Article(id=1208051029673874068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409000, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733155200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-03, revisedDate=1743609600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951409977, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951409977, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951409977, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951409977, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7752, endPage=7761, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051030953136850, articleId=1208051029673874068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Water Migration Pattern of Modified Glutinous Rice-Based Reconstructed Soil Layer under Rainfall Infiltration, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the water-holding mechanism and infiltration law of modified glutinous rice-based reconstructed soil layer under rainfall, soil column infiltration tests were firstly conducted to analyze the influence of modified glutinous rice-based material dosage variations on macroscopic vertical infiltration patterns of reconstructed soil. NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and scanning electron microscopy technologies were employed to investigate microporous structure and water-holding characteristics under different material dosages. Based on the findings, reconstructed soil with optimal material dosage (12.5%) was selected for rainfall slope modeling tests, through which moisture transport patterns and post-precipitation water redistribution characteristics in reconstructed soil layers were investigated.The results show as follows. With the increase of the dosage of modified glutinous rice-based materials, the number of effective pores (mesopores) increases and then decreases, the number of small pores gradually increases and the number of large pores gradually decreases, and the soil water-holding capacity is optimal when the dosage is 12.5%. increases and the number of large pores gradually decreases, and the soil water-holding capacity is optimal when the dosage is 12.5%. Modified glutinous rice-based materials wrap around, adsorb to soil particles, and combine with gravel to form agglomerates, thereby changing the pore structure of the soil, enhancing the soil water retention capacity, and improving the effectiveness of soil water. Under the condition of 25 mm/h rainfall intensity, an increase in slope gradient led to the decrease of infiltration depth of each cross-section, and the infiltration site shifted significantly (from the top to the foot of the slope). The depth of slope infiltration during the entire rainfall period decreased significantly with the increase of slope gradient, and water in the slope was redistributed at the end of rainfall. The average infiltration depth of the slope at 35°, 55°, and 75° was 10 cm, 8 cm, and 5 cm, respectively. This study is significant for improving the technical system of ecological slope restoration and guiding conservation and management efforts.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-chao ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shi-bo HUANG, Xiao-chao ZHANG, Zhong-shao YAO, Ming-li LI, Meng LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208051038268003326, articleId=1208051029673874068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=降雨入渗下改性糯米基重构土层水分迁移规律, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究降雨作用下改性糯米基重构土层持水机理及入渗规律,首先开展了土柱入渗试验,通过改变改性糯米基材料的掺入量,分析其对重构土体垂直方向宏观渗透规律的影响,并采用核磁共振与电镜扫描技术,探究不同材料掺量下重构土微观孔隙结构特征与持水特性,在此基础上选取持水性能最优重构土(12.5%掺量)开展降雨边坡模型试验,探明重构土层水分运移规律及降雨后水分再分布特征。结果表明: 随着改性糯米基材料掺量增加,有效孔(中孔)数量先增加后减少,小孔数量逐渐增加,大孔数量逐渐减少,且在掺量为12.5%时,土体持水能力最佳。改性糯米基材料通过包裹、吸附与土颗粒、砾石结合形成团聚体,从而改变土体孔隙结构,增强土体持水性,提高土体水分有效性。在25 mm/h雨强条件下,边坡坡度增大导致各截面入渗深度减小,入渗部位由坡顶向坡脚迁移,整个降雨期间边坡入渗深度随坡度增大而降低,降雨结束后坡内水分重新分布,35°、55°与75°边坡平均入渗深度分别为10、8、5 cm。该研究对完善边坡生态修复技术体系,指导生态修复边坡养护管理具有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=张晓超, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张晓超(1978—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,博士,教授。研究方向:工程创面生态修复技术与土壤-植物互馈机制。E-mail:zhang-xiaochao@cdut.cn。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Sm74s4IClv837GtVrlcq7w==, magXml=ehF2HfdRzVqIR64r/VAHpw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=xshw5FQ9KG6QjhV7xs2b9g==, pdfFileSize=15933442, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=6nEzv9/qdX9WEx5zmK7NWg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/24iNih9cZWdKkEld6uUWQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

黄诗博(2000—),男,汉族,四川南充人,硕士研究生。研究方向:边坡生态修复。E-mail:

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黄诗博(2000—),男,汉族,四川南充人,硕士研究生。研究方向:边坡生态修复。E-mail:

