Article(id=1149768568440533982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406677, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725465600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-05, revisedDate=1742745600000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055788382, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1749312000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055788382, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055788382, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055788382, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768563956826506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='16', pageStart='6587', pageEnd='7021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055787314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456850262, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6682, endPage=6689, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768568667026399, articleId=1149768568440533982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Spatial Heterogeneity and Fertility Evaluation of Soil Nutrients in Main Potato Producing Areas, columnId=1156262738117649382, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Agricultural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The spatial variation characteristics of soil fertility in potato growing area were clarified to provide theoretical basis for soil precise fertilization and fertilizer management in the study area. Taking Keshan Farm in Heilongjiang Province as the study area, 100 sample points were selected in the potato growing area, and soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium were selected as the indicators to evaluate soil fertility. Geostatistics and geographic information system(GIS) were combined to analyze the spatial variation characteristics of soil nutrients, and soil comprehensive evaluation method was used to evaluate soil fertility in the study area. Results show that the soil is weakly acidic and the pH variation coefficient is small. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium are at medium and high levels, belonging to moderate intensity variation. Soil pH is a moderate spatial autocorrelation, and the spatial autocorrelation of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium is weak. The spatial accumulation of organic matter and total nitrogen is significant. The spatial variation of soil nutrients in the study area is obvious, showing an east-west direction, and the content of soil nutrients in the middle of the study area is relatively low. The soil fertility in the study area is above the medium level, and the area with good fertility accounts for 72% of the total area. The soil fertility of Keshan farm is good, which can meet the needs of potato growth. Human factors are the main factors affecting soil nutrient content.

, correspAuthors=Zhong-jun LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ting WANG, Zhong-jun LU, Rui XIN, Nan HUANG, Ke-bao LIU, Bin FU, Yan-xia LIU, Jing NING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149768573243011073, articleId=1149768568440533982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=马铃薯主产区土壤养分空间异质性及其肥力评价, columnId=1156262738235089896, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·农业科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

明确马铃薯种植区土壤肥力空间变异特征,为研究区马铃薯土壤精准施肥和培肥管理提供理论依据。以黑龙江省克山农场为研究区,在马铃薯种植区采取100个样点,选取土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾作为评价土壤肥力的指标,采用地统计学和地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)相结合,分析土壤养分的空间变异特征,并利用土壤肥力综合评价法评价研究区土壤肥力。结果表明:土壤呈弱酸性,pH变异系数小;有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的含量处于中高水平,属于中等强度变异。土壤pH属于中等强度空间自相关,有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的空间自先关较弱。有机质和全氮的空间聚集性显著。研究区土壤养分空间变化特征明显,呈东西方向变化,中部土壤养分含量相对偏低。研究区土壤肥力处于中等以上水平,肥力良好的面积占总面积的72%。克山农场土壤肥力良好,满足马铃薯生长需求。人为因素是影响土壤养分含量的主要因素。

, correspAuthors=陆忠军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陆忠军(1975—),男,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士,研究员。研究方向:农业遥感。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=xhXaG6E8s1CMqlNan2nVaQ==, magXml=GbfjZ8TQ0FLVmhgrh6HHTg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=zuK0E/LrvXrYndeNJJq2+g==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/NUYepxthrZLORbQ5r/FsQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王婷(1995—),女,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士,研究实习员。研究方向:土地生态。E-mail:

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王婷(1995—),女,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士,研究实习员。研究方向:土地生态。E-mail:

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王婷(1995—),女,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士,研究实习员。研究方向:土地生态。E-mail:

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基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2024)0650号的标准地图制作,底图无修改

