Article(id=1149768567656199130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405757, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722355200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-31, revisedDate=1741881600000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055788195, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1749312000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055788195, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055788195, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055788195, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768563956826506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='16', pageStart='6587', pageEnd='7021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055787314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456850262, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6690, endPage=6697, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768567798805467, articleId=1149768567656199130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Influence Law and Prediction of Strength of Multi-source Coal-based Solid Waste Filling Body, columnId=1156264152168518571, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Compressive strength is an important index to characterize the mechanical properties of filling body. It is of great significance to ensure the safety of stope by quickly and accurately determining the compressive strength of filling body. In order to explore the influence law of the strength of multi-source coal-based solid waste filling body and accurately predict the strength of coal-based solid waste filling body to guide the safe, efficient and green mining of coal mine, the influencing factors of the compressive strength of coal-based solid waste filling body were studied by orthogonal test with coal gangue as coarse material, desulfurization gypsum, gasification slag and bottom slag as fine material, fly ash and cement as cementing agent. The grey correlation degree analysis method was used to analyze the correlation between each test factor and the compressive strength of filling body. The strength prediction of coal-based solid waste backfill at different curing ages was carried out by using 5-11-3 three-layer back propagation(BP) neural network structure. The results show that the influence of concentration, gasification slag and desulfurization gypsum content on compressive strength increases with the increase of curing age, and the influence of fly ash and bottom slag content on compressive strength increases first and then decreases with the increase of curing age. Orthogonal test combined with BP neural network can reduce the number of tests without losing generality. The correlation coefficient R of strength prediction of coal-based solid waste backfill is 0.999 87. It can be seen that high concentration and high content of gasification slag and desulfurization gypsum are of great significance for filling body requiring high strength. At the same time, orthogonal test combined with BP neural network can accurately predict the strength of filling body.

, correspAuthors=Ji-qiang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lei HAN, Ji-qiang ZHANG, Xiang HE, Qi XU, Yun-long LIU, Song-rong SU, Yu-peng QIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149768577957408908, articleId=1149768567656199130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=多源煤基固废充填体强度影响规律及预测, columnId=1156264152306930605, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·矿冶工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

抗压强度是表征充填体力学性质的重要指标,快速、精准地确定充填体抗压强度值,对于保障采场安全意义重大。为了探究多源煤基固废充填体强度影响规律,准确预测煤基固废充填体强度来指导煤矿安全、高效、绿色开采,以煤矸石为粗料,脱硫石膏、气化渣、炉底渣为细料,粉煤灰和水泥为胶凝剂。通过正交试验研究了煤基固废充填体抗压强度的影响因素,采用灰色关联度分析法分析各试验因素与充填体抗压强度之间的关联度,采用5-11-3的三层反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络结构开展不同养护龄期煤基固废充填体强度预测。结果表明:浓度、气化渣和脱硫石膏掺量对抗压强度的影响随养护龄期的增加逐渐增大,粉煤灰和炉底渣掺量对抗压强度的影响随养护龄期的增加呈先增后减。而且正交试验协同BP神经网络能减少试验次数又不失一般性,本次煤基固废充填体强度预测相关系数R为0.999 87。可见,高浓度和高掺量气化渣及脱硫石膏对于要求高强度的充填体具有重要意义,同时,正交试验协同BP神经网络可以准确预测充填体强度。

, correspAuthors=张继强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张继强(1996—),男,汉族,宁夏固原人,博士研究生。研究方向:煤基固废无害化利用与充填开采。E-mail:
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韩磊(1978—),男,汉族,河北卢龙人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:煤矿智能化和绿色开采。 E-mail:

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韩磊(1978—),男,汉族,河北卢龙人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:煤矿智能化和绿色开采。 E-mail:

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韩磊(1978—),男,汉族,河北卢龙人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:煤矿智能化和绿色开采。 E-mail:

