Article(id=1261262694347358989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405824, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722528000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-02, revisedDate=1745251200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778638059460, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1752768000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778638059460, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778638059460, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778638059460, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261262687258985194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='20', pageStart='8317', pageEnd='8759', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778638057769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778753106634, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8474, endPage=8482, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261262696482259741, articleId=1261262694347358989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Simulation Study on Sensitivity of Tubing-casing Annulus Leakage Parameters in High Temperature and High Pressure Gas Wells, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to factors such as temperature, pressure, and production rate, integrity issues like annular leakage in gas well tubing frequently occur frequently. In order to study the influence of working conditions on the process of downhole oil pipe leakage, a high temperature and high pressure oil pipe leakage simulation model was established based on field parameters and compared with the existing mathematical model of small hole leakage. Based on the simulation model, the influence of flow field change, leakage aperture, casing pressure difference and leakage environment on the leakage process was analyzed. The results show that the changes of flow field mainly focus on the inside of the leak hole and the inlet and outlet of the leak hole. With the increase of the leak aperture, the leakage quantity, leakage velocity, pressure and density inside the leak hole increase. The greater the pressure difference between tubing and oil jacket annulus, the greater the leakage amount and leakage velocity, and the more drastic the change of pressure and density. The gas velocity and pressure in the upper part of the annular protective fluid are greater than that in the annular protective fluid section.

, correspAuthors=Li-ping TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-huai ZHANG, Li-ping TANG, Xiang ZHONG, Li TANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261262715826388998, articleId=1261262694347358989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=高温高压气井油套环空泄漏参数敏感性仿真研究, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

受温度、压力、产量等因素影响,气井管柱环空泄漏等完整性问题频繁再现。为研究工况参数对井下油管泄漏过程的影响,结合油田现场参数建立高温高压油管泄漏仿真模型并与现有小孔泄漏数学模型进行对比分析。基于仿真模型,分析油管泄漏过程中的流场变化及泄漏孔径、油套管压差、泄漏环境等因素对泄漏过程的影响。结果表明:流场变化主要集中在泄漏孔内部及泄漏孔进出口,随泄漏孔径增大,泄漏量、泄漏速度、泄漏孔内部的压力和密度均增大;油管与油套环空压差越大,泄漏量和泄漏速度越大,压力和密度变化越剧烈;气体在环空保护液上部的速度和压力大于在环空保护液段。

, correspAuthors=汤历平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 汤历平(1986—),男,汉族,江西宜春人,博士(后),教授。研究方向:井下工具与仪器、管柱力学、井筒完整性。E-mail:
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张艺怀(2001—),男,汉族,四川达州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:井筒完整性。E-mail:

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pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=邓虎, 贾利春, journalName=天然气工业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邓虎, 贾利春. 四川盆地深井超深井钻井关键技术与展望[J]. 天然气工业, 2022, 42(12): 82-94., articleTitle=四川盆地深井超深井钻井关键技术与展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261377093842157656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262694347358989, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=12, pageStart=82, pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Deng Hu, Jia Lichun, journalName=Natural Gas Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Deng Hu, Jia Lichun. 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label=Table 1, caption=

Classification of leakage models

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模型 适用范围 特点
小孔模型 泄漏孔径≤20 mm 小孔泄漏
大孔模型 20 mm≤泄漏孔径<管径 大孔泄漏
断裂模型 泄漏孔径=管径 管线完全断裂
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泄漏模型分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 适用范围 特点
小孔模型 泄漏孔径≤20 mm 小孔泄漏
大孔模型 20 mm≤泄漏孔径<管径 大孔泄漏
断裂模型 泄漏孔径=管径 管线完全断裂
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Influence of the number of meshing on the simulation model