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黄诗博(2000—),男,汉族,四川南充人,硕士研究生。研究方向:边坡生态修复。E-mail:

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Basic physical properties of test soil

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最大干密度/
(g·cm-3)
最优含
水率/%
饱和含
水率/%
渗透系数/
(m·s-1)
孔隙比 黏粒
含量/%
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供试土体基本物理性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
最大干密度/
(g·cm-3)
最优含
水率/%
饱和含
水率/%
渗透系数/
(m·s-1)
孔隙比 黏粒
含量/%
2.08 8.7 11.77 4.36×10-4 0.33 0.13
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Table of soil pore classification

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孔隙分类 孔径范围/μm 功能 水分有效性
大孔 ≥30 透气、排水 无效水
中孔(有效孔) 1~30 导水、持水 有效水
小孔 ≤1 无效孔 无效水
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土体孔隙分类表

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孔隙分类 孔径范围/μm 功能 水分有效性
大孔 ≥30 透气、排水 无效水
中孔(有效孔) 1~30 导水、持水 有效水
小孔 ≤1 无效孔 无效水
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降雨入渗下改性糯米基重构土层水分迁移规律
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黄诗博 , 张晓超 * , 姚忠劭 , 李明俐 , 李萌
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(18): 7752-7761
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(18): 7752-7761
降雨入渗下改性糯米基重构土层水分迁移规律
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黄诗博 , 张晓超*, 姚忠劭, 李明俐, 李萌
作者信息
  • 成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室, 成都 610054
  • 黄诗博(2000—),男,汉族,四川南充人,硕士研究生。研究方向:边坡生态修复。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张晓超(1978—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,博士,教授。研究方向:工程创面生态修复技术与土壤-植物互馈机制。E-mail:zhang-xiaochao@cdut.cn。
Water Migration Pattern of Modified Glutinous Rice-Based Reconstructed Soil Layer under Rainfall Infiltration
Shi-bo HUANG , Xiao-chao ZHANG*, Zhong-shao YAO, Ming-li LI, Meng LI
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Environmental Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610054, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409000
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为探究降雨作用下改性糯米基重构土层持水机理及入渗规律,首先开展了土柱入渗试验,通过改变改性糯米基材料的掺入量,分析其对重构土体垂直方向宏观渗透规律的影响,并采用核磁共振与电镜扫描技术,探究不同材料掺量下重构土微观孔隙结构特征与持水特性,在此基础上选取持水性能最优重构土(12.5%掺量)开展降雨边坡模型试验,探明重构土层水分运移规律及降雨后水分再分布特征。结果表明: 随着改性糯米基材料掺量增加,有效孔(中孔)数量先增加后减少,小孔数量逐渐增加,大孔数量逐渐减少,且在掺量为12.5%时,土体持水能力最佳。改性糯米基材料通过包裹、吸附与土颗粒、砾石结合形成团聚体,从而改变土体孔隙结构,增强土体持水性,提高土体水分有效性。在25 mm/h雨强条件下,边坡坡度增大导致各截面入渗深度减小,入渗部位由坡顶向坡脚迁移,整个降雨期间边坡入渗深度随坡度增大而降低,降雨结束后坡内水分重新分布,35°、55°与75°边坡平均入渗深度分别为10、8、5 cm。该研究对完善边坡生态修复技术体系,指导生态修复边坡养护管理具有重要意义。

改性糯米基  /  地质创面  /  微观结构  /  持水机理  /  水分迁移  /  模型试验

In order to investigate the water-holding mechanism and infiltration law of modified glutinous rice-based reconstructed soil layer under rainfall, soil column infiltration tests were firstly conducted to analyze the influence of modified glutinous rice-based material dosage variations on macroscopic vertical infiltration patterns of reconstructed soil. NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and scanning electron microscopy technologies were employed to investigate microporous structure and water-holding characteristics under different material dosages. Based on the findings, reconstructed soil with optimal material dosage (12.5%) was selected for rainfall slope modeling tests, through which moisture transport patterns and post-precipitation water redistribution characteristics in reconstructed soil layers were investigated.The results show as follows. With the increase of the dosage of modified glutinous rice-based materials, the number of effective pores (mesopores) increases and then decreases, the number of small pores gradually increases and the number of large pores gradually decreases, and the soil water-holding capacity is optimal when the dosage is 12.5%. increases and the number of large pores gradually decreases, and the soil water-holding capacity is optimal when the dosage is 12.5%. Modified glutinous rice-based materials wrap around, adsorb to soil particles, and combine with gravel to form agglomerates, thereby changing the pore structure of the soil, enhancing the soil water retention capacity, and improving the effectiveness of soil water. Under the condition of 25 mm/h rainfall intensity, an increase in slope gradient led to the decrease of infiltration depth of each cross-section, and the infiltration site shifted significantly (from the top to the foot of the slope). The depth of slope infiltration during the entire rainfall period decreased significantly with the increase of slope gradient, and water in the slope was redistributed at the end of rainfall. The average infiltration depth of the slope at 35°, 55°, and 75° was 10 cm, 8 cm, and 5 cm, respectively. This study is significant for improving the technical system of ecological slope restoration and guiding conservation and management efforts.

