Article(id=1261262690643751249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406499, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724860800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-29, revisedDate=1745510400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778638058577, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1752768000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778638058577, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778638058577, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778638058577, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261262687258985194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='20', pageStart='8317', pageEnd='8759', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778638057769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778753106634, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8483, endPage=8489, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261262692195643735, articleId=1261262690643751249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Prediction Method for Annular Pressure with Percolation under Solid Phase Deposition in Deepwater Wells of the South China Sea, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To mitigate the risk of annular pressure buildup caused by solid-phase deposition in the B and C annuli of deep-water wells, experimental tests were conducted on sedimentation behavior using common deep-water drilling fluid systems. The sedimentation height and post-settling solid-phase permeability of various drilling fluids were measured. Based on the parameters of solid phase percolation characteristics, and considering the impact of annular fluid solid deposition, a predictive analytical method was established for annular pressure under percolation conditions. Case analysis was conducted to validate the approach. Results show that the sedimentation height follows the order: oil-based drilling fluid > EZFLOW drilling fluid > HEM drilling fluid. In contrast, the post-settling solid-phase permeability is ranked as EZFLOW drilling fluid > HEM drilling fluid > oil-based drilling fluid, with a maximum permeability of 2.216 μm2. Under annular fluid solid-phase deposition conditions, reductions in annular fluid viscosity, increases in formation permeability, and longer open-hole cement sheath sections reduce fluid viscous resistance, enlarge the seepage contact area with the formation, and enhance fluid flow. Therefore, reducing drilling fluid viscosity and extending the open-hole cement sheath length can improve the pressure release capacity in the B and C annuli of deep-water wells. However, the presence of solid-phase deposition significantly restricts seepage flow rates compared to conditions without deposition, leading to a potential risk of incomplete pressure relief following solid-phase sedimentation.

, correspAuthors=Jian DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi WU, Xing-quan ZHANG, Tian-wei ZHANG, Zhi ZHANG, Jian DING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261262701808988580, articleId=1261262690643751249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=南海深水井环空固相沉积下渗流环空带压预测方法, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对深水井B、C环空流体固相沉积下环空泄压通道堵塞风险,开展常见深水钻井液体系固相沉积测试,获得不同钻井液体系固相沉降高度及沉降后固相渗流特性,并基于固相渗流特性参数,考虑环空流体固相沉积影响,建立渗流作用下环空带压预测分析方法,并开展实例分析。结果表明:沉降高度油基钻井液>EZFLOW钻井液>HEM钻井液,沉降后固相渗透率EZFLOW钻井液>HEM钻井液>油基钻井液,渗透率最高达到2.216 μm2,在环空流体固相沉积条件下,随环空流体黏度降低及地层渗透率、裸眼段长度增加,流体流动黏性力降低,且与地层接触渗流面积增大,环空流体渗流量增大,降低钻井液流体黏度、提高水泥环裸眼段长度可以提高深水井B、C环空压力释放能力,但由于固相沉积影响,其渗流流量远小于无固相沉积条件下环空压力降低速度,且固相沉降后存在无法泄压的风险。

, correspAuthors=丁剑, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 丁剑(1995—),男,汉族,四川南充人,博士,讲师。研究方向:井筒完整性、环空带压、管柱力学。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=tWZxz6T5FY2nj94zuk0lDw==, magXml=GTxJWcH7bJBXjNyjeewE+Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=fvD5xNOuwBtIeEp/xrrfBA==, pdfFileSize=8736212, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=XLBXFWIiJkzVh2aOk+15CA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=5wqw8yYKZFtQfGxAdg8QSA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

吴怡(1987—),男,汉族,江苏宿迁人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:海洋钻井工程。E-mail:

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吴怡(1987—),男,汉族,江苏宿迁人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:海洋钻井工程。E-mail:

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articleId=1261262690643751249, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同环空流体黏度下环空压力变化, figureFileSmall=EmBtR3HYHWH8/8jZLpc0TA==, figureFileBig=1OwiskCrEjN4rci+z++L7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261262742476960558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262690643751249, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Variation of annular pressure under different open hole lengths, figureFileSmall=1shYMXeFA4CwvNwfJJak2g==, figureFileBig=wWQ5jbVzfZXJ/uX3Zsucog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261262744238568242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262690643751249, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同裸眼长度下环空压力变化, figureFileSmall=1shYMXeFA4CwvNwfJJak2g==, figureFileBig=wWQ5jbVzfZXJ/uX3Zsucog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261262744624444215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262690643751249, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Technical parameters of annulus string and fluid technical

