Article(id=1289914379583996221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1279495830260396249, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2504811, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750953600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-27, revisedDate=1763481600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1785469153542, onlineDateStr=2026-07-31, pubDate=1776441600000, pubDateStr=2026-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1785469153542, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1785469153542, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1785469153542, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1279495830260396249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2026', volume='26', issue='11', pageStart='4471', pageEnd='4911', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776441600000', pubDateStr='2026-04-18', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782985177815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782985177815, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4782, endPage=4791, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1289914380024398142, articleId=1289914379583996221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Chain-like Mechanical Deterioration Mechanisms and Intelligent Predictive Analysis of Fractured Sandstone under Freeze-thaw Cycles, columnId=1156963932482130535, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the damage evolution mechanism of fractured sandstone under freeze-thaw cycles, an integrated research framework combining numerical simulation, machine learning, and decision logic analysis & interaction effect analysis was established. Numerical models were constructed using PFC software, through which freeze-thaw cycle tests and uniaxial compression simulations were conducted. A deconstruction formulation was developed to isolate the contributions of freeze-thaw damage and pre-existing fissures. The XGBoost algorithm was employed to build a multi-objective prediction model achieving a test set R2 exceeding 0.97, while the SHAP method was applied to interpret decision logic and variable interactions. Results indicate a transition from brittle to ductile failure modes under freeze-thaw action, with mechanical property deterioration rates gradually decelerating and showing damage accumulation saturation. The micro-macro chain damage evolution mechanism is summarized as frost heaving forces driving particle bond degradation, triggering crack propagation and force chain network failure. The cumulative effect of this progressive damage manifests macroscopically as a significant reduction in load-bearing capacity. SHAP analysis further reveals three interaction effects on compressive strength: synergistic deterioration between freeze-thaw cycles and upper temperature/fissure length/fissure thickness; synergistic compensation between cycle count and high dip angles (>45°); and antagonistic effects between cycles and fissure quantity. Finally, an integrated XGBoost-SHAP platform was developed, providing an intelligent tool for rock mass stability assessment in cold regions.

, authors=Yi-ru WANG1, 2, Zhi-qiang KANG1, 2, Zhen-kun WANG1, 2, Shi-tong LI1, 2, Xu-long YAO1, 2, authorsList=Yi-ru WANG, Zhi-qiang KANG, Zhen-kun WANG, Shi-tong LI, Xu-long YAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1289914382972993880, articleId=1289914379583996221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=冻融作用下裂隙砂岩链式力学劣化机制与智能预测分析, columnId=1154013916129648643, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为揭示冻融作用下裂隙砂岩的损伤演化机理,构建了数值模拟、机器学习和决策逻辑及交互效应解析结合的研究体系。通过PFC软件建立裂隙砂岩数值模型,开展冻融循环以及三轴压缩模拟实验;建立解构公式,分离冻融作用与裂隙在砂岩力学损伤过程中的各自贡献。采用极限梯度提升算法(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)建立冻融裂隙砂岩多目标预测模型(测试集拟合优度大于0.97),引入沙普利加性解释方法(Shapley additive explanations, SHAP),解析模型决策逻辑与变量交互效应。研究发现,冻融作用下裂隙砂岩的破坏特征由脆性转为延性,随着循环次数增加,其力学性能的劣化速率逐步减缓,呈损伤累计饱和特征。其链式损伤演化机制可总结为,微观角度下冻胀力驱动颗粒黏结劣化,促使裂纹扩展与力链网络失效,随损伤逐步累计,在宏观层面表现为承载力的下降。而SHAP交互值则进一步阐明了作用在抗压强度上的三类交互效应,即冻融循环次数与冻融上限温度、裂隙长度、厚度之间的协同劣化效应;冻融循环次数与高裂隙倾角(大于45°)之间异向作用的协同补偿效应;循环次数与裂隙数量间的拮抗效应。 基于以上成果,集成XGBoost-SHAP技术框架,开发多目标预测与变量分析平台,为寒区岩体稳定性评估提供了智能化工具。

, authors=王彝茹1, 2, 康志强1, 2, 王振坤1, 2, 李诗童1, 2, 姚旭龙1, 2, authorsList=王彝茹, 康志强, 王振坤, 李诗童, 姚旭龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王彝茹(1999—),女,汉族,山西临汾人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩石力学与工程。E-mail:

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* 康志强(1974—),男,汉族,河北井陉人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩石力学与工程。E-mail:
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王彝茹(1999—),女,汉族,山西临汾人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩石力学与工程。E-mail:

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Science Technology and Engineering, 2023, 23(10): 4044-4057., articleTitle=Research progress on machine learning algorithms for lithology identification based on drilling data, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1289914510072988377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1289914379583996221, awardId=52074123, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52074123), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1289914503592788623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1289914379583996221, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1289914503601177232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1289914379583996221, companyId=1289914503592788623, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China), 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1289914379583996221, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Stress-strain curves of freeze-thaw fissured sandstone under multivariate influences, figureFileSmall=6Mj8g7Ysqo2YPHx3U2wAuQ==, figureFileBig=nbsX42PCECQ7FHZ8vb+H/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289914508579816132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1289914379583996221, language=CN, label=图4, caption=多变量影响下冻融裂隙砂岩应力-应变曲线, figureFileSmall=6Mj8g7Ysqo2YPHx3U2wAuQ==, figureFileBig=nbsX42PCECQ7FHZ8vb+H/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289914508634342085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1289914379583996221, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Crack extension and particle contact in freeze-thaw fractured sandstone under multivariate influence, figureFileSmall=v8wfLKx13u6DTzbbrcaKpA==, figureFileBig=oliq0M5BHz1xqjQsI3UwpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289914508705645254, 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caption=基于XGBoost-SHAP多目标预测模型的构建与交互影响机制分析流程图, figureFileSmall=cMMEwFzwpqmvLQ9gXHzLiQ==, figureFileBig=Dxtr9QAoUcQU4d2dgoLR7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289914509229933261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1289914379583996221, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Contribution map of characteristic variables based on the compressive strength of freeze-thaw fractured sandstone, figureFileSmall=BPCF/RKreEHAiU+pbrzmiw==, figureFileBig=FijnmBSjzHnQ+vYkCpzu4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289914509288653518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1289914379583996221, language=CN, label=图9, caption=基于冻融裂隙砂岩抗压强度的特征变量贡献图, figureFileSmall=BPCF/RKreEHAiU+pbrzmiw==, figureFileBig=FijnmBSjzHnQ+vYkCpzu4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289914509359956687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1289914379583996221, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=SHAP interaction values of characteristic variables based on the compressive strength of freeze-thaw fractured sandstones, figureFileSmall=jgyv2hQwzVhNZHedcIodow==, figureFileBig=Tf4/nForEuiPrRLhzpn2bA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289914509427065552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1289914379583996221, language=CN, label=图10, caption=基于冻融裂隙砂岩抗压强度的特征变量SHAP交互值, figureFileSmall=jgyv2hQwzVhNZHedcIodow==, figureFileBig=Tf4/nForEuiPrRLhzpn2bA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289914509481591505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1289914379583996221, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=3D strong interaction surface based on the compressive strength of freeze-thaw fractured sandstone, figureFileSmall=WNq4hXnaHRVQrZTzlGgj1g==, figureFileBig=NoqaiA7hzGNNI6bG67dqwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289914509540311762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1289914379583996221, language=CN, label=图11, caption=基于冻融裂隙砂岩抗压强度的3D强交互面, figureFileSmall=WNq4hXnaHRVQrZTzlGgj1g==, figureFileBig=NoqaiA7hzGNNI6bG67dqwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289914509603226323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1289914379583996221, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Multi-objective prediction and variational analysis platform for freeze-thaw fractured sandstone, figureFileSmall=RFFxQc1P9piuU38qBgysdQ==, figureFileBig=2jG6X5+f7ls3v8BKFRGxtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289914509666140884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1289914379583996221, language=CN, label=图12, caption=冻融裂隙砂岩多目标预测与变量分析平台, figureFileSmall=RFFxQc1P9piuU38qBgysdQ==, figureFileBig=2jG6X5+f7ls3v8BKFRGxtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289914509729055445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1289914379583996221, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Details of micro-parameter calibration of fractured sandstone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
黏结
类型
颗粒接触
模量/GPa
颗粒刚度比 平行黏结法
向强度/MPa
平行黏结切
向强度/MPa
平行黏结
摩擦角/(°)
摩擦
系数
岩-岩颗粒 10 3.5 6.3 10.6 45 0.5
水-岩颗粒 10 0.5 130 150 0
水-水颗粒 10 0.5 150 150 0
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裂隙砂岩微观参数标定详情

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
黏结
类型
颗粒接触
模量/GPa
颗粒刚度比 平行黏结法
向强度/MPa
平行黏结切
向强度/MPa
平行黏结
摩擦角/(°)
摩擦
系数
岩-岩颗粒 10 3.5 6.3 10.6 45 0.5
水-岩颗粒 10 0.5 130 150 0
水-水颗粒 10 0.5 150 150 0
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Details of model assessment indicators