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网格数量 泄漏孔出口流速/(m·s-1)
3.8×105 不收敛
5.1×105 310.2
6.4×105 307.4
8.2×105 309.7
9.9×105 312.3
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网格数量对仿真模型的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数量 泄漏孔出口流速/(m·s-1)
3.8×105 不收敛
5.1×105 310.2
6.4×105 307.4
8.2×105 309.7
9.9×105 312.3
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高温高压气井油套环空泄漏参数敏感性仿真研究
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张艺怀 1, 2 , 汤历平 1, 2, * , 钟翔 3 , 唐丽 4
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(20): 8474-8482
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(20): 8474-8482
高温高压气井油套环空泄漏参数敏感性仿真研究
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张艺怀1, 2 , 汤历平1, 2, * , 钟翔3, 唐丽4
作者信息
  • 1 西南石油大学机电工程学院, 成都 610500
  • 2 石油天然气装备技术四川省科技资源共享服务平台, 成都 610500
  • 3 中国石油塔里木油田分公司, 库尔勒 841000
  • 4 中国石油塔里木石化分公司, 库尔勒 841000
  • 张艺怀(2001—),男,汉族,四川达州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:井筒完整性。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 汤历平(1986—),男,汉族,江西宜春人,博士(后),教授。研究方向:井下工具与仪器、管柱力学、井筒完整性。E-mail:
Simulation Study on Sensitivity of Tubing-casing Annulus Leakage Parameters in High Temperature and High Pressure Gas Wells
Yi-huai ZHANG1, 2 , Li-ping TANG1, 2, * , Xiang ZHONG3, Li TANG4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechatronic Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
  • 2 Sichuan Province Science and Technology Resource Sharing Service Platform for Petroleum and Natural Gas Equipment Technology, Chengdu 610500, China
  • 3 PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company, Korla 841000, China
  • 4 PetroChina Tarim Petrochemical Company, Korla 841000, China
出版时间: 2025-07-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405824
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受温度、压力、产量等因素影响,气井管柱环空泄漏等完整性问题频繁再现。为研究工况参数对井下油管泄漏过程的影响,结合油田现场参数建立高温高压油管泄漏仿真模型并与现有小孔泄漏数学模型进行对比分析。基于仿真模型,分析油管泄漏过程中的流场变化及泄漏孔径、油套管压差、泄漏环境等因素对泄漏过程的影响。结果表明:流场变化主要集中在泄漏孔内部及泄漏孔进出口,随泄漏孔径增大,泄漏量、泄漏速度、泄漏孔内部的压力和密度均增大;油管与油套环空压差越大,泄漏量和泄漏速度越大,压力和密度变化越剧烈;气体在环空保护液上部的速度和压力大于在环空保护液段。

油管  /  多相流  /  小孔泄漏  /  油套环空  /  数值模拟

Due to factors such as temperature, pressure, and production rate, integrity issues like annular leakage in gas well tubing frequently occur frequently. In order to study the influence of working conditions on the process of downhole oil pipe leakage, a high temperature and high pressure oil pipe leakage simulation model was established based on field parameters and compared with the existing mathematical model of small hole leakage. Based on the simulation model, the influence of flow field change, leakage aperture, casing pressure difference and leakage environment on the leakage process was analyzed. The results show that the changes of flow field mainly focus on the inside of the leak hole and the inlet and outlet of the leak hole. With the increase of the leak aperture, the leakage quantity, leakage velocity, pressure and density inside the leak hole increase. The greater the pressure difference between tubing and oil jacket annulus, the greater the leakage amount and leakage velocity, and the more drastic the change of pressure and density. The gas velocity and pressure in the upper part of the annular protective fluid are greater than that in the annular protective fluid section.

