Article(id=1149768565965898130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406995, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726675200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-19, revisedDate=1742400000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055787792, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1749312000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055787792, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055787792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055787792, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768563956826506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='16', pageStart='6587', pageEnd='7021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055787314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456850262, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6664, endPage=6673, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768566171419027, articleId=1149768565965898130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Collapse Failure Mechanism of High Cutting Slope in Red Beds under the Influence of Back-end Catchment and Freeze-thaw: A Case Study of Shejian Town, Guangyuan City, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Collapse, as a common geological hazard in China, are widely distributed, highly concealed, sudden, and pose significant risks. In southwestern China, where disaster-prone red beds are extensively distributed, high cutting slopes are highly susceptible to landslides and collapses if not promptly managed, especially under the combined effects of back-end catchment and freeze-thaw cycles. Taking the collapse at Shejian Town in Guangyuan as a case study, on-site investigations, image analysis, and formula calculations were conducted to examine the failure mechanisms of red bed high cutting slopes influenced by back-end catchment and freeze-thaw effects, aiming to provide insights for disaster prevention in infrastructure development within red bed regions. The results indicate that the unique topography and climate conditions of the study area contribute to abundant rainfall, creating a water-intensive environment due to the extensive back-end catchment in the collapse area and infiltration from irrigated farmlands. The prolonged saturation of rock masses, combined with repeated freeze-thaw cycles, significantly weakens the rock strength, reducing the tensile strengths of sandstone and mudstone to 166.12 kPa and 72.77 kPa, respectively. Both values are lower than the fracture water pressure of 174.87 kPa in the fractures of the red bed cut slope, ultimately leading to the occurrence of the collapse. Given the variations in failure modes of red bed high cutting slopes with different rock structures under the effects of back-end catchment and freeze-thaw cycles, it is recommended to enhance drainage measures during prevention efforts and to implement targeted treatments based on the identified failure modes.

, correspAuthors=Ning-sheng CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=An-hui LI, Ning-sheng CHEN, Shu-feng TIAN, Ming-yang WU, Zhi LI, Na HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149768574501306975, articleId=1149768565965898130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=后端汇水及冻融影响下红层高切坡崩塌破坏机制:以广元射箭镇场镇崩塌为例, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

崩塌作为中国常见的一种地质灾害,分布范围广,隐蔽性高、突发性强,危害性大。在易灾地层红层广泛分布的西南地区,高切坡在后端汇水和冻融作用的共同影响下,若不及时治理,极易诱发崩塌、滑坡等灾害。以广元射箭镇场镇崩塌为对象,通过现场调查、影像分析和公式计算等方法,探究后端汇水及冻融影响下红层高切坡的破坏机制,旨在为红层区域基础设施建设中的崩塌防治提供思路。结果表明:研究区特殊的地貌和气候条件带来了丰沛的降水,崩塌后端的大面积汇水区与蓄水农田的下渗共同造就了强水环境,导致岩体长期处于饱和状态,且多年冻融循环严重削弱了岩体强度,使砂岩与泥岩抗拉强度降低至166.12 kPa和72.77 kPa,均低于红层切坡裂隙中的裂隙水压174.87 kPa,进而导致崩塌的发生。鉴于不同岩体结构的红层高切坡在后端汇水及冻融影响下的破坏模式存在差异,建议在防治过程中增加对后端汇水和冻融的考虑,加强排水措施,结合崩塌的破坏模式进行针对性的治理。

, correspAuthors=陈宁生, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈宁生(1965—),男,汉族,福建建宁人,教授。研究方向:山地灾害形成机理与防治。E-mail:
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李安辉(1999—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:山地灾害评价与防治。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, companyId=1177981013054599485, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5 昆明理工大学公共安全与应急管理学院, 昆明 650093)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1177981015285969261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Geographic location and geological map of the study area, figureFileSmall=832uDzQBVINhEBE6nN5cHg==, figureFileBig=SUjWLoJLUUWSb3t4Yd6qjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177981015361466734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区地理位置及地质图

基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站GS(2023)2767号的标准地图制作,底图无修改

