Article(id=1261267652564140035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407118, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1727020800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-23, revisedDate=1745683200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778639241591, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1752768000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778639241591, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778639241591, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778639241591, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261262687258985194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='20', pageStart='8317', pageEnd='8759', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778638057769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778753106634, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8526, endPage=8535, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261267653075845126, articleId=1261267652564140035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Uncertainty Analysis of Dispatchable Potential of Charging Stations Considering Randomness of Electric Vehicle Charging Time, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The dispatchable potential of charging stations represents the feasible solution space for optimizing their bidding strategies in the electricity market. However, the uncertainty in the access times of electric vehicles complicates the accurate assessment of this dispatchable potential. To address this issue, an uncertainty analysis method was proposed for evaluating the dispatchable potential of charging stations, taking into account the stochastic nature of electric vehicle charging times. Firstly, a generalized energy storage model for various types of electric vehicle clusters was established using Minkowski summation theory. Secondly, the impact of the randomness in electric vehicle arrival and departure times on the dispatchable potential of charging stations was analyzed. The discretized probability density functions of these times were mapped to the probability distributions of individual electric vehicle model parameters. By integrating these with the generalized energy storage model of electric vehicle clusters, the probabilistic characteristics of the dispatchable potential across various electric vehicle clusters were derived. Furthermore, the probability distribution characteristics of the dispatchable potential of charging stations were derived by aggregating the parameters of various electric vehicle clusters using convolution operations. Finally, simulations were conducted in MATLAB and compared with Monte Carlo simulations to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

, correspAuthors=Fu-zhang WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ting YI, Bin LI, Lin-ru JIANG, Fu-zhang WU, Jun YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261267656225767482, articleId=1261267652564140035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=考虑电动汽车充电时间随机性的充电站可调度潜力不确定性分析, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

充电站可调度潜力是充电站参与电力市场投标策略优化的可行域空间,然而电动汽车接入时间的不确定性使得充电站可调度潜力难以准确评估。针对此,提出一种考虑电动汽车充电时间随机性的充电站可调度潜力不确定性分析方法。首先,基于闵可夫斯基求和理论建立了各类电动汽车集群的广义储能模型。其次,分析了电动汽车到站和离站时间随机性对充电站可调度潜力的影响,将离散化的电动汽车到站离站时间概率密度函数映射到电动汽车个体模型参数的概率分布,并结合电动汽车集群的广义储能模型得到各类电动汽车集群可调度潜力的概率特性。进一步,通过卷积运算加和各类电动汽车集群参数得到充电站的可调度潜力的概率分布特征。最后,在MATLAB中进行仿真验证,并与蒙特卡洛模拟进行对比,验证了所提方法的有效性。

, correspAuthors=吴赋章, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 吴赋章(1993—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,助理研究员。研究方向:电动汽车、新能源接入、电力市场。E-mail:
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易婷(2000—),女,汉族,湖南衡阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车参与电力市场交易。E-mail:

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易婷(2000—),女,汉族,湖南衡阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车参与电力市场交易。E-mail:

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易婷(2000—),女,汉族,湖南衡阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车参与电力市场交易。E-mail:

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Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2021, 45(18): 61-70., articleTitle=Numerical modeling method for probability distribution of electric vehicle charging load, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1261744805219057972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, awardId=5108-202218280A-2-261-XG, language=CN, fundingSource=国家电网有限公司总部科技项目(5108-202218280A-2-261-XG), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1261744787011584189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261744787028361406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, companyId=1261744787011584189, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Hubei Provincial Engineering Center of AC and DC Smart