modified glutinous rice-based  /  geologic trauma  /  microstructure  /  water-holding mechanism  /  water migration  /  modeling test
黄诗博, 张晓超, 姚忠劭, 李明俐, 李萌. 降雨入渗下改性糯米基重构土层水分迁移规律. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7752 -7761 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409000
Shi-bo HUANG, Xiao-chao ZHANG, Zhong-shao YAO, Ming-li LI, Meng LI. Water Migration Pattern of Modified Glutinous Rice-Based Reconstructed Soil Layer under Rainfall Infiltration[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7752 -7761 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409000
人类生产活动或地质灾害往往会形成大量地质创伤面[1],地质创面会破坏植物群落,使土体剥落甚至退化。中国西部地区分布有大量无土裸露创面,其具有土体附着困难、水肥保持能力弱、绿化效果差等特点,在降雨条件下易导致裸露创面失稳破坏,目前部分学者提出采用改性糯米基材料修复地质创面[2-4],初步解决了陡立创面生态重构土结构稳定与水土保持问题。
近年来,中外学者针对地质创面生态修复问题开展了大量研究[5-7],其多采用工程与生态相结合的措施,对边坡进行防护、加固,使其满足边坡稳定性的同时促进生态环境恢复。许飞等[8]通过正交实验法探究了黏结剂、保水剂和木纤维对干旱半干旱地区岩质边坡生态修复基材性能的影响,优化了生态护坡基材的配比;王亮等[9]采用混凝土框格梁锚固边坡,并在梁内部设置土工格室进行植草施工;高山等[10]针对石漠化公路边坡治理问题,提出了从水土流失防治到水土共蓄的植被恢复技术,通过分析框格植被恢复技术的不足,研发了新型板槽生态防护技术。此类措施对地质创面的修复有一定帮助但仍无法从源头解决地质创面稳定性问题。基于此,杨帆等[11]利用生石灰与改性纤维素改良黄土边坡,提出了基于自然解决方案(natural-based solutions, NbS)理念的黄土填方边坡控水结构,为黄土高原地区边坡治理提供了新的解决思路。另有学者提出采用瓜尔豆胶固化纤维[12]、波斯胶体[13]、聚丙烯酰胺[14]、Jag-S固化剂[15]以及改性糯米基[16-17]等材料对地质创面进行修复,其中改性糯米基相较于其他有机土体固化剂,具有环境友好、强度高、抗渗性能优良及耐久性好等优点[18-19]。但当前研究中,学者们仅对改性糯米基加固材料的选取、材料配比以及加固基材的物理力学性质进行了研究,并未深入考虑基材水分持留、蒸散以及水分随时空变化特征,更未考虑改性糯米基复绿边坡重构土层水分运移规律。
基于上述考虑,现开展土柱入渗试验探究不同改性糯米基材料掺量对重构土体渗透性和持水能力的影响,并通过低场核磁共振和电镜扫描技术对重构土微观特性与持水特性进行研究,在此基础上开展边坡降雨模型试验,进一步分析重构土层水分运移规律。基于试验结果探讨改性糯米基复绿边坡降雨入渗过程水分运移与再分布特征,以期为生态复绿边坡后期水肥管护提供理论依据。
供试土样取自九寨沟下季节海震损斜坡碎石土,土体类型为碎石土,Cc=4.08,Cu=4.70,土样级配不良,其基本物理性质如表1所示。
