Article(id=1279495831514497798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1279495830260396249, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2506007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1755446400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-18, revisedDate=1766073600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782985178116, onlineDateStr=2026-07-02, pubDate=1776441600000, pubDateStr=2026-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782985178116, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782985178116, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782985178116, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1279495830260396249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2026', volume='26', issue='11', pageStart='4471', pageEnd='4911', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776441600000', pubDateStr='2026-04-18', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782985177815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782985177815, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4471, endPage=4485, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1279495832055563015, articleId=1279495831514497798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Review of Reliability Prediction Technologies for Hydraulic Solenoid Valves, columnId=1156963929332208213, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hydraulically operated solenoid valves, serving as critical actuating components in control systems for nuclear power plants, are consistently subjected to complex environmental stresses such as intense vibrations, extreme temperatures, high humidity, and electromagnetic interference. These conditions impose significant challenges on hydraulically operated solenoid valve reliability and service life. The working principle, structural type, and typical failure forms of solenoid valves were systematically summarized. Current research status and development trends in reliability prediction methodologies were analyzed, with specific focus on modeling approaches, data fusion techniques, and adaptive failure prediction algorithm applications observed in domestic and international studies. Adaptive failure prediction algorithm for solenoid valves was investigated primarily through single working conditions and multi-physics coupling. Secondly, the challenges and problems encountered in the design, prediction, and optimization of solenoid valve reliability within the country in question were further highlighted. Finally, based on the current status and shortcomings of China’s solenoid valve research and development capabilities, relevant suggestions and prospects for the research on solenoid valve reliability prediction technology were put forward.

, authors=Chun-sheng SONG1, 2, 3, Hai-feng ZHAO1, Mu-yan XIE1, Yang JIANG1, authorsList=Chun-sheng SONG, Hai-feng ZHAO, Mu-yan XIE, Yang JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1279495835222262570, articleId=1279495831514497798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=液动式电磁阀可靠性预测技术综述, columnId=1154013913357210466, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=机械、仪表工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

液动式电磁阀作为核电站领域控制系统的关键执行元件,长期处于强振、高温高湿及强电磁干扰等复杂环境,其可靠性与使用寿命面临严峻挑战。总结了液动式电磁阀工作原理、结构类型与典型失效形式,分析其可靠性预测中的建模方法、数据融合及基于自适应的失效预测算法等方面的中外研究现状与发展趋势,并重点从单工况和多物理场耦合两方面研究现阶段电磁阀可靠性预测中的自适应失效预测算法。其次,还指出中国在电磁阀可靠性的设计、预测以及优化等方面面临的挑战与问题。最后,基于中国目前电磁阀研发能力的现状与不足,提出电磁阀可靠性预测技术研究的相关建议与展望。

, authors=宋春生1, 2, 3, 赵海峰1, 谢沐炎1, 江洋1, authorsList=宋春生, 赵海峰, 谢沐炎, 江洋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

宋春生(1981—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:机械振动主动控制与磁悬浮主动隔振技术。E-mail:

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2 Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Magnetic Suspension, Wuhan 430070, China
3 Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1279496059613331507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, authorId=1279496059412004910, language=CN, stringName=宋春生, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1 武汉理工大学机电工程学院, 武汉 430070
2 湖北省磁悬浮工程技术研究中心, 武汉 430070
3 武汉理工大学, 数字制造湖北省重点实验室, 武汉 430070, bio={"content":"

宋春生(1981—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:机械振动主动控制与磁悬浮主动隔振技术。E-mail:

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宋春生(1981—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:机械振动主动控制与磁悬浮主动隔振技术。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=vMCBdeW+HiLOc+hdJBm0lQ==, figureFileBig=zOj8SD02DwCIOtdzoXvggA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279496061987307604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=CN, label=图4, caption=电磁阀性能参数试验结果, figureFileSmall=vMCBdeW+HiLOc+hdJBm0lQ==, figureFileBig=zOj8SD02DwCIOtdzoXvggA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279496062075387989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Normalization results of solenoid valve performance parameters, figureFileSmall=Jgki11qJtfT22YEqiJSJUw==, figureFileBig=WfpvwJ6oq/ZrjZuLca595w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279496063757303894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=CN, label=图5, caption=电磁阀性能参数归一化结果, figureFileSmall=Jgki11qJtfT22YEqiJSJUw==, figureFileBig=WfpvwJ6oq/ZrjZuLca595w==, tableContent=null), 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=CN, label=图7, caption=随机振动网格无关性检验曲线, figureFileSmall=LxbpczyNGgH/sjXP6guveg==, figureFileBig=XhOP+PdupMRMFfFBuUSkxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279496064243843163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Grid independence test curve under high temperature, figureFileSmall=WpTQFakJXqjRcnQXN+zUuw==, figureFileBig=gGjePo0bbYVFlcTkgymuBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279496064340312156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=CN, label=图8, caption=高温网格无关性检验曲线, figureFileSmall=WpTQFakJXqjRcnQXN+zUuw==, figureFileBig=gGjePo0bbYVFlcTkgymuBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279496064415809629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Grid 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279496064961069156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=CN, label=图12, caption=电磁阀温度及应力响应RMSE结果, figureFileSmall=5olen7WgTC4PBGjranDpnw==, figureFileBig=MsU/IS2DAPNTnZCseBmcpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279496065028178021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=MTBF prediction process based on Bootstrap-LSTM model, figureFileSmall=iDkkKZHJ0xzmvoGcnnq3vg==, figureFileBig=cntRMPv5Rmw8RUvkUfk+jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279496065116258406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=CN, label=图13, caption=基于Bootstrap-LSTM模型的MTBF预测流程, figureFileSmall=iDkkKZHJ0xzmvoGcnnq3vg==, figureFileBig=cntRMPv5Rmw8RUvkUfk+jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279496065187561575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification of common hydraulic solenoid valves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 工作原理 应用场景
二位二通 用于液体或油路的通断,常见于水处理、设备清洗等场景
二位三通 用于分流或合流控制,常见于液压换向
二位五通 用于控制油缸换向,尤其常见于重型机械的液压回路方向切换
三位四通 用于液压系统换向控制,多见于执行机构中位停止或换向场景
), ArticleFig(id=1279496065279836264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见液动电磁阀分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 工作原理 应用场景
二位二通 用于液体或油路的通断,常见于水处理、设备清洗等场景
二位三通 用于分流或合流控制,常见于液压换向
二位五通 用于控制油缸换向,尤其常见于重型机械的液压回路方向切换
三位四通 用于液压系统换向控制,多见于执行机构中位停止或换向场景
), ArticleFig(id=1279496065376305257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Advantages and disadvantages of two reliability modeling methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建模方法 优势 不足
数学建模法 数据真实直观、建模简单、适合批量化统计与分析 数据匮乏、获取时间漫长、不能反映退化过程的渐近性
有限元仿真 分析精度高、适用于多物理场耦合、可视化能力强 计算资源大、建模难度高、随机与不确定性无法处理
), ArticleFig(id=1279496065451802730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两种可靠性建模方法的优势与不足