, figureFileSmall=832uDzQBVINhEBE6nN5cHg==, figureFileBig=SUjWLoJLUUWSb3t4Yd6qjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177981015483101551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Monthly precipitation values and monthly minimum temperature in Guangyuan, figureFileSmall=ZMWmBwT7gifN3r+SsqYZsg==, figureFileBig=sAAS4ZDwaYWzmtvhoRZiDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177981015541821808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, language=CN, label=图2, caption=广元月降水值及月最低气温, figureFileSmall=ZMWmBwT7gifN3r+SsqYZsg==, figureFileBig=sAAS4ZDwaYWzmtvhoRZiDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177981015608930673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Aerial photo and field survey map of the collapse area, figureFileSmall=9C2YoFqTuRF06f03VrAhiQ==, figureFileBig=d3LPxYHwh6n6+vAZgGI9NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177981015663456626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, language=CN, label=图3, caption=崩塌区域航拍及实地调查图

a为树林里崩塌崩落物;b为树林里崩塌剥落堆积物;c为胡家演家蹁崩塌凹腔;d为胡家演家蹁崩塌裂隙及凹腔

, figureFileSmall=9C2YoFqTuRF06f03VrAhiQ==, figureFileBig=d3LPxYHwh6n6+vAZgGI9NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177981015713788275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of a typical cross-sectional view of collapse, figureFileSmall=qBk5UI29VG7cLEqmpufFWw==, figureFileBig=NStNytSyZikLAws3V+KluA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177981015768314228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, language=CN, label=图4, caption=崩塌典型剖面示意图, figureFileSmall=qBk5UI29VG7cLEqmpufFWw==, figureFileBig=NStNytSyZikLAws3V+KluA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177981015839617397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Extent of the collapse catchment and field survey map, figureFileSmall=ltbuXRuUaiMX9bnunUBKTw==, figureFileBig=IOoW29sM7txCMyf7xtAhpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177981015931892086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, language=CN, label=图5, caption=崩塌汇水范围及实地调查图

a为胡家演家蹁崩塌蓄水农田卫星影像;b为胡家演家蹁崩塌冬季地表水渗出;c为树林里崩塌坡脚水洼;d为崩塌汇水范围

, figureFileSmall=ltbuXRuUaiMX9bnunUBKTw==, figureFileBig=IOoW29sM7txCMyf7xtAhpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177981016003195255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Strength and damage process of rock body under the influence of different factors, figureFileSmall=4nnTIeb+aN2Cw0CwZ2ecKA==, figureFileBig=U0dWdGk1PAiPeUT/vBCZhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177981016070304120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同因素影响下岩体强度及破坏过程, figureFileSmall=4nnTIeb+aN2Cw0CwZ2ecKA==, figureFileBig=U0dWdGk1PAiPeUT/vBCZhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177981016175161721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sandstone and mudstone tensile strength

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性 受不同因素影响抗拉强度/kPa 裂隙水压
/kPa
初始强度 仅冻融 冻融后
未饱和
冻融后
饱和
砂岩 500 248.78 196.11 166.12 174.87
泥岩 260 181.43 105.12 72.77
), ArticleFig(id=1177981016250659194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

砂岩及泥岩抗拉强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性 受不同因素影响抗拉强度/kPa 裂隙水压
/kPa
初始强度 仅冻融 冻融后
未饱和
冻融后
饱和
砂岩 500 248.78 196.11 166.12 174.87
泥岩 260 181.43 105.12 72.77
), ArticleFig(id=1177981016317768059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Overview of the development process and prevention mode of collapse of different rock structures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构特征 崩塌发育过程 防治模式
厚层砂岩
下伏泥岩
清坡-支撑换填-喷浆锚固-挡墙加固
厚层砂岩
上覆泥岩
清坡-挂网喷浆-锚固
砂泥岩
近等厚
砂泥岩
互层
以泥岩
为主
清坡-坡顶防排水-砂岩锚固-泥岩支撑换填、锚固
以砂岩
为主
), ArticleFig(id=1177981016380682620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768565965898130, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同岩体结构崩塌发育过程及防治模式总览

