Article(id=1149768564544029066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402193, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711468800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-27, revisedDate=1740672000000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055787453, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1749312000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055787453, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055787453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055787453, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768563956826506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='16', pageStart='6587', pageEnd='7021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055787314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456850262, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6587, endPage=6597, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768564837630348, articleId=1149768564544029066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Organic Corrosion Inhibitors in CO2 Environment, columnId=1177980717679128679, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the petroleum industry, the CO2 flooding technology plays an important role in many EOR methods. In recent years, CO2 flooding technology has attracted more attention because of its positive contribution to carbon storage, but CO2 injection will greatly increase the risk of corrosion failure of oil casing, and the development of corrosion inhibitors and the research on inhibition mechanism have achieved certain results. The research progress of organic corrosion inhibitors was systematically summarized from the perspective of the inhibition mechanism of organic corrosion inhibitors on CO2 corrosion in the petroleum industry. The adsorption, reinforcement, bridging and hydrophobic film formation mechanisms of organic corrosion inhibitors were mainly introduced. The inhibition effects of organic amines, imidazolines, surfactants, polymers and carbon dots on CO2 corrosion were compared and analyzed from the mechanism of functional groups and metal surfaces. The research on the inhibition mechanism of organic corrosion inhibitors in CO2 environment and the development trend and focus of corrosion inhibitors were prospected.

, correspAuthors=Yun MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hai-tao BAI, Xiang-yang LI, Yan CUI, Peng LIU, Shun-an HE, Yun MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149768569782714801, articleId=1149768564544029066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=CO2环境中有机缓蚀剂的研究进展, columnId=1177980717817540712, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=综述·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

石油行业中,CO2驱技术在众多提高采收率方法中占据重要位置。近年来,CO2驱技术因对碳的埋存有积极贡献而受到更多关注,然而CO2的注入会大大增加油套管腐蚀失效的风险,缓蚀剂的开发及抑制机理的研究已取得一定成果。以石油行业中有机缓蚀剂对CO2腐蚀抑制机理的角度,对有机缓蚀剂的研究进展进行系统总结,重点介绍有机缓蚀剂的吸附、补强、架桥和形成疏水膜机理,并从官能团与金属表面的作用机理等方面对比分析有机胺类、咪唑啉类、表面活性剂类、聚合物类、碳点类缓蚀剂对CO2腐蚀的抑制效果,展望CO2环境中有机缓蚀剂的抑制机理研究与缓蚀剂开发的发展趋势和重点。

, correspAuthors=马云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 马云(1975—),女,汉族,河南洛阳人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:油气田腐蚀与防护。E-mail:
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白海涛(1986—),男,汉族,陕西榆林人,博士,讲师。研究方向:油气田腐蚀与防护。E-mail:

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白海涛(1986—),男,汉族,陕西榆林人,博士,讲师。研究方向:油气田腐蚀与防护。E-mail:

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N80 Carbon steel为N80碳钢

, figureFileSmall=J/km4nz9kjsDU9mw8sqG7w==, figureFileBig=JTjLW8ywcKpK1kwg5ZekFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177994333304271562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768564544029066, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of the interactions between the inhibitors and metal surface[22], figureFileSmall=t/Gnmp/1IDLgGZ1DnUDO4A==, figureFileBig=kOUKThN96TgOW5oHQRknNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177994333362991819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768564544029066, language=CN, label=图3, caption=缓蚀剂与金属表面的相互作用示意图[22]

Physisorption为物理吸附;Chemisorption为化学吸附;protonated OCT为质子化的OCT;TTA cation为TTA阳离子;Preferential adsorption of HS-为HS-的优先吸附;initial co-adsorption process of TTAB and OCT为TTAB和OCT初期共吸附阶段;Desorption of HS- anions为HS-离子的解吸附;Adsorption of OCT and TTA+ in late stage为后期的OCT和TTA+吸附

, figureFileSmall=t/Gnmp/1IDLgGZ1DnUDO4A==, figureFileBig=kOUKThN96TgOW5oHQRknNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177994333425906380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768564544029066, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Side view of hydrophobic film formation[27], figureFileSmall=ib7xHinjUOL0xWzHBT9jTQ==, figureFileBig=EK/Uv6UfmiKeX21eLf6Cgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177994333484626637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768564544029066, language=CN, label=图4, caption=疏水膜成膜的侧视图[27], figureFileSmall=ib7xHinjUOL0xWzHBT9jTQ==, figureFileBig=EK/Uv6UfmiKeX21eLf6Cgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177994333551735502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768564544029066, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Diagram of the synthesis process of SR-16 and SR-17 [54], figureFileSmall=7hIt1yay+HdSTq4u9lmDGA==, figureFileBig=h6zL18w7mW8x7zaDBcVgIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177994333623038671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768564544029066, language=CN, label=图5, caption=SR-16和SR-17的合成过程示意图[54], figureFileSmall=7hIt1yay+HdSTq4u9lmDGA==, figureFileBig=h6zL18w7mW8x7zaDBcVgIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177994333681758928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768564544029066, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Schematic illustration for the synthesis process of N-CQDs [59], figureFileSmall=HYF+DTWr23KU/gKTA3IJMw==, figureFileBig=+kR0Pmnv7LvfkVEC7LXgOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177994333740479185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768564544029066, language=CN, label=图6, caption=N-CQDs合成过程示意图[59]