改性糯米基是基于“循节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为主”的生态修复理念,利用糯米浆中支链淀粉对土壤颗粒的调控作用创制的环境友好、强度高、抗渗性能优良及耐久性好的改性有机材料。对改性糯米基及浸出液进行重金属和有毒苯系物含量测试,结果表明改性材料溶液及浸出液中的重金属和毒苯系物含量均在国家饮用水标准范围内,是一种环保无毒害的生态修复材料。其主要作用方式是高分子在土颗粒间及孔隙间形成致密网膜,胶结固化土颗粒,进而缓解水流入渗,维持边坡结构稳定[20-21]
试验用土最大干密度为2.08 g/cm3,试验共设计7个基材掺入含量处理组(0、5%、9%、12.5%、16%、20%、25%),每个处理组设3个平行样。将材料浆液按其占干土质量比掺入干土中,分层填入100 cm3环刀内并击实,制样完成后放置在阴凉常温处养护15 d。其中基材掺量为0的试验组记作CK组。
(1)试验装置。试验装置主要由供水瓶、供水管及土柱三部分组成。供水瓶保持土柱恒定水头供水,土柱沿侧壁依次安置EC-5湿度传感器,并通过ZL6数据采集器实时收集数据,底部设有渗流收集装置,如图1所示。
(2)试验方案:①为防止土颗粒流失,于土柱底部布设反滤层(2 cm厚石英砂);②待反滤层布设完毕后,填充碎石土并分层击实(击实密度2.08 g/cm3),单层厚度3 cm,总高度30 cm;③试验前,将滤纸覆盖于土柱顶部,以减少入渗前期动水对土体扰动,固定供水瓶,设定水头高5 cm;④入渗初期30 min每1 min标记一次湿润锋位置及供水瓶水位下降高度,随后2 h每10 min标记一次,后期6 h每60 min标记一次。
1)试验装置及传感器布设
试验采用下喷式降雨系统,为保证所有雨滴在落地前达到最大速度,在坡顶上方6 m处设置一个微喷头,水从喷嘴喷射到空中时会受到空气阻力而破碎成不同大小的雨滴,此现象相似于天然降雨所形成的雨滴。
试验模型箱规格为:长×宽×高=1.5 m×1 m×1 m,箱内岩质边坡采用砖块与水泥胶结堆砌而成,坡体内埋设EC-5水分传感器用于监测坡体含水率变化。模型箱底部打有小孔,模拟自然透水坡底,在坡面与模型箱底交界处下方设置非透水隔板,并将表面径流与底部渗流路径进行物理隔离以分别收集。
基于野外考察结果,降雨试验共设计3个边坡坡度(35°、55°、75°),为保证坡体干密度一致,采用分层压实法。水分传感器按照垂直坡面方向布置(5 cm、15 cm、25 cm),每层以相同间距沿坡面布设[11],土体表层5cm传感器为1~6号,目的为测定降雨入渗过程中表层土体水分响应情况,次深层与深层传感器为7~15号,目的为测定降雨过程中以及降雨后连续干旱条件下水分再分布情况,如图2(b)所示。
2)试验方案
(1)根据九寨沟2004—2020年瞬时雨强数据,试验雨强设置为25 mm/h,每场降雨历时125 min。降雨前在喷头下左右各放置1套雨量筒,对模拟降雨器均匀度和雨强进行率定,结果表明均匀度达到80%,满足人工降雨模拟的精度要求,并于降雨结束后计算降雨量。
(2)降雨开始后,记录降雨开始时间、产流开始时间、降雨结束时间。在坡表或地下开始产流产流后30 min每隔4 min收集一次径流样,最后60 min每10 min收集一次。
(3)降雨结束后72 h内持续采集水分传感器数据,观察土体水分再分布情况。
为探索改性糯米基最优掺量,通过烘干法测得不同材料掺量组稳定体积含水率与实际饱和体积含水率,如图3所示;并实时记录不同掺量土层水分传感器响应时间,如图4所示。