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建模方法 优势 不足
数学建模法 数据真实直观、建模简单、适合批量化统计与分析 数据匮乏、获取时间漫长、不能反映退化过程的渐近性
有限元仿真 分析精度高、适用于多物理场耦合、可视化能力强 计算资源大、建模难度高、随机与不确定性无法处理
), ArticleFig(id=1279496065544077419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Distribution types, typical application conditions, and limitations of fault data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分布类型 典型适用条件 局限性
威布尔分布 分布类型形态灵活;适合故障数据样本量有限但需外推寿命分布的情况;广泛应用于加速寿命试验结果的建模;普遍适合于电磁阀、继电器等机电产品的寿命分析 参数估计需较多样本,少量数据样本拟合偏差大;形状与尺度参数的物理意义不如正态分布直观
指数分布 假设失效率恒定,寿命与时间无关;产品失效主要来源于外部不可预测的随机突发事件,如电子元件的过电压击穿、软件系统突发报错问题等 恒定失效率假设严格,不适用于磨损和疲劳失效;对不同寿命阶段的区分能力较弱;对寿命分布形态的可解释性欠缺
伽马分布 适用于具有累积损伤机制的故障类型,如机械部件的振动疲劳、绝缘材料的老化等;通常可作为贝叶斯模型分析的先验分布类型 失效率函数无法描述产品的严重磨损期,如轴承、齿轮等;与威布尔分布相比,其失效率形态灵活性较差;其参数估计方法难度较大
正态分布 适合于呈对称分布的寿命数据,且失效时间集中在均值附近;可描述机械零件因磨损、腐蚀、材料疲劳而导致的失效问题;可用于由多种小扰动累积导致的寿命分布 对偏态数据处理能力欠缺;对极端尾部(早期失效或长寿命)拟合能力差;不适合于失效机理复杂度大的故障数据
), ArticleFig(id=1279496065938341996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

故障数据的分布类型、典型适用条件及局限性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分布类型 典型适用条件 局限性
威布尔分布 分布类型形态灵活;适合故障数据样本量有限但需外推寿命分布的情况;广泛应用于加速寿命试验结果的建模;普遍适合于电磁阀、继电器等机电产品的寿命分析 参数估计需较多样本,少量数据样本拟合偏差大;形状与尺度参数的物理意义不如正态分布直观
指数分布 假设失效率恒定,寿命与时间无关;产品失效主要来源于外部不可预测的随机突发事件,如电子元件的过电压击穿、软件系统突发报错问题等 恒定失效率假设严格,不适用于磨损和疲劳失效;对不同寿命阶段的区分能力较弱;对寿命分布形态的可解释性欠缺
伽马分布 适用于具有累积损伤机制的故障类型,如机械部件的振动疲劳、绝缘材料的老化等;通常可作为贝叶斯模型分析的先验分布类型 失效率函数无法描述产品的严重磨损期,如轴承、齿轮等;与威布尔分布相比,其失效率形态灵活性较差;其参数估计方法难度较大
正态分布 适合于呈对称分布的寿命数据,且失效时间集中在均值附近;可描述机械零件因磨损、腐蚀、材料疲劳而导致的失效问题;可用于由多种小扰动累积导致的寿命分布 对偏态数据处理能力欠缺;对极端尾部(早期失效或长寿命)拟合能力差;不适合于失效机理复杂度大的故障数据
), ArticleFig(id=1279496066018033773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Advantages and disadvantages of data fusion and intelligent algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可靠性预测方法
优势 不足
数据融合 多源信息兼容性好、鲁棒性与冗余性强 数据处理复杂度大、模型设计难度困难
基于自适应的失效预测算法 自学习能力优良、适应性好、预测精度高 数据敏感程度高、模型训练时间周期长、泛化能力受限制
), ArticleFig(id=1279496066089336942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

数据融合与智能算法的优势及不足

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可靠性预测方法
优势 不足
数据融合 多源信息兼容性好、鲁棒性与冗余性强 数据处理复杂度大、模型设计难度困难
基于自适应的失效预测算法 自学习能力优良、适应性好、预测精度高 数据敏感程度高、模型训练时间周期长、泛化能力受限制
), ArticleFig(id=1279496066160640111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of algorithms for the typical failure prediction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法类型 典型适用条件 局限性
CNN 具有局部空间相关性的数据类型;适合多维时间序列信号;可直接从原始数据上自动学习特征 不具有时间依赖性特点,当出现长时间序列数据时,其不具备时序建模能力
SVM 适合数据量较小或维度不多的数据;常用于线性或非线性可分情况;特征有明确物理意义 数据量大时训练速度慢;对数据与参数缺失敏感程度较大;处理多维数据能力欠缺
LSTM RNN算法模型的改进,通过“门”机制对信息进行记忆与遗忘,适合于长期退化建模 模型复杂度高、参数多、训练成本较高;其本质是“黑箱”模型,可解释性差
), ArticleFig(id=1279496066240331888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