Distribution Network, Wuhan 430072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261744787066110143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, companyId=1261744787011584189, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 交直流智能配电网湖北省工程中心, 武汉 430072)]), AuthorCompany(id=1261744787196133569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261744787204522178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, companyId=1261744787196133569, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Faculty of Electrical and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261744787212910787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, companyId=1261744787196133569, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 武汉大学电气与自动化学院, 武汉 430072)]), AuthorCompany(id=1261744787619758280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261744787632341193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, companyId=1261744787619758280, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261744787661701322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, companyId=1261744787619758280, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国电力科学研究院有限公司, 北京 100192)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1261744800424968460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=General idea flowchart, figureFileSmall=zyHvsfYgr+dE5lTajOREZw==, figureFileBig=BNdVxmo+k0j++5OSvQGgfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261744800701792525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=CN, label=图1, caption=总体思路流程图, figureFileSmall=zyHvsfYgr+dE5lTajOREZw==, figureFileBig=BNdVxmo+k0j++5OSvQGgfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261744800815038735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Charging characteristic areas where electric vehicles participate in regulation, figureFileSmall=Axwr7YIbs1yzI+fpFu+OTQ==, figureFileBig=oSgRQCa9dry2J8nwkg+R4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261744800949256465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=CN, label=图2, caption=电动汽车参与调控的充电特性区域

阴影区域ABFEDA*B*F*E*D*分别为该电动汽车在两种到站离站时间下参与负荷调控的充电特性区域;A点为电动汽车入网时的电池容量(state of charge, SOC);SOCmax和SOCmin为电动汽车电池容量上下限;t1、t2${t}_{1}^{\mathrm{*}}、{t}_{2}^{\mathrm{*}}$分别为两组进站和离站时间;F点为电动汽车离开充电站的最低期望电量

, figureFileSmall=Axwr7YIbs1yzI+fpFu+OTQ==, figureFileBig=oSgRQCa9dry2J8nwkg+R4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261744801083474195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Probability density of charging time for various types of electric vehicles, figureFileSmall=k8J1zjZxpOvRgusvT/F+Gg==, figureFileBig=mPuNb0Ko6fGzCSW4lOkROg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261744801263829269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各类电动汽车充电时间概率密度, figureFileSmall=k8J1zjZxpOvRgusvT/F+Gg==, figureFileBig=mPuNb0Ko6fGzCSW4lOkROg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261744801368686871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Histogram of probability when individual random variables of electric vehicles have different values, figureFileSmall=gieLzcxtN2oQoyb3M5226g==, figureFileBig=7ELc4vb/twGosCyuhc9DTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261744801498710297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=CN, label=图4, caption=电动汽车个体随机变量不同取值时的概率柱状图, figureFileSmall=gieLzcxtN2oQoyb3M5226g==, figureFileBig=7ELc4vb/twGosCyuhc9DTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261744801586790683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Cumulative distribution function of dispatchable potential of charging stations, figureFileSmall=pA7qPus1v5dd6H9dGF4hHw==, figureFileBig=eahSE1sCUFxyWOt8L0EgYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261744801658093853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=CN, label=图5, caption=充电站可调度潜力累积分布函数, figureFileSmall=pA7qPus1v5dd6H9dGF4hHw==, figureFileBig=eahSE1sCUFxyWOt8L0EgYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261744801758757151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison of uncertainty analysis of the dispatchable potential of charging stations of the two algorithms, figureFileSmall=ftczA4NcLjx9zbXEQezW0A==, figureFileBig=zDpnzvRPuzq3dql4mX7Olg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261744801934917921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=CN, label=图6, caption=两种算法的充电站可调度潜力不确定性分析对比, figureFileSmall=ftczA4NcLjx9zbXEQezW0A==, figureFileBig=zDpnzvRPuzq3dql4mX7Olg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261744802031386914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Coincidence rate of Monte-Carlo sampling results with different confidence