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构特征 崩塌发育过程 防治模式
厚层砂岩
下伏泥岩
清坡-支撑换填-喷浆锚固-挡墙加固
厚层砂岩
上覆泥岩
清坡-挂网喷浆-锚固
砂泥岩
近等厚
砂泥岩
互层
以泥岩
为主
清坡-坡顶防排水-砂岩锚固-泥岩支撑换填、锚固
以砂岩
为主
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后端汇水及冻融影响下红层高切坡崩塌破坏机制:以广元射箭镇场镇崩塌为例
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李安辉 1, 2 , 陈宁生 2, 3, 4, * , 田树峰 2 , 吴铭洋 2, 5 , 李志 1, 2 , 黄娜 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(16): 6664-6673
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(16): 6664-6673
后端汇水及冻融影响下红层高切坡崩塌破坏机制:以广元射箭镇场镇崩塌为例
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李安辉1, 2 , 陈宁生2, 3, 4, * , 田树峰2, 吴铭洋2, 5, 李志1, 2, 黄娜2
作者信息
  • 1 西藏大学工学院, 拉萨 850013
  • 2 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所, 成都 610299
  • 3 长江大学地球科学学院, 武汉 430100
  • 4 高原科学与可持续发展研究院, 西宁 810016
  • 5 昆明理工大学公共安全与应急管理学院, 昆明 650093
  • 李安辉(1999—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:山地灾害评价与防治。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈宁生(1965—),男,汉族,福建建宁人,教授。研究方向:山地灾害形成机理与防治。E-mail:
Collapse Failure Mechanism of High Cutting Slope in Red Beds under the Influence of Back-end Catchment and Freeze-thaw: A Case Study of Shejian Town, Guangyuan City
An-hui LI1, 2 , Ning-sheng CHEN2, 3, 4, * , Shu-feng TIAN2, Ming-yang WU2, 5, Zhi LI1, 2, Na HUANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Engineering, Tibet University, Lhasa 850013, China
  • 2 Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Water Resources, Chengdu 610299, China
  • 3 School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
  • 4 Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Xining 810016, China
  • 5 Faculty of Public Safety and Emergency Management, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
出版时间: 2025-06-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406995
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崩塌作为中国常见的一种地质灾害,分布范围广,隐蔽性高、突发性强,危害性大。在易灾地层红层广泛分布的西南地区,高切坡在后端汇水和冻融作用的共同影响下,若不及时治理,极易诱发崩塌、滑坡等灾害。以广元射箭镇场镇崩塌为对象,通过现场调查、影像分析和公式计算等方法,探究后端汇水及冻融影响下红层高切坡的破坏机制,旨在为红层区域基础设施建设中的崩塌防治提供思路。结果表明:研究区特殊的地貌和气候条件带来了丰沛的降水,崩塌后端的大面积汇水区与蓄水农田的下渗共同造就了强水环境,导致岩体长期处于饱和状态,且多年冻融循环严重削弱了岩体强度,使砂岩与泥岩抗拉强度降低至166.12 kPa和72.77 kPa,均低于红层切坡裂隙中的裂隙水压174.87 kPa,进而导致崩塌的发生。鉴于不同岩体结构的红层高切坡在后端汇水及冻融影响下的破坏模式存在差异,建议在防治过程中增加对后端汇水和冻融的考虑,加强排水措施,结合崩塌的破坏模式进行针对性的治理。

红层  /  崩塌  /  后端汇水  /  冻融  /  破坏机制

Collapse, as a common geological hazard in China, are widely distributed, highly concealed, sudden, and pose significant risks. In southwestern China, where disaster-prone red beds are extensively distributed, high cutting slopes are highly susceptible to landslides and collapses if not promptly managed, especially under the combined effects of back-end catchment and freeze-thaw cycles. Taking the collapse at Shejian Town in Guangyuan as a case study, on-site investigations, image analysis, and formula calculations were conducted to examine the failure mechanisms of red bed high cutting slopes influenced by back-end catchment and freeze-thaw effects, aiming to provide insights for disaster prevention in infrastructure development within red bed regions. The results indicate that the unique topography and climate conditions of the study area contribute to abundant rainfall, creating a water-intensive environment due to the extensive back-end catchment in the collapse area and infiltration from irrigated farmlands. The prolonged saturation of rock masses, combined with repeated freeze-thaw cycles, significantly weakens the rock strength, reducing the tensile strengths of sandstone and mudstone to 166.12 kPa and 72.77 kPa, respectively. Both values are lower than the fracture water pressure of 174.87 kPa in the fractures of the red bed cut slope, ultimately leading to the occurrence of the collapse. Given the variations in failure modes of red bed high cutting slopes with different rock structures under the effects of back-end catchment and freeze-thaw cycles, it is recommended to enhance drainage measures during prevention efforts and to implement targeted treatments based on the identified failure modes.