, figureFileSmall=GxoVcY5h25LMz7xViS/kiA==, figureFileBig=WgkjKUQP1C/HB2Qu9E9/Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178019274250666359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768568440533982, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Spatial distribution of soil nutrients, figureFileSmall=X0K6lQ/1MM553YCrZ3ko+Q==, figureFileBig=o/mb7WesG1t9HoTcD/PXTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178019274313580920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768568440533982, language=CN, label=图2, caption=土壤养分空间分布, figureFileSmall=X0K6lQ/1MM553YCrZ3ko+Q==, figureFileBig=o/mb7WesG1t9HoTcD/PXTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178019274389078393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768568440533982, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Spatial distribution of soil fertility levels, figureFileSmall=XwV61OAf4y5p+rxEEHitDQ==, figureFileBig=LEDfznSNJtXf54BdgPd+UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178019274464575866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768568440533982, language=CN, label=图3, caption=土壤肥力等级空间分布, figureFileSmall=XwV61OAf4y5p+rxEEHitDQ==, figureFileBig=LEDfznSNJtXf54BdgPd+UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178019274535879035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768568440533982, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Weights of evaluation indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 pH 有机质/
(g·kg-1)
全氮/
(g·kg-1)
全磷/
(g·kg-1)
全钾/
(g·kg-1)
相关系数
平均值
0.30 0.31 0.24 0.42 0.18
权重 0.21 0.22 0.17 0.29 0.12
), ArticleFig(id=1178019274615570812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768568440533982, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

评价指标权重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 pH 有机质/
(g·kg-1)
全氮/
(g·kg-1)
全磷/
(g·kg-1)
全钾/
(g·kg-1)
相关系数
平均值
0.30 0.31 0.24 0.42 0.18
权重 0.21 0.22 0.17 0.29 0.12
), ArticleFig(id=1178019274674291069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768568440533982, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Soil fertility classification standards in Northeast China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 土壤肥力分级
较高 较低
pH 6.0~7.5 5.5~6.0 5.0~5.5 4.5~5.0 <4.5
有机质含量/
(g·kg-1)
>40 30~40 20~30 10~20 <10
全氮含量/
(g·kg-1)
>2.5 1.5~2.5 1~1.5 0.5~1 <0.5
全磷含量/
(g·kg-1)
>1 0.8~1 0.6~0.8 0.5~0.6 <0.5
全钾含量/
(g·kg-1)
>25 20~25 15~20 10~15 <10
), ArticleFig(id=1178019274749788542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768568440533982, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

东北地区土壤肥力分级标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 土壤肥力分级
较高 较低
pH 6.0~7.5 5.5~6.0 5.0~5.5 4.5~5.0 <4.5
有机质含量/
(g·kg-1)
>40 30~40 20~30 10~20 <10
全氮含量/
(g·kg-1)
>2.5 1.5~2.5 1~1.5 0.5~1 <0.5
全磷含量/
(g·kg-1)
>1 0.8~1 0.6~0.8 0.5~0.6 <0.5
全钾含量/
(g·kg-1)
>25 20~25 15~20 10~15 <10
), ArticleFig(id=1178019274812703103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768568440533982, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Turning points of indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 pH 全氮含量/
(g·kg-1)
有机质含量/
(g·kg-1)
全磷含量/
(g·kg-1)
全钾含量/
(g·kg-1)
x1 5.5 1.0 20 0.8 15
x2 6.5 2.5 50 1.0 20
x3 7.0
x4 7.5
), ArticleFig(id=1178019274896589184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768568440533982, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各指标转折点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 pH 全氮含量/
(g·kg-1)
有机质含量/
(g·kg-1)
全磷含量/
(g·kg-1)
全钾含量/
(g·kg-1)
x1 5.5 1.0 20 0.8 15
x2 6.5 2.5 50 1.0 20
x3 7.0
x4 7.5
), ArticleFig(id=1178019275026612609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768568440533982, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Descriptive characteristics of soil nutrients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 样点数 最小值 最大值 均值 标准差 偏度 峰度 变异系数/% 分布类型
pH 100 5.25 6.59 5.84 0.27 -0.04 0.32 4.58 正态分布
有机 100 27.97 g/kg 58.37 g/kg 41.81 g/kg 6.75 -0.01 -0.51 16.13 正态分布
全氮 100 0.97 g/kg 2.84 g/kg 1.86 g/kg 0.33 0.02 0.56 17.67 正态分布
全磷 100 0.72 g/kg 1.33 g/kg 0.98 g/kg 0.13 0.36 -0.05 13.42 对数正态
全钾 100 13.78 g/kg 22.53 g/kg 18.34 g/kg 2.51 -0.18 -1.35 13.69 正态分布
), ArticleFig(id=1178019275110498690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768568440533982, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