常见失效预测算法对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法类型 典型适用条件 局限性
CNN 具有局部空间相关性的数据类型;适合多维时间序列信号;可直接从原始数据上自动学习特征 不具有时间依赖性特点,当出现长时间序列数据时,其不具备时序建模能力
SVM 适合数据量较小或维度不多的数据;常用于线性或非线性可分情况;特征有明确物理意义 数据量大时训练速度慢;对数据与参数缺失敏感程度较大;处理多维数据能力欠缺
LSTM RNN算法模型的改进,通过“门”机制对信息进行记忆与遗忘,适合于长期退化建模 模型复杂度高、参数多、训练成本较高;其本质是“黑箱”模型,可解释性差
), ArticleFig(id=1279496066315829361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

MTBF prediction results of the solenoid valve

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预测方法 加速因子 MTBF/h
100 ℃ 20 ℃
试验法 256 240 61 440
理论法 256 246.58 63 124.48
LSTM算法 256 241.40 61 798.40
), ArticleFig(id=1279496066395521138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514497798, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

电磁阀MTBF预测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预测方法 加速因子 MTBF/h
100 ℃ 20 ℃
试验法 256 240 61 440
理论法 256 246.58 63 124.48
LSTM算法 256 241.40 61 798.40
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液动式电磁阀可靠性预测技术综述
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宋春生 1, 2, 3 , 赵海峰 1 , 谢沐炎 1 , 江洋 1
科学技术与工程 | 机械、仪表工业 2026,26(11): 4471-4485
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科学技术与工程 |机械、仪表工业 2026 , 26 (11) : 4471 -4485
液动式电磁阀可靠性预测技术综述
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宋春生1, 2, 3 , 赵海峰1, 谢沐炎1, 江洋1
作者信息
  • 1 武汉理工大学机电工程学院, 武汉 430070
  • 2 湖北省磁悬浮工程技术研究中心, 武汉 430070
  • 3 武汉理工大学, 数字制造湖北省重点实验室, 武汉 430070
作者简介:

宋春生(1981—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:机械振动主动控制与磁悬浮主动隔振技术。E-mail:

Review of Reliability Prediction Technologies for Hydraulic Solenoid Valves
Chun-sheng SONG1, 2, 3 , Hai-feng ZHAO1, Mu-yan XIE1, Yang JIANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2 Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Magnetic Suspension, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 3 Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2026-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2506007
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液动式电磁阀作为核电站领域控制系统的关键执行元件,长期处于强振、高温高湿及强电磁干扰等复杂环境,其可靠性与使用寿命面临严峻挑战。总结了液动式电磁阀工作原理、结构类型与典型失效形式,分析其可靠性预测中的建模方法、数据融合及基于自适应的失效预测算法等方面的中外研究现状与发展趋势,并重点从单工况和多物理场耦合两方面研究现阶段电磁阀可靠性预测中的自适应失效预测算法。其次,还指出中国在电磁阀可靠性的设计、预测以及优化等方面面临的挑战与问题。最后,基于中国目前电磁阀研发能力的现状与不足,提出电磁阀可靠性预测技术研究的相关建议与展望。

液动式电磁阀  /  可靠性建模  /  失效预测算法  /  可靠性预测  /  综述

Hydraulically operated solenoid valves, serving as critical actuating components in control systems for nuclear power plants, are consistently subjected to complex environmental stresses such as intense vibrations, extreme temperatures, high humidity, and electromagnetic interference. These conditions impose significant challenges on hydraulically operated solenoid valve reliability and service life. The working principle, structural type, and typical failure forms of solenoid valves were systematically summarized. Current research status and development trends in reliability prediction methodologies were analyzed, with specific focus on modeling approaches, data fusion techniques, and adaptive failure prediction algorithm applications observed in domestic and international studies. Adaptive failure prediction algorithm for solenoid valves was investigated primarily through single working conditions and multi-physics coupling. Secondly, the challenges and problems encountered in the design, prediction, and optimization of solenoid valve reliability within the country in question were further highlighted. Finally, based on the current status and shortcomings of China’s solenoid valve research and development capabilities, relevant suggestions and prospects for the research on solenoid valve reliability prediction technology were put forward.