图3可知,入渗结束时,各组稳定体积含水率和实际体积含水率均呈现出先升后降趋势,且在基材掺量为12.5%时,两项指标均达到最大,分别为28.12%和32.29%。前人研究表明,当碎石土土体含水率在20%~30%时,可为植物生长提供充足水分。说明掺入基材能够有效提高土体含水率,并在12.5%掺量下土体持水性能达到最佳,但基材掺量过高反而会导致土体含水率下降。此外,各组稳定体积含水率与实际饱和体积含水率之间仍存在明显差距,这表明即便经过长时间定水头入渗,土柱仍未完全达到饱和状态。
图4可知,随着材料掺量增多,传感器响应时间随深度增加而增加,这是由于水分向下运移过程中,土体内部气体压缩,水汽难以扩散,入渗速率降低,体积含水率增长速率减缓;材料掺量逐渐增多后,改性糯米基与土颗粒粘结逐渐饱和,增加材料掺量无法粘结更多土颗粒,过量材料间便形成新的团聚体,土体孔隙被进一步填实,延长了基材中水分入渗路径。
为进一步探索改性糯米基最优掺量,记录不同时间各材料掺量组累计入渗量、不同时间各掺量组湿润峰运移距离,如图5所示。
图5(a)可知,随着渗透时间延长,土柱累积入渗量逐步上升,呈现出初期急剧后趋于平缓的趋势。渗透初期,累积入渗量的时程曲线迅速上升,但随着渗透过程的持续,时程曲线的斜率显著下降。出现该现象可能是由于改性糯米基作用主要体现在改变土体内部结构,减少土体孔隙含量,并降低孔隙连通性。初始渗透阶段,土壤含水率偏低,其内部基质吸力较大,水分一旦接触土体便迅速浸润土体,但随着水分继续入渗,改性材料对渗透过程的干预增强,抑制水分向土体下层移动,从而减少其入渗能力。且随着材料掺量增大,各组累计入渗量先增大后减少,其中12.5%掺量组累计入渗量最高。出现该现象可能是由于改性糯米基通过颗粒胶结、桥连和包裹作用,将松散土颗粒转化为稳定团聚体,增强了土体孔隙结构和水分入渗通道的稳定性,使得土体水分有效储存空间与持水能力均显著提升,从而增加了土体累积入渗量。而当基材掺量超过12.5%,过量材料压缩土体水分有效储存空间,使得土体累积入渗量逐渐衰减。
图5(b)可知,各材料掺量组湿润峰推进位移时程曲线整体形态相似,均表现为位移随时间增加而增大,且湿润锋推进位移增长速率先陡后缓,这与累计入渗量时程曲线变化规律一致。入渗后期各组湿润峰运移速率稳定在0.035、0.024、0.016 3、0.011、0.009 1、0.003 2、0.001 3 cm/min,即材料掺量与湿润峰推进速率呈反比关系。这一现象归因于水分在土体孔隙中移动导致孔隙压力上升。随着材料掺量比例提高,土壤孔隙度降低,孔隙连通性减弱,使水分难以穿越被改性材料占据的封闭孔隙,这迫使水分改道渗透,从而延长了渗透时间,降低了湿润锋的推移速度。
综上所述,改性糯米基材料固化后的碎石土具有更强的持水能力,表征为降低土体渗透性,增加土体累计含水量,且12.5%掺量组持水性能最佳。
碎石土边坡坡面土体结构松散,颗粒黏结力弱,渗透性强,保水能力差,植被生长恢复受到了严重阻碍。改性糯米基生态修复材料可有效改良土体结构,提高其水分有效性。因此,本章采用核磁共振与扫描电镜技术研究不同糯米基掺量下土体持水机理。
改性糯米基材料对土质边坡生态修复作用主要体现在加速植被恢复,故边坡土体水分含量对生态修复至关重要。土体蒸发与渗透特性均与其孔隙水存储形态紧密相关,根据土体孔隙水存储形态及其对应土水势[22],将其分为重力水(0~-5 kPa)、毛管水(-5~-150 kPa)及吸附水(<-150 kPa)。吸附水因土体吸附而稳定保持在土颗粒表面,通常不参与土体水分运移,无法被植物吸收;毛管水在一定条件下可向土体表层蒸发或土体深层入渗,可被植物有效利用;重力水易受外部条件影响而排出,无法被植物有效利用[23]。根据Kelvin毛细管理论[24],孔径为D的孔隙极限吸力值为
$ \varphi=\frac{4 T_{\mathrm{s}}}{D}$