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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768567656199130, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Drainage rate and uniaxial compressive strength of coal-based solid waste materials in different test groups, figureFileSmall=WT4+Ejhec+s1UVI5OILrIQ==, figureFileBig=eC0yduGGxTy3cjCQ8mIY5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177979030671339662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768567656199130, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同试验组煤基固废材料充填体的泌水率和单轴抗压强度, figureFileSmall=WT4+Ejhec+s1UVI5OILrIQ==, figureFileBig=eC0yduGGxTy3cjCQ8mIY5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177979030725865615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768567656199130, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of the association degree of different factors, figureFileSmall=2NEa0DJ53Lx4NOpoAvBViA==, figureFileBig=gNj04me4dCU3fd1zSPA4VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177979030797168784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768567656199130, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同因素关联程度对比

单轴抗压强度(uniaxial compression strength,UCS)

, figureFileSmall=2NEa0DJ53Lx4NOpoAvBViA==, figureFileBig=gNj04me4dCU3fd1zSPA4VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177979030876860561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768567656199130, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=3-layer BP neural network structure, figureFileSmall=rQ5qYxqfURpUFc5JScytBA==, figureFileBig=BptoEMfp3lQLRDzdfcE8Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177979030948163730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768567656199130, language=CN, label=图5, caption=3层BP神经网络结构, figureFileSmall=rQ5qYxqfURpUFc5JScytBA==, figureFileBig=BptoEMfp3lQLRDzdfcE8Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177979031011078291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768567656199130, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Predicted values and relative error results of CBSWCB intensity at different maintenance ages, figureFileSmall=LfGin9wv6dWswI19rmhXgw==, figureFileBig=jbO5Qu9gkG1tPKwT1aNkjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177979031107547284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768567656199130, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同养护龄期CBSWCB强度预测值和相对误差结果, figureFileSmall=LfGin9wv6dWswI19rmhXgw==, figureFileBig=jbO5Qu9gkG1tPKwT1aNkjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177979031237570709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768567656199130, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Error convergence curve and fitting results, figureFileSmall=/wCJskVzoyqBhcaG+rEgqA==, figureFileBig=+J6WytB7591GQ27uEAoNwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177979031283708054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768567656199130, language=CN, label=图7, caption=误差收敛曲线和拟合结果

图7(b)中,Y=T(或Y=Target)为回归模型预测拟合公式,表示模型的输出(预测值)与真实目标值(真实值)之间的理想关系;图中的输出(Y轴,标记为“输出=1×目标+0.000 72”)与目标(X轴,标记为“目标”)之间的关系是完全一致的,即输出等于目标值乘以一个比例因子(1)加上一个偏移量(0.000 72)

, figureFileSmall=/wCJskVzoyqBhcaG+rEgqA==, figureFileBig=+J6WytB7591GQ27uEAoNwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177979031329845399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768567656199130, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

L16 (45) Orthogonal test factors and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 因素
A B C D E
L1 74 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.20
L2 76 0.40 0.25 0.15 0.30
L3 78 0.50 0.30 0.20 0.40
L4 80 0.60 0.35 0.25 0.50
), ArticleFig(id=1177979031413731480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768567656199130, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

L16(45)正交试验因素和水平

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水平 因素
A B C D E
L1 74 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.20
L2 76 0.40 0.25 0.15 0.30
L3 78 0.50 0.30 0.20 0.40
L4 80 0.60 0.35 0.25 0.50
), ArticleFig(id=1177979031485034649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768567656199130, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Orthogonal experimental results of coal-based solid waste filling body L16 (45)

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组号 因素 单轴抗压强度/MPa 泌水
率/%
A B C D E 养护龄
期3 d
养护龄
期7 d
养护龄
期28 d
S1 1 1 1 1 1 0.184 0.272 0.254 1.98
S2 1 2 2 2 2 0.161 0.270 0.310 2.39
S3 1 3 3 3 3 0.188 0.361 0.350 2.42
S4 1 4 4 4 4 0.175 0.245 0.261 4.76
S5 2 1 2 3 4 0.147 0.369 0.448 2.78
S6 2 2 1 4 3 0.173 0.396 0.604 3.16
S7 2 3 4 1 2 0.193 0.345 0.411 1.22
S8 2 4 3 2 1 0.343 0.621 0.796 1.15
S9 3 1 3 4 2 0.368 0.764 0.626 1.23
S10 3 2 1 3 1 0.324 0.583 0.704 2.01
S11 3 3 4 2 4 0.276 0.571 0.433 1.49
S12 3 4 2 1 3 0.365 0.971 1.723 0.50
S13 4 1 4 2 3 0.348 0.601 0.616 4.89
S14 4 2 3 1 4 0.317 0.643 0.697 0.55
S15 4 3 2 4 1 0.454 0.809 0.839 1.08
S16 4 4 1 3 2 0.406 0.582 0.574 0.53
), ArticleFig(id=1177979031552143514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768567656199130, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