土壤养分描述性特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 样点数 最小值 最大值 均值 标准差 偏度 峰度 变异系数/% 分布类型
pH 100 5.25 6.59 5.84 0.27 -0.04 0.32 4.58 正态分布
有机 100 27.97 g/kg 58.37 g/kg 41.81 g/kg 6.75 -0.01 -0.51 16.13 正态分布
全氮 100 0.97 g/kg 2.84 g/kg 1.86 g/kg 0.33 0.02 0.56 17.67 正态分布
全磷 100 0.72 g/kg 1.33 g/kg 0.98 g/kg 0.13 0.36 -0.05 13.42 对数正态
全钾 100 13.78 g/kg 22.53 g/kg 18.34 g/kg 2.51 -0.18 -1.35 13.69 正态分布
), ArticleFig(id=1178019275311825283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768568440533982, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Semi-variance function model of soil nutrients and related parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 模型 块金值
C0
基台值
(C0 +C)
块金效应
[C0 /(C0 +C)]/%
变程/m 决定系数R2 Moran's I Z
pH 指数模型 0.010 0.057 72.6 0.54 0.706 0. 036 0.713
有机质 球状模型 4.700 36.450 87.1 0.24 0.497 0.076 2.615
全氮 球状模型 0.004 0.079 94.4 0.23 0.482 0.166 2.711
全磷 球状模型 0.001 0.013 93.4 0.15 0.402 0.065 1.153
全钾 指数模型 0.002 0.017 88.0 0.24 0.523 0.024 0.209
), ArticleFig(id=1178019275458625924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768568440533982, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

土壤养分半方差函数模型及相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 模型 块金值
C0
基台值
(C0 +C)
块金效应
[C0 /(C0 +C)]/%
变程/m 决定系数R2 Moran's I Z
pH 指数模型 0.010 0.057 72.6 0.54 0.706 0. 036 0.713
有机质 球状模型 4.700 36.450 87.1 0.24 0.497 0.076 2.615
全氮 球状模型 0.004 0.079 94.4 0.23 0.482 0.166 2.711
全磷 球状模型 0.001 0.013 93.4 0.15 0.402 0.065 1.153
全钾 指数模型 0.002 0.017 88.0 0.24 0.523 0.024 0.209
), ArticleFig(id=1178019275664146821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768568440533982, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Correlation coefficients of soil nutrients with topography and environmental factor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 水平曲率 坡面曲率 坡向 坡度/(°) 海拔/m 村庄距离/m 道路距离/m
pH 0.093 0.096 0.136 -0.274** -0.116 0.085 0.112
有机质 -0.119 0.074 -0.011 0.022 -0.037 -0.258* 0.283
全氮 -0.060 0.244* -0.040 -0.039 0.128 -0.168* -0.152
全磷 0.039 -0.047 -0.103 0.138 0.135 0.214 0.124*
全钾 -0.072 -0.096 0.062 -0.043 -0.001 0.144 0.210
), ArticleFig(id=1178019275764810118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768568440533982, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