intervals, figureFileSmall=KBN7EtCMAGhmMMETQPfWYQ==, figureFileBig=Shp5S5UtVxaVQ+vnQ1y51Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261744802203353380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同置信区间的蒙特卡洛抽样结果重合率, figureFileSmall=KBN7EtCMAGhmMMETQPfWYQ==, figureFileBig=Shp5S5UtVxaVQ+vnQ1y51Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261744802350154021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Histogram of probability density of charging station day-ahead bidding charging cost considering the randomness of electric vehicle charging time, figureFileSmall=DgCB8pWCqn935nQftU+a2Q==, figureFileBig=OR4jO+tA+ShE20sAoZvSvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261744804157899046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=CN, label=图8, caption=考虑电动汽车充电时间随机性的充电站日前投标充电成本概率密度直方图, figureFileSmall=DgCB8pWCqn935nQftU+a2Q==, figureFileBig=OR4jO+tA+ShE20sAoZvSvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261744804304699687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Simulation parameters of electric vehicles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
$\mathrm{\Delta }t$/min 15 ${s}_{n}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}}$ 0.9sB
sB/(kW·h) 24 ${\eta }_{n}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}}$ 0.95
${p}_{n}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$/kW 4.5 ${\eta }_{n}^{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}$ 1
${p}_{n}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$/kW 4.5 ${\eta }_{n}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}$ 0.95
${s}_{n}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$ 0.9sB ${N}_{1}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}$/辆 960
${s}_{n}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$ 0.15sB ${N}_{2}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}$/辆 480
${s}_{n}^{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}}$ 0.4sB ${N}_{3}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}$/辆 960
), ArticleFig(id=1261744804380197161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电动汽车仿真参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
$\mathrm{\Delta }t$/min 15 ${s}_{n}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}}$ 0.9sB
sB/(kW·h) 24 ${\eta }_{n}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}}$ 0.95
${p}_{n}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$/kW 4.5 ${\eta }_{n}^{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}$ 1
${p}_{n}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$/kW 4.5 ${\eta }_{n}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}$ 0.95
${s}_{n}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$ 0.9sB ${N}_{1}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}$/辆 960
${s}_{n}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$ 0.15sB ${N}_{2}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}$/辆 480
${s}_{n}^{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}}$ 0.4sB ${N}_{3}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}$/辆 960
), ArticleFig(id=1261744804485054763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of the calculation time of the two algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 时间/s
本文方法 1.353
蒙特卡洛模拟 87.228
), ArticleFig(id=1261744804556357933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两种算法的计算时间对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 时间/s
本文方法 1.353
蒙特卡洛模拟 87.228
), ArticleFig(id=1261744804636049711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of charging station costs for the two bidding strategies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
投标方法 充电站成本/元
鲁棒优化 15 510.29
确定性优化[12] 15 296.65
), ArticleFig(id=1261744804854153521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267652564140035, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两种投标策略的充电站成本对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
投标方法 充电站成本/元
鲁棒优化 15 510.29
确定性优化[12] 15 296.65
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考虑电动汽车充电时间随机性的充电站可调度潜力不确定性分析
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易婷 1, 2 , 李斌 3 , 蒋林洳 3 , 吴赋章 1, 2, * , 杨军 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(20): 8526-8535
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(20): 8526-8535
考虑电动汽车充电时间随机性的充电站可调度潜力不确定性分析
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易婷1, 2 , 李斌3, 蒋林洳3, 吴赋章1, 2, * , 杨军1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 交直流智能配电网湖北省工程中心, 武汉 430072
  • 2 武汉大学电气与自动化学院, 武汉 430072
  • 3 中国电力科学研究院有限公司, 北京 100192
  • 易婷(2000—),女,汉族,湖南衡阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车参与电力市场交易。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 吴赋章(1993—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,助理研究员。研究方向:电动汽车、新能源接入、电力市场。E-mail:
Uncertainty Analysis of Dispatchable Potential of Charging Stations Considering Randomness of Electric Vehicle Charging Time
Ting YI1, 2 , Bin LI3, Lin-ru JIANG3, Fu-zhang WU1, 2, * , Jun YANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Hubei Provincial Engineering Center of AC and DC Smart Distribution Network, Wuhan 430072, China