tubing  /  multiphase flow  /  orifice leakage  /  tubing-casing annulus  /  numerical simulation
张艺怀, 汤历平, 钟翔, 唐丽. 高温高压气井油套环空泄漏参数敏感性仿真研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8474 -8482 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405824
Yi-huai ZHANG, Li-ping TANG, Xiang ZHONG, Li TANG. Simulation Study on Sensitivity of Tubing-casing Annulus Leakage Parameters in High Temperature and High Pressure Gas Wells[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8474 -8482 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405824
油气井随井深增加,井筒内最大压力和最高温度增大,生产管柱的工作环境也愈加复杂[1-3]。油管长期暴露于高温高压和腐蚀介质环境中,外加流体冲刷等影响,管壁上易出现裂纹或穿孔等现象[4]。油管一旦出现裂纹或穿孔等现象,便为油气泄漏提供通道,可能出现油管与套管连通等情况[5-6]。在井筒内的各环空,油气逐渐迁移至顶部并在井口积聚,将导致井口压力升高并出现环空带压现象,严重威胁油气生产安全[7-9]。因此,油套环空泄漏研究对于预测环空带压、评估井筒完整性具有重要意义[10-12]
近年来,大量学者开展了油气井管柱或输送管道泄漏以及井下工具流场特性相关方面的研究[13-15]。针对环空泄漏,丁亮亮等[16]根据气井环空气泡运移特点建立了持续环空带压井的气泡瞬态运移模型,并利用相似原理开展试验,验证该模型的正确性。舒刚等[17]基于井下环空压力平衡原理,建立漏点位置评价方法。Zhang等[18]建立多漏点持续环空压力模型,研究泄漏率、持续环空压力和流体分布之间的耦合关系。Trudel等[19]提出一种模拟真实泄漏的新方法,研究固井质量对环空泄漏的影响。
目前,对于环空带压井的井下油管泄漏研究大多是关于泄漏后的环空带压模型预测以及井下泄漏位置的检测研究,但是少见对于高温高压条件下的环空泄漏流场特性的影响因素研究。针对这一背景,开展不同泄漏孔径、不同油管压力和不同泄漏环境的仿真分析,研究高温高压下不同参数对泄漏流场的影响。
当油管壁出现裂纹和穿孔现象时,油管内的高压气体会泄漏至油套环空且流场在短时间内达到稳定。在高压气体泄漏过程中,气体在泄漏孔附近形成射流区域[20-21]
欧洲输气管道事故数据组织(European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group,EGIG)将管线泄漏模型按照泄漏孔径与管线直径大小分为三类[22],如表1所示。
依据调研及现场测量结果,油套环空泄漏分析普遍采用小孔泄漏模型[23]。该模型将气体视为可压缩理想气体,泄漏过程看作为可逆的等温过程,因此泄漏过程也可视为是通过节流油嘴的节流过程[24]。根据天然气在泄漏孔处的流速判断是否为临界流态,依据热力学原理,结合等熵膨胀连续性方程和理想气体定律得到泄漏速率。
泄漏速率计算按照泄漏孔两侧的压力比与临界压力比CPR的大小分类,可分为亚声速流和声速流。
临界压力比的计算公式为[25]
$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{R}={\left(\frac{2}{k+1}\right)}^{\frac{k}{k-1}}$
式(1)中:k为甲烷气体比热容比,即${C}_{p}/{C}_{v},\mathrm{其}\mathrm{中},{C}_{p}$为甲烷气体的定压比热容,Cv为甲烷气体的定容比热容。
$\frac{{p}_{2}}{{p}_{1}}>\mathrm{C}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{R},$泄漏孔处的流动状态属于亚声速流,泄漏速率的计算公式为