土壤养分与地形及环境因子的相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 水平曲率 坡面曲率 坡向 坡度/(°) 海拔/m 村庄距离/m 道路距离/m
pH 0.093 0.096 0.136 -0.274** -0.116 0.085 0.112
有机质 -0.119 0.074 -0.011 0.022 -0.037 -0.258* 0.283
全氮 -0.060 0.244* -0.040 -0.039 0.128 -0.168* -0.152
全磷 0.039 -0.047 -0.103 0.138 0.135 0.214 0.124*
全钾 -0.072 -0.096 0.062 -0.043 -0.001 0.144 0.210
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马铃薯主产区土壤养分空间异质性及其肥力评价
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王婷 1 , 陆忠军 1, * , 辛蕊 1 , 黄楠 1 , 刘克宝 1 , 付斌 1 , 刘艳霞 1 , 宁静 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·农业科学 2025,25(16): 6682-6689
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·农业科学 2025, 25(16): 6682-6689
马铃薯主产区土壤养分空间异质性及其肥力评价
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王婷1 , 陆忠军1, * , 辛蕊1, 黄楠1, 刘克宝1, 付斌1, 刘艳霞1, 宁静2
作者信息
  • 1 黑龙江省农业科学院农业遥感与信息研究所, 哈尔滨 150086
  • 2 东北农业大学公共管理与法学院, 哈尔滨 150030
  • 王婷(1995—),女,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士,研究实习员。研究方向:土地生态。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陆忠军(1975—),男,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士,研究员。研究方向:农业遥感。E-mail:
Spatial Heterogeneity and Fertility Evaluation of Soil Nutrients in Main Potato Producing Areas
Ting WANG1 , Zhong-jun LU1, * , Rui XIN1, Nan HUANG1, Ke-bao LIU1, Bin FU1, Yan-xia LIU1, Jing NING2
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and information, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
  • 2 School of Public Administration and Law, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
出版时间: 2025-06-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406677
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明确马铃薯种植区土壤肥力空间变异特征,为研究区马铃薯土壤精准施肥和培肥管理提供理论依据。以黑龙江省克山农场为研究区,在马铃薯种植区采取100个样点,选取土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾作为评价土壤肥力的指标,采用地统计学和地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)相结合,分析土壤养分的空间变异特征,并利用土壤肥力综合评价法评价研究区土壤肥力。结果表明:土壤呈弱酸性,pH变异系数小;有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的含量处于中高水平,属于中等强度变异。土壤pH属于中等强度空间自相关,有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的空间自先关较弱。有机质和全氮的空间聚集性显著。研究区土壤养分空间变化特征明显,呈东西方向变化,中部土壤养分含量相对偏低。研究区土壤肥力处于中等以上水平,肥力良好的面积占总面积的72%。克山农场土壤肥力良好,满足马铃薯生长需求。人为因素是影响土壤养分含量的主要因素。

土壤养分  /  空间变异  /  地统计  /  土壤肥力综合评价

The spatial variation characteristics of soil fertility in potato growing area were clarified to provide theoretical basis for soil precise fertilization and fertilizer management in the study area. Taking Keshan Farm in Heilongjiang Province as the study area, 100 sample points were selected in the potato growing area, and soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium were selected as the indicators to evaluate soil fertility. Geostatistics and geographic information system(GIS) were combined to analyze the spatial variation characteristics of soil nutrients, and soil comprehensive evaluation method was used to evaluate soil fertility in the study area. Results show that the soil is weakly acidic and the pH variation coefficient is small. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium are at medium and high levels, belonging to moderate intensity variation. Soil pH is a moderate spatial autocorrelation, and the spatial autocorrelation of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium is weak. The spatial accumulation of organic matter and total nitrogen is significant. The spatial variation of soil nutrients in the study area is obvious, showing an east-west direction, and the content of soil nutrients in the middle of the study area is relatively low. The soil fertility in the study area is above the medium level, and the area with good fertility accounts for 72% of the total area. The soil fertility of Keshan farm is good, which can meet the needs of potato growth. Human factors are the main factors affecting soil nutrient content.