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参数 数值
B环空 C环空
套管内径/mm 339.7 508
套管外径/mm 224.5 339.7
裸眼段长度/m 250 350
钻井液密度/(g·m-3) 1 300 1 500
钻井液黏度/(mPa·s) 1.0 1.0
裸眼段地层压力/MPa 49.26 19.88
), ArticleFig(id=1261262745245201213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262690643751249, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

环空管柱及流体技术参数

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参数 数值
B环空 C环空
套管内径/mm 339.7 508
套管外径/mm 224.5 339.7
裸眼段长度/m 250 350
钻井液密度/(g·m-3) 1 300 1 500
钻井液黏度/(mPa·s) 1.0 1.0
裸眼段地层压力/MPa 49.26 19.88
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南海深水井环空固相沉积下渗流环空带压预测方法
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吴怡 1, 2 , 张兴全 1, 2 , 张天玮 1, 2 , 张智 3 , 丁剑 3, 4, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(20): 8483-8489
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(20): 8483-8489
南海深水井环空固相沉积下渗流环空带压预测方法
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吴怡1, 2 , 张兴全1, 2, 张天玮1, 2, 张智3, 丁剑3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1 中海石油(中国)有限公司北京研究中心, 北京 100000
  • 2 海洋油气高效开发全国重点实验室, 北京 100000
  • 3 西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室, 成都 610500
  • 4 西南石油大学机电工程学院, 成都 610500
  • 吴怡(1987—),男,汉族,江苏宿迁人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:海洋钻井工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 丁剑(1995—),男,汉族,四川南充人,博士,讲师。研究方向:井筒完整性、环空带压、管柱力学。E-mail:
Prediction Method for Annular Pressure with Percolation under Solid Phase Deposition in Deepwater Wells of the South China Sea
Yi WU1, 2 , Xing-quan ZHANG1, 2, Tian-wei ZHANG1, 2, Zhi ZHANG3, Jian DING3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1 CNOOC (China) Co., Ltd. Beijing Research Center, Beijing 100000, China
  • 2 National Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploitation, Beijing 100000, China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Development Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
  • 4 School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
出版时间: 2025-07-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406499
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针对深水井B、C环空流体固相沉积下环空泄压通道堵塞风险,开展常见深水钻井液体系固相沉积测试,获得不同钻井液体系固相沉降高度及沉降后固相渗流特性,并基于固相渗流特性参数,考虑环空流体固相沉积影响,建立渗流作用下环空带压预测分析方法,并开展实例分析。结果表明:沉降高度油基钻井液>EZFLOW钻井液>HEM钻井液,沉降后固相渗透率EZFLOW钻井液>HEM钻井液>油基钻井液,渗透率最高达到2.216 μm2,在环空流体固相沉积条件下,随环空流体黏度降低及地层渗透率、裸眼段长度增加,流体流动黏性力降低,且与地层接触渗流面积增大,环空流体渗流量增大,降低钻井液流体黏度、提高水泥环裸眼段长度可以提高深水井B、C环空压力释放能力,但由于固相沉积影响,其渗流流量远小于无固相沉积条件下环空压力降低速度,且固相沉降后存在无法泄压的风险。

深水井  /  环空带压  /  环空流体  /  固相沉积  /  渗流

To mitigate the risk of annular pressure buildup caused by solid-phase deposition in the B and C annuli of deep-water wells, experimental tests were conducted on sedimentation behavior using common deep-water drilling fluid systems. The sedimentation height and post-settling solid-phase permeability of various drilling fluids were measured. Based on the parameters of solid phase percolation characteristics, and considering the impact of annular fluid solid deposition, a predictive analytical method was established for annular pressure under percolation conditions. Case analysis was conducted to validate the approach. Results show that the sedimentation height follows the order: oil-based drilling fluid > EZFLOW drilling fluid > HEM drilling fluid. In contrast, the post-settling solid-phase permeability is ranked as EZFLOW drilling fluid > HEM drilling fluid > oil-based drilling fluid, with a maximum permeability of 2.216 μm2. Under annular fluid solid-phase deposition conditions, reductions in annular fluid viscosity, increases in formation permeability, and longer open-hole cement sheath sections reduce fluid viscous resistance, enlarge the seepage contact area with the formation, and enhance fluid flow. Therefore, reducing drilling fluid viscosity and extending the open-hole cement sheath length can improve the pressure release capacity in the B and C annuli of deep-water wells. However, the presence of solid-phase deposition significantly restricts seepage flow rates compared to conditions without deposition, leading to a potential risk of incomplete pressure relief following solid-phase sedimentation.

