动能越大,与管壁发生撞击后给壁面带来的损伤越大,而固体颗粒的质量相对于整个流体介质而言占比较小,因此流体流速对壁面的冲蚀有较强影响。
图10为中间长度为1D和10D的管道压力分布云图,可以看出,整个管段气流压力随流动方向逐渐降低,在直管段压力均匀分布,但在弯管处均呈现外拱侧压力大于內拱侧。
图11为不同中间段长度管道中间轴对称面以及下游弯管处不同角度切片的流体速度分布图。流体从竖直管段流入到进入弯管前,流体速度逐渐平稳增加,在经过上游弯管的过程中,外拱侧压力大于內拱侧,內拱侧流体受到外拱侧和后续流体(离心力与惯性力)的共同作用,內拱侧为最大流速的集中区,且外拱侧的流速远小于內拱侧。
对于中间长度为1D的管道,流体在上游弯管与中间直管段连接处的內拱侧有一明显的低速区,说明此处产生了较为复杂的二次流。这是因为此区域流体流动方向是逆压力梯度的,导致边界层分离而形成回流,进一步发展为二次流。此后流体经过较短的中间管段,进入下游弯管,在下游弯管外拱侧60°~90°区间有明显的低速区,说明此处颗粒速度同样较小;中间长度为2D的管道下游弯管处低速区增大,覆盖区间为45°~90°;而随着中间管道长度逐渐增加,流体逐步充分发展,中间管段靠上部位为流体的高速区,下游弯管外拱侧低速区的面积及区间逐渐减少,腐蚀速率逐渐增大。
图12为中间段长度为1D和2D管道中颗粒速度随其运动距离的变化图。可以看出,颗粒在进入上游弯管前,速度随气流缓慢增加,在进入弯管后发生两次碰撞,对应于图12中第一个矩形框中两次速度的急剧降低。离开上游弯管后,颗粒速度还未恢复就立刻进入下游弯管,通过观察图12中第二个矩形框可知,中间段长度为1D的管道内颗粒在下游弯管处发生4次明显碰撞,而中间段长度为2D的管道内颗粒仅发生了两次明显碰撞。因此可以解释流体在中间段长度为1D和2D中均未充分发展,但冲蚀速率相差如此悬殊的原因,也说明中间段长度较短的管道进行腐蚀预测有较大的不确定性。
图13为中间段长度15D管道中两种典型颗粒速度随运动距离的变化图,此中间段长度可看作流体已经进入或接近充分发展。与图12展示的颗粒类似,两种颗粒在上游弯管处无明显区别,均经过两次碰撞后流入中间管路。但在流出上游弯管进入中间管路后,两种颗粒的运动轨迹产生明显区别,颗粒1在中间管路随着气流向前运动且速度逐渐增加,进入下游弯管后同样经历两次碰撞流出管道,此颗粒的运动轨迹与理论预测相符。而颗粒2由于在上游弯管与壁面的碰撞点和碰撞角度不同,加上重力作用,在中间管道中的运动轨迹更加向下倾斜,最终与下壁面发生碰撞(图13中椭圆区域)后进入下游弯管,因部分颗粒的运动轨迹与颗粒2类似,所以连接管后半段下部会产生一定的冲刷腐蚀。
基于CFD-DPM模型,对不同中间段长度的串联弯管进行数值模拟,分析了天然气流和颗粒在管道中的运动特征,对两个弯管的腐蚀形貌、冲蚀所处角度及冲蚀速率进行计算与预测,得出以下结论。
(1)不同中间段长度下,上游弯管的腐蚀形貌无较大差异,由于颗粒在弯管处的运动轨迹较为特殊,其整体腐蚀形貌均呈为V字形。而下游弯管的腐蚀形貌在中间段长度较小时呈现为三角形。随着中间段长度的不断增加,下游弯管的腐蚀形貌会逐渐变化为与上游弯管类似的V字形。
(2)由于重力对颗粒产生的影响,上游弯管主要最大冲蚀点所处角度平均为49°,下游弯管相比上游弯管后移5°~8°。因此,两个弯管最容易发生失效的部位有所差异,建议在实际工程中,对两个弯管需要重点检查和防护的区域有所区分。
(3)上游弯管的最大冲蚀速率受中间段长度的影响较弱,而下游弯管的最大冲蚀速率随着中间段长度的增加呈现出先减小后增大的变化规律,但下游弯管的最大冲蚀速率均小于上游弯管。在中间段长度较小时,管内流动尚未充分发展,由于固体颗粒与壁面碰撞次数存在差异,上游弯管处的最大冲蚀速率相差较为悬殊,中间段长度为2D的最大冲蚀速率仅为1D的54.6%。上游弯管受到的冲刷腐蚀整体大于下游弯管,因此建议将上游弯管作为检查与防护的重点;在工程允许的情况下,尽量选择2D~10D的中间段长度,以此减少下游弯管的冲蚀速率,延长弯管的服役年限。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62173049)
  • 油气钻采工程湖北省重点实验室开放基金(YQZC202210)
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2025年第25卷第16期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403841
  • 接收时间:2024-05-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-06-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-23
  • 修回日期:2025-03-03
基金
国家自然科学基金(62173049)
油气钻采工程湖北省重点实验室开放基金(YQZC202210)
作者信息
    1 长江大学油气钻采工程湖北省重点实验室, 武汉 430100
    2 中国石油天然气集团公司气举试验基地多相流研究室,武汉 430100
    3 长江大学石油工程学院, 油气钻完井技术国家工程研究中心, 武汉 430100

通讯作者:

* 刘凯(1986—),男,汉族,湖北鄂州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:油气管道腐蚀。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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