Microwave为微波

, figureFileSmall=HYF+DTWr23KU/gKTA3IJMw==, figureFileBig=+kR0Pmnv7LvfkVEC7LXgOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177994333803393746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768564544029066, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Structure of naphthene-dimethylamine (NDMC) and naphthene-diethylamine (NDEC)[48]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称及缩写 化学结构
环烷-二甲胺(NDMC)
环烷-二乙胺(NDEC)
), ArticleFig(id=1177994333870502611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768564544029066, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

环烷-二甲胺(NDMC)和环烷-二乙胺(NDEC)结构[48]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称及缩写 化学结构
环烷-二甲胺(NDMC)
环烷-二乙胺(NDEC)
), ArticleFig(id=1177994333966971604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768564544029066, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Name and structure of new surfactant[49]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 化学结构
硫酸化脂肪酸
钠盐(SSFA)
硫酸化脂肪酸
钾盐(PSFA)
硫酸化脂肪酸
铵盐(ASFA)
单乙醇胺硫酸脂
肪酸(MSFA)
二乙醇胺硫酸酯
化脂肪酸(DSFA)
), ArticleFig(id=1177994334029886165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768564544029066, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

新型表面活性剂名称及结构[49]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 化学结构
硫酸化脂肪酸
钠盐(SSFA)
硫酸化脂肪酸
钾盐(PSFA)
硫酸化脂肪酸
铵盐(ASFA)
单乙醇胺硫酸脂
肪酸(MSFA)
二乙醇胺硫酸酯
化脂肪酸(DSFA)
), ArticleFig(id=1177994334101189334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768564544029066, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Names and structures of fatty acid surfactants[50]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 化学结构
磺酰氧基脂肪
酸钠(SFA)
磺酰氧基脂肪
酸钾(PFA)
磺胺对氧基脂肪
酸铵(AFA)
磺胺脂肪酸-单乙
醇胺复合物(SFM)
磺胺脂肪酸-二乙
醇胺复合物(SFD)
), ArticleFig(id=1177994334176686807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768564544029066, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

脂肪酸类表面活性剂名称及结构[50]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 化学结构
磺酰氧基脂肪
酸钠(SFA)
磺酰氧基脂肪
酸钾(PFA)
磺胺对氧基脂肪
酸铵(AFA)
磺胺脂肪酸-单乙
醇胺复合物(SFM)
磺胺脂肪酸-二乙
醇胺复合物(SFD)
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CO2环境中有机缓蚀剂的研究进展
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白海涛 1, 2 , 李向阳 1, 2 , 崔炎 3 , 刘鹏 3 , 何顺安 3 , 马云 1, 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 综述·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(16): 6587-6597
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(16): 6587-6597
CO2环境中有机缓蚀剂的研究进展
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白海涛1, 2 , 李向阳1, 2, 崔炎3, 刘鹏3, 何顺安3, 马云1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 西安石油大学石油工程学院, 西安 710065
  • 2 西安石油大学陕西省油气田特种增产技术重点实验室, 西安 710065
  • 3 长庆油田分公司第二采气厂, 榆林 719000
  • 白海涛(1986—),男,汉族,陕西榆林人,博士,讲师。研究方向:油气田腐蚀与防护。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 马云(1975—),女,汉族,河南洛阳人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:油气田腐蚀与防护。E-mail:
Research Progress of Organic Corrosion Inhibitors in CO2 Environment
Hai-tao BAI1, 2 , Xiang-yang LI1, 2, Yan CUI3, Peng LIU3, Shun-an HE3, Yun MA1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
  • 2 Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Stimulation Technology for Oil & Gas Reservoirs, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
  • 3 The Second Gas Production Plant, Changqing Oil Field, CNPC, Yulin 719000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402193
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石油行业中,CO2驱技术在众多提高采收率方法中占据重要位置。近年来,CO2驱技术因对碳的埋存有积极贡献而受到更多关注,然而CO2的注入会大大增加油套管腐蚀失效的风险,缓蚀剂的开发及抑制机理的研究已取得一定成果。以石油行业中有机缓蚀剂对CO2腐蚀抑制机理的角度,对有机缓蚀剂的研究进展进行系统总结,重点介绍有机缓蚀剂的吸附、补强、架桥和形成疏水膜机理,并从官能团与金属表面的作用机理等方面对比分析有机胺类、咪唑啉类、表面活性剂类、聚合物类、碳点类缓蚀剂对CO2腐蚀的抑制效果,展望CO2环境中有机缓蚀剂的抑制机理研究与缓蚀剂开发的发展趋势和重点。

CO2有机缓蚀剂  /  抑制机理  /  官能团

In the petroleum industry, the CO2 flooding technology plays an important role in many EOR methods. In recent years, CO2 flooding technology has attracted more attention because of its positive contribution to carbon storage, but CO2 injection will greatly increase the risk of corrosion failure of oil casing, and the development of corrosion inhibitors and the research on inhibition mechanism have achieved certain results. The research progress of organic corrosion inhibitors was systematically summarized from the perspective of the inhibition mechanism of organic corrosion inhibitors on CO2 corrosion in the petroleum industry. The adsorption, reinforcement, bridging and hydrophobic film formation mechanisms of organic corrosion inhibitors were mainly introduced. The inhibition effects of organic amines, imidazolines, surfactants, polymers and carbon dots on CO2 corrosion were compared and analyzed from the mechanism of functional groups and metal surfaces. The research on the inhibition mechanism of organic corrosion inhibitors in CO2 environment and the development trend and focus of corrosion inhibitors were prospected.