deep wells  /  annular pressure  /  annulus fluid  /  solid phase deposition  /  seepage
吴怡, 张兴全, 张天玮, 张智, 丁剑. 南海深水井环空固相沉积下渗流环空带压预测方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8483 -8489 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406499
Yi WU, Xing-quan ZHANG, Tian-wei ZHANG, Zhi ZHANG, Jian DING. Prediction Method for Annular Pressure with Percolation under Solid Phase Deposition in Deepwater Wells of the South China Sea[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8483 -8489 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406499
中国南海深水深层油气资源丰富,随其开发不断深入,井筒服役环境更加恶劣,在极端高温、高压、高含腐蚀介质环境下,深水井环空带压问题突出[1-2],同时由于深水井其特殊性,通常采用水下井口附加采油树进行油气开采,并于井口安装套管密封总成,导致除A环空外的其他环空无法进行泄压操作,通常采用水泥返高返至上层套管鞋以下的特殊井身结构设计,通过地层释放B、C环空压力,但在长期生产过程中,环空钻井液存在固相沉积现象,使得环空泄压通道存在堵塞风险,从而导致高环空压力无法释放,严重威胁现场生产安全[3],因此,需开展深水井环空流体固相沉积影响下环空压力分析,优化井身结构设计,保障现场安全生产[4]
目前中外学者针对环空带压产生原因、预测及安全管控开展了大量研究。王宴滨等[5]建立了基于环空流体物性参数变化及流体与环空体积耦合作用的深水井环空带压预测方法。丁亮亮等[6]建立了基于温压耦合作用下环空流体物性参数变化的持续环空带压预测方法。马英文等[7]针对凝析气田开发初期环空带压问题,建立了考虑温度、鼓胀效应耦合作用下环空体积变化的环空带压预测及管控方法。张智等[8]综合考虑管柱、流体体积变化特征,建立了基于气体状态方程的储气库井环空压力预测方法。王捷力等[9]基于环空带压控制值计算、环空带压诊断及井筒完整性检测等关键方法,提出了一套环空压力安全管控流程。现有研究对深水井环空带压机理、产生原因、预测方法及安全管控已有较为清晰的认识,但针对深水井特殊井身结构设计情况下,环空流体固相沉积对环空压力的影响研究较少。鉴于此,基于深水井井身结构设计,针对深水井B、C环空流体固相沉积下泄压通道堵塞风险,开展常见深水钻井液体系固相沉积测试,获得不同钻井液体系沉积后固相渗流特性,并基于固相渗流特性参数,考虑环空流体固相沉积影响,建立渗流作用下环空带压预测分析方法,分析深水井环空流体固相沉积影响下环空压力,保障现场安全生产。
在深水井生产过程中,井筒环空温度升高,环空压力变化,导致环空体积在流体热膨胀效应及鼓胀效应下发生变化,产生环空压力,其大小取决于环空流体在温度、压力改变条件下的体积变化能力,假设环空为密闭空间,仅考虑温度效应和鼓胀效应作用下环空圈闭压力可表示为[10-11]
$\mathrm{\Delta }{p}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{n}}=\frac{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{p}}}{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{t}}}\mathrm{\Delta }T+\frac{1}{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{t}}V}\mathrm{\Delta }V$
式(1)中:Δpann为圈闭环空压力,MPa;V为密闭环空体积,m3;αt为流体膨胀系数,1/℃;αp为流体压缩系数,MPa-1T为流体温度增加量,℃;ΔV为环空体积增加量,m3
针对深水井,当水泥返深返至上层套管鞋以下时,环空流体可通过环空裸眼段发生质量变化,从而减缓流体热膨胀引起的环空压力。随着环空压力的增加,在压差作用下地层将与环空流体发生不稳定渗流,此时一维径向流应力扩散方程为[12]
$\frac{{\partial }^{2}P}{\partial {r}^{2}}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial P}{\partial r}=\frac{\varphi \mu c}{k}\frac{\partial P}{\partial t}$