hydraulically operated solenoid valve  /  reliability modeling  /  failure prediction algorithm  /  reliability prediction  /  review
宋春生, 赵海峰, 谢沐炎, 江洋. 液动式电磁阀可靠性预测技术综述. 科学技术与工程, 2026 , 26 (11) : 4471 -4485 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2506007
Chun-sheng SONG, Hai-feng ZHAO, Mu-yan XIE, Yang JIANG. Review of Reliability Prediction Technologies for Hydraulic Solenoid Valves[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2026 , 26 (11) : 4471 -4485 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2506007
随着机电装备性能不断突破,提高装备可靠性已成为各国亟待解决的难题。装备可靠性工程是《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》的重要部分[1]。液动式电磁阀作为核电站中压水堆、主蒸汽等系统的关键组成部分,其可靠性问题不容忽视[2-3]
核电站用液动式电磁阀具有大流量、耐高温以及高承载力等特点,多应用于核电站中对承载力、精度及安全性要求高的场景。然而,现有试验标准时效性欠佳,且失效判据多停滞于是否出现卡死或异常响动,可能会导致部分故障漏检等问题,难以满足高可靠性要求。以上因素共同导致电磁阀的可靠性预测存在诸多技术难点。因此,研究液动式电磁阀可靠性预测技术尤为关键。基于精准可靠性模型,结合失效数据,采用智能算法,实现可靠性与剩余寿命预测,已成为中外学者重点关注方向[4]
作为机-电-磁耦合执行元件,电磁阀可精确控制介质流量,有效防止过泄或过载,以保证控制系统安全与稳定[5]。通常电磁阀由电磁线圈、铁芯、弹簧、阀座、阀体等组成[6]。其中,根据类型和工作原理,对常见液动电磁阀进行分类,如表1所示;根据载荷特性的不同,液动电磁阀主要分为滑阀和座阀两类,如比例式滑阀、开关式座阀等;另外,根据核电站中承担职能不同,液动电磁阀又可分为隔离阀、截止阀、止回阀及卸压阀等。
现阶段中外学者对液动式电磁阀失效形式开展了大量研究。液动式电磁阀典型失效类型主要包括机械部分与电气部分。其中,机械部分失效包括弹簧失效、阀芯与阀杆磨损等;电气部分失效则主要是线圈失效,如图1所示。
(1) 机械部分失效。液动式电磁阀机械结构主要包括弹簧、阀芯及阀杆等。由于电磁阀需高频往复移动,这些结构发生相应疲劳失效。弹簧作为电磁阀关键蓄能元件,通常由耐腐蚀金属制成,其直接影响阀芯与阀杆运动精度[7]。因长时间运行,电磁阀内部弹簧长期挤压,导致其严重变形甚至断裂,从而引发故障。另外,高温、高压及材质非均匀性等也可引发弹簧失效。
阀芯与阀杆也是电磁阀核心部件之一,其任何失效都可诱发严重事故。阀杆作为高频次运动部件,易发生疲劳磨损,使电磁阀使用寿命急剧缩短[8]
此外,阀芯与阀套间隙小,也可能产生摩擦损耗,降低阀芯运动精度,也严重影响了电磁力与弹簧恢复力。
(2) 电气部分失效。液动式电磁阀电气部分失效多集中于线圈失效。线圈失效是电气部分主要失效形式,占比高达50%,主要由线圈老化与烧毁引起[9-10]。其次,阀芯卡死、受潮导致绝缘性降低、过电压等因素也可引发线圈烧毁,使电磁阀提前失效。此外,高温与电磁耦合也会导致绝缘层剥离,引发电流短路,加剧线圈失效。
(3) 特殊失效形式。上述分析了液动式电磁阀典型失效形式,但不同类型的液动电磁阀侧重不同,其各自失效形式有所差异,尤以机械失效类型最为明显。其一,根据机能类型分,二位二通式电磁阀的阀座密封结构因高频次液体冲击而发生塌陷现象,使其渗漏率急剧上升;二位三通式电磁阀长时间使用后会出现杂质堵塞阀芯径向孔,导致其泄压性能降低;二位五通式电磁阀的阀芯中位密封结构会因长期受到磨损而发展成密封环失效,增加其液体窜流的风险;三位四通式电磁阀则在频繁换向时经受油液等冲刷,使其阀芯中位的三角槽边缘扩大,可能会间接引发各孔之间异常连通。其二,根据载荷特性分,开关式座阀因长期受先导阀芯高速碰撞而产生的机械冲击载荷,会直接导致其阀座形成凹坑;比例式滑阀多数因连续摩擦载荷而温度骤升,加剧其热膨胀,严重时甚至整机失效。另外,根据核电站承担职能的区别,隔离阀通常会因填料摩擦力过载或弹簧力欠载而发生无法遵循要求开启的失效形式,即隔离阀开启超时或无法开启[11]。截止阀在长期使用中因经受高温、振动等耦合载荷而发生运动副润滑脂变质和滚动轴承老化破损等失效形式[12]。止回阀在实际运行中因其阀瓣与阀体间存在间隙而不可避免地会发生反应堆冷却剂密封泄漏问题[13]。卸压阀多集中于压水堆,通常在严重事故工况下执行卸压功能,其不可避免地会遭受过高温载荷,严重时会突发卸压阀整机失效情况[14]
核电站中液动式电磁阀任何核心部件发生失效,都可能直接诱发灾难性事故,例如,阀芯卡死或者密封失效可能导致管道内易燃油液或有毒液体泄露,进而引发爆炸或人员中毒。
因此,分析液动式电磁阀失效形式,探究其失效机理与可靠性预测尤为重要。近年来,电磁阀可靠性预测技术已成为中外学者研究的重点,其主要包括可靠性建模、数据融合及基于自适应的失效预测算法等[15-16](图2)。现将聚焦液动式电磁阀可靠性预测技术,重点从这三方面对相关研究现状进行探讨与总结。