CO2 organic corrosion inhibitor  /  inhibition mechanism  /  functional groups
白海涛, 李向阳, 崔炎, 刘鹏, 何顺安, 马云. CO2环境中有机缓蚀剂的研究进展. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (16) : 6587 -6597 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402193
Hai-tao BAI, Xiang-yang LI, Yan CUI, Peng LIU, Shun-an HE, Yun MA. Research Progress of Organic Corrosion Inhibitors in CO2 Environment[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (16) : 6587 -6597 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402193
为响应国家提出的“碳达峰、碳中和”目标,注CO2驱油现已成为石油天然气行业重点研究的措施。随之,也不可避免的就要面临油气管柱、套管等井下设备的CO2腐蚀伤害。CO2腐蚀伤害主要包括均匀腐蚀、点蚀、台地腐蚀、轮癣状腐蚀等[1-2]。在石油行业中,选用耐蚀材料、涂层、缓蚀剂、阴极保护等一种或多种联合的保护方式是减轻CO2腐蚀的常用措施,其中较为实用和经济的方法是使用缓蚀剂[3-8]
目前,前人研究主要集中在不同种类的缓蚀剂的缓蚀效果、吸附脱附、协同拮抗等问题[9-12],对官能团和分子在碳钢表面进行吸附的作用过程虽然有提及,但没有系统性的介绍。鉴于此,总结有机缓蚀剂对CO2腐蚀的抑制机理及缓蚀效果的研究进展很有必要。现从官能团与碳钢表面的作用方面对比分析有机胺类、咪唑啉类、表面活性剂类、聚合物类和碳点缓蚀剂对CO2腐蚀伤害的抑制效果,展望CO2环境中有机缓蚀剂的抑制机理研究与缓蚀剂开发的发展趋势和重点,为后续学者的缓蚀机理研究提供有力的理论依据,同时也为缓蚀剂开发方案的优化提供参考。
在腐蚀介质中,带正电荷的碳钢表面有利于Cl-的吸附,然后形成负电荷表面,这有利于溶液中阳离子的吸附[13-16]。缓蚀剂分子通过质子化的N和S原子可以与金属表面首先形成静电吸附,即物理吸附[图1(a)[16]],然后通过与金属中铁原子的空d轨道形成化学键实现化学吸附[图1(b)[16]],形成一层吸附膜,隔绝腐蚀介质与金属层的传质,进而来减缓金属的腐蚀进程[13-16]
缓蚀剂分子中较长的疏水基与金属表面结合时可生成疏水层,但是缓蚀剂大分子间相互作用力大,将致使形成的疏水膜不够致密,这时需加入另外一种分子较小的缓蚀剂,它可以镶嵌在大分子间的空隙中,使得缓蚀剂膜层变得更加致密[17-19]。如图2[20]所示,单独的使用s-苄基-l-半胱氨酸(SBLC)和硫脲(TU)后,SBLC和TU分子可以通过S和O原子与碳钢吸附,但吸附后的SBLC分子和TU分子之间仍有空位,使得金属表面出现点蚀现象。将SBLC和TU作为复合缓蚀剂使用时,在SBLC和TU共吸附过程中,小的TU分子可以填补SBLC分子之间的大空位,且SBLC和TU可以通过分子间的相互作用结合在一起,使保护膜更加致密,抑制效果更好[20]
溶液中的阴离子或缓蚀剂分子电离出的阴离子会优先吸附在金属表面,使金属表面带负电荷。然后带有正电荷的缓蚀剂分子可以通过静电作用吸附在阴离子吸附层上[21-24]。如图3(a)[22]所示,HS-离子可优先吸附在碳钢表面,并使其表面带负电荷;如图3(b)[22]所示,季铵盐离子与质子化的伯胺通过静电作用与金属表面的HS-吸附层结合;如图3(c)[22]所示,随后TTAB(十四烷基三甲基溴化铵)和OCT(十八烷基胺)的中N原子的孤对电子与铁原子中的空d轨道结合,在缓蚀剂和金属表面之间形成配位共价键[22]
由于缓蚀剂分子比水分子具有更大的吸附能,所以缓蚀剂的极性基团优先吸附于金属表面,具有疏水性的非极性基团向外伸出,形成疏水薄膜,对腐蚀介质起阻碍作用,从而达到缓蚀目的[25-27]。如图4[27]所示,含油采出水中,缓蚀剂极性端取代金属表面水分子并吸附,疏水端往外伸出,形成阻碍采出水中腐蚀离子的缓蚀膜。研究表明,烷基链越长,吸附能越大,缓蚀剂与金属表面的相互作用也越强[28]