煤基固废充填体L16(45)正交实验结果

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组号 因素 单轴抗压强度/MPa 泌水
率/%
A B C D E 养护龄
期3 d
养护龄
期7 d
养护龄
期28 d
S1 1 1 1 1 1 0.184 0.272 0.254 1.98
S2 1 2 2 2 2 0.161 0.270 0.310 2.39
S3 1 3 3 3 3 0.188 0.361 0.350 2.42
S4 1 4 4 4 4 0.175 0.245 0.261 4.76
S5 2 1 2 3 4 0.147 0.369 0.448 2.78
S6 2 2 1 4 3 0.173 0.396 0.604 3.16
S7 2 3 4 1 2 0.193 0.345 0.411 1.22
S8 2 4 3 2 1 0.343 0.621 0.796 1.15
S9 3 1 3 4 2 0.368 0.764 0.626 1.23
S10 3 2 1 3 1 0.324 0.583 0.704 2.01
S11 3 3 4 2 4 0.276 0.571 0.433 1.49
S12 3 4 2 1 3 0.365 0.971 1.723 0.50
S13 4 1 4 2 3 0.348 0.601 0.616 4.89
S14 4 2 3 1 4 0.317 0.643 0.697 0.55
S15 4 3 2 4 1 0.454 0.809 0.839 1.08
S16 4 4 1 3 2 0.406 0.582 0.574 0.53
), ArticleFig(id=1177979031657001115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768567656199130, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Average relative error of prediction of number strength of neurons in different hidden layers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
神经元
数量
平均相对误差/% 相对平均
误差/%
养护龄期
3 d UCS
养护龄期
7 d UCS
养护龄期
28 d UCS
2 7.207 781 16.934 080 37.812 55 20.651 47
3 5.026 197 14.044 470 29.140 75 16.070 47
4 4.596 087 11.571 610 29.003 82 15.057 17
5 6.751 470 12.540 530 26.812 11 15.368 04
6 4.668 387 13.385 170 27.683 15 15.245 57
7 3.870 420 11.800 980 24.663 33 13.444 91
8 7.376 976 9.197 673 23.897 81 13.490 82
9 8.618 736 9.572 023 15.312 64 11.167 80
10 5.594 761 7.986 225 23.745 55 12.442 18
11 3.955 781 8.210 314 19.597 45 10.587 85
12 2.952 257 8.844 902 23.514 62 11.770 59
), ArticleFig(id=1177979031749275804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768567656199130, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同隐含层神经元个数强度预测的平均相对误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
神经元
数量
平均相对误差/% 相对平均
误差/%
养护龄期
3 d UCS
养护龄期
7 d UCS
养护龄期
28 d UCS
2 7.207 781 16.934 080 37.812 55 20.651 47
3 5.026 197 14.044 470 29.140 75 16.070 47
4 4.596 087 11.571 610 29.003 82 15.057 17
5 6.751 470 12.540 530 26.812 11 15.368 04
6 4.668 387 13.385 170 27.683 15 15.245 57
7 3.870 420 11.800 980 24.663 33 13.444 91
8 7.376 976 9.197 673 23.897 81 13.490 82
9 8.618 736 9.572 023 15.312 64 11.167 80
10 5.594 761 7.986 225 23.745 55 12.442 18
11 3.955 781 8.210 314 19.597 45 10.587 85
12 2.952 257 8.844 902 23.514 62 11.770 59
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多源煤基固废充填体强度影响规律及预测
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韩磊 1, 2 , 张继强 2, * , 何祥 2 , 许起 1 , 刘云龙 1 , 苏松嵘 1 , 秦宇鹏 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025,25(16): 6690-6697
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025, 25(16): 6690-6697
多源煤基固废充填体强度影响规律及预测
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韩磊1, 2 , 张继强2, * , 何祥2, 许起1, 刘云龙1, 苏松嵘1, 秦宇鹏1
作者信息
  • 1 山煤国际能源集团股份有限公司, 太原 030000
  • 2 安徽理工大学矿业工程学院, 淮南 232001
  • 韩磊(1978—),男,汉族,河北卢龙人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:煤矿智能化和绿色开采。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张继强(1996—),男,汉族,宁夏固原人,博士研究生。研究方向:煤基固废无害化利用与充填开采。E-mail:
Influence Law and Prediction of Strength of Multi-source Coal-based Solid Waste Filling Body
Lei HAN1, 2 , Ji-qiang ZHANG2, * , Xiang HE2, Qi XU1, Yun-long LIU1, Song-rong SU1, Yu-peng QIN1
Affiliations
  • 1 Shanxi Coal International Energy Group Co. , Ltd. , Taiyuan 030000, China
  • 2 School of Mining Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
出版时间: 2025-06-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405757
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抗压强度是表征充填体力学性质的重要指标,快速、精准地确定充填体抗压强度值,对于保障采场安全意义重大。为了探究多源煤基固废充填体强度影响规律,准确预测煤基固废充填体强度来指导煤矿安全、高效、绿色开采,以煤矸石为粗料,脱硫石膏、气化渣、炉底渣为细料,粉煤灰和水泥为胶凝剂。通过正交试验研究了煤基固废充填体抗压强度的影响因素,采用灰色关联度分析法分析各试验因素与充填体抗压强度之间的关联度,采用5-11-3的三层反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络结构开展不同养护龄期煤基固废充填体强度预测。结果表明:浓度、气化渣和脱硫石膏掺量对抗压强度的影响随养护龄期的增加逐渐增大,粉煤灰和炉底渣掺量对抗压强度的影响随养护龄期的增加呈先增后减。而且正交试验协同BP神经网络能减少试验次数又不失一般性,本次煤基固废充填体强度预测相关系数R为0.999 87。可见,高浓度和高掺量气化渣及脱硫石膏对于要求高强度的充填体具有重要意义,同时,正交试验协同BP神经网络可以准确预测充填体强度。