red beds  /  collapse  /  back-end catchment  /  freeze-thaw  /  failure mechanism
李安辉, 陈宁生, 田树峰, 吴铭洋, 李志, 黄娜. 后端汇水及冻融影响下红层高切坡崩塌破坏机制:以广元射箭镇场镇崩塌为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (16) : 6664 -6673 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406995
An-hui LI, Ning-sheng CHEN, Shu-feng TIAN, Ming-yang WU, Zhi LI, Na HUANG. Collapse Failure Mechanism of High Cutting Slope in Red Beds under the Influence of Back-end Catchment and Freeze-thaw: A Case Study of Shejian Town, Guangyuan City[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (16) : 6664 -6673 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406995
随着社会的快速发展和基础设施建设的推进,大量高风险的人工高切坡被开挖。为满足高山峡谷地区山地资源的开发需求,中国在这些区域兴建了大量线性工程、水利工程和人居工程,与此同时这类工程也增加了人工高切坡的数量和风险[1]。人工高切坡在工程扰动和自然风化的作用下,随着时间的推移会产生崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害[2],严重威胁基础设施和人员的安全。以奥地利铁路网为例,2005—2015年超过60%的滑坡发生在人工切坡[3]。中国三峡库区同样面临类似情况,由于搬迁工程,区域内形成2 700多处高切坡[4],大多紧邻企业、机关和住宅,由此引发的灾害风险不容忽视[5]。因此,深入研究高切坡的破坏机制及防护措施尤为必要。曾韬睿等[6]针对寒区土质高切坡进行建模,并分析了各种因素对其失稳概率的影响规律。冯玉涛等[7]分析了重庆某高速高切坡的变形机制,并提出了相应的治理措施。张卢明等[8]针对狭窄场地土岩组合结构高切坡,使用多种方法进行稳定性分析,并针对变形特征提出针对性防治方案。
红层是西南地区的典型地层,通常呈现软硬岩层交替的结构,具有高孔隙率和较差的水理性能,遇水后力学强度显著降低,易发生差异风化[9],是典型的易灾地层[10-11]。四川红层广泛分布于盆地中部及边缘地区[12],其特殊的结构和性质使其引发的地质灾害极大威胁人们的生命财产安全[13-14]。2014年9月,特大暴雨引起三峡库区超过5×106 m3的大型滑坡多达55处,紧急转移超过50 000人[15]。2017年奉节发生大形变滑坡,对周边区域的生活安全造成严重威胁[16]。因此,研究红层地质灾害对减少人民生命财产损失有巨大帮助。
水和冻融对高切坡崩塌影响极大。国内崩塌及滑坡的主要自然诱因包括降雨、地震、风化和冻融[17],据调查,研究区内的崩塌并非由地震引发,因此,大面积的后端汇水和冻融现象可能是导致该处崩塌发生的关键原因。研究表明,水是降低岩石强度的显著因素之一[18],长期饱和状态会增加砂岩的应变软化,导致其变形增加、强度降低[19]。Li等[20]研究发现,水会在浸泡初期迅速降低泥岩的黏聚力和摩擦角,尤其对黏聚力的削弱尤为显著。冻融对岩体的劣化作用同样不容忽视,Nicholson等[21]通过对10种裂隙岩石的冻融实验,明确了冻融对岩体强度的显著削弱作用。陈国庆等[22]研究表明,石英砂岩受冻融循环影响,微观结构发生改变,从而削弱了力学性能。乔国文等[23]研究了天山高寒山区岩体的冻融失稳破坏机理,发现裂隙对冻融风化破坏的影响更为显著。