在20 °C时,Ts取值为72.75×10-3 N/m。计算可得孔径与对应水分赋存状态关系:D重力水>29.8 μm、0.994 μm<D毛细水<29.8 μm、D吸附水<0.994 μm。故为更好分析规律,将土体孔隙按孔径与对应水分赋存状态关系分为小孔、中孔(有效孔)及大孔三类,如表2所示。本文研究采用核磁共振技术分别测定不同材料掺量试样信号幅值,根据杨海丽等[25]的研究,横向弛豫时间T2值与孔隙直径呈正比关系,即
$ r=c T_{2}$
式(2)中:r为孔隙直径;c为变换系数,μm/ms。
根据Fang等[26]试验,取土石混合体试样变换系数为0.20 μm/ms,将驰豫时间-信号幅值曲线转化为孔隙半径-信号幅值分量曲线,如图6所示。
表2图6可知,弛豫时间从左至右,T2谱曲线呈现明显的两峰形式且未相互独立存在,表明原样土孔隙发育良好,分布大量中孔与大孔,小孔发育较少,孔隙连通性较好。各掺量组试样孔径均集中在0.1~100 μm,原样土孔径主要分布在1~100 μm,占孔隙总数97.64%。随着改性糯米增多,左峰逐渐向左上方移动,右峰逐渐向左下方移动,说明随着材料掺量增加,大孔数量逐渐减少,有效孔(中孔)数量逐渐增加;但当材料掺量继续增加并超过12.5%后,大孔数量持续减少,中孔逐渐向小孔过渡。其主要原因是掺入改性糯米基致使各掺量组孔隙大小及数量发生重分布,胶结物将细颗粒粘结包裹并与大颗粒形成紧密结构,大孔随材料掺入而被填实并逐渐向中孔过渡,当材料掺量超过12.5%后,过量材料使得土颗粒间粘结更为紧密,土体孔径不断变小,中孔数量减少,小孔数量增加。相比于原样土,12.5%试验组有效孔数量最多,在同等降雨条件下,其不会被土粒表面吸附水完全填充, 使植物无法吸收利用,也不会因孔径过大致使水分迅速流失,进而提高了补给深层土体水分的能力。
为进一步研究改性糯米基材料加固机理与持水特性,采用SEM电镜对加固前后土样土砾界面与土颗粒微观结构进行扫描,如图7所示。
图7为原样土与重构土土砾交界面1 000倍、3 500倍SEM图像。整体而言,原样土颗粒边界清晰,缺少粒间胶结物,其砾石与土粒交界面处,土粒未能完全包裹砾石,多处砾石表面暴露且四周环绕孔隙,推测砾石处于松动状态,土粒分布疏松,颗粒与砾石界限明显。相较于原始土样,重塑土样界面结合紧密,土粒有效附着于砾石表面,凹部土粒仍保持紧密排列。砾石表面均附着大量小颗粒,孔隙结构分布不均,且这种附着在颗粒边缘更为明显[20-21]。重构土颗粒表面呈现出类似膜状结构,这可能是由于加固材料的包裹作用导致颗粒边界变得模糊不清。同时,中间大颗粒与周围小颗粒形成胶结团聚状态,使单个土颗粒逐渐聚合,形成更大的团聚粒。这些团聚粒与大颗粒间、团聚粒间及大颗粒间存在呈十分致密的三维网状不规则桥接相连作用,土体内部的团聚粒进一步增大并演化为粒径更大、结构更稳定的高级团聚体,使得渗透性减小。
基于核磁共振及电镜扫描结果对重构土持水机理进行分析,原样土颗粒间黏结力较弱,大孔隙较多,孔隙间连通性好,而重构土颗粒排列紧密,孔隙度减少,孔隙比降低。其原因是改性糯米基将黏粒、粉粒等小颗粒包裹团聚起来,并附着在大颗粒上,改变了原样土级配分布。分析材料的化学成分可见其富含活性酰胺基团,这些基团通过氢键、范德华力以及静电力吸附土粒,从而填补颗粒间孔隙,进而调整孔隙分布;同时,材料中的羧酸根(COOH-)和羟基(OH-)能够解离出H+,并与土体中的K+、Na+发生离子交换反应,导致土粒表面的双电层厚度减少,缩短颗粒间距,增强土粒间的黏结性[27-28];且材料组分中含有大量亲水基团羟基与羧基,当水附着于颗粒表面形成保护膜时,减弱了土颗粒与外界直接接触,从而提高了土体持水能力。
综上所述,将改良糯米基材料增强土壤保水能力机理总结为以下4个方面:①土粒间的桥接效应;②团聚体间的相互吸引与包裹作用;③团聚体与砾石间的黏结作用;④材料形成的薄膜状结构对团聚体的防护作用。基于此,参照文献[27-29]提出的土体团聚体成型模型,提出基于改性糯米材料的重塑碎石土结构改良模型,如图8所示。