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参数 MAE MSE R2
抗压强度 1.104 2 2.130 0 0.986
冻融损伤D1 0.014 9 0.000 2 0.973
裂隙损伤D2 0.015 7 0.000 7 0.975
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模型评估指标详情

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参数 MAE MSE R2
抗压强度 1.104 2 2.130 0 0.986
冻融损伤D1 0.014 9 0.000 2 0.973
裂隙损伤D2 0.015 7 0.000 7 0.975
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冻融作用下裂隙砂岩链式力学劣化机制与智能预测分析
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王彝茹 1, 2 , 康志强 1, 2 , 王振坤 1, 2 , 李诗童 1, 2 , 姚旭龙 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 建筑科学 2026,26(11): 4782-4791
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科学技术与工程 |建筑科学 2026 , 26 (11) : 4782 -4791
冻融作用下裂隙砂岩链式力学劣化机制与智能预测分析
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王彝茹(1999—),女,汉族,山西临汾人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩石力学与工程。E-mail:

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王彝茹1, 2 , 康志强1, 2 , 王振坤1, 2, 李诗童1, 2, 姚旭龙1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 华北理工大学矿业工程学院, 唐山 063210
  • 2 河北省矿山绿色智能开采技术创新中心, 唐山 063210
通讯作者:
* 康志强(1974—),男,汉族,河北井陉人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩石力学与工程。E-mail:
作者简介:

王彝茹(1999—),女,汉族,山西临汾人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩石力学与工程。E-mail:

Chain-like Mechanical Deterioration Mechanisms and Intelligent Predictive Analysis of Fractured Sandstone under Freeze-thaw Cycles
Yi-ru WANG1, 2 , Zhi-qiang KANG1, 2 , Zhen-kun WANG1, 2, Shi-tong LI1, 2, Xu-long YAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
  • 2 Hebei Innovation Center for Green and Intelligent Mining Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
出版时间: 2026-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2504811
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为揭示冻融作用下裂隙砂岩的损伤演化机理,构建了数值模拟、机器学习和决策逻辑及交互效应解析结合的研究体系。通过PFC软件建立裂隙砂岩数值模型,开展冻融循环以及三轴压缩模拟实验;建立解构公式,分离冻融作用与裂隙在砂岩力学损伤过程中的各自贡献。采用极限梯度提升算法(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)建立冻融裂隙砂岩多目标预测模型(测试集拟合优度大于0.97),引入沙普利加性解释方法(Shapley additive explanations, SHAP),解析模型决策逻辑与变量交互效应。研究发现,冻融作用下裂隙砂岩的破坏特征由脆性转为延性,随着循环次数增加,其力学性能的劣化速率逐步减缓,呈损伤累计饱和特征。其链式损伤演化机制可总结为,微观角度下冻胀力驱动颗粒黏结劣化,促使裂纹扩展与力链网络失效,随损伤逐步累计,在宏观层面表现为承载力的下降。而SHAP交互值则进一步阐明了作用在抗压强度上的三类交互效应,即冻融循环次数与冻融上限温度、裂隙长度、厚度之间的协同劣化效应;冻融循环次数与高裂隙倾角(大于45°)之间异向作用的协同补偿效应;循环次数与裂隙数量间的拮抗效应。 基于以上成果,集成XGBoost-SHAP技术框架,开发多目标预测与变量分析平台,为寒区岩体稳定性评估提供了智能化工具。

裂隙砂岩  /  冻融循环  /  数值模拟  /  SHAP  /  XGBoost

To investigate the damage evolution mechanism of fractured sandstone under freeze-thaw cycles, an integrated research framework combining numerical simulation, machine learning, and decision logic analysis & interaction effect analysis was established. Numerical models were constructed using PFC software, through which freeze-thaw cycle tests and uniaxial compression simulations were conducted. A deconstruction formulation was developed to isolate the contributions of freeze-thaw damage and pre-existing fissures. The XGBoost algorithm was employed to build a multi-objective prediction model achieving a test set R2 exceeding 0.97, while the SHAP method was applied to interpret decision logic and variable interactions. Results indicate a transition from brittle to ductile failure modes under freeze-thaw action, with mechanical property deterioration rates gradually decelerating and showing damage accumulation saturation. The micro-macro chain damage evolution mechanism is summarized as frost heaving forces driving particle bond degradation, triggering crack propagation and force chain network failure. The cumulative effect of this progressive damage manifests macroscopically as a significant reduction in load-bearing capacity. SHAP analysis further reveals three interaction effects on compressive strength: synergistic deterioration between freeze-thaw cycles and upper temperature/fissure length/fissure thickness; synergistic compensation between cycle count and high dip angles (>45°); and antagonistic effects between cycles and fissure quantity. Finally, an integrated XGBoost-SHAP platform was developed, providing an intelligent tool for rock mass stability assessment in cold regions.