soil nutrients  /  spatial variation  /  geographical statistics  /  comprehensive evaluation of soil fertility
王婷, 陆忠军, 辛蕊, 黄楠, 刘克宝, 付斌, 刘艳霞, 宁静. 马铃薯主产区土壤养分空间异质性及其肥力评价. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (16) : 6682 -6689 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406677
Ting WANG, Zhong-jun LU, Rui XIN, Nan HUANG, Ke-bao LIU, Bin FU, Yan-xia LIU, Jing NING. Spatial Heterogeneity and Fertility Evaluation of Soil Nutrients in Main Potato Producing Areas[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (16) : 6682 -6689 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406677
土壤有机质和氮磷钾是植物生长必要的营养元素,是评价土壤肥力的重要指标。近年来,中国土壤退化问题突显,导致土壤养分失衡。因此,明确土壤养分现状和评价土壤肥力能为合理种植、精准施肥以及合理开发利用土壤资源提供理论依据。了解耕地土壤肥力现状,对改善农田管理和提高农作物产量有重要意义,是实现耕地可持续利用和保障粮食安全的重要途径。土壤受自然因素和人为因素的综合作用,空间变异性较强。地统计学和空间插值弥补了经典统计学空间上的缺陷,被广泛应用在土壤养分空间变异特征的研究中。
近年来,学者们结合遥感和地统计学探究各个尺度的土壤养分空间变异特征,是土壤学研究热点。徐新朋等[1]采用传统统计学和地统计相结合,研究了吉林省中部玉米种植区耕地表层土壤养分空间变异特征。谢珊等[2]分析了贵州典型茶园的土壤剖面酸度和养分特征。赵明松等[3]运用地统计学分析县域丘陵区土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和有效钾的空间变异特征及地形因素、土壤质地的土壤类型对土壤养分空间变异的影响。历彦玲等[4]采用地统计学分析土壤养分空间分异特征,对比分析了普通克里金、泛克里金、反距离权重等多种插值方法在土壤养分空间预测的自适应性。贾鲁净等[5]采用地统计学探究土壤养分空间变异特征,并通过单因素分析、冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)排序图等方式分析土壤类型、地形及人为因素对土壤养分含量的影响。土壤肥力评价是农作物培肥管理的基础。目前,土壤肥力评价方法趋于综合化和多样化[6-7],包括主成分-聚类综合分析[8]、内梅罗指数法[9]和基于权重综合评价法[10-11]等。土壤肥力综合肥力指数将单因素评价结果转换成综合评价结果,能够更好地反映土壤肥力的高低。龙泽东等[12]运用模糊综合评价法计算湖南省土壤肥力综合指数并通过随机森林分析土壤肥力的主控因素。王远鹏等[13]采用地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)与地统计相结合分析东北稻田土壤土壤肥力指标的空间分布规律和主控因子。苏欣悦等[14]运用土壤肥力综合评价法和克里金插值评价烟田耕层土壤肥力及其空间变异特征。
综上可知,前人针对粮食作物产区土壤肥力评价的研究主要集中在稻田、烟田和玉米等,但是关于马铃薯主产区的土壤肥力研究较少。黑土区近年来土壤肥力下降,农田土壤退化问题突显。克山农场位于典型黑土区,是重要粮食产区,是马铃薯主产区之一。鉴于此,以克山农场为研究区,基于地统计学和GIS,运用土壤肥力综合评价法,探究土壤养分的空间分异特征及影响因素,并评价研究区土壤肥力水平。为克山农场精准施肥和土壤改良提供数据参考,以期为马铃薯种植区土壤可持续发展提供科学依据。
克山农场(图1)隶属于黑龙江省农垦总局齐齐哈尔分局,地理坐标为(125°07'40″E~125°37'30″E,48°11'15″N~48°24'07″N),位于黑龙江垦区西部,地处小兴安岭西麓,克山县与讷河市交界处。研究区土地总面积为351.33 km2,耕地面积291.10 km2。农场属于温凉性气候,年平均气温1.3 ℃,降水主要集中在6~8月,年平均降水量503 mm,全年无霜期120 d。海拔在185~348 m,地势东高西低。地貌类型为漫岗丘陵主,土壤类型主要为黑土。研究区主要经济作物为大豆、玉米、马铃薯,其中马铃薯种植面积31.13 km2,平均亩产2.5 t,是黑龙江省马铃薯主产区之一,被誉为马铃薯之乡。