可靠性建模作为可靠性工程的核心环节,是可靠性预测技术的重要组成部分。本节将介绍电磁阀常用可靠性建模方法:数学建模法和有限元仿真分析法[17]。两种方法的优缺点如表2所示。
数学建模法是最常用的可靠性建模方法,主要有故障数据建模与性能退化数据建模。故障数据建模法采用故障规律与概率统计相结合方式,推测产品失效时间与寿命[18-19]。其常见类型为威布尔分布、指数分布及伽马分布等,尤以威布尔分布(图3)最为普遍[20-21]。故障数据的分布类型、典型适用条件及局限性如表3所示。
性能退化数据建模法也是数学建模的重要方法之一[22-23]。在多环境耦合作用下,核电站用电磁阀通常退化机制呈现出非线性变化特点,导致其可靠性建模需获取多种性能退化参数,如动作与释放电压、响应时间以及线圈直阻等(图4)。依据型号为ASCO的电磁阀,基于来源于武汉船用电力推进装置研究所电工电子产品检测中心在环境温度100 ℃,时间间隔120 h的热老化试验条件下测量得到的数据,采用归一化处理方式,分析多性能退化参数影响。归一化处理结果如图5所示。
图5可知,随着热老化时间增加,电磁阀线圈直阻值的归一化结果多数保持在0.6~0.8附近,说明在高温环境下,电磁阀内部线圈材料具有良好热稳定性,对温度敏感度不高。但电磁阀的其他性能参数均存在波动,尤以电压最为明显。其原因可能是电磁阀的通电时间过长,加剧其线圈绝缘层老化,间接导致电压出现异常波动。相较于电压,电磁阀的响应时间波动较小,但也存在不稳定现象,其更多可能是因阀芯卡滞而使其触点未正常吸合或释放,导致电磁阀出现间断性故障。
数学建模法还是可靠性指标的关键计算手段。平均无故障间隔时间(mean time between failure,MTBF)等可靠性指标是衡量产品可靠性的重要参数,可用于评估机电设备及其关键部件的失效风险,也可作为制定维修和延寿策略的重要依据[24-25]。例如,贺玉海等[26]提出一种基于电磁阀泄漏失效模型的船用低速电磁阀可靠性评估方法,得出电磁阀MTBF与阀芯累积变形量之间的定量关系。丁鹏[27]提出一种基于虚拟增广与Bootstrap的电磁阀可靠性数据扩充方法,利用统计学方法成功预测出某型电磁阀的MTBF。Cao等[28]提出一种基于三参数威布尔分布的液压阀寿命预测方法,并通过极大似然估计法预测出液压阀平均故障时间。Zhang等[29]提出一种基于概率统计和Miner理论相结合的伺服阀寿命预测方法,并利用耐久性指数来确定其总使用寿命。Li等[30]提出一种基于长寿命测试和贝叶斯模型的电磁阀剩余寿命预测方法,解决了液压电磁阀故障数据少且监测难的问题。Chen等[31]提出一种基于拉格朗日-欧拉的高速电磁阀流体力预测模型,并建立跨域耦合场框架,有效解决了传统模型因忽视分布式内部变量而直接参与计算的问题。都占江等[32]则将威布尔分布模型与阿伦尼斯模型相结合,获取到某型自研紧急电磁阀的寿命特征。
现将阿伦尼斯模型与Bootstrap方法相结合(本文方法),并运用威布尔分布拟合,预测出电磁阀的MTBF,结果对比如图6所示。然而,MTBF等指标受多种因素影响,尤其退化模型选择最为关键,若选取不当,会显著降低可靠性评估的准确性,从而直接影响电磁阀的可靠性量化水平。综合以上相关文献,大部分概率统计模型通常仅将故障或寿命数据作为输入条件,并利用分布拟合、似然估计等数学方法,以预测产品的剩余使用寿命与可靠性。但这些统计模型普遍未融入物理信息,可能导致产品可靠性的预测出现偏差。
针对上述统计模型建立方法存在缺乏物理信息等问题,中外在液动式电磁阀可靠性预测的数学建模方面也进一步开展了相应的延伸与研究,并取得成果。An等[33]提出一种基于Euler-Lagrange双向耦合的圆柱形滑阀多尺度空化模型,成功预测出阀内空化流动的多尺度特性。Wei等[34]建立一种基于集总参数的电磁阀热网络模型,将电磁阀划分为多个节点,通过节点间的热传递预测部件间的热传导规律。Ma等[35]提出一种电液伺服阀先导集液动力数学模型,成功预测出温度冲击和压力损失对其阀瓣液动力的影响。但现有研究仍存在诸多不足,例如,文献[33]中基于连续介质的多尺度空化模型,并不能直接描述滑阀空化过程中微小气泡的微观运动状态。文献[34]中集总参数热网络模型是对复杂结构温度场的简化计算,导致其难以捕捉复杂结构内部的温度分布,尤以模型中温度梯度大的区域最为明显,从而产生较大的估计偏差。文献[35]提到的液动力数学模型存在的不足,归因于该模型是在不考虑流体黏性、压缩性的条件下,通过伯努利方程推导获取。但实际液压油具有黏性,并且在复杂流场条件下时,其压缩性也不可忽视,可能导致其预测的伺服阀液动力存在一定偏差。
数学建模法在一定程度上可量化电磁阀的可靠性水平,但其极度依赖物理失效规律。加之,电磁阀在实际使用时,其基础特征分布可能会随时间发生变化,导致现有数学建模法的有效性降低。因此,若将数学建模法直接应用于电磁阀可靠性预测,效果可能欠佳。
有限元仿真是可靠性建模的另一重要方法。相较于数学建模法,有限元仿真可对三维模型施加多物理场边界条件,进行耦合场的失效仿真,有效克服传统建模方法的不足与局限性。目前,有限元仿真技术在电磁阀可靠性预测中的应用需求日益增多[36-37]