fractured sandstone  /  freeze-thaw cycle  /  numerical simulation  /  SHAP  /  XGBoost
王彝茹, 康志强, 王振坤, 李诗童, 姚旭龙. 冻融作用下裂隙砂岩链式力学劣化机制与智能预测分析. 科学技术与工程, 2026 , 26 (11) : 4782 -4791 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2504811
Yi-ru WANG, Zhi-qiang KANG, Zhen-kun WANG, Shi-tong LI, Xu-long YAO. Chain-like Mechanical Deterioration Mechanisms and Intelligent Predictive Analysis of Fractured Sandstone under Freeze-thaw Cycles[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2026 , 26 (11) : 4782 -4791 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2504811
寒区工程中,裂隙砂岩在冻融循环作用下发生的渐进损伤是诱发岩体失稳的关键因素[1]。冻融过程中,水冰相变产生的冻胀应力造成了岩石内部裂隙扩展、强度劣化、渗透性增强等灾害效应[2-3]。近年来,在传统力学试验方面,苗方利等[4]发现岩石强度随冻融次数增加发生非线性下降;Feng等[5]发现砂岩的峰值应变随冻融循环次数的增加而增加;叶永芃等[6]通过单轴压缩试验,分析砂岩在不同冻融循环次数下的变形特征。与此同时,学者们通过核磁共振和CT(computed tomography)扫描揭示了冻融砂岩的微观损伤机制 [7-9];王创业等[10]对冻融循环后的砂岩进行了核磁共振试验后,提出在冻融30次后,冻融损伤作用机制发生改变。数值模拟方面,相关研究亦取得一定进展,宋勇军等[11]在离散元模拟软件中用孔隙水体积相变的方式模拟冻融作用;朱谭谭等[12]基于体积膨胀法,研究在应力-冻融耦合作用下,轴向应力对于微观裂纹扩展情况的影响。在机器学习的应用中,吴顺川等[13]、王娟等[14]分别使用基础力学参数和裂隙几何参数作为特征变量建立了岩石抗压强度预测模型;王海静等[15]还开发了可视化预测界面。
上述研究存在以下局限:力学损伤分析中变量维度单一,而预测模型因缺乏可解释性难以揭示多因素耦合机制。针对以上局限,拟通过多尺度损伤解析、预测模型构建与交互效应分析等工作,旨在建立多变量影响下的损伤分析框架,以期更深入地揭示相关因素的耦合作用关系。
将饱水处理过的砂岩视为岩石颗粒与孔隙水颗粒的集合。通过改变孔隙水颗粒的体积模拟冻融作用。每个冻融周期内水颗粒的体积分步进行计算,公式为
V=$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{V}_{0}+\mathrm{\Delta }V{W}_{\mathrm{f}},& T\le 0\\ {V}_{0},& T>0\end{array}\right.$
式(1)中:T为当前温度,℃;V0为孔隙水颗粒原始体积,mm3V为其体积在此时间步内的变化量,mm3;Wf为单个水颗粒中固态结冰体的占比[16];VWfT的两相共存时计算公式为
ΔV=V0$\left(\frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{w}}}{{\rho }_{\mathrm{i}}}-1\right)$
Wf=$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}[1+0.139{\left(-\frac{1}{T}\right)}^{\frac{1}{3}}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\left(\frac{1+{\mathrm{e}}^{0.268T}}{2}\right)]\times & \\   (1-{\mathrm{e}}^{0.268T}),& T\le 0\\ 0,& T>0\end{array}\right.$
T=T0$\left[\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(\frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{60}t\right)\right]$