式(2)中:P为流体压力,MPa;r为半径,m;k为渗透率,μm2;ϕ为孔隙度,无量纲;μ为流体黏度,mPa·s;c为综合压缩系数,MPa-1;t为渗流时间,s。
在地层渗流作用下其初始条件和压力边界为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} r=r_{\mathrm{w}}, t=0, P(r)=P_{\mathrm{D}} \\ r=\square, t>t, P(r)=P_{\mathrm{D}} \\ r \rightarrow 0, t>0, r \frac{\partial P}{\partial r}=\frac{q \mu}{2 \pi k h} \end{array}\right.$
式(3)中:PD为地层压力,MPa;rw为井筒半径,m;q为渗流流量,m3/s;h为裸眼段长度,m;P(r)为距井中心r处的压力,MPa。
代入式(3)可得
$\int_{P_{\mathrm{D}}}^{P_{\text {ann }}} \mathrm{d} P=\frac{q \mu}{4 \pi k h} \int_{\square}^{\frac{r^{2}}{4 \eta t}} \frac{\mathrm{e}^{\frac{-r^{2}}{4 \eta t}}}{\frac{r^{2}}{4 \eta t}} \mathrm{~d} \frac{r^{2}}{4 \eta t}$
式(4)中:Pann为与地层发生渗流时环空压力,MPa;η为导压系数,cm2/s。
对式(4)进行积分可得
$P_{\mathrm{D}}-P_{\mathrm{ann}}=\frac{q \mu}{4 \pi k h} \int_{\square}^{\frac{r^{2}}{4 \eta t}} \frac{\mathrm{e}^{-\frac{r^{2}}{4 \eta t}}}{\frac{r^{2}}{4 \eta t}} \mathrm{~d} \frac{r^{2}}{4 \eta t}$
其中,幂积分函数可表示为
$-E_{i}(-x)=\int_{x}^{\square} \frac{1}{x} \mathrm{e}^{-x} \mathrm{~d} x$
式(6)中:Ei(x)为幂积分函数,无量纲。
将积分部分以幂积分函数表示,即可得地层与环空流体发生不稳定渗流的计算公式为[13]
${P}_{\mathrm{D}}-{P}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{n}}=\frac{q\mu }{4\mathrm{\pi }kh}\left[-{E}_{i}\left(\frac{{r}^{2}}{4\eta t}\right)\right]$
其中幂积分函数可展开为无穷级数,可表示为
$\begin{array}{l}-{E}_{i}\left(-\frac{{r}^{2}}{4\eta t}\right)=\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\frac{4\eta t}{{r}^{2}}-0.577\mathrm{ }2+\frac{{r}^{2}}{4\eta t}+\\ \frac{1}{4}{\left(\frac{{r}^{2}}{4\eta t}\right)}^{2}+\dots \end{array}$
因此当$\frac{{r}^{2}}{4\eta t}$<0.01时,式(8)可简化为
${P}_{\mathrm{D}}-{P}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{n}}=\frac{q\mu }{4\mathrm{\pi }kh}(\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\frac{4\eta t}{{r}^{2}}-0.577\mathrm{ }2)$
当环空钻井液发生沉降后,其固相沉积在环空底部,对环空与地层不稳定渗流造成影响,降低了环空流体渗流流量,在固相沉积物上端环空压力与地层压力压差作用下,流体在固相沉积中发生渗流,根据达西公式,其渗流流量为[14]
${q}_{\mathrm{c}}=\frac{k}{\mu }A\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{c}}-{P}_{\mathrm{D}}}{\mathrm{\Delta }h}$
式(10)中:qc为固相沉积渗流流量,m3/s;Δh为固相沉积高度,m;Pc为固相沉积处环空压力,MPa;A为环空渗流横截面积,m2
当固相沉积渗流流量与不稳定渗流流量相等时,渗流过程保持稳定,即可求解得到稳定渗流状态下环空流体渗流流量q,因此,渗流时环空流体质量变化引起的环空压力计算公式为[15]