近年来,中外在电磁阀模型的有限元仿真领域研究取得一定成果。例如,杨知非等[38]提出一种换流阀的屏蔽罩及光纤的电场有限元仿真模型,成功分析出光纤故障点位置局部放电的原因。周博涛等[39]提出一种基于CFD(computational fluid dynamics)的剪切阀分流量负载转矩模型,得到井深及钻井液性质对剪切阀水力转矩影响的主要因素。刘梦瑶等[40]提出一种基于Fluent的截止阀内部流场模拟方法,得出不同开度下阀体和阀芯的变形及应力变化。Zhang等[41]建立一种基于滑动网格的液压滑阀有限元仿真模型,对阀芯不平衡力进行失效仿真与分析。宗超勇等[42]提出一种基于流-固-热的隔离阀多物理场耦合模型,揭示了多场耦合应力对隔离阀内部流场的产生与演化规律。王浩楠等[43]建立螺线管式与极柱式两种电磁阀有限元仿真模型,获取到两种电磁阀在不同电流、气隙下的静态电磁力与散热情况。张伟等[44]提出一种基于Maxwell 2D的先导式比例电磁阀的电磁仿真模型,并通过正交实验法对其结构参数进行优化。杨柳等[45]提出一种基于Workbench的常开燃油电磁阀热固耦合仿真模型,得出温度在不同开度下对电磁阀流量-压差特性的影响规律。任行鹏等[46]提出一种基于ANSYS的液压电磁阀有限元仿真模型,分析其流场特性并计算出其流体力参数。Wen等[47]提出一种基于参数化建模的电磁阀多物理场模型,得出了该电磁阀的时滞特性。吴崧瑞等[48]提出一种基于Fluent的某型三位四通电磁阀流场分布仿真模型,获取到压力损失位置与工况条件种类对电磁换向阀压力损失影响的基本规律。吕高伟等[49]提出一种基于Maxwell的比例电磁阀参数化模型,并通过正交实验获取到使恒力性能较优的结构参数组合。赵欣宇等[50]提出一种基于多物理场的增压与减压阀仿真模型,以研究其在一体式电子液压制动系统的作用。陈煜等[51]提出一种基于CFD的先导式高压电磁阀流场仿真模型,分析不同类型介质对其流动特性的影响。
现阶段电磁阀的有限元仿真建模还存在诸多不足,主要以多物理场下的有限元仿真研究匮乏为主。其次,大部分研究可能仅关注单一电磁或温度场的失效仿真分析,并未考虑两者的双向耦合或电磁-温度-机械多场耦合机制,导致其无法预测多工况耦合下液动电磁阀的可靠性。同时,少部分文献中还特别涉及针对电磁阀的流固耦合有限元模型建立,通常对液压阀内的湍流效应和流动特性进行稳态假设,存在未考虑流体惯性力对阀芯瞬态响应影响的问题等。
然而,液动式电磁阀本身集多场于一体,主要应用于复杂多变的工况。若对其只进行常见类型的仿真,就难以保证预测精度。因此,需在多物理场下探究仿真参数对预测精度的影响。但随着不同环境应力的施加,部分仿真参数的敏感度会显著变化,尤以网格参数和边界条件最为明显,导致预测精度降低。本文中对某型电磁阀施加随机振动、恒定高温(T=80 ℃)及恒定高湿(RH=90%)环境应力仿真,并将其形变量、温湿度稳态值作为网格无关性检验指标,其结果如图7~图9所示。
图7结果可知,在随机振动应力下,模型网格数为2 000~6 000时,其网格参数对振动应力敏感度较大,使其定向变形呈现发散特点;当网格数超过6 000时,定向变形逐渐收敛。其原因可能包含两方面:一方面,模型网格参数对振动的敏感度减弱;另一方面,模型的定向变形结果与网格无关。在恒定高温应力下(图8),模型的初始网格数较多,当网格数处于5 000~9 000时,模型的温度稳态值并不收敛,差值最高可达4 ℃,说明高温对网格参数影响显著;当网格数高于9 000时,温度值的发散相应减弱,并逐渐趋于收敛。另外,在恒定高湿条件下(图9),模型的湿度稳态值始终都在0.89附近波动,说明其湿度值与网格数量无直接关系。但模型的网格数为6 000~9 000时会出现异常尖点,可能存在潜在的热-湿耦合模块失真风险。
电磁阀的有限元仿真还与其驱动方式密切相关。电磁阀驱动方式主要分为气动和液动式两类。二者间在部分方面具有明显差异,如流体物理性质、工作压力等。其一,液动电磁阀的工作介质通常是液压油,具有近似不可压缩、黏度高及流动阻尼显著等特点,而气动电磁阀更多采用空气介质,其具备可压缩性、黏度低等特点。相较于气动电磁阀,液动电磁阀则需更多考虑油液的空化气蚀与黏滞效应。其二,液动电磁阀的普遍工作压力比气动电磁阀高,直接导致其在有限元仿真时需要更加关注结构的静强度及疲劳寿命分析,而气动电磁阀因工作压力较小而更加倾向于瞬态特性的分析。
总之,有限元仿真技术不仅可对电磁阀进行常见工况下的失效预测,也可实现较为准确的多物理场耦合失效预测。同时,有限元仿真分析法也存在一定不足,其网格参数对不同的边界条件的敏感度具有明显差异,必要时需考虑加密网格,以保证目标参数的收敛精度。但加密网格势必会增加其计算资源与时间成本,并出现获取结果迟滞问题。因此,如何对电磁阀模型及其部件进行合理的网格划分与优化,将是有限元仿真方面需重点关注的问题。
下面围绕电磁阀可靠性预测技术中的多源数据融合与基于自适应的失效预测算法两方面展开探究。二者之间存在优势与不足的不同之处,如表4所示。
随着人工智能技术与工业的融合需求日益提高,世界各国都面临着大量纷繁复杂的多源异构数据问题,尤以工业领域尤为显著[52-53]。工业系统正从传统人工定期运维逐步迈向智能运维,如核电站等。相较于其他工业场景,核电站的运维模式具有高安全性与可靠性、监测数据与分级层数多以及系统与功能之间复杂度高等特点,导致传统数据融合方法更难以保证海量、高复杂度及高准确度的可靠性预测需求[54]。因此,多源数据或传感器融合技术应运而生,其将大量多源异构数据有条不紊地相融合,可极大满足复杂度高、准确性好的可靠性预测需求[55]
液控电磁阀失效是核电站一直以来难以解决的问题,但电磁阀是核电站主要控制系统的核心执行元件,其失效将影响核电站的整体运营情况。目前,核电站阀类故障监测方法主要由声发射、振动、热成像及电流分析等组成,其涉及的主要参数如图10所示。但大多数集中于单一数据评估,无法有效表征出电磁阀真正健康状态。
中外在电磁阀可靠性预测中运用多源数据融合技术整体起步较晚。例如,Conti等[56]提出一种基于电流和振动信号融合的液控阀泄漏识别方法,可实现阀门早期故障状态预测。Zhong等[57]提出一种基于多传感器信息融合的故障预测方法,用高质量伪标签数据扩充有限标签数据,实现了液控换向阀的故障预测。Shi等[58]提出一种基于图像处理的多传感器信息融合方法,可实现传统液压阀的智能诊断与预测。Li等[59]提出一种基于多源信息特征融合的电磁阀故障预测方法,有效扩展电磁阀可预测故障的种类,实现了较高故障预测精度。Cui等[60]提出一种基于模型-数据融合的流量控制阀辨识方法,可实现良好的流量预测性能。Wang等[61]提出一种基于振动、压力、温度等多参数的阀门故障预测方法,计算出阀门健康值,对阀门故障起到良好的预警作用。