反向传播(BP)神经网络  /  煤基固废  /  强度预测  /  正交试验  /  充填开采

Compressive strength is an important index to characterize the mechanical properties of filling body. It is of great significance to ensure the safety of stope by quickly and accurately determining the compressive strength of filling body. In order to explore the influence law of the strength of multi-source coal-based solid waste filling body and accurately predict the strength of coal-based solid waste filling body to guide the safe, efficient and green mining of coal mine, the influencing factors of the compressive strength of coal-based solid waste filling body were studied by orthogonal test with coal gangue as coarse material, desulfurization gypsum, gasification slag and bottom slag as fine material, fly ash and cement as cementing agent. The grey correlation degree analysis method was used to analyze the correlation between each test factor and the compressive strength of filling body. The strength prediction of coal-based solid waste backfill at different curing ages was carried out by using 5-11-3 three-layer back propagation(BP) neural network structure. The results show that the influence of concentration, gasification slag and desulfurization gypsum content on compressive strength increases with the increase of curing age, and the influence of fly ash and bottom slag content on compressive strength increases first and then decreases with the increase of curing age. Orthogonal test combined with BP neural network can reduce the number of tests without losing generality. The correlation coefficient R of strength prediction of coal-based solid waste backfill is 0.999 87. It can be seen that high concentration and high content of gasification slag and desulfurization gypsum are of great significance for filling body requiring high strength. At the same time, orthogonal test combined with BP neural network can accurately predict the strength of filling body.