qsc=$\frac{0.408{p}_{1}{d}^{2}}{\sqrt{{\gamma }_{g}{T}_{1}{Z}_{1}}}\sqrt{\frac{k}{k-1}\left[{\left(\frac{{p}_{2}}{{p}_{1}}\right)}^{\frac{2}{k}}-{\left(\frac{{p}_{2}}{{p}_{1}}\right)}^{\frac{k+1}{k}}\right]}$
式(2)中:qsc为泄漏速率,kg/s;p1为油管内部压力,Pa;d为泄漏孔直径,m;p2为油套环空压力,Pa;${\gamma }_{\mathrm{g}}$为泄漏气体相对密度;Z1为气体压缩因子;T1为泄漏处气体温度,K。
$\frac{{p}_{2}}{{p}_{1}}\le \mathrm{C}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{R},$泄漏孔处的流动状态属于声速流,泄漏速率的计算公式为
qmax=$\frac{0.408{p}_{1}{d}^{2}}{\sqrt{{\gamma }_{g}{T}_{1}{Z}_{1}}}\sqrt{\frac{k}{k-1}\left[{\left(\frac{2}{k+1}\right)}^{\frac{2}{k-1}}-{\left(\frac{2}{k+1}\right)}^{\frac{k+1}{k-1}}\right]}$
建立图1所示的泄漏模型,选取88.9 mm油管(内径76 mm,外径88.9 mm)和196.8 mm油管(内径169 mm,外径196.8 mm),仿真模型中管长200 mm。油管内部输送介质为天然气,油套环空区域为水基环空保护液和空气,泄漏孔为圆孔。为研究泄漏孔尺寸对油管泄漏流场的影响,设置油管泄漏孔径为1、1.5、2、2.5、3 mm。
研究对象包括环空保护液和天然气,因此采用多相流模型。流体体积(volume of fluid,VOF)模型是基于欧拉法的多相流计算模型。VOF模型中引入了体积分数概念,每一相所占体积无法被其他相所占用,每个控制体内所有相的体积分数之和等于1[26]。VOF模型中各相共用一套动量方程,计算出每个单元内不同相的体积分数,其动量方程为[27]
$\begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho \boldsymbol{u})+\nabla(\rho \boldsymbol{u} \boldsymbol{u})=-\nabla p+\nabla\left[\mu\left(\nabla \boldsymbol{u}+\boldsymbol{u}^{\mathrm{T}}\right)\right]+ \\ \rho g+f \frac{\partial}{\partial t}\left(\alpha_{q} \rho_{q}\right)+\nabla\left(\alpha_{q} \rho_{q} u_{q}\right)=0 \end{array}$
$\mathrm{\rho }=\sum _{q}{\alpha }_{q}{\rho }_{q}$
$\mathrm{\mu }=\sum _{q}{\alpha }_{q}{\mu }_{q}$
式中:$\rho $为密度,kg/m3;t为时间;u为速度矢量,m/s;p为压力,Pa;$\mu $为动力黏度,Pa·s;f为表面张力;q为液相或气相;${\alpha }_{q}$为第q相的体积分数;ρq为第q相的密度,kg/m3;uq为第q相的速度;μq为第q相的动力黏度,Pa·s。
为兼顾计算精度和计算成本,在泄漏孔处以及环空射流区域进行局部网格加密,采用BOI加密方式,建立5种仿真模型,如图2所示。取泄漏孔出口处流速作为网格无关性分析参数,表2为网格无关性分析结果,划分网格数为3.8×105、5.1×105、6.4×105、8.2×105、9.9×105
结果表明,当网格数量小于3.8×105时,流体计算结果难以收敛。当网格数量超过5.1×105后,泄漏孔出口处速度都趋于稳定,无明显波动。为尽量提高计算精度,模型所用网格数量为9.9×105