现阶段,基于数据融合的电磁阀故障预测技术已取得初步成效。其主要包含两方面:一方面,该技术在多源数据深度融合方面取得突破,尤其集中于多源传感器信息、模型与多源数据融合等。另一方面,多源数据融合策略更加注重特征与决策级。另外,电磁阀多源数据融合技术在复杂场景中的鲁棒性得到进一步提升。但其仍存在数据获取难度大、融合信息丢失及融合模型受限等不足,是今后数据融合研究需重点解决的问题。
预测与健康管理(prognostics and health management, PHM)技术是机电装备健康监测领域的重要方向之一,其主要通过系统知识、物理信息及数据,监测异常、诊断故障以及预测系统的未来趋势等,以估计和预测产品剩余使用寿命[62-63]。但在变工况时,传统PHM技术不能保证对产品退化的动态跟踪。为解决这一问题,基于自适应的失效预测算法应运而生,其具备在线学习能力,可满足产品在复杂多变工况下的失效预测需求。
自适应失效预测算法主要包括机器学习和深度学习两大类,其精度质量直接决定着产品可靠性水平的预测[64-65]。传统机器学习算法预测精度显著依赖特征提取的质量,但特征提取通常需借助领域专家经验或先验信息,会造成主观性强的问题;其次,传统算法面对变工况或随机性强的故障时,模型训练的数据集则极度受限,极大削弱了算法的预测能力。但基于自适应的失效预测算法可解决传统算法存在的问题,满足电磁阀的可靠性预测需求。
目前,诸如支持向量机(support vecter machines,SVM)、长短期记忆网络(long short-term memory,LSTM)等算法在电磁阀可靠性预测方面应用较多(表5),尤其单一工况下的失效问题预测。例如,Nie等[66]提出一种基于FNN(feedforward neural network)-ARIMA(autoregressive integrated moving average)-LSTM的水液压高速开关阀剩余使用寿命预测方法,对该开关阀进行状态监测并预测其使用寿命。Tod等[67]基于卷积神经网络(convolutional neural networks,CNN)的物理模型与故障模式相结合的方法,对加速寿命试验中多种交流电磁阀电流信号进行大数据处理,提升了其失效预测的准确性。马栋等[68]提出一种基于SVM算法的电流信号时频分析法,利用时频信号进行主元分析以获取新时域特征,实现了电磁换向阀的故障预测。Wang等[69]提出一种基于系统压力信息的CNN-LSTM混合时空网络故障预测方法,并利用多属性时间序列数据,有效地实现了数字液压开关阀故障的高效诊断。Mazaev等[70]提出一种基于贝叶斯卷积神经网络的电磁阀剩余寿命预测方法,利用阀门电流特征对寿命模型进行训练,从而实现电磁阀寿命分布的良好估计。Li等[71]提出一种基于线圈电流的失效诊断算法,利用数字滤波器对电流信号进行统一处理,有效地对电磁阀失效状态进行预测与分类。Tian等[72]提出一种基于阀芯静摩擦故障的量化算法,利用线圈驱动电流时序特征,可快速准确诊断电磁阀的故障问题。张杰等[73]提出一种基于模态分解-鲸鱼混合算法模型,并通过提取驱动电流信号的能量特征差异,从而实现电磁先导阀故障的准确预测。王敏等[74]提出一种基于Bagging-DT(decision tree)算法模型的脉冲电磁阀故障预测方法,有效解决了实际工程人员因主观性强而使预测可信度低的问题。葛君超等[75]提出一种SVM-自适应蚁群混合算法模型,利用核主成分分析法提取电流信号敏感特征,可实现燃油电磁阀故障的准确诊断。在现阶段已有的仿真基础,利用LSTM算法模型和电磁阀温度场仿真数据结合(图11),并通过优化网络模型参数,可较为精准地实现变温条件下电磁阀温度场响应预测。电磁阀温度与应力响应预测的均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)RMSE结果如图12所示。另外,在武汉船用电力推进装置研究所提供的核电站用电磁阀的老化数据基础上,现提出一种基于Bootstrap-LSTM模型的电磁阀MTBF预测方法(图13),其预测结果如表6所示。
表6可知,相比较试验法,20 ℃下LSTM算法的预测结果相差358.4 h。考虑到95%置信区间和t检验相结合是工程应用中常见的误差验证方法,经计算得到,20 ℃下LSTM算法的预测结果落在95%置信区间[1 859.67,204 319.33]h内,且t检验的p=0.85≫0.05。因此,该预测结果与试验结果不具有显著性差异,两者间误差具有统计学意义。
从本质上讲,液动式电磁阀实际是在多物理耦合应力场下工作,其失效问题更多归结于多环境耦合应力。然而,现阶段预测算法对多物理场耦合失效的预测研究尚且稀缺。例如,Glueck等[76]提出一种基于物理信息的级联预测算法,将电流、液压及位移信号集成,有效解决了三位四通液压电磁阀的位移和液压非线性预测难的问题。Hong等[77]提出一种基于物理信息的CNN-BiLSTM(bidirectional long short-term memory)-Self Attention高速电磁阀退化模型,并在多物理场数学模型基础上,通过偏微分函数(partial differential equation,PDE)对其物理信息构造损失函数,提高了高速电磁阀退化模型的解释性与准确性。Meng等[78]提出了一种基于NSGA(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm)-II和层级分析法(analytic hierarchy process-technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution,AHP-TOPSIS)相结合的多目标综合预测方法,对水压高速开关阀结构参数进行预测,实现了其响应与轻量化之间的平衡。