back propagation(BP) neural network  /  coal-based solid waste  /  strength prediction  /  orthogonal test  /  backfill mining
韩磊, 张继强, 何祥, 许起, 刘云龙, 苏松嵘, 秦宇鹏. 多源煤基固废充填体强度影响规律及预测. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (16) : 6690 -6697 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405757
Lei HAN, Ji-qiang ZHANG, Xiang HE, Qi XU, Yun-long LIU, Song-rong SU, Yu-peng QIN. Influence Law and Prediction of Strength of Multi-source Coal-based Solid Waste Filling Body[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (16) : 6690 -6697 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405757
近年来,中国煤炭产量居高不下,中国煤炭消费占比虽然在逐年降低,但是煤炭消费总量仍然逐年增大[1]。伴随大规模煤炭产能的同时是地表沉陷、煤基固废排放、水系及环境污染等生态问题,针对这些问题,越来越多的矿井采用充填采煤技术,有效解决了煤炭深加工过程中产生的煤基固废,取得了很好的社会经济效益[2-3]。煤基固废是指煤矸石、粉煤灰、脱硫石膏、煤化工废渣等煤炭开发利用过程中产生的固体废物[4]。多源煤基固废作为充填材料经过合理的配比设计形成充填体来避免采场周围岩体的变形破坏,而煤基固废充填体的抗压强度对于充填效果至关重要,对煤基固废充填体强度做到精准预测可以辅助验证充填材料力学性能[5-6]。目前,预测充填体强度主要采用经验类比法、经验公式法、物理模拟法、弹性力学分析法等多种方法,但存在科学性不足、预测结果精度低的问题[7]。和传统方法相比,反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络以其良好的非线性映射能力、自学习和自适应能力成为应用最为广泛的神经算法,众多研究在强度预测方面进行了积极探索和研究[8-10]。随着大数据和人工智能的迅速发展,煤矿充填开采领域开始引进人工智能算法来进行充填体强度预测[11-12]。文献[13]从数据拟合度、网络误差分析和预测结果方面对风积砂充填体进行强度预测,构建了基于BP神经网络模型和主成分分析-BP神经网络模型(principal component analysis-back propagation,PCA-BP)的预测模型。文献[14]采用人工智能算法,从“黑盒”角度对矿用胶凝材料的配比开发进行研究,通过正交试验及人工神经网络模型得出胶凝材料的最优配比。文献[15]通过遗传算法对BP神经网络的初始权值及阈值进行改进,建立了再生保温混凝土抗压强度预测模型,并对遗传算法-BP神经网络(genetic algorithm-back propagation,GA-BP)及BP神经网络预测模型的性能进行了对比分析。文献[16]基于正交试验,研究了粉煤灰掺量对胶结充填体强度的影响,利用BP神经网络模型分析和预测了影响规律。
正交试验协同BP神经网络能减少试验次数又不失一般性,充分利用BP神经网络具有自适应性的非线性优化的优点。现基于BP神经网络,以煤矸石为粗料,脱硫石膏、气化渣、炉底渣为细料,粉煤灰和水泥为胶凝剂,通过正交试验进行煤基固废胶结充填体抗压强度和泌水率试验,研究煤基固废充填体抗压强度的影响因素,采用灰色关联度分析法分析各试验因素与充填体抗压强度之间的关联度,采用5-11-3的三层BP神经网络进行煤基固废充填体强度预测,建立煤基固废充填体强度预测模型,并对预测结果进行评价。该模型为煤基固废资源化利用提供了智能化预测工具,有助于优化矿山充填材料配比设计,降低固废处置成本,同时为绿色矿山建设中的环境-经济协同发展提供技术支撑。