基于克山农场种植结构及样点分布的均匀性,于2023年10月在马铃薯种植区共采集100个土壤样点。利用全球卫星定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)定位,通过五点法在0~20 cm的耕层采集,充分混合去除杂质后,按四分法留取约1 g样本,并记录采样点地理位置信息。样品经过自然风干,去除异物和杂质后过筛,用于土壤理化性质测定。依据科学性、代表性和可获取性等原则,选取土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾作为评价研究区土壤肥力指标[15]。土壤pH采用电位计法测定,有机质含量采用重铬酸钾氧化法才测定,全氮含量采用半微量凯氏定氮法,全磷含量采用氢氧化钠熔融-钼锑抗比色法测定,全钾含量采用氢氧化钠熔融-火焰光度计法测定[16]
土壤养分含量具有随机性和结构性,半变异方差函数模型是描述其空间变异程度的有效方法[17],可表示为
$\gamma(h)=\frac{1}{2 N(h)} \sum_{i=1}^{N(h)}\left[z\left(x_{i}\right)-z\left(x_{i}+h\right)\right]^{2}$
式(1)中: γ ( h )为间隔为h的半方差函数值;h为间隔距离,又称为步长; N ( h )为间隔为h时的样点总数; z ( x i ) z ( x i + h )分别为 z ( x )在空间位置xixi+h处的实际测量值。
全局Moran's I用来揭示研究变量的空间自相关程度[18],可表示为
I = 1 i = 1 n j = 1 n w i j i = 1 n j = 1 n ( x i - x - ) ( x j - x - ) 1 n i = 1 n ( x i - x - )
式(2)中:xixj分别为在ij处的测量值,g/kg; x -为平均数;wij为空间权重矩阵;n为样本个数。
全局Moran's I的值在-1~1,大于0表示正相关,小于0表示负相关。|Moran's I|越接近于1,空间相关性越强。利用标准化后的Z检验相关显著性,其绝对值大于2.58,表示空间相关性显著。
土壤肥力用来描述土壤支持作物的生长能力。建立完整的土壤肥力评价体系主要包括以下步骤。
(1)评价指标选取。选取土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全钾、全磷5个能反映研究区土壤肥力的指标。
(2)计算指权重。由于各指标对土壤肥力的贡献度不同,采用相关系数法确定各指标权重,计算公式为
w i = x - m e a n i x - i
式(3)中:wi为指标权重; x - m e a n为某指标与其他指标相关系数的平均值; i x - i为各指标相关系数平均值的总和。
各指标权重如表1所示。
(3)确定指标隶属度。为消除评价指标实测值不同量岗的影响,利用隶属度函数对评价指标进行标准化处理。土壤pH隶属度运用抛物线隶属度函数[式(5)]计算[19],土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、全磷隶属度均采用S型隶属度函数[式(4)]计算。
S型可表示为
f(x)= 1 - 0.9 ( x - x 3 ) ( x 4 - x 3 ) , x 3 < x < x 4 1 , x 2 < x < x 3 0.9 ( x - x 1 ) ( x 2 - x 1 ) , x 1 < x < x 2 0.1 , x x 1 ; x x 4
抛物线型可表示为
f (x) = 1 , x x 2 0.9 ( x - x 1 ) x 2 - x 1 + 0.1 , x 1 < x < x 2 0.1 , x x 1
式中:f(x)为指标隶属度;x1x2x3x4为转折点。
参考全国第二次土壤普查《全国九大农区及省级耕地质量监测指标分级标准》(GB/T 33469—2016)(表2)和文献[15],结合克山农场实际土壤养分现状,确定隶属度函数的转折点和阈值如表3所示。
(4)计算土壤肥力综合评价指数。依据模糊矩阵加乘原则,运用各指标的隶属度和权重进行加权求和计算土壤综合肥力评价指数[20],其计算公式为
I F I = i = 1 n N i W i
式(6)中:n为土壤肥力评价指标个数;NiWi分别为第i项指标的隶属度和权重值;IFI介于0~1,越接近1,土壤肥力越高。