VOF模型中主相为可压缩理想气体甲烷,次相为水基环空保护液或空气,水基环空保护液参数近似用水的物理特性代替,求解方式采用隐式格式,流场模拟采用稳态模拟,湍流模型采用Standard k(湍动能)-ε(耗散率)模型,压力与速度采用Coupled耦合算法,压力的空间离散方式采用Body-Force-Weighted,流体域进出口均采用压力入口和压力出口。
根据小孔泄漏原理,影响泄漏流场的主要参数包括:泄漏孔尺寸、泄漏孔内外压差、泄漏环境。沿泄漏孔轴向建立监测线,研究泄漏流场的质量流量、速度、压力及密度特性。
2019年6月1日—2023年6月1日,塔里木油田克深24-2井地面所测油管压力和套管压力数据如图3所示。井下油压逐渐降低,油管压力由80 MPa降低至50 MPa,环空压力由50 MPa降低至30 MPa。建模时,油管压力取60、65、70、75、80 MPa,环空压力取40 MPa,油管内部与油套环空之间存在温差,油管内部取373.15 K(100 ℃),油套环空取363.15 K(90 ℃)。
为验证仿真模型的正确性,在不同孔径下,将数学模型的计算结果与仿真分析得到的结果进行对比,开展误差分析。高温高压井不同泄漏孔径下的油气泄漏质量流量的理论模型计算与仿真模型计算值如图4所示。
图4可知,仿真计算结果与数学模型计算结果之间的误差不超过20%,因此本文建立的仿真模型能够适用于高温高压的泄漏工况。同时,在其余工况不变的条件下,油气泄漏的质量流量随泄漏孔径的增大而增大。其原因是当流体经过小孔发生泄漏时,其速度与压力之间存在动态平衡,但孔径较大时能够容纳更多的流体颗粒,因此在给定压力下泄漏孔径越大质量流量越大。
图5为发生泄漏时的速度和压力示意图,速度变化主要在泄漏孔及环空段,油管内部速度变化较小,速度在泄漏孔出口处最大,压力变化主要发生在泄漏孔处。
图6为不同孔径下泄漏达到稳定后油套环空、泄漏孔以及油管内部的速度变化情况。
图6可知,流体的速度主要在泄漏孔入口处剧烈增长,在进入泄漏孔后变化不大,在泄漏孔出口处达到最大速度。当流体进入泄漏孔内部,由于泄漏孔内部压力小于管道内部压力,流体在泄漏孔内部压力降低而速度增大。当流体流出泄漏孔进入油套环空时,流速达到最大值,当流体进入油套环空后,流体会在压差作用下进一步膨胀,使得流体的速度持续增加。当流体与油套环空的压力一致时,油套环空中的环空保护液会对流体泄漏产生阻力,因此流速会迅速下降。图7为不同孔径下,泄漏稳定后泄漏孔截面处的速度云图。可以看出,泄漏孔径越大,流体泄漏影响区域越大,流体射流区域越宽。
图8为不同孔径下泄漏达到稳定后油套环空、泄漏孔以及油管内部的压力变化情况。可以看出,不同泄漏孔径对流体压力场影响较小,但依然存在细微差异。孔径越大,流体在泄漏孔内部的压力越大,且压力发生变化的区域主要集中在泄漏孔附近及泄漏孔内部。与速度场类似,压力在泄漏孔入口处发生突变,在泄漏孔内部压力急剧下降,在泄漏孔出口处产生波动。在油套环空段,各个孔径下的流体压力与油套环空压力一致。在接近套管壁区域,由于泄漏流体仍然存在一定速度,与套管壁接触后,对套管壁产生一定的冲击作用,导致压力出现局部升高。流体与套管壁接触时的速度越大,压力越大。
图9为不同孔径下泄漏达到稳定后油套环空、泄漏孔以及油管内部的流体密度变化情况。可以看出,密度场与压力场整体变化趋势一致。在进入泄漏孔之前,不同孔径下流体密度差别较小,在泄漏孔内部密度剧烈减小,直到泄漏孔出口密度变化趋于平缓。这是由于泄漏孔径增大,在泄漏孔内部流体压力增大,导致相同体积下气体分子数量增加,从而引起气体密度增大。
分析可知,泄漏孔径为1 mm时,仿真计算模型与理论数学模型误差最小(4.7%),因此选择泄漏孔径为1 mm的小孔泄漏模型。环空压力取40 MPa,油管压力取60、65、70、75、80 MPa,其他条件相同下分别对这5种压力工况进行分析,研究其沿泄漏孔轴线的速度、压力和密度。
图10为1 mm泄漏孔在不同油管压力下的气体泄漏质量流量。可以看出,油管压力与油套环空的压差越大,泄漏的质量流量也越大。但与图4相对比,其质量流量随压差增大的速度较为平缓。这是由于油管与油套环空之间的压差是气体泄漏的主要动力来源,压差增大时气体泄漏量也会增加。但按气体泄漏流量计算公式,当泄漏孔内外的压差达到临界压差时,只增加压差则对泄漏质量流量影响较小。类似地,在泄漏孔内外压差接近临界压差时,其质量流量随压差增大而增大,但是增加速度会随着压差的增大而逐渐减缓。