式中:ρiρw分别为固、液态水的密度,kg/mm3;T0为水颗粒的初始温度,℃;t为当前时间步。通过式(4)模拟自然界中气温的变化规律[17],进行每个时间步的温度更新。
具体实验流程如下:(1)岩样制备:选取具有季节性冻融特征的冀北矿区的黄砂岩作为实验对象,将岩样加工为如图1(a)所示100 mm ×50 mm×150 mm的标准长方体试件,并在试件中心区域切割出两条45°倾角的贯通平行裂隙(长度30 mm,宽度1 mm,间距50 mm)。(2)饱水处理:将试件置于真空容器中,注入去离子水后抽真空至-0.1 MPa,并维持4 h以上至无气泡析出,随后常压浸泡48 h以确保充分饱和。(3)加载测试:将饱水处理后的试件放置于500 t岩爆测试系统[图1(b)]中,进行三轴压缩试验。
基于颗粒流软件PFC生成的裂隙砂岩数值模型试件如图2所示。模型尺寸为100 mm × 50 mm × 150 mm,由直径为0.5~0.8 mm的岩石颗粒,与直径为0.2~0.3 mm的水颗粒构成。通过线性平行黏结模型来表征离散元颗粒间的胶结作用,并删除裂隙墙体内颗粒生成预制裂隙。在xyz三个方向分别设置6个刚性墙,通过伺服控制以位移加载的方式实现三轴压缩过程。
使用试错法对数值模型的微观参数取值进行了多次调整与优化,并通过遍历算法,为所有颗粒及对应黏结赋予了微观力学参数,成功再现了饱水裂隙砂岩从变形至破坏的全过程变形特征。最终得到的应力-应变曲线如图3所示。虽然在颗粒生成阶段采用重力沉积法,模拟曲线未呈现明显的压密阶段,但其关键力学指标与试验数据高度吻合:峰值强度偏差仅为1.84%,破坏后应变误差为4.26%。此外,二者在峰值应力后均表现出典型的脆性破坏特征。多角度验证结果表明,表1所列参数取值具有较高的可靠性。
采用单因素变量控制法,将基准试件的参数设置为裂隙长度10 mm、厚度1 mm、倾角45°、单裂隙、温度区间-10~10 ℃、60次冻融循环。对照试件的裂隙长度分别为30、50 mm;裂隙厚度分别为3、5 mm;裂隙倾角分别为0°、15°、30°、60°、75°、90°;裂隙条数为2条、3条;冻融温度区间为-10~20 ℃、-10~30 ℃,循环次数分别为0、15、30、45次。
如设ε1(%)和 σ1(MPa)分别为试件荷载过程中对应的轴向应变和轴向应力。如图4所示为多变量影响下冻融裂隙砂岩应力-应变曲线。冻融循环作用后,裂隙砂岩试件荷载后的应力-应变曲线可以分为弹性变形阶段、塑性变形阶段、应力跌落阶段。在弹性变形阶段,应力与应变呈线性关系,裂隙砂岩发生可逆性破坏。随冻融次数增加,试件内部损伤累积,弹性性能退化,此阶段持续时间缩短、曲线斜率减小。
在塑性变形阶段,试件应变速率上升,此阶段的上界应力为试件的抗压强度。抗压强度随裂隙面积参数增长呈下降趋势,具体细节如下:在裂隙长度从10 mm增长到50 mm后,下降了16.45%;在厚度由1 mm增长到5 mm后,下降了8.41%;在裂隙数量由1条增长到3条后,下降了9.68%。而随预制裂隙倾角增加,抗压强度整体呈V形变化趋势。由0°增长到45°,下降了5.79%;由45°增加到90°又上升了16.91%。而在冻融条件劣化后其变化规律为:冻融60次后,相较未冻融试件,抗压强度下降了59.19%,在冻融上限温度增长到30 ℃后又额外下降了13.54%。
进入应力跌落阶段后,试件内部结构破坏,体积应变达到峰值,未冻融裂隙砂岩在此阶段应力下降极快,呈脆性破坏。冻融60次后的试件的应力跌落速度则相对缓慢,延性破坏特征显著,相较未冻融裂隙砂岩,体积应变增加了13.26%。
裂隙砂岩在外部荷载或冻胀力作用下,内部颗粒相互挤压,触发了以“挤压-粘结”为核心的应力竞争机制。当颗粒间的挤压力超过固有黏结强度时,黏结界面将逐步劣化直至断裂。这些断裂事件在数值模拟中被记录为裂纹增量:若黏结界面断裂受法向拉应力主导则记录为张拉裂纹;若由剪应力与摩擦力共同主导,则记录为剪切裂纹。
黏结界面断裂后,颗粒体系在冻胀力或持续加载的应力驱动下发生重组,通过建立物理接触形成力链网络以实现应力传播。在力链网络中,接触数量反映了力链结构的空间密度,而接触力值则表征其传递效能。与此同时,裂纹的扩展情况则直接映射了原始黏结系统的劣化情况。力链网络特征与裂纹扩展行为,共同揭示了裂隙砂岩微观结构的劣化规律。
图5所示,裂隙砂岩在冻融15次后,力链网络的劣化趋势最为剧烈。这是由于未冻融砂岩的颗粒粘结更为坚固,颗粒分布更为密集。冻胀力在紧凑的颗粒系统中产生了更大的挤压作用,导致其最大接触力下降了1.51%,接触数量下降了5.62%,张拉裂纹与剪切裂纹分别上涨了282.10%和87.47%。