胺类缓蚀剂中N原子的孤对电子倾向于与阴极反应产生的H+结合,在溶液中形成酰胺阳离子。酰胺阳离子通过静电作用吸附在金属表面(物理吸附过程)。同时,N原子上的孤对电子与金属表面的铁原子中的空d轨道形成配位共价键(化学吸附过程)。胺类化合物亦可以在碳钢表面形成油性层,阻止酸性气体与碳钢表面的接触,使得碳钢表面免受腐蚀伤害[29]。胺类缓蚀剂可以应用在较深的高温地区进行保护金属管柱。在适当的剂量下,它们可以在高达177 ℃的井底温度下提供保护。此外,胺基缓蚀剂兼容性很强,可以结合大多数油田化学药剂使用[30]
Regla等[31]研究了脂肪酸酰胺在50 ℃的饱和CO2的乳化液(3%NaCl+10%柴油)中对碳钢的缓蚀机理,不饱和脂肪酸酰胺的分子结构表明,油尾碳原子上存在的不饱和脂肪酸是导致吸附发生的主要原因。当烷基链饱和(硬脂酰胺),酰胺基位于金属表面,烷基链向上并垂直地延伸到溶液中,如果烷基链不饱和(油酸酰胺和亚油酸酰胺),双键的p轨道可以与金属的空d轨道相互作用,金属表面被酰胺基的烷基链覆盖,形成连续单层,阻断了活性位点,可有效防止腐蚀性物质(H2O、H+、Cl-和$\text{HCO}_3^-$)的扩散。缓蚀效率随脂肪酰胺油尾不饱和程度的增加而增加,当脂肪酸酰胺达到稳态后,其缓蚀效率达到98%以上。
Desimone等[32-33]研究了N-[2-[(2-氨基乙基)氨基]乙基]-9-十八烯酰胺缓蚀剂(AAOA)在25 ℃的CO2饱和5%NaCl溶液中对低碳钢的缓蚀行为。结果表明,AAOA可以通过伯胺、仲胺和/或酰胺官能团中N和/或O原子上存在的sp2电子对与铁原子d轨道之间形成的化学键,在低碳钢表面形成小孔径双分子层来阻碍活性物质的通过,增加缓蚀作用,当浓度大于0.82×10-5mol/L时,缓蚀率达到90%以上。
Cen等[34]合成了酰胺功能化石墨烯(FGO),并研究了FGO在30 ℃的饱和CO2的NaCl溶液中对碳钢的缓蚀行为。FGO通过扩散效应靠近金属界面,随后纳米颗粒上的含氮杂环与铁原子形成共轭键,在金属表面实现化学吸附。并且FGO还可通过团聚效应(大量的颗粒通过氢键和静电相互作用)沉积在金属表面,导致局部形成微纳米结构,而且由纳米颗粒组成的膜层具有显著的疏水作用,可隔离腐蚀介质。结果表明,缓蚀效率随着FGO浓度的增加而增加,在20 mg/L时达到最大值83.4%。
Haruna等[35]研究了具有多巴胺功能化的氧化石墨烯(DA-GO)在室温(25±1) ℃下的CO2饱和3.5%NaCl溶液中对X60碳钢的缓蚀行为。质子化的缓蚀剂分子与已经吸附在钢表面的氯离子发生物理吸附,随后缓蚀剂分子的芳香环和氧、氮杂原子与铁原子的空d轨道以形成化学键的方式吸附在钢表面,其次表面铁原子中的d-电子将其多余的电子供给缓蚀剂分子的反键分子轨道,同样可发生化学吸附。DA-GO在室温条件下的缓蚀率为92.84%。
Jevremović等[36]研究了双环己胺和油胺(DCHA+OA)混合物在20、70 ℃下CO2饱和3%NaCl溶液中对低碳钢的缓蚀行为。双环己胺(DCHA)和油胺(OA)分子的N原子的孤电子对与带负电荷的金属表面之间发生化学吸附作用,此外来自油胺的长烷基链可以覆盖在金属表面,同时烷基链之间依靠范德华相互作用,在金属表面形成了吸附疏水层,保护钢表面免受腐蚀。实验结果显示,DCHA+OA是一种混合型缓蚀剂。NaCl溶液中加入50 mg/L的DCHA+OA,20 ℃时腐蚀速率由0.6 mm/a降低到0.1 mm/a以下,70 ℃时腐蚀速率由2.2 mm/a下降到0.1 mm/a。
有机胺类缓蚀剂的缓蚀机理主要是成膜-吸附机理,碳钢表面的杂原子(C、O、N)与缓蚀剂分子的配位官能团(亚胺基、酰胺基、仲胺基等)经过络合反应,附着于碳钢表面,从而达到缓蚀目的。此类缓蚀剂是以抑制阳极为主的混合型缓蚀剂,其混合缓蚀的原因在于:一是缓蚀剂分子的N/O原子的孤对电子通过物理吸附和化学吸附的共同作用方式吸附在金属表面,形成致密膜层;二是缓蚀剂分子形成的油性层阻止了腐蚀介质与碳钢表面的接触。由此可见,在缓蚀剂开发过程中,应注重N/O杂环、酰胺、不饱和烷基链等的引入,提高缓蚀剂的吸附效果。
咪唑啉类缓蚀剂含有咪唑啉环、侧链和引入的其他基团,使缓蚀剂分子产生多个吸附位点及疏水基团,咪唑啉环上的N原子存在孤电子对与金属表面原子形成配位键而吸附于金属表面,R1侧链因引入烷基疏水链[37-38],在金属的表面形成了疏水薄层,阻止小离子的进入,从而起到缓蚀的作用[39]