综上可知,目前关于冻融循环对边坡影响的研究已较为丰富[24-27],但针对水和冻融作用下高切坡崩塌机制的研究仍较少。鉴于红层分布广泛,地层结构特殊;高切坡数量多,潜在危害大,且现有研究多集中于单一因素,针对后端汇水和冻融作用影响下红层高切坡破坏机制的研究较为缺乏。以广元市射箭镇场镇崩塌为例,对其破坏机制展开深入探讨,为类似的红层高切坡崩塌防治工作提供案例与思路。
研究区位于四川省北部,与甘肃省和陕西省交界处的米仓山、龙门山和盆北低山三大地貌的交汇地带,如图1(b)所示,地势北高南低,最高海拔3 837 m,最低海拔352 m,属亚热带湿润季风气候。射箭镇场镇位于广元市区西南约18 km的射箭河两岸,年均降水量957.9 mm,月均降水量89.34 mm[图2(a)],最大单日降水量达165.5 mm,每年5—10月为雨季,降水量占全年的93.9%;年均气温16.4 ℃,每年存在零下气温天数平均14.3 d,其中12月—次年2月存在较长时间零下气温。崩塌共两处,均位于2014年因水库搬迁安置产生的高切坡上,左岸为树林里崩塌,右岸为胡家演家蹁崩塌。出露地层为侏罗系上统莲花口组下段(J3l1),均为红层砂泥岩互层结构,如图1(a)所示。
研究涉及的广元市射箭镇场镇崩塌,包括胡家演家蹁崩塌和树林里崩塌。这两处崩塌特征明显,切坡高陡,危岩面积广,风化程度高且频繁崩落(图3中a所示),潜在风险巨大。其中,树林里崩塌坐标为105°44'34″E,32°17'56″N,全长350 m,切坡高差3~22 m,总体坡度70°~80°,部分区域达90°(图3中b所示),危岩区面积约8 000 m2,岩性主要为砖红色薄层泥岩[图4(a)],局部夹中-厚层砂岩,呈强风化状态,风化带厚度2~6 m,纵向裂隙及层面裂隙发育,可见多处危岩带及点状危岩体。
胡家演家蹁崩塌坐标为105°44'24″E,32°17'52″N,切坡高差4 ~16 m,总体坡度50°~80°,部分区域达90°,全长约600 m,近嘉陵江侧约100 m区域已喷锚治理,其余部分村民自行修建低矮挡墙。危岩区面积约4 000 m2,平均厚度约5 m,威胁838人生命财产安全,岩性主要为砖红色薄层泥岩夹中-厚层砂岩互层[图4(b)],砂岩与泥岩接触处普遍存在凹岩腔,整体呈强风化状态,风化带厚度2~6 m,纵向裂隙及层面裂隙发育,可见多处裂隙发育及风化凹腔,如图3中c、d所示。
据现场调查,两处崩塌呈带状分布,常年渗水,冬季气温较低时切坡渗出水体常出现冰冻现象,危岩体距受威胁住户房屋不足1 m,四季均有崩塌发生,尤其5—10月的雨季崩塌现象尤为严重,已造成较大财产损失。此外,两处崩塌切坡顶部均有大面积农田,在5—10月水稻耕作期农田蓄水量大,仅胡家演家蹁崩塌切坡顶部农田面积达到417 90.5 m2,超危岩面积的10倍。
通过对射箭镇交通、应急和水利等部门的走访调查,结合现场实地考察等方式获取原始数据,使用ArcGIS软件处理地面高程数据,划定汇水区范围及面积,探究强降水区域形成原因。同时,结合气象站资料和Google Earth影像分析强水环境的形成情况,通过对研究区1965—2022年气象数据进行处理后,选取近10年的数据作为代表性数据观察冻融的形成情况。最后,采用经验公式[28]计算裂隙水压,综合分析后端汇水和冻融影响下红层高切坡崩塌的破坏机制。
裂隙水压计算公式为
Q = 1 2 ξ γ ω h 2
式(1)中:Q为裂隙水压,kN/m;γω为主控结构面内水体容重,kN/m3;h为主控结构面内充水深度,m;ξ为裂隙水压折减系数,ξ =-0.359e2+0.45e+0.573,其中e为主控结构面开度,cm。
强水-弱岩条件直接决定了广元市射箭镇场镇红层高切坡崩塌的形成,其主要原因是大面积后端汇水和特殊地层及冻融循环。