基于上述研究选择持水性能最优重构土(12.5%)开展边坡降雨试验,利用EC-5水分传感器数据进一步探究改性糯米基对边坡土体水分运移规律的影响[30]
为更贴合自然边坡形态多样的特点,研究不同坡度条件下生态复绿边坡降雨入渗深度、饱和区变化状态等渗流特性,对25 mm/h降雨强度下不同坡度边坡渗流情况进行监测,如图9所示。
图9(a)可知,降雨20 min后,坡顶开始浸润,随着时间推移,坡脚含水量开始增大,此时表面5 cm受降雨影响较大;降雨结束时,10 cm土层深度水分有显著提高,最深层10 cm处含水率达到24%,说明25 mm/h降雨过程中可补给深度为10 cm。整个降雨过程中坡体中下部受到降雨影响较为明显,表现为从上部向下部入渗,逐渐达到饱和,饱和区在降雨结束时扩展到5 cm土层厚度,主要分布在坡面中下部。
图9(b)可知,降雨20 min后,从坡顶和坡表上部开始浸润,这与35°不同,当降雨持续1~2 h时,表面浸润区由坡上部向坡中下部延展,但浸润深度并未显著增大。在25 mm/h降雨条件下,5~8 cm深度土层含水率达到24%以上,未出现饱和区,说明该条件下入渗最大深度为5~8 cm,且主要分布在坡顶与坡中,坡顶最大入渗深度为10 cm,该范围内土体含水率达到28%以上;坡中入渗最大深度为5~8 cm,该范围土体含水率达到24%以上,整个降雨过程未出现饱和区。
图9 (c)可知,在75°坡度条件下,降雨持续20 min后,坡脚土体含水率开始升高,这与缓坡渗流场特征不同;降雨结束后,坡顶10 cm范围内、坡中表面5 cm、坡脚10 cm范围内土体达到饱和,说明在该条件下,整个坡面不同坡位的入渗最大深度并不相同,整体表现为坡顶与坡下入渗深度大,坡中入渗深度较小,总体坡面入渗深度为5 cm。
综上所述,不同坡度对降雨入渗深度、饱和区发展变化等渗流特性有较大影响,且随着坡度增大各截面入渗深度逐渐减小。而对于不同坡度,当边坡坡度增大时,入渗部位从坡顶逐渐过渡至坡脚,这与改性糯米基材料重构土体边坡的径流特性有关,即降雨开始即产生径流,表现为超渗产流,坡度越大径流量越大,流至坡底入渗,坡面入渗较少。
为分析降雨后连续干旱条件下水分再分布情况,记录各坡度边坡雨后14 d内水分变化数据,如图10所示。
图10(a)可知,在25 mm/h雨强条件下,35°边坡水分从坡面向坡体内部运移,降雨第一天结束后整个坡面的入渗深度为9 cm,随时间推移逐渐向坡内运移,湿润区沿坡中向内发展,逐渐发展至25 cm以下深度,该土层深度范围内土体含水率达到20%以上;降雨结束后第9天,边坡浅层土体水分开始恢复,此时20%含水量土体水分深度减小到6 cm;降雨结束后第14天,整体边坡水分逐渐恢复至原始含水率,推测16 d后恢复至原始含水率。
图10(b)可知,在25 mm/h降雨强度条件下,55°边坡水分从坡面向坡体内部运移,降雨第一天结束后坡顶与坡脚达到饱和,整个坡面的入渗深度为20 cm,随时间推移并没有继续增大,说明该土层深度范围内土体含水率达到20%以上;降雨结束后6 d,边坡浅层土体水分开始恢复,此时20%含水量土体水分深度减小到5 cm;降雨结束后第9天,整体边坡水分逐渐低于原始含水率。
图10(c)可知,在25 mm/h降雨强度条件下,75°边坡水分从坡面向坡体内部运移,降雨第一天结束后,坡顶入渗深度为15 cm,坡底入渗深度为20 cm,而坡面中部入渗深度仅为10 cm,平均入渗深度为15 cm,随时间推移并没有继续增大;降雨结束后第3天,边坡浅层土体水分开始恢复,坡面中部水分含量首先开始恢复,然后坡脚开始恢复;降雨结束后第7天,整体边坡水分逐渐低于原始含水率。