另外,考虑到电磁阀实际运动时,阀芯是关键运行部件。因此,通过分析阀芯的状态,进而深入探究多物理场耦合失效与预测算法间的关系,也可能是行之有效的方法。一方面,阀芯瞬时通断电急剧产生较大碰撞能量,超过阀芯处密封结构的疲劳极限或断裂,间接引发惯性力突变。另一方面,线圈老化是电磁力衰减的主导因素,但其也会加剧阀芯卡滞、散热失效等风险。首先,在考虑温度对电磁力衰减的影响以及加速度和电磁力耦合诱发的额外负载作用的基础上,利用梯度下降法对测得的加速度和电磁力数据进行突变点搜索,并进行归一化处理。其次,将阀芯运动方程嵌入LSTM模型,并设置损失函数。考虑到其他非主要参数会对物理模型产生影响,如电磁阀的液体驱动力、黏滞阻力等,还需利用残差学习对模型进行补偿,以修正实际电磁力大小。同时,在现有模型基础上,嵌入电磁阀的温度-黏滞阻力关系表,以实现电磁阀的电流补偿。最终,利用多级预警策略实现液动式电磁阀的多物理场耦合失效预警。
综合以上分析,数据融合是电磁阀可靠性预测的基础,通过整合与处理多源异构数据,为后续分析提供准确输入;可靠性建模是可靠性预测的核心,基于整合后的数据建立产品的故障分布或失效机理数学模型,量化电磁阀的失效概率和可靠度等;基于自适应的失效预测算法可在融合后的数据基础上,动态调整模型的参数,解决复杂时变工况下电磁阀失效预测难的问题。
电磁阀广泛应用于核电领域,但传统电磁阀侧重于结构与功能设计,尚未融入完善的正向可靠性设计理念与维护措施。
中国在该领域研究逐步完善,但仍存在诸多不足。其一,电磁阀可靠性研究多数侧重于单一失效分析,缺乏耦合失效分析。其二,电磁阀可靠性试验存在周期长、成本高及数据获取困难等问题,限制了电磁阀的可靠性理论与应用的发展。
针对电磁阀可靠性预测方面现存的诸多不足,提出如下建议。
(1) 电磁阀研发与设计应重视融入正向设计理念。同时,应明确电磁阀及各部件之间的层级关系,积极开展电磁阀结构、功能及可靠性的融合研究,提升电磁阀整体性能与可靠性。
(2) 现有电磁阀可靠性仿真与实际可靠性试验中的性能参数关联性还需加强,有必要深入参数化建模方法,推动仿真软件的二次开发,提高仿真准确度。
(3) 电磁阀健康状态常受到电流、温度及振动等因素影响,具有多源异构特点。因此,可利用多模态数据融合技术,提高其可靠性预测精度。除此之外,人工智能相关技术包括物理信息模型与AI(artificial intelligence)结合、健康指标构建技术等,也可尝试应用于电磁阀的可靠性预测。
(4) 电磁阀的研发与制造应注重结合不同阶段需求,加强可靠性模型的试验验证。将耦合失效机理与大量数据结合,可为电磁阀设计与制造提供科学依据,为后续可靠性维护提供坚实根基。
目前,在实际工作中电磁阀通常会出现线圈失效、弹簧失效及阀芯与阀杆磨损等典型失效问题。其中,线圈失效发生概率超过50%,其寿命与可靠性难以满足核心领域对电磁阀高可靠性、长寿命的要求。作为流体管道控制系统的关键部分,电磁阀的可靠性预测技术已成为中国在电磁阀自主研发过程中亟需突破的核心技术之一。国外对电磁阀的高可靠性与长寿命设计方面研究相对领先,广泛运用可靠性仿真与数据驱动技术相结合的方法,并在正向设计过程中不断总结经验,使相关技术得到相应地推广与应用。
然而,中国早期对电磁阀可靠性研究的重视程度不足,开展研究起步较晚,进一步限制了该领域的发展。为缩短与国外电磁阀可靠性研究方面的差距,并设计出技术靠前与高质量的电磁阀,中国亟需开展基于正向设计思维的电磁阀研发工作,在充分厘清电磁阀的复杂耦合失效机理的基础上,深入展开可靠性研究,建立完善的可靠性设计与分析准则、专家数据库、可靠性优化策略等,从而推动中国电磁阀技术的自主创新与高质量发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(52501397)
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2026年第26卷第11期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2506007
  • 接收时间:2025-08-18
  • 首发时间:2026-07-02
  • 出版时间:2026-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-18
  • 修回日期:2025-12-19
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国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(52501397)
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    1 武汉理工大学机电工程学院, 武汉 430070
    2 湖北省磁悬浮工程技术研究中心, 武汉 430070
    3 武汉理工大学, 数字制造湖北省重点实验室, 武汉 430070
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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