研究区的地形地貌特征导致区内降水量大。四川盆地与川西高原之间的巨大海拔差异,使夏季高原形成的低压在西风系统引导下东移至四川盆地,进而形成西南涡,造成大量的降水。现有研究表明,高原低涡的东移发展与西南低涡的相互作用,是诱发西南涡发展和强降雨发生的重要因素[29]。西南涡在地球自转影响下旋转,将暖湿空气带入四川盆地并向西运输,途中受川西高原阻挡被迫爬升,气温降低,水汽凝结,形成强降雨区。受此影响最典型的区域就是华西雨屏,研究区也处在强降雨区范围内[图1(b)]。
后端汇水和蓄水农田导致强水环境的形成。根据地形,两处崩塌后端均有大面积汇水区,大量降水和大面积后端汇水使岩体裂隙中产生裂隙水压,同时砂岩和泥岩在遇水后强度大幅降低[30],这成为引发地质灾害的关键因素。树林里崩塌的后端汇水面积为234 571.09 m2,是危岩面积的近30倍,胡家演家蹁崩塌的后端汇水面积为540 413.93 m2,是危岩面积的近135倍(图5中d所示)。此外,雨季蓄水农田面积超过危岩面积的10倍(图5中a所示),其不断下渗进一步促成了强水环境,也为冻融提供了基础条件。虽现场调查时间为旱季,但危岩出露面仍有地表水渗出(图5中b所示),坡脚也存在水洼(图5中c所示),映证了强水环境的存在。
地层岩性导致裂隙发育和差异风化。砂岩和泥岩之间存在显著的特性差异,泥岩硬度低、几乎不透水,常呈现塑性变形、遇水膨胀、浸水崩解、失水干裂等特点,抗风化能力极弱;砂岩硬度较大、透水性强、抗风化能力高,常呈现脆性破坏。两者抗风化能力的不同导致了差异风化和裂隙发育。在水文地质中泥岩为隔水层,而砂岩则为蓄水层,类似于研究区的砂泥岩互层,在持续降水情况下,雨水下渗并积聚于透水性较差的泥岩上表面,产生扬压力,显著降低岩体的黏聚力和摩擦力,形成软弱面,进一步降低岩体及坡体稳定性。
冻融循环破坏岩体结构,导致强度降低,从而形成弱岩条件。冻融循环主要通过破坏岩石矿物颗粒间胶结、影响岩体结构特征,以及结构岩体中裂隙水的冰劈效应等方式,逐步降低边坡稳定性[23]。针对砂岩,现有研究发现其抗冻系数在冻融循环10次后趋于稳定,这主要是冻胀力随着冻融循环次数的增加而减小造成的,其弹性模量、抗拉强度、内聚力、内摩擦角在冻融循环10次后分别降低了50.52%、50.24%、4.13%和17.38°[31-32];而泥岩在冻融循环10次后质量损失达2.69%,强度保持率仅69.78%[33]。以2014—2022年月最低气温为例[图2(b)],研究区零下气温较为常见,温度升降趋势明显。据现场调查,高切坡全年渗水,且冬季气温较低时常出现冰冻现象,因此推断该区域存在冻融循环现象。同时,考虑到此高切坡形成于2014年,至今已10年,砂泥岩互层岩体的强度已在冻融循环的长期作用下受到了最大程度的削弱。综上可以得出,冻融导致此处高切坡岩体强度降低,最终形成弱岩条件。
崩塌多发生于坡度大于55°,坡面凹凸不平的陡峻斜坡上。研究区内两处崩塌坡度均大于55°,这为崩塌的发生提供了地形基础。胡家演家蹁崩塌坡体以砂岩夹泥岩互层为主,泥岩风化作用相对较强,导致砂岩下方形成岩腔,砂岩相较于坡面凸出。在冻融等因素的长期影响下,岩体强度持续降低,裂缝不断发育,形成弱岩条件;在受到强降水和大面积后端汇水形成的强水环境作用下,裂隙水压超过了岩体抗拉强度,从而引发崩塌。树林里崩塌以泥岩为主夹砂岩的坡体,节理不甚发育且延伸规模不大,崩落多发生于表层岩体,风化后多为碎块、碎屑及鳞片状,原地堆积于坡脚位置(图3中b所示),亦或泥岩剥落过多,砂岩夹层或砂岩块体受强水环境影响发生掉落或拉裂式崩塌(图3中a所示)。对于边坡稳定性,采用计算裂隙水压是否超过岩体抗拉强度来判断。但由于泥岩多为剥落或鳞片状掉落,故主要考虑砂岩的脆性破坏导致崩塌。岩体参数综合现场调查参考工程地质手册[34]取砂岩抗拉强度为500 kPa,泥岩抗拉强度为260 kPa。