宁东能源化工基地位于宁夏中东部,2018年煤炭产量约9.155×107 t,煤化工产能2.225×107 t,火电容量1.495×107 kW,近年累计产生煤矸石、粉煤灰、脱硫石膏、气化渣和炉底渣等煤基固废超过9×107 t[17]。试验以煤矸石为粗料,气化渣、炉底渣、脱硫石膏为细料,粉煤灰和42.5号普通硅酸盐水泥为胶凝材料。其中,煤矸石来自任家庄和梅花井煤矿,粉煤灰、脱硫石膏、气化渣、炉底渣来自鸳鸯湖电厂。
通过X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)对干燥后的煤基固废充填材料进行化学成分测定,如图1所示,煤矸石的主要成分是SiO2,伴有部分硅氧基化合物,大量的SiO2保证了矸石较高的硬度和抗变形能力。粉煤灰为鸳鸯湖电厂的干排灰,主要成分是SiO2、Fe2O3和CaO,其中CaO、SiO2含量达到92.27%,促使粉煤灰中玻璃体的聚合度降低,其活性升高。气化渣主要成分为SiO2,炉底渣以SiO2、Al2O3·SiO2和Fe2O3为主,脱硫石膏主要成分是CaSO4,CaSO4·2H2O。
采用L16(45)正交试验,未做特殊说明情况下,涉及比率均为质量比。选择煤矸石和水泥质量作为不变量,水泥掺量为煤基固废总质量的5%,设置5个研究因素,分别为A(质量浓度)、B(粉煤灰:煤矸石)、C(气化细渣:煤矸石)、D(炉底渣:煤矸石)、E(脱硫石膏:煤矸石),设置4个水平梯度,如表1所示。
对大块的矸石通过小型颚式破碎机破碎,经过标准筛筛选成粒径0~5 mm的煤矸石,将材料中胶结块体破碎研磨后用0~5 mm标准筛筛选后备用。根据《普通混凝土拌合物性能试验方法标准》(GB/T 50080—2016)国家标准,按照设计方案的质量分数要求对各种煤基固废材料依次称重,将所需的水倒入已混合均匀的充填物料中,混合少量水泥,使用搅拌机搅拌30 s后,将混合胶凝材料浇铸到70.7 mm×70.7 mm×70.7 mm的标准立方体模具中,使用刮板对模具表面平整,然后将部分混合胶凝材料加入高约120 mm的有机玻璃容体中,保证测填灌面高度一致,然后用保鲜膜封严,置于室内静置24 h后量测其离析水水面和水泥浆膨胀面,离析水的高度除以原填灌浆液高度即为泌水率,并记录下来。将平整后的模具置于室内,在室内固化12 h后,待试块初步自立后,将试样从模具中取出,置于20 ℃、相对湿度90% ±5%的恒温恒湿固化箱中养护到测试时取出,根据《煤和岩石物理力学性质测定方法 第12部分:煤的坚固性系数测定方法》(GB/T 23561.12—2010),在电液伺服万能压力机(加载速率为0.05 kN/s)上完成强度测试,如图2所示。
通过L16(45)正交实验对煤基固废材料充填体的泌水率和单轴抗压强度(养护龄期3、7、28 d)进行测试,如表2所示。
图3所示,当养护龄期为3 d时,所有试验组煤基固废充填体平均强度为0.31 MPa,当养护龄期为7 d时,所有试验组煤基固废充填体平均强度达到0.61 MPa,当养护龄期为28 d时,所有试验组煤基固废充填体平均强度达到0.74 MPa,强度继续增长,但增长速度明显减小。可见养护早期煤基固废充填体的强度增长速度较大,但在养护后期,增长速度较为缓慢。
灰色关联度分析法是根据因素之间发展趋势的相似或相异程度,即“灰色关联度”来衡量因素间关联程度的一种方法。考虑到实验因素众多,煤基固废胶结是一个复杂的系统变化过程,通过灰色关联度分析其量化动态历程。通常认为关联度不小于0.8具有很好的关联度,介于0.6~0.8具有较好的关联度,关联度小于0.5时内部因素基本无关联度[18]。具体步骤如下。
步骤1 确定参考数列和比较数列。
反映煤基固废充填体强度特征的数据序列,称为参考数列。影响煤基固废充填体强度特征的因素组成的数据序列,称比较数列。以不同养护龄期(3、7、28 d)的抗压强度为参考数列 x 0 ,5个影响因素为比较数列 x i ,分别为 x 1 ( A ) x 2 ( B ) x 3 ( C ) x 4 ( D ) x 5 ( E ) ,建立计算矩阵为
[x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5]= x 0 ( 1 ) x 1 ( 1 ) x 2 ( 1 ) x 3 ( 1 ) x 4 ( 1 ) x 5 ( 1 ) x 0 ( 2 ) x 1 ( 2 ) x 2 ( 2 ) x 3 ( 2 ) x 4 ( 2 ) x 5 ( 2 ) x 0 ( 16 ) x 1 ( 16 ) x 2 ( 16 ) x 3 ( 16 ) x 4 ( 16 ) x 5 ( 16 )
步骤2 对数据作无量纲化处理。