利用Excel进行整理指标数据;土壤肥力指标的描述性统计、K-S检验和Person相关性分析在SPSS 26.0完成。正态分布检验K-S>0.05,符合正态分布,不符合正态分布需进行数据转换;半变异方差函数分析及拟合模型计算在GS + 9.0完成。运用ArcGIS 10.2进行土壤肥力指标克里金插值分析、土壤综合肥力空间特征分析及相关制图。
对研究区100个土壤样点肥力指标进行经典统计学分析,如表4所示。土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的均值分别为5.84、58.37、2.84、1.33、22.53 g/kg。参考全国第二次土壤普查东北区耕地质量检测指标分级标准,土壤呈弱酸性,有机质、全氮、全磷含量均处于较高水平,全钾含量处于中等水平。变异系数在<10%、10%~90%、>90%区间,分别表示弱变异、中等变异、强变异。土壤pH变异系数最小,为4.58%,属于弱变异。有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的变异系数分别为16.13%、17.67%、13.42%、13.69%,均属于中等变异。pH和全钾的偏度值为分别为-0.04、-0.18,其分布峰左偏。其他指标偏度为正数,分布峰右偏。经过K-S非参数检验,pH、有机质、全氮、全磷均符合正态分布,全钾经过对数转换后符合正态分布。
通过GS+ 9.0软件对各土壤肥力指标进行地统计学析,得出相关拟合参数如表5所示。依据决定系数R2大小选择最优模型,R2越接近1,拟合效果越好。有机质、全氮和全磷的理论模型为球状模型,pH和全钾的理论模型为指数模型。5个指标的决定系数均大于0.4,理论模型具有一定有效性和合理性。pH和有机质的块金值较大,说明随机误差较大;全氮、全磷、全钾的块金值较小,表示在采样范围内几乎其空间分布不受生态过程的影响。研究区有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的块金系数>75%,表明其空间变异主要受成土母质、地形等结构性因素影响,受人类活动等随机性因素影响较弱,空间自相关性较弱。土壤pH属于中等强度的空间相关性,其大小受随机因素和结构性因素影响。5种指标的变程均较小,说明其空间分布区域不具有连续性,空间自相关范围较小。全局Moran's I指数均大于0,土壤肥力指标间呈现一定程度的空间自相关,且有机质和全氮的Z大于2.56,表示空间聚集性显著。
基于对研究区土壤养分半方差函数分析,运用克里金插值进行空间分析,得出5种土壤养分的空间分布,如图2所示。 研究区土壤养分空间变化特征显著,呈东西方向变化,与地形变化存在一定的一致性。有机质含量高值区主要分布在西部地势较高区域,低值主要集中在中部。全氮的高值区主要集中在东部海拔较高区域,低值区只要分布在西南部和中部。全磷的含量呈现从西向东逐渐增加的趋势,主要原因为东部土壤沉积和侵蚀现象明显。全钾含量空间呈现斑块状分布,变化趋势不规则,高值区主要分布在东部。土壤pH整体呈弱酸性,低值区主要分布在研究区西北和东南区域。整体来看,研究区中部土壤养分含量相对偏低,可能原因中部生态稳定性差,黑土区易产生侵蚀。
地形因素是影响土壤养分理化性质的主要因素,同时随着人类对土地资源的开发和利用,人类活动对土壤养分的空间分布影像愈发显著。选取高程、坡度、坡向、剖面曲率、平面曲率、村庄距离和道路距离共7个环境因子,进一步揭示地形和人类活动等因素对土壤养分空间分异的影响(表6)。地形因素中,平面曲率、坡向和高程与土壤养分间不存在显著县相关性。全氮含量与剖面曲率呈显著正相关(P<0.05);pH与坡度呈现显著负相关(P<0.01)。全氮和有机质含量与村庄距离呈显著负相关(P<0.05),距离村庄越近,全氮和有机质的含量越高。由于村庄是人类活动的主要区域,村庄附近生产活动频繁,全氮和有机质含量在村庄附近累积。全磷含量与道路距离呈现显著正相关(P<0.05),主要交通干道附近全磷含量较低。研究表明,居民点距离、道理距离等通过影响农业生产活动,进一步对土壤养分空间分布产生影响,并影响强度越来越明显[21]
土壤肥力评价是生产管理者深入了解农业生产管理系统和土壤质量的依据。运用土壤综合肥力指数(IFI),选取pH、有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾5个指标,评价研究区土壤肥力,并通过克里金插值得出土壤肥力空间分布,如图3所示。结合东北黑土区土壤肥力划分标准和研究区实际土壤现状,将研究区土壤肥力划分为优秀(IFI>0.7)、良好(0.6<IFI0.7)、中等(IFI<0.6)3个等级[14]。研究区肥力中等面积占总面积的21%,主要集中在研究中部。有72%的面积土壤肥力良好。肥力优秀的面积占总面积的7%,呈零散分布。综上,研究区总体土壤肥力良好。土壤肥力受土壤自身养分、作物吸收能力和各因子协调程度综合影响。因此,农场可采用水肥一体、减肥减药等措施提高马铃薯产量,良种良法配套,实现马铃薯产业可持续发展。