冻融对岩体强度的影响,参考现有研究[32,35],10次冻融循环砂岩抗拉强度衰减至49.76%,泥岩强度衰减至62.53%;后端汇水对岩体强度的影响,参考文献[32,36]考虑岩体吸水未饱和与饱和状态两种情况,未饱和状态砂岩强度衰减至78.83%,泥岩至57.94%,饱和状态砂岩衰减至66.78%,泥岩至40.11%。分别计算、叠加后得到岩体的抗拉强度如表1图6所示。对于饱和状态下裂隙水压,采用经验公式计算,考虑裂隙中多为降水,重度取10 kN/m3 。据现场调查(图3中d所示),充水深度7 m,由于危岩面积广,故主控结构面开度取现场测量代表值0.6 cm,代入式(1)计算得到折减系数为0.713 8,裂隙水压力为174.87 kPa。
计算结果表明,在未受冻融和后端汇水影响情况下,砂岩和泥岩的岩体抗拉强度均远高于裂隙水压,岩体稳定性强。即使岩体仅受到冻融影响或仅在后端汇水影响下达到达到饱和状态,砂岩抗拉强度仍高于裂隙水压,此时崩塌不易发生。然而,当受到冻融影响后的岩体在强水环境影响下开始吸水,抗拉强度持续降低,泥岩抗拉强度率先降低至裂隙水压之下,但其破坏形式多为剥落或鳞片状掉落,故未发生崩塌;当岩体含水率进一步升高至饱和状态时,砂岩的抗拉强度下降至166.12 kPa,弱岩条件形成,此时在裂隙水压作用下崩塌发生。这也与现场调查时获悉的每年雨季5—10月崩塌频发相映证。
本着以应用为导向的原则,红层高切坡崩塌的治理研究具有重要意义。针对红层切坡,坡体高度小于5 m时修筑挡土墙并加强排水措施即可;若坡体高度大于5 m,可根据岩体结构将其分为三类,根据不同的结构采用相应的处理方法进行切坡治理和灾害防治(表2)。
砂岩、泥岩互层结构。此类结构可细分为砂岩为主、泥岩为主和砂泥岩近等厚互层三类。一是以砂岩为主(如胡家演家蹁崩塌),破坏形式多为拉裂式破坏。强降水和大面积后端汇水形成强水环境,砂岩下泥岩受风化等影响缺失形成凹腔。岩体在冻融及水的作用下强度持续降低,裂隙不断发育,最终因强水环境产生的裂隙水压导致崩塌发生。二是以泥岩为主(如树林里崩塌),破坏形式多为泥岩风化后碎屑状堆于坡脚或剥蚀过多后,砂岩块体在强水环境影响下坠落发生崩塌。三是砂泥岩近等厚互层,在冻融及风化等因素影响下,砂岩发育纵向裂隙,泥岩风化产生凹腔,砂岩块体重心不断外移,裂隙不断发育形成弱岩条件,在强水环境产生的裂隙水压作用下发生崩塌。此外,发生于2024年1月22日的镇雄滑坡,顶部形成区也存在类似砂泥岩互层结构。由于滑坡发生于冬季且发生前气温快速降低,故考虑冻胀为其触发因素。据现场调查,堆积区岩体灾害发生前形成区裂隙发育,这种砂泥岩互层的裂隙岩体具有特殊的孔隙特征和含水特征,决定了水分迁移对冻胀力的补给,增大了冻胀力的贡献[37],最终导致临界态斜坡失稳发生滑坡。此类结构防治一般是砂岩危岩体清除后,顶部进行地表截流防水及缝隙排水处理,坡面采用锚杆或肋板墙加固,同时为防止雨水冲刷造成的中间岩层软化,对软岩层采取混凝土结构支撑或凹腔嵌补换填,再进行喷浆锚固进行处置,即坡顶防水-清坡-砂岩锚固-泥岩支撑换填、锚固模式。
厚层砂岩下伏泥岩结构。此结构产生崩塌多在强降水和大面积后端汇水等影响下形成强水环境的同时;冻融和风化等因素导致岩体强度降低、砂岩裂隙不断发育,以及泥岩大量剥落成空腔,形成弱岩条件,最终在裂隙水压作用下发生崩塌。此类结构可在进行清坡后对坡顶进行地表截流防水及缝隙排水处理,对凹腔使用结构物进行支撑,并针对性将泥岩换填为混凝土,再进行整体喷浆锚固及挡墙加固处理,避免差异风化再次影响坡体结构及稳定性,即清坡-支撑换填-喷浆锚固-挡墙加固模式。
厚层砂岩上覆泥岩结构。此结构前期多为泥岩在降水、干湿交替、冻融循环等影响下不断剥落堆积于坡脚,多发生于表层,暂无较大威胁;后期下层砂岩产生裂隙并不断向内部发育,到一定程度后形成弱岩条件,在强水环境作用下砂岩崩落。此类结构需对坡顶进行防排水处置,若坡面外空间富足,可削坡后进行坡面防护;若空间不足,可在清坡后挂网喷浆防护,威胁较大时用锚杆进行加固处理,即采用清坡-挂网喷浆-锚固模式。