李丛妮等[40]合成醇醚基双咪唑啉缓蚀剂(DIM-OE),并在一定转速和温度,CO2分压为1~9 MPa条件下,对其缓蚀效果进行了评价。在等温等压条件下,DIM-OE分子在N80表面的吸附过程为单分子层吸附,通过物理吸附和化学吸附的共同作用形成稳定的吸附层,有效地抑制腐蚀介质对N80钢的腐蚀。结果表明,DIM-OE是以抑制阳极反应为主的混合型缓蚀剂。缓蚀效率与DIM-OE质量浓度成正比,在50~300 mg/L范围内,缓蚀率均达到90%以上。
Hou等[41]开发了嘧啶衍生物2-苄基硫代嘧啶(BTP)作为碳钢在60 ℃的CO2环境中的缓蚀剂。MP-硫醇、MP-硫酮或BTP分子通过N和S原子与金属表面形成化学键,在碳钢表面形成MP和BTP膜,能有效隔离腐蚀物质,从而抑制碳钢的腐蚀过程。BTP比MP具有更高的抑制效果的原因在于BTP中苄基取代基团形成疏水空间结构具有更高的疏水性,BTP缓蚀率最高可达99.82%,浸泡48 h后缓蚀率可达99.57%。
Cen等[42]研究了2-巯基苯并噻唑(MBTH)在(50±1) ℃的超临界CO2-H2O体系中对碳钢的缓蚀效果。MBTH分子利用噻唑环(环外的S原子和环内的N原子)作为活性吸附位点,以形成化学键的方式吸附在碳钢表面,其次MBTH分子中的苯环具有疏水作用,可分离腐蚀介质。与常压状态下不同,当压力增加到超临界状态时,碳钢表面聚集了正电荷,除化学吸附外,MBT-在静电相互作用下,能快速、紧密地吸附在碳钢表面,更有效地阻碍腐蚀介质与金属的接触。
Zhang等[43]合成了3种不同取代基的噻二唑衍生物(BMT、BBT、BTT),并研究了其在40~70 ℃下在CO2饱和油田采出水中对N80碳钢的缓蚀效果。缓蚀剂分子通过噻二唑环和取代基上S原子的吸附活性位点与碳钢表面形成共价键,在钢表面形成缓蚀膜,此外苯环也可以被认为是一个疏水基团,以阻碍腐蚀性离子。3种缓蚀剂的缓蚀率均达到96%以上。
Xiong等[44]合成了两种新的咪唑啉衍生物(SMIF、SMID),并研究了其在3.5% NaCl溶液对碳钢的缓蚀效果。SMIF和SMID缓蚀剂分子的活性位点集中在C=S和咪唑环上,含有苯基的SMIF分子可以提供一定的电子,这使得SMIF分子比SMID分子更倾向于吸附在金属表面形成吸附保护膜,有效延缓金属腐蚀速率。缓蚀效率随着缓蚀剂浓度的增加而增加,最高可达96.02%。
咪唑啉类缓蚀剂的缓蚀机理主要是成膜-吸附机理,缓蚀剂分子的噻二唑环、咪唑啉环、苯环等基团上的电子对与碳钢表面通过化学键方式附着于碳钢表面形成保护层,其次咪唑啉的疏水性也起到缓蚀作用。此类缓蚀剂均为混合型,以抑制阳极为主,造成这种情况的原因是缓蚀剂分子与金属阳极释放出来的铁离子形成的缓蚀膜附着于金属表面,阻碍腐蚀性离子交换,从而起到缓蚀作用。
表面活性剂是两亲性的,既有亲水性又有疏水性。亲水的部分通常是头部,而疏水的部分在尾部,使表面活性剂与油和水均可相溶,根据极性头基团的类型,表面活性剂可分为阴离子型、阳离子型、两性离子型和非离子型[30]。离子表面活性剂与其他有机分子一样,可以通过物理或化学吸附机制吸附在金属表面,金属表面与表面活性剂头之间通过静电力、疏水吸引、侧向相互作用和氢键进行物理吸附,离子型表面活性剂只有在与亲水固体相互作用、电子共享或转移时才发生化学吸附[45]
Aline等[46]以百香果籽油为原料合成了表面活剂缓蚀剂M8,在CO2饱和盐水中研究了对P110碳钢的缓蚀效果。百香果籽油由不饱和脂肪酸组成,其链中都存在极性基团,以及不饱和的杂原子和芳香环,这些基团可以通过π键和范德华键与金属表面相互作用,吸附在金属表面形成保护膜。该缓蚀剂属于混合型缓蚀剂,在缓蚀效率最大为97.5%。
Ahmed等[47]合成了3种新型的阳离子表面活性剂,并在(50±1) ℃的CO2饱和3.5%NaCl中研究对C1018钢的缓蚀效果。阳离子表面活性剂含有大量可与钢界面相互作用的官能团,如季铵盐(N+)基团、芳香环等。表面活性剂分子通过孤电子对与铁离子的空d轨道之间的形成化学键以及带负电荷的C1018与金属表面之间的静电相互作用,吸附在金属表面。季铵盐(N+)基团吸附在金属的阴极上,从而减少了氢的析出,而I-吸附在阳极上,从而降低了C1018钢的阳极溶解,疏水碳尾朝向腐蚀溶液,并产生连续的膜层,能够隔离腐蚀溶液与钢界面之间的接触。缓蚀效率随着缓蚀剂浓度的增加而得到提高,在1×10-3 mol/L时达到最大值98.9%。
El-Lateef等[48]研究了两种天然环烷酸表面活性剂(环烷-二甲胺(NDMC)和环烷-二乙胺(NDEC)复合物)在50 ℃饱和CO2的1% NaCl溶液中对低碳钢的缓蚀效果,分子结构如表1[48]所示。表面活性剂分子的吸附是依靠水相中表面活性剂与碳钢表面水分子之间的取代作用,以及缓蚀剂分子与金属表面通过电子的共享或转移形成配位键,进而在低碳钢表面形成良好的保护膜,导致活性表面积减少,腐蚀过程受阻,从而减少了金属的腐蚀。两种缓蚀剂均是混合型缓蚀剂,在100 mg/L时,缓蚀效率高达99.76%。