$\mathrm{\Delta }{p}_{\mathrm{M}}=q\mathrm{\Delta }t\frac{1}{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{t}}V}$
式(11)中:Δt为环空压力下地层渗流变化时间,s,ΔpM为渗流时环空流体质量变化引起的环空压力,MPa。
则考虑固相沉积影响下,耦合渗流-温压效应的环空压力为[15]
$\mathrm{\Delta }{p}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{n}}=\frac{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{p}}}{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{t}}}\mathrm{\Delta }T+\frac{1}{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{t}}V}\mathrm{\Delta }V+\frac{q\mathrm{\Delta }t}{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{t}}V}$
环空带压由流体温度升高引起的热膨胀、环空体积变化和地层渗流引起的流体质量变化组成,通过对环空压力耦合模型不断迭代计算便可得到环空压力变化。
为获得环空钻井液固相沉积特性,采用岩心流动测试系统开展环空钻井液固相沉积测试,获取环空钻井液固相沉积后渗透率,以准确预测固相沉积作用下环空渗流带压值。
为获取不同钻井液体系沉积固相渗流能力,将钻井液沉积固相制作为岩心样本,采用岩心流动测试系统,夹持岩心,并通过恒定流量Q注入黏滞系数为ηQ的气体,记录两端压差及流量。测试装置如图1所示。
基于测试结果及达西定律得到沉积固相渗透率为
$\frac{Q}{{A}_{\mathrm{s}}}=-\frac{k\mathrm{\Delta }p}{{\eta }_{Q}l}$
式(13)中:Q为样品通过流量,m3/s;As为样品横截面积,m2;l为样品长度,m;ηQ为流体黏滞系数,Pa·s;Δp为样品上下游的压力差,Pa。
实验采用常用HEM、EZFLOW、油基3种钻井液体系固相沉积物,每种固相沉积物制作3枚平行岩心试样,分别测量其渗流性能。
采用岩心渗透率测试装置测试得到3类钻井液体系固相沉积物渗透率结果如图2所示。可以看出,三类钻井液体系下,HEM钻井液、EZFLOW钻井液、油基钻井液固相沉积物平均渗透率分别为2.216、0.542、0.016 μm2,且HEM钻井液>EZFLOW钻井液>油基钻井液。
得到不同钻井液体系固相沉积渗透率后代入式(10)~式(12)即可计算得到不同钻井液体系下由渗流诱导环空压力。
X井为南海某深水高温高压气井,水深907.0 m,井深4 300 m,井底温度约为138 ℃,地层压力68.00 MPa,钻井液体系为HEM钻井液,B环空水泥返高3 350 m,C环空水泥返高2 150 m,其环空管柱及流体具体参数如表3所示。
该井预测产量6×105 m3/d,并随投产时间增加,储层压力降低,基于该井配产情况,计算得到该井不同投产时间下井筒温度分布,结果如图3所示。
可以看出,在生产工况下,B、C环空温度升高,井口环空温度最高分别达到25.67、13.96 ℃,但随后期地层压力及产量降低,环空温度增加程度降低。
基于环空温度变化及井筒地层流体参数,由式(2)~式(12)计算得到不同条件下B、C环空压力随时间变化情况,如图4所示。可以看出,在仅考虑温度效应影响下,B、C环空压力最高分别达到15.42、8.43 MPa,且随生产时间增加,产量及井底压力降低,环空温度升高程度减弱,其密闭环空压力随之降低,而当水泥环返至上层套管鞋以上,在环空底部形成裸眼段时,环空与地层发生不稳定渗流,此时由于地层孔隙度及渗透率较高,环空流体通过渗流流入地层,释放环空压力,B、C环空最低分别降低至8.55、4.96 MPa,降低程度达到28.00%、33.70%,表明通过地层可较好的释放密闭环空压力,降低其安全风险。但当环空钻井液发生沉降后,其固相介质沉积于环空底部且渗透率较低,阻碍环空流体渗流作用,渗流流量降低,导致其环空压力释放能力降低,相同时间下环空压力最低,仅为11.97、4.96 MPa,降低程度减小至10.87%、9.10%。
分析得到HEM、EZFLOW、油基3种钻井液体系固相沉积物对密闭环空压力的影响,如图5所示。在钻井液固相沉积条件下,由于渗流作用经过30 d后B、C环空压力降低,而由于固相沉积影响,环空流体渗流量减小,压力降低幅度降低,且由于固相沉积渗透率EZFLOW钻井液>HEM钻井液>油基钻井液,使得其相同时间内EZFLOW钻井液环空压力降低最大,B、C分别降低至8.29、5.12 MPa,降低幅度达到46.20%、39.25%,而HEM钻井液分别降低12.49、6.96 MPa,降低幅度为18.97%、17.35%,油基钻井液分别降低15.31、8.37 MPa,降低幅度仅为0.71%、0.69%,因此在使用固相渗透率较差的钻井液类型时,当环空流体固相沉降后存在无法释放环空压力的风险。