  • 2 Faculty of Electrical and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
  • 3 China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
出版时间: 2025-07-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407118
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充电站可调度潜力是充电站参与电力市场投标策略优化的可行域空间,然而电动汽车接入时间的不确定性使得充电站可调度潜力难以准确评估。针对此,提出一种考虑电动汽车充电时间随机性的充电站可调度潜力不确定性分析方法。首先,基于闵可夫斯基求和理论建立了各类电动汽车集群的广义储能模型。其次,分析了电动汽车到站和离站时间随机性对充电站可调度潜力的影响,将离散化的电动汽车到站离站时间概率密度函数映射到电动汽车个体模型参数的概率分布,并结合电动汽车集群的广义储能模型得到各类电动汽车集群可调度潜力的概率特性。进一步,通过卷积运算加和各类电动汽车集群参数得到充电站的可调度潜力的概率分布特征。最后,在MATLAB中进行仿真验证,并与蒙特卡洛模拟进行对比,验证了所提方法的有效性。

电动汽车  /  可调度潜力  /  充电时间  /  埃奇沃思级数  /  概率分布

The dispatchable potential of charging stations represents the feasible solution space for optimizing their bidding strategies in the electricity market. However, the uncertainty in the access times of electric vehicles complicates the accurate assessment of this dispatchable potential. To address this issue, an uncertainty analysis method was proposed for evaluating the dispatchable potential of charging stations, taking into account the stochastic nature of electric vehicle charging times. Firstly, a generalized energy storage model for various types of electric vehicle clusters was established using Minkowski summation theory. Secondly, the impact of the randomness in electric vehicle arrival and departure times on the dispatchable potential of charging stations was analyzed. The discretized probability density functions of these times were mapped to the probability distributions of individual electric vehicle model parameters. By integrating these with the generalized energy storage model of electric vehicle clusters, the probabilistic characteristics of the dispatchable potential across various electric vehicle clusters were derived. Furthermore, the probability distribution characteristics of the dispatchable potential of charging stations were derived by aggregating the parameters of various electric vehicle clusters using convolution operations. Finally, simulations were conducted in MATLAB and compared with Monte Carlo simulations to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

electric vehicle  /  dispatchable potential  /  charging time  /  Edgeworth series  /  probability distributions
易婷, 李斌, 蒋林洳, 吴赋章, 杨军. 考虑电动汽车充电时间随机性的充电站可调度潜力不确定性分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8526 -8535 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407118
Ting YI, Bin LI, Lin-ru JIANG, Fu-zhang WU, Jun YANG. Uncertainty Analysis of Dispatchable Potential of Charging Stations Considering Randomness of Electric Vehicle Charging Time[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8526 -8535 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407118
具有灵活充放电能力的大规模电动汽车是电网优化运行调节的优质资源之一[1]。但由于电动汽车数量庞大,且单体电动汽车充放电功率较小,若以单体电动汽车为单元直接参与到电网互动将带来维数灾和调度复杂的问题[2-4]。为了解决该问题,电动汽车常通过聚合商进行聚合参与电网的能量交易和辅助产品交易。其中,充电站可视为一种天然的聚合商,且充电站可调度潜力反映了充电站能量、功率调节的边界,是其参与电网互动的重要约束条件之一[5-7]。因此,有效地评估充电站可调度潜力具有十分重要的理论价值和应用价值。
中外已有部分学者对充电站的可调度潜力开展了研究,但仍处于起步阶段[8-10]。文献[11]考虑电动汽车集群的行程要求和用户舒适度建立了每日两次出行的电动汽车充放电模型,求解出其可调度潜力。文献[12]将电动汽车集群聚合为广义储能设备,提出了一种基于闵可夫斯基求和与数据驱动的可调度潜力计算方法,验证了基于可调度潜力的策略投标模型能够实现电动汽车与电网的有序互动。文献[13-14]分别针对电动汽车个体和集群从用户侧角度建立可调度能力模型,利用最优可调度能力阈值实现供需方共赢。文献[15]提出了一种综合机器学习预测方法和用户非完全理性行为因素自调度模型的电动汽车集群可调度潜力模型-数据混合驱动计算方法,以量化集群可调度潜力。文献[16]研究了考虑电动汽车用户出行活动属性、信用以及响应行为不确定性的充电站充放电调度潜力评估方法。文献[17]结合电动汽车充电时的外部条件与自身行为偏好因素,建立基于隶属度函数的用户充电行为模型,并采用长短期记忆神经网络算法对充电站的可调潜力进行了评估。不同于仅考虑用户侧需求的研究,文献[18]综合考虑电动汽车分别作为用电负荷和储能设备参与系统运行,计算其最优充、放电调度阈值,进行满足调度-用户两侧差异化需求的可调度潜力评估。
综上可知,前人研究主要集中在充电站可调度潜力的确定性模型分析方法。实际中,可调度潜力的评估应处在调度策略实施前阶段,如充电站的日前投标策略基于日前可调度潜力制定,由于充电站的可调度潜力受所有站内充电的电动汽车充电行为影响,且电动汽车的到站、离站和充电状态具有不确定性[19-22],确定性的评估模型难以准确反映充电站的可调度潜力特征。
为解决上述问题,提出一种考虑电动汽车充电时间随机性的充电站可调度潜力计算方法。该方法通过结合闵可夫斯基求和理论和电动汽车到站离站时间随机参数以量化充电站可调度潜力的不确定性,旨在研究考虑电动汽车充电时间随机性对充电站可调度潜力不确定性的影响。
基于机理外推法搭建电动汽车个体与集群间物理模型的桥梁,基于数学推导建立各类电动汽车充电时间概率分布与充电站可调度潜力间的映射关系。首先,基于闵可夫斯基求和理论建立各类电动汽车集群对应的广义储能模型。其次,分析了电动汽车充电时间随机性对可调度潜力的影响,将离散化的电动汽车到站离站时间概率密度函数映射到电动汽车个体模型相关随机变量的概率密度函数,推导得到电动汽车充电状态随机性与集群可调度潜力的映射关系。然后,根据电动汽车个体与集群模型的关系计算电动汽车集群可调度潜力参数的各阶矩,进一步基于埃奇沃思级数拟合得到表征各类电动汽车集群可调度潜力边界的各参数的累积分布函数,并通过卷积运算加和各类电动汽车集群可调度潜力边界各参数得到充电站的可调度潜力边界各参数的累积分布函数。最后,在MATALB中进行仿真验证,并与蒙特卡洛模拟进行对比,进而验证本方法的有效性。总体思路流程图如图1所示。
电动汽车个体不能直接参与电力市场,且大规模电动汽车个体的建模导致模型维度过高,求解速度过慢甚至无法求解,将大规模电动汽车进行聚合并转换为广义储能设备是当前可行的解决方案。
建立全调度周期(设定为1 d)的电动汽车个体模型如式(1)~式(4)所示。
${s}_{n,t}={x}_{n,t}({s}_{n,t-\mathrm{\Delta }t}+{\eta }^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}}{p}_{n,t}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}}\mathrm{\Delta }t-\frac{{\eta }^{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}{p}_{n,t}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}\mathrm{\Delta }t}{{\eta }^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}})$