土壤肥力是评价耕地地力,土壤质量的重要指标。土壤肥力评价中每个指标的特点和丰富度直接影响肥力水平。研究区土壤pH和全钾处于中等水平,有机质、全氮、全磷处于较高水平,土壤肥力良好,说明研究区总体土壤状况满足马铃薯生长需要。结果表明,土壤pH呈弱酸性,呈现弱变异,这与吴会军等[22]的研究结果相似,说明土壤pH空间自相关性较弱,空间不连续。因此,针对研究区西北和东南区域土壤酸性较高区域适量施加石灰来调节,增施有机肥,提升土壤肥力[23]。土壤有机质和全氮的块金效应和全局自相关Z值较高,表明两者空间聚集性显著,空间变异特征存在一定相似性,与童童等[24]的研究结果一致。 有机质和全氮是土壤养分重要指标,对粮食作物产量影响较大,是土壤稳定的关键因素[25]。针对研究区土壤有机质和全氮较低的区域,采取秸秆还田、作物轮作、有机无机配施等一系列种植措施。全磷和全钾均属于中等强度变异,全磷的含量与磷肥的施用息息相关,长期投入导致土壤中磷元素难以转化,导致土壤质量下降,不利于作物生长。全钾与全磷相比,钾元素在土壤中易流失。通过秸秆还田保护性耕种措施能有效改善土壤中钾的含量[5]。马铃薯种植区土壤肥力综合评价是马铃薯精准施肥和提升马铃薯产量的依据,其土壤肥力受土壤母质、田间管理、农户自身等综合影响。因此,研究区中部土壤肥力较低的区域,适量增加有机肥和微量元素肥料的施用。针对肥力中高区域,可适量减少肥料投入,培育耐肥性好的马铃薯品种。据实地调查,大部分马铃薯种植区化肥投入量过度,存在面源污染的风险。应基于马铃薯需肥特点,N、P、K三大元素的配方比例依据大配方、小调整的原则,合理配比,控氮、减磷、追钾,提高马铃薯产量[26]
(1)农场土壤呈弱酸性,pH变异系数小;有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的含量处于中高水平,属于中等强度变异;土壤pH属于中等强度空间自相关,有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的空间自先关较弱;有机质和全氮的空间聚集性显著。
(2)研究区土壤养分空间变化特征明显,呈东西方向变化,与地形变化存在一定的一致性,中部土壤养分含量相对偏低;居民点距离、道理距离等人为因素是影响土壤含量的主要因素。
(3)研究区整体土壤肥力良好,肥力中等面积占总面积的21%,肥力良好面积占总面积的72%。肥力优秀的面积占总面积的7%。
(4)采用地统计学分析2023年土壤肥力指标的空间变异特征,由于数据量有限,未能对土壤养分含量的变异特征进行时空序列的详尽分析。本次研究只选取5种土壤理化指标进行土壤肥力评价,忽略土壤其他理化指标和养分对土壤肥力的作用。因此,未来应从大尺度角度,多重土壤养分指标,对土壤肥力指标的空间分异性及肥力评价进行更系统、深入的研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0711803)
  • 黑龙江省“揭榜挂帅”科技攻关课题(2021ZXJ05A0501)
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2025年第25卷第16期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406677
  • 接收时间:2024-09-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-06-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-05
  • 修回日期:2025-03-24
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0711803)
黑龙江省“揭榜挂帅”科技攻关课题(2021ZXJ05A0501)
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    1 黑龙江省农业科学院农业遥感与信息研究所, 哈尔滨 150086
    2 东北农业大学公共管理与法学院, 哈尔滨 150030

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* 陆忠军(1975—),男,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士,研究员。研究方向:农业遥感。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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