经冻融循环60次后,裂隙砂岩内部的接触数量下降27.61%,最大接触力亦下降3.30%。与此同时,张拉裂纹与剪切裂纹数量分别上涨了521.33%和278.09%,尽管剪切裂纹占比有所上升,但张拉裂纹仍占据主导地位,该现象与文献[18]的研究结论一致。在冻融上限温度上升到30℃,裂隙倾角为45°时,上述结构劣化现象最为显著。但随裂隙倾角继续增长,应力场中剪切分量占比随之增加,水颗粒冻胀产生的横向推力,抑制了张拉破坏,促进了剪切滑移,导致在倾角为90°时,总裂纹数量减少,剪切裂纹数量增加了27.97%,其破坏机制由张拉主导向剪切局部化转变。
另一方面,预制裂隙长度和数量的增长则通过给黏结断裂的颗粒提供了迁移空间的方式,在抑制接触产生的同时,引发应力屏蔽效应。该效应直接表现为:在预制裂隙数量增至3条时,张拉裂纹与剪切裂纹分别减少了8.11%和 5.62%。而在预制裂隙长度增至50 mm后,二者降幅则分别为15.78%与 4.33%。这种看似矛盾的现象,实质上反映了预制裂隙通过应力重分布对材料损伤模式所产生的调控作用。
结合裂隙砂岩抗压强度的演化规律与其内部力链结构及裂纹扩展的观测结果,可推演出冻融作用下裂隙砂岩的损伤演化机制:冻胀力引发微观层面的剪切与张拉破坏,导致了颗粒黏结断裂并触发微裂纹的萌生;随之,裂纹的扩展与贯通使得原始黏结结构劣化,与此同时力链网络逐渐退化、应力传播路径失效;最终这种微观层面的损伤累计在宏观层面表现为承载能力的下降。
为实现不同损伤源的量化表征,进而为工程防护措施的精准设计提供数据支撑与理论依据,以抗压强度作为其力学评价指标,建立损伤解构模型,将总力学损伤分解为冻融损伤分量和缺陷损伤分量,二者表达式分别为
D1=$\frac{{C}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}}-{C}_{\mathrm{F}(N,T)}}{{C}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}}-{C}_{\mathrm{F}(N,T);P(L,H,C,D)}}$
D2=$\frac{{C}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}}-{C}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F};P(L,H,C,D)}}{{C}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}}-{C}_{F(N,T);P(L,H,C,D)}}$
式中:D1为冻融作用带给裂隙砂岩的力学损伤的程度系数,范围在0~1,值越大表示损伤程度越高;CUF为完整砂岩未冻融时的抗压强度,取68.713 MPa;CF(N,T)为完整砂岩在冻融条件为F(即循环次数为N,冻融上限温度为T)时的抗压强度,MPa; CF(N,T);P(L,H,C,D) 为裂隙砂岩在冻融循环条件为F、裂隙参数为P,即裂隙长度为L(mm),裂隙厚度为H(mm),裂隙倾角为C(°),裂隙数量为D时的抗压强度,MPa;D2为预制裂隙带给砂岩的力学损伤;CUF;P(L,H,C,D)为裂隙砂岩在裂隙条件为P,未冻融时的抗压强度。
图6图7所示分别为裂隙砂岩在不同冻融条件以及裂隙参数下的冻融损伤D1以及裂隙损伤D2变化情况。
图6可知,在前15次冻融中,冻融损伤D1涨幅最大,上涨至0.593,冻融循环60次的砂岩试件的D1达到了0.783。而冻融上限温度的增加进一步加剧了冻融损伤,使得D1增加到了0.802。相比之下预制裂隙损伤D2的增长趋势较为平缓,与预制裂隙面积参数呈近线性关系。在裂隙倾角为45°,裂隙长度增长到30 mm后,达到D2最高点0.380。即在多次冻融循环作用下,裂隙缺陷带给砂岩力学性质的劣化程度远低于冻融损伤。从力学角度来说,冻融作用不仅加剧了原有裂隙尖端的应力集中现象,导致受力薄弱区发生稳定的裂纹扩展,还造成了完整区域的颗粒黏结断裂以及裂纹萌生,显著降低了岩石整体的强度。因此在周期性冻融作用下,裂隙砂岩的劣化情况由冻融损伤主导。
机器学习提高了岩土问题研究的智能化水平和工程应用效率[19-20]。为提高寒区岩体承载力评估的效率,本研究以裂隙长度、裂隙厚度、裂隙倾角、裂隙数量、冻融循环次数和冻融上限温度作为模型输入的特征变量,抗压强度、冻融损伤D1、裂隙损伤D2作为预测目标,基于XGBoost建立了多目标预测模型,并引入基于博弈论的SHAP方法,探究预测模型的决策逻辑,解析变量间的交互效应,具体流程如图8所示。