Abbasov等[49]以玉米油为基础合成了新型表面活性剂缓蚀剂,并研究了缓蚀剂在20~50 ℃下的CO2饱和溶液中对碳钢的缓蚀行为,分子结构如表2[49]所示。表面活性剂分子通过N、S和/或O原子上sp2电子对与铁原子d轨道进行化学吸附,进而从金属表面取代水分子,在金属表面形成了良好的保护膜。结果表明,缓蚀率随表面活性剂缓蚀剂浓度的增加而增加,随着温度的升高,缓蚀效率略有提高,在100 mg/L时,5种缓蚀剂的缓蚀率依次为99.7%、98.50%、99.8%、99.9%、99.9%。
El-Lateef等[50]以棕榈油为原料合成了5种脂肪酸类表面活性剂缓蚀剂,在50 ℃饱和CO2的1% NaCl溶液中研究5种缓蚀剂对碳钢的缓蚀作用,分子结构如表3[50]所示。表面活性剂分子通过N、S和/或O原子上sp2电子对与铁原子d轨道之间形成化学键方式吸附在金属表面,进而从金属表面取代水分子,在金属表面形成缓蚀薄膜,阻碍腐蚀介质的传质。缓蚀率随着缓蚀剂浓度的增加而增加,在100 mg/L时,5种缓蚀剂的缓蚀率依次为98.0%、97.4%、98.1%、98.5%、98.9%。
Shaban等[51]合成了3种三聚阳离子吡啶表面活性剂缓蚀剂(APMC6、APMC12和APMC18),研究了缓蚀剂对API5LX70碳钢在油田地层水中的缓蚀效果。APMC分子通过物理吸附和化学吸附两种方式吸附在API5LX70碳钢表面,缓蚀剂分子依靠存在于-COO和+N(R4)基团中的O和N原子的孤对电子,通过与碳钢表面的空位d轨道形成化学键形成保护层,起到阻隔腐蚀的作用。其次在溴离子的增强/协同下,缓蚀剂分子上的正季N原子与Cl-离子在金属表面发生架桥作用形成保护层,隔离腐蚀介质。APMC表面活性剂为混合型缓蚀剂,对APMC18的缓蚀率达94%。
表面活性剂类缓蚀剂的缓蚀机理主要是成膜-架桥机理,缓蚀剂分子依靠其丰富的官能团(亲水基团)取代碳钢表面水分子,降低金属表面电容值,其次疏水基团在外部形成疏水薄膜,阻碍气体、腐蚀性离子与碳钢接触。此类缓蚀剂类型均为混合型,原因在于表面活性剂类缓蚀剂以形成疏水薄膜方式来减少金属与腐蚀介质的传质效应,达到缓蚀目的。
聚合物由单体的长链单元组成,可以形成各种结构,如线性链、支化、超支化、梳状、交联和树枝状,可以引入能够与金属形成配合物的基团。与应用更广泛的小分子缓蚀剂相比,聚合物具有成膜效果更好、附着点数量多等优点,并且可以覆盖更大的表面积,这意味着聚合物对金属会有更好的保护[52],缺点是不能耐高温[30]
Al-Shihry等[53]合成了缓蚀剂SR-16(2,5-二肼基-1,3,4-噻二唑+二异辛酸)和SR-17(2,5-二肼基-1,3,4-噻二唑+二异辛酸),研究了缓蚀剂在含CO2的油田地层水中对钢管的缓蚀作用,合成过程如图5[54]所示。在SR-16和SR-17缓蚀剂共存的情况下,质子化的-NH-通过静电相互作用物理吸附在碳钢表面,同时缓蚀剂分子通过自身的S、N和O原子与铁原子的空d轨道形成化学键,形成缓蚀膜。在相同条件下SR-17比SR-16缓蚀率高的原因在于,SR-17有一个额外的苯环,苯环中的p电子和铁原子的空d轨道之间形成化学吸附。SR-16和SR-17在浓度100 mg/L时分别达到92.1%和96.5%。
Ambrish等[54]在饱和CO2的3.5%NaCl溶液中研究了1,2,4,7,9,10-六氮杂环-十五烷-10,15-二烯-3,5,6,8-四酮(HPT)对N80钢的缓蚀效果。缓蚀剂利用大环中具有较强吸附能力的—C=O基团和其他杂原子吸附在钢表面,从而防止金属的腐蚀。缓蚀剂分子的活性位点主要分布在N、O原子和其他杂原子上,通过与金属表面原子并形成配位键、π键的形式在金属表面形成缓蚀膜,阻碍腐蚀介质的传质。缓蚀剂HPT具有混合型抑制作用,缓蚀效率随缓蚀剂浓度的增加而增加,在200 mg/L时缓蚀率为95.00%。
Ansari等[55]合成了水杨醛-壳聚糖席夫碱(SCSB),并研究其在65 ℃饱和CO2的3.5% NaCl溶液中的缓蚀效果。质子化的SCSB分子与钢表面预吸附的Cl-离子发生物理吸附,其次SCSB分子通过杂原子(O,N)和铁离子的空轨道形成化学键,在金属表面形成缓蚀膜。加入水杨醛后,缓蚀剂分子因尺寸的增加,置换金属表面更多的水分子,增加了金属表面在腐蚀溶液中的覆盖度,从而降低了金属和腐蚀介质的传质效应。结果表明,SCSB为混合型缓蚀剂,在150 mg/L浓度下,缓蚀率为95.2%。