最后需要强调的是,崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害多数为强水-弱岩(土)共同作用的结果,故在完成以上处理杜绝弱岩条件形成的同时,需特别注意防水排水系统的修建,例如在易入渗地段进行坡面防渗和增加植被,从根源上杜绝强水环境的形成,避免此类灾害的发生。
(1)地形及大面积后端汇水促成 “强水”环境。研究区受地形影响形成的西南涡,显著增加了区域降水量,为强水环境的形成奠定了基础。高切坡后端汇水面积达危岩面积的几十倍至百倍以上,且雨季蓄水农田面积为危岩面积的十余倍,这些因素共同促成了“强水”环境的形成。
(2)红层岩性特性及冻融导致“弱岩”条件形成,最终导致崩塌发生。红层特殊的岩性结构导致裂隙和凹腔大量发育,现场裂隙长度可达7 m,代表性裂隙宽度为0.6 cm,计算得裂隙水压为174.87 kPa。在冻融和水的共同作用下,岩体强度持续降低,砂岩在受到冻融影响后抗拉强度由500 kPa降至248.78 kPa,吸水饱和后进一步降至166.12 kPa,泥岩在受到冻融影响后抗拉强度由260 kPa降至181.43 kPa,吸水饱和后强度进一步降至42.77 kPa,均小于裂隙水压,崩塌因此而发生。
(3)红层高切坡破坏模式因岩体结构不同而异,治理措施应有针对性调整。针对西南地区的红层高切坡崩塌治理,建议防治措施中充分考虑后端汇水和冻融因素,结合崩塌破坏模式加强排水措施。具体如下:对于厚层砂岩下伏泥岩结构,可采用清坡-支撑换填-喷浆锚固-挡墙加固模式进行治理;对于厚层砂岩上覆泥岩结构,若坡面空间充足,可采用削坡-坡面防护模式,空间不足则采用清坡-挂网喷浆-锚固模式;对于砂泥岩互层结构,可采用坡顶防水-清坡-砂岩锚固-泥岩支撑换填、锚固模式处理。此外,最重要的是完备以上治理的同时加强防水及排水,从根源避免强水环境产生。
  • 中国科学院“西部之光”访问学者项目(17090008)
  • 西藏自治区科技计划(XZ202402ZD0001)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2024M753153)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(GZC20232571)
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第25卷第16期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406995
  • 接收时间:2024-09-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-06-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-19
  • 修回日期:2025-03-20
基金
中国科学院“西部之光”访问学者项目(17090008)
西藏自治区科技计划(XZ202402ZD0001)
中国博士后科学基金(2024M753153)
中国博士后科学基金(GZC20232571)
作者信息
    1 西藏大学工学院, 拉萨 850013
    2 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所, 成都 610299
    3 长江大学地球科学学院, 武汉 430100
    4 高原科学与可持续发展研究院, 西宁 810016
    5 昆明理工大学公共安全与应急管理学院, 昆明 650093

通讯作者:

* 陈宁生(1965—),男,汉族,福建建宁人,教授。研究方向:山地灾害形成机理与防治。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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