${s}_{n}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}{x}_{n,t}\le {s}_{n,t}\le {s}_{n}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{x}_{n,t}$
$0\le {p}_{n,t}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}}\le {p}_{n}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{x}_{n,t}$
$0\le {p}_{n,t}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}\le {p}_{n}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{x}_{n,t}$
式中:sn,t为第n台电动汽车在t时段的电池电量;xn,t为第n台电动汽车在t时段的充电状态,1表示处于充电状态,0则相反;$\mathrm{\Delta }t$为采样间隔,其值为15 min;${\eta }^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}}$${\eta }^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}$分别为电动汽车的充放电效率;${p}_{n,t}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}}$${p}_{n,t}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}$分别为第n台电动汽车在t时段的充放电功率;${\eta }^{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}$为电动汽车的放电补偿系数;${s}_{n}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$${s}_{n}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$分别为第n台电动汽车的电池电量边界;${p}_{n}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$${p}_{n}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$分别为第n台电动汽车的最大充放电功率。
根据日常充电时间将电动汽车集群分为早出晚归型、正常作息型和夜班型三类。基于闵可夫斯基求和聚合电动汽车个体得到描述各类电动汽车集群可调度潜力的广义储能设备,推导过程可参考文献[12],这里不再赘述。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{S}_{i,t}={S}_{i,t-\Delta t}+\mathrm{\Delta }{S}_{i,t}+{\eta }^{ch}{P}_{i,t}^{ch}\mathrm{\Delta }t-\frac{{\eta }^{ref}{P}_{i,t}^{dis}\Delta t}{{\eta }^{dis}}\\ {S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\le {S}_{i,t}\le {S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ 0\le {P}_{i,t}^{ch}\le {P}_{i,t}^{ch,\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ 0\le {P}_{i,t}^{dis}\le {P}_{i,t}^{dis,\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\end{array}\right.$
式(5)中:i为电动汽车类别;Si,t为第i类电动汽车集群形成的广义储能设备在t时段的电量;$\mathrm{\Delta }{S}_{i,t}$为第i类电动汽车集群形成的广义储能设备在t时段由电动汽车个体的充电状态发生变化产生的电量变化量;${P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}}$${P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}$分别为第i类电动汽车集群形成的广义储能设备在t时段的充放电功率;${S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$${S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$分别为第i类电动汽车集群形成的广义储能设备在t时段的电池电量边界;${P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$${P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$分别为第i类电动汽车集群形成的广义储能设备在t时段的最大充放电功率。
由式(5)可知,该广义储能参数的边界条件是由$\{{P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}},{P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}},{S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}},{S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}},\mathrm{\Delta }{S}_{i,t}\}$5个参数组成,并决定了对应电动汽车集群的可调度潜力。该组参数集合可由大量电动汽车个体的充电状态表示,其计算公式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}=\sum _{n\in {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}}{p}_{n}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{x}_{n,t}\\ {P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}=\sum _{n\in {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}}{p}_{n}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{x}_{n,t}\\ {S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}=\sum _{n\in {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}}{s}_{n}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}{x}_{n,t}\\ {S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}=\sum _{n\in {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}}{s}_{n}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{x}_{n,t}\\ \mathrm{\Delta }{S}_{i,t}=\sum _{n\in {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}}\left[{s}_{n}^{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}}{x}_{n,t}\right({x}_{n,t}-{x}_{n,t-1})-\\    {s}_{n}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}}{x}_{n,t-1}({x}_{n,t-1}-{x}_{n,t})]\end{array}\right.$
式(6)中:${s}_{n}^{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}}$${s}_{n}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}}$分别为第n台电动汽车到达和离开充电站的电量;${N}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}$为第i类电动汽车集合。
以上模型从电动汽车个体的可调度潜力边界推导出电动汽车集群的可调度潜力广义储能模型。从该模型可知电动汽车集群或充电站的可调度潜力的各边界参数受站内所有充电的电动汽车充电站状态xn,t的影响,但属于确定性建模。在此基础上,具体分析电动汽车个体的充电状态的随机性,并建立充电站的可调度潜力不确定性模型。
单个电动汽车参与负荷调控的充电特性区域如图2所示。
图2所示,如何规划电动汽车电量在固定的阴影面积内随时间变化是传统电动汽车参与负荷响应的研究主体[23-24],这忽视了电动汽车充电时间随机性对阴影面积的影响。同时,电动汽车个体充电特性区域的变化改变了电动汽车集群的可调度潜力,导致充电站评估其可调度潜力时存在着不确定性。为了更好的衡量电动汽车充电时间随机性对充电站可调度潜力的不确定性影响,需要建立充电站可调度潜力参数的随机变量模型,并对其概率特征进行分析。
根据电动汽车历史到站离站数据,基于数据驱动可以得到电动汽车到站离站时间的累积分布函数[25-26],这里不再具体展开。通过对电动汽车到站离站时间的累积分布函数进行数值微分,近似得到全天各个时间采样点的概率密度函数,如式(7)、式(8)所示。
${f}_{{t}_{1}}\left(t\right)\approx \frac{{F}_{{t}_{1}}(t+\mathrm{\Delta }t)-{F}_{{t}_{1}}\left(t\right)}{\mathrm{\Delta }t}$
${f}_{{t}_{2}}\left(t\right)\approx \frac{{F}_{{t}_{2}}(t+\mathrm{\Delta }t)-{F}_{{t}_{2}}\left(t\right)}{\mathrm{\Delta }t}$