XGBboost算法流程可以简述为:①初始化一个模型;②计算预测误差;③以减小误差为目标调整参数,生成新的模型;④将新模型集成到整个算法中;⑤重复第2到第4步直至误差达到理想值。将样本数据按7∶3划分为训练集(107组)和测试集(47组),训练冻融裂隙砂岩多目标预测模型。
使用误差指标平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)、均方误差(mean squared error,MSE)以及拟合优度R2(coefficient of determination)评估预测模型的性能。根据表2可知,预测模型在测试集上预测误差极小,拟合优度均达到了0.97以上。
为探究XGBoost冻融裂隙砂岩多目标预测模型的决策机制,引入基于博弈论的SHAP方法,在所有可能的特征变量组合中,加入特征i后模型预测增量的变化,来计算i所对应的SHAP值,具体计算过程为
ϕi=$\sum _{S\subseteq F/\left\{i\right\}}\frac{\left|S\right|!(\left|F\right|-\left|S\right|-1)!}{\left|F\right|!}$[f(S∪{i})-f(S)]
式(7)中:ϕi为特征i对应的SHAP值;F为包含所有特征变量的集合;S为不包含特征i的特征子集;|F|和|S|分别为集合FS中包含的特征数量;f(S)为使用特征子集S时,模型输出的预测值;f(S∪{i})为特征子集S加入特征i后,模型输出的预测值。
鉴于冻融损伤D1与裂隙损伤D2均为抗压强度衍生的次级参数,故在此阶段以抗压强度作为核心目标进行决策逻辑与变量交互效应的探究。如图9所示为在预测模型中6个特征变量对抗压强度预测结果的影响程度以及影响方式。图9(a)中每个数据点代表一个样本,通过颜色梯度(红→紫→蓝),表征特征变量的取值(从高到低)。Y轴采用贡献率降序排列规则,贡献率由大到小进行排序。
图9(a)可知,冻融循环次数、冻融上限温度、裂隙长度和裂隙数量均对抗压强度的预测结果表现出显著的负向边际效应。具体表现为:当以上变量取值在样本的上区间内(红色数据簇),对应的SHAP值均为负值,表示当他们的取值变大,预测结果就会变小。这一现象符合冻融损伤累计和裂隙边界效应导致的岩体强度劣化的理论预期。相比之下,裂隙倾角则表现出较为复杂的影响特征:在低倾角区间(蓝色数据簇)内表现出弱贡献,对应SHAP值接近于0。在取中位数附近时(紫色数据簇)对应SHAP值为负,而在高倾角区间(红色数据簇),对应的SHAP值转为正值,表现出显著的正向边际效应,此现象源于高倾角裂隙在特定条件下通过应力重分布机制,实现缺陷转化。
图9(b)所示特征重要性排序表明,冻融循环次数在抗压强度的预测中,贡献度最高,占据73.9%。其余排序为裂隙倾角>裂隙长度>冻融上限温度>裂隙数量>裂隙厚度。该结果与推演的冻融砂岩力学响应机制基本一致,从特征变量贡献的量化角度验证了预测模型的有效性与可靠性,为后续冻融损伤演化规律的深入研究提供了坚实的数据分析支撑。
交互效应反映了变量共同作用下无法被各自单独效应解释的部分,为量化这种交互效应,引入SHAP交互值,具体计算过程为
ϕij=$\sum _{S\text{'}\subseteq F/\{i,j\}}\frac{\left|S\text{'}\right|!(\left|F\right|-\left|S\text{'}\right|-2)!}{(\left|F\right|-1)!}$ΔijS'
式(8)中:ϕij为变量ij对应的SHAP交互值;S'为不包含特征ij的特征子集;$\left|F\right|$$\left|S\text{'}\right|$分别为集合FS'中包含的特征变量数;ΔijS'为特征变量ij在子集S'下的交互贡献,其计算公式为
ΔijS'=f(S'∪{i,j})-f(S'∪{i})-f(S'∪{j})-f(S')
式(9)中:f(S'∪{i,j})是特征子集S'同时加入特征ij之后模型输出的预测值;f(S'∪{i})、f(S'∪{j})分别为特征子集S'单独加入特征ij之后模型输出的预测值;f(S')是使用特征子集S'时模型输出预测值。
根据SHAP交互值的正负,变量间的交互效应可分为协同效应(SHAP交互值为正)和拮抗效应(SHAP交互值为负)。如图10所示,在冻融裂隙砂岩抗压强度的预测中,协同效应又可以细分为以下两种模式。第一种是冻融循环次数与裂隙长度、裂隙厚度、冻融上限温度间存在的协同劣化效应。这表明以上变量单独作用时,均对冻融砂岩抗压强度的预测产生负向边际影响,而它们之间的交互值均为正,表示以上变量同时存在时,会比单独作用对于抗压强度的劣化程度更强。其力学作用机制可解释为:冻融上限温度的升高造成孔隙水融化时体积收缩率增加,在“水分迁移-再冻结”的过程中产生了更大的冻胀压力梯度;预制裂隙长度和厚度的增加,扩展了水分渗透路径,为冻胀力提供了定向发展路径。随循环次数增加,以上变量间的协同作用加剧了冻胀力带来的结构劣化。