x i (k) = x i ( k ) 1 N k = 1 N x i ( k ) , i = 1,2 , 3,4 , 5 ; k = 1,2 , , 16
式(2)中:N为序列的长度(即数据点总数);k为数据点的位置索引(第k个数据);N为序列长度(即数据总量)。
步骤3 通过计算式(3)、式(4)求解灰色关联系数。
ξ i (k) = Δ ( m i n ) + ρ Δ ( m a x ) Δ i ( k ) + ρ Δ ( m a x )
式(3)中: Δ ( m i n )为全局最小差; Δ ( m a x )为全局最大差; Δ i ( k )为第i个序列与参考序列在第k个时刻的绝对差。
灰色关联系数ξi(k)通常由邓氏灰色关联度计算式(4)得出。
ξ i ( k ) = m i n i m i n k x 0 ( k ) - x i ( k ) + ρ m a x i m a x k x 0 ( k ) - x i ( k ) x 0 ( k ) - x i ( k ) + ρ m a x i m a x k x 0 ( k ) - x i ( k )
式(4)中:ρ为分辨系数,一般在0~1,通常取0.5。
步骤4 通过式(5)计算关联度。
r i = 1 N k = 1 N ξ i ( k )
式(5)中: r i为比较数列 x i对参考数列 x 0的灰关联度, r i越接近1,说明相关性越好。
通过步骤1~4对实验数据(表2)进行计算,得到不同养护龄期(3、7、28 d)煤基固废充填体抗压强度与5个实验影响因素的关联程度,并对实验影响因素的关联度按大小顺序进行排序,如图4所示。
BP神经网络是一种按照误差逆向传播算法训练的多层前馈神经网络,是目前应用最广泛的神经网络。它的基本思想是梯度下降法,利用梯度搜索技术,以期使网络的实际输出值和期望输出值的误差均方差为最小。人工神经网络无需事先确定输入输出之间映射关系的数学方程,仅通过自身的训练,学习某种规则,在给定输入值时得到最接近期望输出值的结果。
从正交试验结果可以看出,A(质量浓度)、B(粉煤灰:煤矸石)、C(气化细渣:煤矸石)、D(炉底渣:煤矸石)、E(脱硫石膏:煤矸石)都对煤基固废充填体的强度有影响,且各因素与抗压强度呈非线性关系。在测试中不可能考虑所有因素,可以基于已有试验数据构建神经网络模型,对未知数据进行预测,通过建立基于BP神经网络的充填体强度预测模型,可以克服实验测试和现场监测成本高、耗时长等弊端,为充填体的强度预测提供了一种新的方法。
以L16(45)正交实验中煤基固废材料充填体的泌水率和单轴抗压强度(养护龄期3、7、28 d)为样本构建煤基固废充填体强度预测模型,模型主体结构由输入层、隐含层、输出层组成,以因素ABCDE为输入层中的网络输入因子,将煤基固废充填体3、7、28 d抗压强度作为网络输出因子,表2中S4、S8、S12、S16组作为测试集样本,其余12 组数据作为训练集样本。隐含层中神经元的个数能够决定训练函数的收敛、训练的时长以及训练误差的大小,对于模型拟合的效果非常重要,众多学者对隐含层神经元数目的选择进行了大量研究[19],文献[20]认为隐含层神经元数m为(2a+1)时最优,也可根据式(6)进行选择。
m = ( a + b ) + k ' m = l o g 2 a m = a b
式(6)中:ab分别为输入因子数目和输出因子数目;k'为0~10的常数。
根据式(6)确定的隐含层神经元数目为2~12,以抗压强度的平均相对误差作为筛选隐含层神经元数目的依据,通过对比分析确定隐含层神经元个数,分别检查隐含层神经元个数为2~12时的网络性能,得出不同养护龄期(3、7、28 d)抗压强度的预测结果和相对误差,对每一个神经元得出的相对误差取平均值,如表3所示,对比发现相对误差随着养护龄期增加而增大,预测效果越差,当隐含层神经元数目为12时,3 d抗压强度平均相对误差最小,为2.952 257%,数目为10时,7 d抗压强度平均相对误差最小,为7.99%,数目为9时,28 d抗压强度平均相对误差最小,为15.31%。对不同养护龄期的平均相对误差取平均值,发现隐含层神经元数目为11时,相对平均误差最小,为10.59%,此时训练误差才会更趋近于目标误差,因此,采用隐含层中神经元数目为11来对充填体进行强度预测。
同时设置输入层和输出层传递函数为purelin函数,隐含层传递函数为对数S型传递函数logsig,训练函数选择traingdx函数。利用3层BP神经网络,即5-11-3,构建煤基固废充填体强度预测模型,如图5所示。