式中:t1t2分别为电动汽车到站和离站时间随机变量;${f}_{{t}_{1}}\left(t\right)$${f}_{{t}_{2}}\left(t\right)$分别为电动汽车到站和离站时间的概率密度函数;${F}_{{t}_{1}}\left(t\right)$${F}_{{t}_{2}}\left(t\right)$分别为电动汽车到站和离站时间的累积分布函数;t为时间变量,取值为[15,30,…,1 440]min。
电动汽车充电状态与其充电时间概率特性相关联,不再确定的表述该电动汽车是否处于充电状态,而是根据到站离站时间的概率密度函数映射得到的对其充电状态可能性的描述量,其计算公式为
${f}_{{x}_{n,t}}\left(x\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\sum _{({t}_{1},{t}_{2})\in {\Omega }_{t}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}\left({t}_{1}\right){f}_{{t}_{2}}\left({t}_{2}\right),& x=1\\ 1-\sum _{({t}_{1},{t}_{2})\in {\Omega }_{t}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}\left({t}_{1}\right){f}_{{t}_{2}}\left({t}_{2}\right),& x=0\end{array}\right.$
式(9)中:${\Omega }_{t}$为电动汽车到站和离站时间满足一定要求的集合,${\Omega }_{t}$的目的是找出使得电动汽车充电状态为1的各种充电时间方案,其计算逻辑如式(10)所示。
$\begin{aligned} \Omega_{t}= & \left\{\left(t_{1}, t_{2}\right) \mid t_{1} \leqslant t<t_{2} \text { or } t<t_{2}<t_{1}\right. \\ & \text { or } \left.t_{2}<t_{1} \leqslant t\right\} \end{aligned}$
基于闵可夫斯基求和的广义储能模型除了$\mathrm{\Delta }{S}_{i,t},$其余参数皆与电动汽车个体的充电状态随机变量为线性关系。为了构造电量变化量的线性关系,本文设定电动汽车个体模型不仅存在充电状态随机变量,还包含一个由充电时间不确定映射得到的电量变化量随机变量,其定义为
$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}={s}_{n}^{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}}{x}_{n,t}({x}_{n,t}-{x}_{n,t-1})-\\ {s}_{n}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}}{x}_{n,t-1}({x}_{n,t-1}-{x}_{n,t})\end{array}$
则其概率密度函数计算公式为
${f}_{\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}}\left(\Delta \mathrm{s}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\sum _{{t}_{2}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}\left(\mathrm{t}\right){f}_{{t}_{2}}\left({t}_{2}\right),\\   \mathrm{\Delta }s={s}_{n}^{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}}\\ \sum _{{t}_{1}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}\left({t}_{1}\right){f}_{{t}_{2}}\left(t\right),\\   \mathrm{\Delta }s=-{s}_{n}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}}\\ 1-\sum _{{t}_{2}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}\left(t\right){f}_{{t}_{2}}\left({t}_{2}\right)-\sum _{{t}_{1}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}\left({t}_{1}\right){f}_{{t}_{2}}\left(t\right),\\   \mathrm{\Delta }s=0\end{array}\right.$
式(12)中:$\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}$为第n台电动汽车在t时段的电量变化量随机变量;${f}_{\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}}$为电动汽车电量变化量的概率密度函数;$\mathrm{\Delta }s$为电动汽车电量变化量。
单辆电动汽车的电量变化量随机变量只有3种取值,描述了其充电状态变化对广义储能电量的影响。通过闵可夫斯基求和得到广义储能模型可变形为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}=\sum _{n\in {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}}{p}_{n}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{x}_{n,t}\\ {P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}=\sum _{n\in {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}}{p}_{n}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{x}_{n,t}\\ {S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}=\sum _{n\in {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}}{s}_{n}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}{x}_{n,t}\\ {S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}=\sum _{n\in {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}}{s}_{n}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{x}_{n,t}\\ \mathrm{\Delta }{S}_{i,t}=\sum _{n\in {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}}\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}\end{array}\right.$
综上,基于闵可夫斯基求和得到电动汽车集群可调度潜力参数与电动汽车个体充电状态和电量变化量的线性表达式。
埃奇沃思级数可用于改进中心极限定理以处理样本有限情况下的局限性。电动汽车集群可调度潜力参数是由大量电动汽车个体的充电状态和电量变化量随机变量联合形成的联合分布,且相同集群下的电动汽车个体的充电状态和电量变化量为独立同分布。故可由电动汽车个体充电参数的随机性计算得到集群的可调度潜力参数的随机性,并采用埃奇沃思级数展开方法得到集群可调度潜力参数的概率密度函数。
为了更加准确地描述电动汽车充电时间随机性对电动汽车集群可调度潜力参数随机变量的影响,通过埃奇沃思级数加入高阶项修正电动汽车集群数量有限的偏差。设定引入三阶矩修正后的概率分布精确度满足工程需要。则使用三阶矩修正后的埃奇沃思级数如式(14)所示。
P[$\frac{\sqrt{N}(X-{\mu }_{1}^{X})}{{\sigma }^{X}}$x]≈Φ(x)+$\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}$P1(x)φ(x)
式(14)中:X为多个独立同分布形成的联合分布随机变量;N为独立同分布随机变量的个数;${\mu }_{1}^{X}$为随机变量X的一阶矩;${\sigma }^{X}$为随机变量X的标准差;$\Phi \left(x\right)$为标准正态分布的累积分布函数;P1(x)为埃奇沃思一阶多项式,取决于随机变量X的三阶矩;$\varphi \left(x\right)$为标准正态分布的概率密度函数。
埃奇沃思级数的一阶多项式为
${P}_{1}\left(x\right)=\frac{{\mu }_{3}^{X}}{6({\mu }_{2}^{X}{)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}({x}^{3}-3x)$
式(15)中:${\mu }_{2}^{X}$为随机变量X的二阶矩;${\mu }_{3}^{X}$为随机变量X的三阶矩。
接下来计算电动汽车集群可调度潜力参数的各阶矩。由于这些随机变量与电动汽车个体的充电状态和电量变化量是线性关系,因此可以直接通过求电动汽车个体充电状态和电量变化量的各阶矩来计算得到电动汽车集群可调度潜力随机变量的各阶矩。
根据电动汽车个体充电状态和电量变化量的概率密度函数,计算得到各自的一阶矩,如式(16)、式(17)所示。
${\mu }_{1}^{{x}_{n,t}}=\mathrm{E}\left[{x}_{n,t}\right]=1\sum _{({t}_{1},{t}_{2})\in {\Omega }_{t}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}\left({t}_{1}\right){f}_{{t}_{2}}\left({t}_{2}\right)$