Zhang等[56]合成了两种氨基酸改性葡聚糖衍生物(LDT和S-LDT),研究它们在饱和CO2油田采出水中对碳钢的缓蚀效果。LDT和S-LDT分子可以通过物理吸附和化学吸附的方式吸附在碳钢表面,取代碳钢表面吸附的水分子。LDT和S-LDT分子主要是通过N、O、S原子与碳钢表面的键合实现的化学吸附,形成的化学键(N-铁、S-铁和O-铁)使LDT和S-LDT分子稳定吸附在碳钢表面,形成致密的缓蚀膜,能有效地抑制腐蚀性物质接触碳钢表面。S-LDT的缓蚀效率远高于LDT的原因在于:在S-LDT分子中引入苯基后,苯环上的π-π共轭以及苯环与亚甲基之间的σ-π超共轭使S原子处的电子云密度显著增加,其次苄基的引入显著提高了吸附的S-LDT膜的疏水性。结果显示,LDT和S-LDT是混合型缓蚀剂,缓蚀效率随缓蚀剂浓度的增加而增加,在250 mg/L时LDT和S-LDT缓蚀率分别为86.6%、99.5%。
Hu等[57]在CO2分压为0.02 MPa、O2浓度为3 mg/L、NaCl质量分数为1%的溶液中,研究了二(2-乙基己基)磷酸盐(BEP)在50 ℃的CO2-O2环境下对Q345R钢的缓蚀作用。在浸泡初期,大量离子形式的BEP分子(I-BEP)移动到钢/溶液界面,取代了原来吸附在金属表面的氧分子和水分子,由于P-OH基团上的H+和P=O基团上的自由电子的释放,带负电荷的O原子可以与铁表面结合,在钢表面形成一层保护层。该膜阻碍了金属表面与腐蚀介质的接触,BEP不仅可以吸附在金属表面,还可以与金属离子或氧化物相互作用形成共价键(铁-O-P和铁-P),从而在金属表面形成内层保护层。缓蚀效率随着BEP浓度的增加而增加,在浓度为500 mg/L时,平均缓蚀效率高达93%。
聚合物类缓蚀剂主要是架桥-成膜-吸附机理,由于它在合成过程中选择引入的官能团、烷基链等的多样性,如胺基、苯环、磷酸基团、亚磷酸基团等,其吸附过程与引入的官能团有关。但是因有些化学键的热稳定性差,不耐高温的缺点也限制其特殊井况的应用。此类缓蚀剂均为混合型,主要是合成过程中引入的官能团不同,发生的吸附机理也不同。聚合物类缓蚀剂均为长链结构,可以通过覆盖更大的面积,增大缓蚀膜的比表面积,来阻碍腐蚀性离子、气体与碳钢接触,从而达到缓蚀效果。
碳点缓蚀剂含有大量的氨基、羟基和羧基等官能团,这些官能团容易与金属表面形成化学键,阻断活性位点,此外一些被H+质子化的杂原子与金属表面发生静电作用,在物理吸附和化学吸附共同作用下形成疏水层,降低腐蚀性介质的侵入,促进了缓蚀剂的抑制效果[58]
Li等[59]合成了粒径为4~8 nm的碳点缓蚀剂(N-CQDs),研究了该缓蚀剂在70 ℃饱和CO2的质量分数为3% NaCl溶液中对N80钢的抑制机理,合成过程如图6 [59]所示。N,S-CQDs分子具有包括C=C、C—N、C=S等丰富的官能团,由于N、S等杂原子存在孤对电子,且很容易与铁原子外未占据的3d轨道形成配位键、共价键,取代了金属表面的水分子,在N80碳钢表面形成保护性吸附膜,阻碍腐蚀介质与碳钢间的传质。结果显示,N-CQDs在600 mg/L时缓蚀率达83.7%。
碳点缓蚀剂主要是成膜-吸附机理,缓蚀剂分子通过N、O、S原子等官能团吸附在金属表面,阻断金属表面的活性位点,形成缓蚀膜,降低了金属与腐蚀介质的传质过程,达到缓蚀目的。此类缓蚀剂均为混合型,主要是缓蚀剂分子以阻断活性位点,依靠与金属表面转移或共享电子对形成化学键,进一步形成缓蚀膜,来阻碍腐蚀性离子、气体与碳钢接触,从而达到缓蚀效果。
除上述五类缓蚀剂外,还有一些其他类型的CO2有机缓蚀剂也被人们所关注,如植物缓蚀剂等。植物缓蚀剂以其无毒、廉价、可生物降解的特性而受到广泛关注[60]
Wang等[61]研究了陈皮提取物在CO2饱和3.5% NaCl溶液中对J55钢的缓蚀作用,抑制效率随着抑制剂浓度的增加而增加,而随着温度的升高而降低。Katarina等[62]以蒲公英根提取物作为碳钢的绿色缓蚀剂,并在CO2饱和模拟盐水溶液中进行测试,提取物浓度为12 mL/L时的最大抑制效率为98.37%。Peimani等[63]研究了茴香提取物在CO2饱和的3%NaCl溶液中对碳钢的缓蚀作用,提取物具有混合型抑制剂的作用,400 mg/L的浓度下缓蚀率能够达到93%。同时,苦丁茶叶乙醇提取物[64]、咖啡渣提取物[65]、柚皮提取物[66]等也作为CO2缓蚀剂被研究,均有一定的缓蚀效果。