为避免出现训练时间过长无法收敛的情况,在正式建模前,需采用数据归一法对数据进行预处理,将输入或输出数据转化为区间[0,1]或[-1,1]的无量纲值,借助平均相对误差分析对预测结果的准确性进行判断。归一化采用的函数为
x ' k = x k - x m i n x m a x - x m i n
式(7)中:x'k为归一化数据;xk为原始数据;xmaxxmin分别为每组因子中的最大值与最小值,输出预测结果时,还需对数据进行反归一化。
在MATLAB软件中采用5-11-3的三层BP神经网络进行煤基固废充填体强度预测,训练迭代次数设置为1 000 步,误差目标设置为0.000 1,强度预测值和相对误差结果如图6所示。可以看出,BP神经网络预测模型仿真对不同养护龄期(3、7、28 d)的煤基固废充填体强度相对误差为0.01%~11.73%,相对误差大于5%的占比仅为8.3%。例如图6(a)中3 d抗压强度试验组号16,图6(b)中7 d抗压强度试验组号16,图6(c)中28 d抗压强度试验组号14等个别点处出现的较大误差。原因是该点附近训练样本的缺乏,其未得到充分训练,使得样本空间在此处没有真实反映网络输入与输出之间的映射关系,这点在文献[21]中也存在相似误差。虽然通过BP神经网络来预测煤基固废充填体抗压强度存在一定误差,但比较其他数学处理方法,其构建的预测模型仍具有较高的精度,而且也可以用于强度要求相似的固废充填材料配合比设计。
充填体强度的BP神经网络训练误差收敛曲线及拟合表征如图7所示。如图7(a)所示整个训练过程经过188 次训练后开始收敛,最终经过999 次训练后达到最佳训练误差0.337%,整个训练过程经过1 000 次训练后达到最佳训练误差0.011 5%。整个充填体强度预测的效果可通过拟合表征来评价,如图7(b)所示,实线代表仿真拟合曲线,虚线代表预测值与实验值相等,R为预测输出与目标输出的相关系数,R越接近1,说明预测输出与目标输出的相关性越大,预测模型的拟合程度越高,预测效果越好。可以得出本次煤基固废充填体强度预测相关系数R为0.999 87,表明本次采用BP神经网络对充填体抗压强度预测精确度高。
(1)浓度、气化渣和脱硫石膏掺量对抗压强度的影响随养护龄期的增加逐渐增大,粉煤灰和炉底渣掺量对抗压强度的影响随养护龄期的增加呈先增后减。
(2)通过5-11-3三层BP神经网络对煤基固废充填体不同养护龄期(3、7、28 d)的抗压强度进行强度预测,得出本次煤基固废充填体强度预测相关系数R为0.999 87,预测精确度较高。
  • 安徽省研究生教育质量工程项目(2023XSCX075)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(52404106)
  • 安徽省高校优秀科研创新团队项目(2024AH010009)
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(52130402)
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2025年第25卷第16期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405757
  • 接收时间:2024-07-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-06-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-31
  • 修回日期:2025-03-14
基金
安徽省研究生教育质量工程项目(2023XSCX075)
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(52404106)
安徽省高校优秀科研创新团队项目(2024AH010009)
国家自然科学基金重点项目(52130402)
作者信息
    1 山煤国际能源集团股份有限公司, 太原 030000
    2 安徽理工大学矿业工程学院, 淮南 232001

通讯作者:

* 张继强(1996—),男,汉族,宁夏固原人,博士研究生。研究方向:煤基固废无害化利用与充填开采。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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