综上所述,随着坡度增大,二次水分补给所需时间越短。且对于高陡边坡来说,坡中水分始终小于坡顶与坡底,水分运移过程中也是首先恢复至初始含水率,故而坡中的水分补给需求高于坡底与坡顶。
通过土柱入渗试验,探究不同改性糯米基材料掺量对重构土体渗透性和持水能力的影响。并利用低场核磁共振和电镜扫描试验,分析重构土微观结构特征与持水特性。在此基础上进一步分降雨边坡模型试验结果,揭示重构土层水分运移规律及雨后水分再分布特征。得到以下结论。
(1)改性糯米基材料通过包裹、吸附作用与土颗粒结合形成团聚体,与砾石相粘连,并使土颗粒相互联结从而改变土体孔隙结构,增强土体持水能力,进而提高土体水分有效性。
(2)重构土主要分布大、中孔隙,随着材料掺量增加,小孔逐渐增多,大孔逐渐减少,中孔(有效孔)先增加后减少,并在12.5%掺量时达到峰值。
(3)随着材料掺量增加,各掺量组湿润峰推进速率逐渐变缓,传感器响应时间与湿润峰触底时间逐渐增大,单位时间土柱累积入渗量先增大后减小,即土体吸持自由水的性能先升高后降低,且12.5%掺量组基材体积含水率最高,达到28.12%。
(4)在25 mm/h雨强条件下,整个降雨期间边坡入渗深度随着坡度增大而显著降低,降雨后14 d内水分继续向坡体内部与坡下部运移,35°、55°和75°边坡再分布的最大深度分别为25、20、15 cm,并分别需在第16天、第9天和第7天二次降雨进行水分补给。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(42107179)
  • 地质灾害与环境保护国家重点实验室自由探索课题(SKLGP2021Z021)
  • 成都理工大学2022年中青年骨干教师发展资助计划(10912-SJGG2022-07282)
  • 西藏自治区重点研发计划(XZ202401ZY0091)
  • 新疆自治区重点研发计划(2023B03011-3)
  • 四川省自然科学基金(2023NSFSC0378)
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2025年第25卷第18期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409000
  • 接收时间:2024-12-03
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-03
  • 修回日期:2025-04-03
基金
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(42107179)
地质灾害与环境保护国家重点实验室自由探索课题(SKLGP2021Z021)
成都理工大学2022年中青年骨干教师发展资助计划(10912-SJGG2022-07282)
西藏自治区重点研发计划(XZ202401ZY0091)
新疆自治区重点研发计划(2023B03011-3)
四川省自然科学基金(2023NSFSC0378)
作者信息
    成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室, 成都 610054

通讯作者:

* 张晓超(1978—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,博士,教授。研究方向:工程创面生态修复技术与土壤-植物互馈机制。E-mail:zhang-xiaochao@cdut.cn。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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