第二种协同效应为异向作用的协同补偿,具体表现为在裂隙倾角(大于45°)单独作用时对抗压强度的预测产生正向边际影响,冻融循环次数单独作用为反向边际影响,而二者交互值为正。这一效应归因于高倾角裂隙通过改变应力分布,将不利结构面重构为应力传递通道,缓解了冻融作用带来的损伤,从而实现补偿效应。
当两个变量单独作用均为负向边际影响,二者的SHAP交互值也为负时,变量间表现为拮抗效应。冻融循环次数、冻融上限温度、裂隙倾角均与裂隙数量存在拮抗关系。这是由于多裂隙砂岩发生微裂纹扩展后,裂隙之间形成网状应力缓冲带,缓冲带分散了冻胀力传播的弹性波能量,降低了主裂隙的应力强度因子,从而抑制了冻胀力的局部损伤累计和裂隙尖端的应力集中作用。
基于上述研究,通过实时计算,构建了动态响应曲面交互式界面,用户可以通过移动鼠标,动态探索在不同强交互变量参数组合下的宏微观响应变量的变化规律。如图11所示。
以XGBoost-SHAP为底层架构,基于PyQt5搭建的冻融裂隙砂岩多目标预测及变量分析平台如图12所示。此平台使用模块化设计,将整个界面分为4个模块,数据导入区:支持用户导入自己数据训练更适合自己的预测模型;参数输入区:在模型训练完成后,用户可以输入参数进行预测;可视化分析区:用户可以选择目标变量以及想要绘制的图像类型(特征边界贡献值与边界贡献率)。预测结果展示区:包括抗压强度预测损伤预测和特征贡献分析图展示。平台响应时间在0.5 s以内。
结合颗粒流数值模拟、机器学习与可解释性分析的系统方法,多尺度揭示了冻融作用下裂隙砂岩的损伤演化规律,并建立了高精度的智能预测模型,得到如下主要结论。
(1)系统阐明了冻融裂隙砂岩的损伤演化规律:明确了其力学性能劣化速率随冻融次数增加逐渐变缓的损伤饱和特性。宏观层面,观测到试件弹性变形阶段持续时间的缩减以及破坏特征由脆性向延性的转变; 微观层面,揭示了冻胀力持续作用下驱动的力链网络性能退化以及裂纹扩展机制。基于宏微观力学响应的关联分析,揭示了冻融裂隙砂岩的链式损伤演化机制,明确了冻融损伤在此劣化过程中的主导作用。
(2)构建了高精度、可解释的裂隙砂岩力学预测模型:基于XGBoost算法开发的多目标预测模型,R2均超过0.97。更为重要的是SHAP分析进一步明确了此模型的决策逻辑符合基本力学原理,且识别出变量间存在的三种交互关系,即协同劣化效应、异向作用的协同补偿效应、拮抗效应。为工程中优化防护设计提供了深度的数据驱动洞察。
(3)研发了面向工程实践的集成化智能预测分析系统:开发的冻融裂隙砂岩多目标预测与变量分析平台,将复杂的数值模拟与机器学习成果转化为易于操作的工程工具,可直接服务于寒区隧道、边坡等工程的岩体承载力快速评估、风险动态诊断与防护措施的精准制定。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52074123)
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2026年第26卷第11期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2504811
  • 接收时间:2025-06-27
  • 首发时间:2026-07-31
  • 出版时间:2026-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-27
  • 修回日期:2025-11-19
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国家自然科学基金(52074123)
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    1 华北理工大学矿业工程学院, 唐山 063210
    2 河北省矿山绿色智能开采技术创新中心, 唐山 063210

通讯作者:

* 康志强(1974—),男,汉族,河北井陉人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩石力学与工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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