分析得到不同地层渗透率下固相沉积对密闭环空压力的影响,如图6所示。当环空流体固相沉积后,随地层渗透率增加,稳定后渗流流量增加,环空流体释放至地层,使得环空压力降低速度随渗透率增加而增大,当地层渗透率由0.01 μm2增加至0.16 μm2,相同时间下B由15.42 MPa分别降低至13.94、6.95 MPa,降低幅度由9.57%提高至54.93%,C环空压力由8.43 MPa分别降低至7.81、4.39 MPa,降低幅度由7.33%提高至49.91%,但由于固相沉积影响,其环空压力释放速度远小于无固相沉积条件下环空压力降低速度。
分析得到不同钻井液流体黏度下固相沉积对密闭环空压力的影响,如图7所示。可以看出,随钻井液流体黏度增加,流体流动黏性力增大,环空流体渗流量降低,使得环空压力降低速度随钻井液流体黏度增加而减小。当钻井液流体黏度由1 mPa·s提高至9 mPa·s时,相同时间下B由15.42 MPa分别降低至8.30、14.44 MPa,降低幅度由46.2%降低至6.38%,C环空压力由8.43 MPa分别降低至5.12、7.95 MPa,降低幅度由39.25%降低至5.58%,降低钻井液流体黏度可以提高深水井B、C环空压力释放能力。
分析得到不同裸眼长度下固相沉积对密闭环空压力的影响,如图8所示。随裸眼段长度增加,环空钻井液与地层接触渗流面积增大,环空钻井液渗流量增加,使得环空压力降低速度随裸眼段长度增加而增大。当裸眼段长度由50 m提高至250 m时,相同时间下B由15.42 MPa分别降低至12.23、7.45 MPa,降低幅度由20.72%提高至51.72%,C环空压力由8.43 MPa分别降低至7.50、5.35 MPa,降低幅度由11.05%提高至36.48%,增大裸眼段长度可提高环空泄压能力,但存在自由段过长导致井口抬升风险,应合理设计其长度。
(1)针对深水井B、C环空流体固相沉积下环空泄压通道堵塞风险,开展常见深水钻井液体系固相沉积测试,获得不同钻井液体系固相沉降高度及沉降后固相渗透性,并基于固相沉积测试,考虑环空流体固相沉积影响,建立B、C环空固相沉积渗流作用下环空带压预测分析方法,可以有效评估深水井B、C环空泄压风险。
(2)在仅考虑温度效应影响下,密闭环空压力较高,当环空底部存在裸眼段时,环空与地层发生不稳定渗流,环空流体通过渗流流入地层,可较好的释放密闭环空压力,降低环空带压风险,而环空钻井液固相沉积后,其固相介质沉积于环空底部,导致渗透率降低,阻碍环空流体渗流作用,渗流流量降低,降低了环空压力释放能力,存在无法释放环空压力的风险。
(3)随钻井液流体黏度降低及地层渗透率、裸眼段长度增加,流体流动黏性力降低,渗流面积增大,环空流体渗流量增大,使得环空压力降低速度随之增加,降低钻井液流体黏度、提高水泥环裸眼段长度可以提高深水井B、C环空压力释放能力,但由于固相沉积影响,其渗流流量远小于无固相沉积条件下环空压力降低速度。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U22A20164)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52074234)
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2025年第25卷第20期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406499
  • 接收时间:2024-08-29
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-29
  • 修回日期:2025-04-25
基金
国家自然科学基金(U22A20164)
国家自然科学基金(52074234)
作者信息
    1 中海石油(中国)有限公司北京研究中心, 北京 100000
    2 海洋油气高效开发全国重点实验室, 北京 100000
    3 西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室, 成都 610500
    4 西南石油大学机电工程学院, 成都 610500

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* 丁剑(1995—),男,汉族,四川南充人,博士,讲师。研究方向:井筒完整性、环空带压、管柱力学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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