近年来,研究人员依据不同的缓蚀机理开展缓蚀剂的合成和复配,并进行现场应用,取得了较好的效果。田德道等[67]先以月桂酸、二乙烯三胺等为原料合成硫脲基咪唑啉主剂,然后通过协同机理进行复配,并在南海某油田进行现场应用。现场应用显示,主剂含量在40%时即可满足油田腐蚀速率要求(<0.076 mm/a),且缓蚀率大于90%。严长征[68]先以不饱和脂肪酸、三乙烯四胺和氯苯甲烷为原料合成了咪唑啉型缓蚀剂,并与非离子表面活性剂进行复配,后在西部某油田进行现场应用。现场应用结果显示,缓蚀剂加注浓度为200 mg/L,原油含水率达到82.6%,温度为51 ℃,检测720 h后钢片的腐蚀速率为0.006 mm/a,满足油田要求。禹盟等[69]以油酸、二乙烯三胺、硫脲为原料合成了油酸咪唑啉,并与喹啉季铵盐等进行复配,得到油酸咪唑啉复合缓蚀剂,现场应用效果评价结果显示,当复合缓蚀剂加量为60 mg/L时,腐蚀速率最高为0.01 mm/a。
目前,现场多使用复配型缓蚀剂,通过协同作用提供缓蚀效果,降低缓蚀剂成本。前人研究和应用主要集中在咪唑啉类缓蚀剂与其他类缓蚀剂的复配。
自从碳达峰、碳中和目标发布以来,CO2驱油已成为一项碳捕获和碳埋存的重要措施。随之而来的腐蚀问题,也为石油行业带来严重的安全隐患。高效CO2缓蚀剂的研发及缓蚀剂的抑制机理研究对油气行业有着重要意义。虽然目前CO2缓蚀剂的品类繁多,缓蚀机理丰富,但仍有以下问题需要解决。
(1)缓蚀机理还停留在缓蚀剂与洁净碳钢表面的物理吸附和化学吸附,而在投加缓蚀剂前,碳钢表面可能发生CO2腐蚀,缓蚀剂势必与CO2腐蚀产物膜接触,但缓蚀剂与CO2腐蚀产物膜之间的作用机理尚不清楚,缓蚀机理还需完善。
(2)对缓蚀剂的研究集中在抑制CO2均匀腐蚀,表征缓蚀剂效果的主要指标是对均匀腐蚀的缓蚀率。而CO2的局部腐蚀对油田管道、井筒的腐蚀危害更为严重,开发抑制CO2局部腐蚀和点蚀的缓蚀剂是今后研究需解决的问题。
(3)随着油田开发工况更加苛刻,现场生产对缓蚀剂的耐高温性、耐盐性、持久性、配伍性等提出了更高的要求。导致指导CO2缓蚀剂开发的理论不足和实验评价条件难以实现。发展和完善量子化学和计算机模拟技术,使得计算结果能够指导缓蚀剂开发和模拟条件趋于真实环境也是今后研究需解决的问题。
(4)传统缓蚀剂均含毒、且不易降解、合成成本和工艺复杂,而低毒、低成本的碳点缓蚀剂、植物缓蚀剂是未来缓蚀剂的发展趋势之一,但其组成复杂,对CO2腐蚀的抑制机理还需进一步明晰,其工业化制备还需进一步研究。
  • 陕西省教育厅科研计划(21JK0841)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2021JQ-600)
  • 国家自然科学基金(51504193)
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2025年第25卷第16期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402193
  • 接收时间:2024-03-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-06-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-27
  • 修回日期:2025-02-28
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陕西省教育厅科研计划(21JK0841)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2021JQ-600)
国家自然科学基金(51504193)
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    1 西安石油大学石油工程学院, 西安 710065
    2 西安石油大学陕西省油气田特种增产技术重点实验室, 西安 710065
    3 长庆油田分公司第二采气厂, 榆林 719000

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* 马云(1975—),女,汉族,河南洛阳人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:油气田腐蚀与防护。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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