$\begin{array}{l}{\mu }_{1}^{\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}}=E\left[\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}\right]\\ ={s}_{n}^{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}}\sum _{{t}_{2}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}\left(t\right){f}_{{t}_{2}}\left({t}_{2}\right)-{s}_{n}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}}\sum _{{t}_{1}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}\left({t}_{1}\right){f}_{{t}_{2}}\left(t\right)\end{array}$
式中:${\mu }_{1}^{{x}_{n,t}}$为随机变量xn,t的一阶矩;${\mu }_{1}^{\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}}$为随机变量$\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}$的一阶矩;E为随机变量的期望算子。
计算得到单辆电动汽车个体充电状态和电量变化量随机变量的二阶矩,如式(18)、式(19)所示。
$\begin{array}{l}{\mu }_{2}^{{x}_{n,t}}=E\left[\right({x}_{n,t}-{\mu }_{1}^{{x}_{n,t}}{)}^{2}]\\ =(1-{\mu }_{1}^{{x}_{n,t}}{-)}^{2}\sum _{({t}_{1},{t}_{2})\in {\Omega }_{t}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}({t}_{1}\left){f}_{{t}_{2}}\right({t}_{2})+\\  (0-{\mu }_{1}^{{x}_{n,t}}{)}^{2}[1-\sum _{({t}_{1},{t}_{2})\in {\Omega }_{t}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}\left({t}_{1}\right){f}_{{t}_{2}}\left({t}_{2}\right)]\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}{\mu }_{2}^{\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}}=E\left[\right(\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}-{\mu }_{1}^{\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}}{)}^{2}]\\ =({s}_{n}^{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}}-{\mu }_{1}^{\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}}{)}^{2}\sum _{{t}_{2}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}(t\left){f}_{{t}_{2}}\right({t}_{2})+\\  (-{s}_{n}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}}-{\mu }_{1}^{\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}}{)}^{2}\sum _{{t}_{1}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}({t}_{1}\left){f}_{{t}_{2}}\right(t)+\\  (0-{\mu }_{1}^{\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}}{)}^{2}[1-\sum _{{t}_{2}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}\left(t\right){f}_{{t}_{2}}\left({t}_{2}\right)-\\  \sum _{{t}_{1}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}\left({t}_{1}\right){f}_{{t}_{2}}\left(t\right)]\end{array}$
式中:${\mu }_{2}^{{x}_{n,t}}$为随机变量xn,t的二阶矩;${\mu }_{2}^{\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}}$为随机变量$\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}$的二阶矩。
同理,计算得到电动汽车个体充电状态和电量变化量随机变量的三阶矩,分别如式(20)、式(21)所示。
$\begin{array}{l}{\mu }_{3}^{{x}_{n,t}}=E\left[\right({x}_{n,t}-{\mu }^{{x}_{n,{t}_{1}}}{)}^{3}]\\ =(1-{\mu }_{1}^{{x}_{n,t}}{)}^{3}\sum _{({t}_{1},{t}_{2})\in {\Omega }_{t}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}({t}_{1}\left){f}_{{t}_{2}}\right({t}_{2})+\\  (0-{\mu }_{1}^{{x}_{n,t}}{)}^{3}[1-\sum _{({t}_{1},{t}_{2})\in {\Omega }_{t}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}\left({t}_{1}\right){f}_{{t}_{2}}\left({t}_{2}\right)]\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}{\mu }_{3}^{\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}}=E\left[\right(\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}-{\mu }_{1}^{\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}}{)}^{3}]\\ =({s}_{n}^{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}}-{\mu }_{1}^{\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}}{)}^{3}\sum _{{t}_{2}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}(t\left){f}_{{t}_{2}}\right({t}_{2})+\\  (-{s}_{n}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}}-{\mu }_{1}^{\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}}{)}^{3}\sum _{{t}_{1}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}({t}_{1}\left){f}_{{t}_{2}}\right(t)+\\  (0-{\mu }_{1}^{\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}}{)}^{3}[1-\sum _{{t}_{2}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}\left(t\right){f}_{{t}_{2}}\left({t}_{2}\right)-\\  \sum _{{t}_{1}}{f}_{{t}_{1}}\left({t}_{1}\right){f}_{{t}_{2}}\left(t\right)]\end{array}$
式中:${\mu }_{3}^{{x}_{n,t}}$为随机变量xn,t的三阶矩;${\mu }_{3}^{\Delta {\mathrm{s}}_{n,t}}$为随机变量$\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}$的三阶矩。
于是,通过计算得到电动汽车个体充电状态和电量变化量随机变量的一到三阶矩。进一步可以得到电动汽车集群可调度潜力随机变量的各阶矩。由于存在线性关系,故可通过式(22)计算。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mu }_{k}^{{P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}=\sum _{n\in {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}}{p}_{n}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{\mu }_{k}^{{x}_{n,t}}\\ {\mu }_{k}^{{P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}=\sum _{n\in {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}}{p}_{n}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{\mu }_{k}^{{x}_{n,t}}\\ {\mu }_{k}^{{S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}=\sum _{n\in {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}}{s}_{n}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}{\mu }_{k}^{{x}_{n,t}}\\ {\mu }_{k}^{{S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}=\sum _{n\in {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}}{s}_{n}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{\mu }_{k}^{{x}_{n,t}}\\ {\mu }_{k}^{\mathrm{\Delta }{S}_{i,t}}=\sum _{n\in {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{V}}}{\mu }_{k}^{\mathrm{\Delta }{s}_{n,t}}\end{array}\right.$