图11为不同压差下沿泄漏孔轴线速度变化特性和泄漏孔截面上的速度云图。可以看出,油管内部压力越大,气体泄漏速度越大,且泄漏气体的最大速度位于泄漏孔出口处附近。在靠近泄漏孔入口处速度增加剧烈,进入泄漏孔后流体泄漏速度持续增加,但速度增加明显减缓,速度最大值出现在泄漏孔出口处,随后快速下降为0。
图12为不同压差下泄漏孔截面处的速度云图,由图可知,压差越大泄漏速度越大而泄漏影响区域不变。图13图14分别为1 mm泄漏孔的在不同压力下泄漏孔轴线压力和密度变化特性。由图13图14可知,在泄漏孔入口处,泄漏压力流场和流体密度发生改变,油管压力越大(即油管与油套环空压差越大时),流场压力和流体密度在泄漏孔内部越大,且下降越剧烈。在泄漏孔出口处附近,流体压力与流体密度趋于稳定,流体压力与油套环空压力一致,为40 MPa,密度稳定在214 kg/m3
油套环空中的主要介质为环空保护液,由于环空保护液漏失和温度等多种因素作用,环空保护液并不能完全覆盖油套环空部分,可能存在一部分气体段。选择1 mm泄漏孔,油管压力60 MPa,环空压力40 MPa,针对流体泄漏至环空保护液和泄漏至液面之上这两种情况开展分析。
图15图16分别为不同环境下泄漏孔轴线速度和泄漏孔截面上的速度特性。由图15可知,气体泄漏至液面上时的速度明显高于泄漏至环空保护液中的速度。这是由于环空保护液的密度和黏度都远高于气体,气体泄漏至环空保护液中形成气泡,气泡在液体中的速度受到表面张力和液体阻力等因素的影响,这使得气体在水中运动的速度受到更大的限制。
图17为不同环境下泄漏孔轴线压力变化曲线,可以看出,在相同的泄漏压差下,在泄漏孔内部,油气泄漏至气体的压力大于油气泄漏至环空保护液中的压力,在油管内部和油套环空内部,不同环境下流体的压力变化不大。
图18为不同环境下泄漏孔轴线流体密度变化曲线。与图17对比可以看出,流体密度变化与压力变化密切相关,流体密度在泄漏孔内部迅速降低至与油套环空段内部密度一致,且在泄漏孔内部,泄漏至气体的流体密度大于泄漏至环空保护液的密度。在油套环空处,环境为气体流体密度明显低于环境为环空保护液的密度。这是由于液体的密度远大于气体,流体在液体中会受到液体的压力压缩,导致气体的体积减小,从而导致密度增加。
针对油管泄漏小孔尺寸、油管内外压差、不同泄漏环境影响泄漏流场的因素,利用Fluent仿真分析,开展了油管内部、泄漏孔及油套环空处的速度、压力及密度研究,得到如下结论。
(1)小孔泄漏对油管内部流场影响较小,流场变化集中在泄漏孔内部及进出口附近,密度与压力变化趋势类似,压力与密度在泄漏孔内部发生剧烈下降。
(2)泄漏孔径增大,流场宽度增大,泄漏流量、速度增大。油管与油套环空压差越大,泄漏流量、速度越大,漏孔内部压力和流体密度变化越剧烈。
(3)泄漏至气体速度和压力大于泄漏至环空保护液的速度和压力,在环空中外环境为气体的密度小于外环境为液体的密度。
  • 中国石油集团“十四五”前瞻性基础性科技项目(2021DJ1006)
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2025年第25卷第20期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405824
  • 接收时间:2024-08-02
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-02
  • 修回日期:2025-04-22
基金
中国石油集团“十四五”前瞻性基础性科技项目(2021DJ1006)
作者信息
    1 西南石油大学机电工程学院, 成都 610500
    2 石油天然气装备技术四川省科技资源共享服务平台, 成都 610500
    3 中国石油塔里木油田分公司, 库尔勒 841000
    4 中国石油塔里木石化分公司, 库尔勒 841000

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* 汤历平(1986—),男,汉族,江西宜春人,博士(后),教授。研究方向:井下工具与仪器、管柱力学、井筒完整性。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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