式(22)中:k为矩的阶数,$k\in \{\mathrm{1,2},3\};{\mu }_{k}^{{P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}$为随机变量${P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$k阶矩;${\mu }_{k}^{{P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}$为随机变量${P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$k阶矩;${\mu }_{k}^{{S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}$为随机变量${S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$k阶矩;${\mu }_{k}^{{S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}$为随机变量${S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$k阶矩;${\mu }_{k}^{\mathrm{\Delta }{S}_{i,t}}$为随机变量$\mathrm{\Delta }{S}_{i,t}$k阶矩。
于是,将式(22)计算得到的电动汽车集群可调度潜力参数的各阶矩代入式(14)、式(15),即可计算得到电动汽车集群可调度潜力参数的累积分布函数,进一步可通过微分计算得到近似的概率密度函数。
充电站包含多个不同种类的电动汽车集群,各个集群下的电动汽车充电参数皆为独立同分布,故可以使用埃奇沃思级数计算集群可调度潜力参数的概率密度。为了从多个集群的可调度潜力参数计算得到充电站整体的可调度潜力参数,基于离散概率密度函数的卷积运算对各类电动汽车集群可调度潜力随机变量的概率分布函数进行加和,以得到充电站可调度潜力参数的概率分布。
${f}_{{Z}_{i,t}}\left(z\right)$为第i类电动汽车集群在t时刻的可调度潜力参数组中某参数的概率密度函数,${f}_{{Z}_{t}}\left(z\right)$为充电站在t时刻的可调度潜力参数中相应参数的概率密度函数。则其关系可表示为
$\begin{aligned} f_{Z_{t}}(z)= & \sum_{d_{1}=-\square}^{\square} \sum_{d_{2}=-\square}^{\square}\left[f_{Z_{1, t}}\left(d_{1}\right) f_{Z_{2, t}}\left(d_{2}\right) f_{Z_{3, t}}(z-\right. \\ & \left.\left.d_{1}-d_{2}\right)\right] \end{aligned} $
式(23)中:${Z}_{i,t}\in \{{P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}},{P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}},{S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}},{S}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}},\mathrm{\Delta }{S}_{i,t}\};{d}_{1}$d2为随机变量的取值。
于是,通过卷积运算即可将多个电动汽车集群可调度潜力的概率分布进行加和,得到充电站总的可调度潜力概率分布。即保证了对不同种类电动汽车集群充电时间随机性的针对性建模,又确保了充电站可调度潜力信息的完整性。
采用的仿真平台为MATLAB。计算机配置Intel Core i7-7700系列CPU,主频2.8 GHz,内存为16 GB。离散化后的各类电动汽车到站离站时间概率密度如图3所示。
电动汽车相关仿真参数如表1所示。
电动汽车个体模型包含两个随机变量:充电状态和电量变化量。其中,充电状态为二值变量,电量变化量为三值变量,且二者皆可以通过电动汽车的到站离站时间概率密度函数映射得到。通过计算得到三类电动汽车在不同采样点的充电状态与电量变化量随机变量不同取值时的概率柱状图,如图4所示。
根据电动汽车个体充电状态和电量变化量的概率密度,可以计算其一阶矩、二阶矩和三阶矩。进一步通过式(10)和式(12)的线性关系,得到各类电动汽车集群充电车数量和电量变化量的各阶矩。将不同种类电动汽车集群的一阶矩、二阶矩和三阶矩数据代入埃奇沃思级数当中,拟合得到各类电动汽车集群可调度潜力的累积分布函数。然后,通过卷积运算加和各类电动汽车可调度潜力得到充电站的可调度潜力累积分布函数,如图5所示。
根据累积分布函数进一步可以计算充电站可调度潜力参数的概率密度函数,并可通过置信区间来描述其不确定性,用以评估充电站可调度潜力的波动范围。
为了验证本文方法的有效,将所提方法与蒙特卡洛模拟进行对比。所提方法计算得到概率分布取$2\mathrm{\sigma }$(置信度为95.45%)对应的置信区间,蒙特卡洛模拟的采样次数设定为1 000次,两种方法计算得到的充电站可调度潜力对比如图6所示。两种方法计算所用时间如表2所示。
图6可以看出,本文方法的计算结果与蒙特卡洛模拟的结果走向趋势一致,且在$2\sigma $的置信度下,能将蒙特卡洛模拟的抽样结果包含在置信区间内。同时,由表2可知,本文方法通过机理外推和数学推导大大缩小了计算时间。这是因为蒙特卡洛模拟是通过大量的概率抽样来得到充电站的可调度潜力样本数据,再从数据驱动的角度进行概率分布拟合;而本文方法直接通过数学推导的方式计算充电站可调度潜力的概率分布。综上可知,本文方法在考虑电动汽车充电时间概率特性的前提下,能够快速准确地得到充电站的可调度潜力参数及其不确定性特征。
上述仅能从直观上证明本方法的有效性。为了更加严谨的给出数据证明,通过计算不同置信度下,蒙特卡洛模拟抽样结果与置信区间的重合率(抽样结果落在置信区间内为有效重合,否则认为不重合)。为更好地可视化重合率结果,将表征可调度潜力的5个参数对应的重合率进行平均化处理,结果如图7所示。
图7可知,在给定3种置信度下,蒙特卡洛抽样的结果与置信区间的重合率与置信度近似相等,这说明所提方法能够从公式推导的角度准确给出充电站可调度潜力的概率分布,进而用以其不确定性分析。图7中部分时段(00:00—03:00)的重合率出现异常,这是因为这段时间该充电站的充电行为未发生明显变化(图6可调度潜力参数随时间不发生明显变化),且电动汽车集群的数量为有限值,抽样得到的结果为离散值。从工程精度的角度分析,不影响评估充电站的可调度潜力。
进一步,将所提充电站可调度潜力不确定性方法应用到充电站的日前投标策略中,投标策略参照文献[12]设定,但其为确定性优化模型。电动汽车的到站离站时间概率数据来源于北京市海淀区和大兴区某充电站的8个充电桩历史数据。基于两种充电站可调度潜力边界条件计算各自投标策略的充电站成本对比如表3所示。同时,基于所提方法计算得到的充电站可调度潜力参数概率特征,计算得到考虑电动汽车充电时间随机性的充电站日前投标充电成本概率密度直方图如图8所示。
表3可知,采用所提可调度潜力不确定性计算方法的投标策略具有更强的鲁棒性,其投标策略更为保守以应对可调度潜力的变化。由图8可知,由于所提可调度潜力不确定性计算方法正确且准确地计算得到充电站的可调度潜力概率特征,为参与电力市场的投标优化模型提供了精确的不确定信息,故可以提前在投标策略上给予应对,为充电站的充放电管理提供了一定的决策指导。
提出考虑电动汽车充电时间随机性的充电站可调度潜力不确定性分析方法,并与蒙特卡洛模拟对比验证了其有效性。得到如下结论。
(1)将电动汽车个体的充电站状态随机性变量映射至充电站可调度潜力广义的闵可夫斯基求和模型中能够有效地表征充电站可调度潜力的随机性特征。
(2)与蒙特卡洛相比,考虑电动汽车充电时间随机性的充电站可调度潜力不确定性分析方法对电动汽车到站离站时间的概率分布进行解析式推导得到了充电站的可调度潜力随机性,计算时间大幅缩短,在给定置信度下能替代蒙特卡洛模拟的结果。
所提考虑电动汽车充电时间随机性的充电站可调度潜力分析可应用于充电站参与电力市场投标策略优化,通过表征充电站可调度潜力的各边界参数概率特征,可提高充电站投标策略制定的经济性与可靠性,避免陷入不可行方案。结合用户在充电时间上的意愿与偏好,进行更精准、更可靠的可调度潜力分析,制定与电动汽车参与市场的成熟程度相匹配的准入门槛,减少在不确定性的市场环境下因信息缺失造成的经济损失,进而引导电动汽车充放电行为,制定更为合理的充放电策略。未来可结合我国电力市场交易机制来构建充电站投标模型,增大充电站在不确定的环境下进行有效调度的可能性,进而提高充电站参与电力市场的经济性,增强新型电力系统的稳定性。
  • 国家电网有限公司总部科技项目(5108-202218280A-2-261-XG)
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2025年第25卷第20期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407118
  • 接收时间:2024-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-23
  • 修回日期:2025-04-27
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国家电网有限公司总部科技项目(5108-202218280A-2-261-XG)
作者信息
    1 交直流智能配电网湖北省工程中心, 武汉 430072
    2 武汉大学电气与自动化学院, 武汉 430072
    3 中国电力科学研究院有限公司, 北京 100192

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* 吴赋章(1993—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,助理研究员。研究方向:电动汽车、新能源接入、电力市场。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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