Article(id=1149768948033437850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405497, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721577600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-22, revisedDate=1731772800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055878885, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055878885, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055878885, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055878885, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768937925165147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='15', pageStart='6155', pageEnd='6586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055876475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456822194, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559490207699090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559490211893395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6351, endPage=6359, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768948444479644, articleId=1149768948033437850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Investigation of Heat-mass Transfer Characteristic for Humid Air-water Outside Staggered Tube Bundles, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to strengthen the heat-mass transfer performance of humid air-spray water outside staggered tube bundles (STB), an analytical model was constructed for heat-mass transfer performance of humid air-spray evaporative cooling in staggered tube bundles based on the coupled method of DPM(discrete phase model) and Wall film model. The verification results show that the error was less than 1.1% for simulation and parameter results. Meanwhile, the influences were studied for three key structural parameters on heat-mass transfer performance. The results show that the heat transfer performance is improved between tube wall and spray water with the increase of longitudinal and transverse spacing of tube bundles. However, the mass transfer performance decreases of humid air-spray water with the increase of transverse spacing. Meanwhile, Nusselt number increases by 33.3% with the increase of longitudinal spacing from 30 to 70 mm, increases by 73.5% with the increase of transverse spacing from 10 to 50 mm. Besides, the heat transfer performance proves to be better when contact area increases between tube bundle and spray water with larger pipe diameter. At a certain transverse and longitudinal spacing, the lowest humid air temperature and highest enthalpy are located on the maximum pipe diameter (24 mm), and its decreasing and increasing degrees are 11.2% and 35.6%, respectively. The above results can provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the structure of staggered tube bundles and improving the heat-mass transfer efficiency.

, correspAuthors=Hong-qiang MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fu-kang ZHANG, Li MA, Dong-mao GAO, Hong-qiang MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149768985387910000, articleId=1149768948033437850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=湿空气-水外掠交错管束的传热传质特性, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为强化湿空气-水外掠交错管束的传热传质性能,基于DPM(discrete phase model)和Wall film模型耦合方法,构建了湿空气-水交错管束的传热传质特性分析模型。经验证模拟结果与文献数据最大误差为1.1%。研究了3个关键结构参数对其热质传递特性的影响。结果表明,管束纵向间距及横向间距的增加能提高管壁-喷淋水间的传热性能,横向间距的增加使湿空气-喷淋水间传质性能降低。其中,在纵向间距从30 mm增加到70 mm过程中努谢尔特数Nu升高了33.3%;在横向间距从10 mm增加到50 mm过程中,努谢尔特数Nu升高了73.5%。此外,管径越大,管束与喷淋水接触面积越大,换热性能越好。在横纵间距一定时,最大管径(24 mm)的湿空气温度最低,降幅为11.2%,同时其焓值最高,升幅为35.6%。研究结果为优化交错管束结构和提高传热传质效率提供了理论依据。

, correspAuthors=麻宏强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 麻宏强(1984—),男,汉族,甘肃平凉人,博士,教授。研究方向:传热传质。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ziyFCT0VdhsCNEORjHawqQ==, magXml=trs74CYTV7SADtdKI3evbw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ls/i038rm/OiQcMDQs77Cw==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=so4UUdDCz9RPiQSkLpVzjA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张富康(1996—),男,汉族,陕西大荔人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:换热器。E-mail:

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张富康(1996—),男,汉族,陕西大荔人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:换热器。E-mail:

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张富康(1996—),男,汉族,陕西大荔人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:换热器。E-mail:

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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Nusselt及Sherwood与管束纵向间距的关系, figureFileSmall=gnc4Tv3cByAKyg8CsJbZwQ==, figureFileBig=y6Be4Ue5kQ6h2MZqH6+fOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178355213233696784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Relationship between humid air temperature and coil height under different longitudinal spacing, figureFileSmall=+B1zWEMCvFI7ybFN7jxhTQ==, figureFileBig=0Q19zS6R1rMVRNI66Tyhdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178355213292417041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同纵向间距下湿空气温度与盘管高度的关系, figureFileSmall=+B1zWEMCvFI7ybFN7jxhTQ==, figureFileBig=0Q19zS6R1rMVRNI66Tyhdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178355213372108818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Relationship between Nu and Sh and the transverse spacing of the tube bundles, figureFileSmall=LfwnlBgIRPFkkaKSMiQqFQ==, figureFileBig=k7mJlKJO9/fABgqS3pDEwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178355213447606291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=CN, label=图9, caption=Nusselt及Sherwood与管束横向间距的关系, figureFileSmall=LfwnlBgIRPFkkaKSMiQqFQ==, figureFileBig=k7mJlKJO9/fABgqS3pDEwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178355213510520852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Relationship between humid air temperature and coil height under different transverse spacing, figureFileSmall=Rieno7t/lv06toQU7c1aJg==, figureFileBig=c18zjHdT3QWLqSR3XVCyXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178355213565046805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同横向间距下湿空气温度与盘管高度的关系, figureFileSmall=Rieno7t/lv06toQU7c1aJg==, figureFileBig=c18zjHdT3QWLqSR3XVCyXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178355213627961366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Relationship between enthalpy values of humid air with different transverse spacing and coil height, figureFileSmall=dnd+sbvbcv5Uy3qejpDDzg==, figureFileBig=lqT/xfuDZKv+49NGa7fs9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178355213682487319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同横向间距下湿空气焓与盘管高度的关系, figureFileSmall=dnd+sbvbcv5Uy3qejpDDzg==, figureFileBig=lqT/xfuDZKv+49NGa7fs9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178355213737013272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Relationship between humid air temperature and coil height under different tube bundles diameters, figureFileSmall=fxvAWMblOnWxplTVV5LeFQ==, figureFileBig=Xs3LNDZjRQSE8DYINyS+Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178355213812510745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同管束管径下湿空气温度与盘管高度的关系, figureFileSmall=fxvAWMblOnWxplTVV5LeFQ==, figureFileBig=Xs3LNDZjRQSE8DYINyS+Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178355213883813914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Relationship between the enthalpy value of humid air and the height of coils under different tube diameters, figureFileSmall=eCWVMRWBMWN3SlJyOTsHXw==, figureFileBig=YoHmIJPvwE15Y7Qbervvgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178355213946728475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同管束管径下湿空气焓与盘管高度的关系, figureFileSmall=eCWVMRWBMWN3SlJyOTsHXw==, figureFileBig=YoHmIJPvwE15Y7Qbervvgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178355214009643036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of the staggered tube bundles model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
L/mm B/mm H/mm 纵间距/mm 横间距/mm 管外径/mm 排数 列数
1 200 600 1 550 20 60 10 24 10
), ArticleFig(id=1178355214076751901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

交错管束参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
L/mm B/mm H/mm 纵间距/mm 横间距/mm 管外径/mm 排数 列数
1 200 600 1 550 20 60 10 24 10
), ArticleFig(id=1178355214143860766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of different spray water temperature working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 Ta,in/
K
Tp,in/
K
RH 0 /
%
Gair,in/
[kg·(m2·s)-1]
Gsw,in/
[kg·(m2·s)-1]
1 286.1 289.2 85 0.8 1.92
2 288.7 288.0 51 0.8 1.92
3 293.7 291.1 45 0.8 1.92
), ArticleFig(id=1178355214202581023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同喷淋水温工况参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 Ta,in/
K
Tp,in/
K
RH 0 /
%
Gair,in/
[kg·(m2·s)-1]
Gsw,in/
[kg·(m2·s)-1]
1 286.1 289.2 85 0.8 1.92
2 288.7 288.0 51 0.8 1.92
3 293.7 291.1 45 0.8 1.92
), ArticleFig(id=1178355214269689888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison between simulation and experimental results of wall temperature (top layer)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 实验结果 预测结果 误差δ/%
1 18.5 18.6 0.5
2 17.2 17.3 0.6
3 20.4 20.5 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1178355214328410145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

壁温(顶层)模拟与实验结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 实验结果 预测结果 误差δ/%
1 18.5 18.6 0.5
2 17.2 17.3 0.6
3 20.4 20.5 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1178355214382936098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768948033437850, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison between simulation and experimental results of wall temperature (bottom layer)

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工况 实验结果 预测结果 误差δ/%
1 17 17.1 0.6
2 15.8 15.8 0
3 18.9 18.7 1.1
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壁温(底层)模拟与实验结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 实验结果 预测结果 误差δ/%
1 17 17.1 0.6
2 15.8 15.8 0
3 18.9 18.7 1.1
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湿空气-水外掠交错管束的传热传质特性
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张富康 1 , 马丽 2 , 高东茂 1 , 麻宏强 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(15): 6351-6359
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(15): 6351-6359
湿空气-水外掠交错管束的传热传质特性
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张富康1 , 马丽2, 高东茂1, 麻宏强2, *
作者信息
  • 1 中铁建设集团有限公司, 北京 100043
  • 2 华东交通大学土木建筑学院, 南昌 330013
  • 张富康(1996—),男,汉族,陕西大荔人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:换热器。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 麻宏强(1984—),男,汉族,甘肃平凉人,博士,教授。研究方向:传热传质。E-mail:
Investigation of Heat-mass Transfer Characteristic for Humid Air-water Outside Staggered Tube Bundles
Fu-kang ZHANG1 , Li MA2, Dong-mao GAO1, Hong-qiang MA2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 China Railway Construction Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100043, China
  • 2 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405497
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为强化湿空气-水外掠交错管束的传热传质性能,基于DPM(discrete phase model)和Wall film模型耦合方法,构建了湿空气-水交错管束的传热传质特性分析模型。经验证模拟结果与文献数据最大误差为1.1%。研究了3个关键结构参数对其热质传递特性的影响。结果表明,管束纵向间距及横向间距的增加能提高管壁-喷淋水间的传热性能,横向间距的增加使湿空气-喷淋水间传质性能降低。其中,在纵向间距从30 mm增加到70 mm过程中努谢尔特数Nu升高了33.3%;在横向间距从10 mm增加到50 mm过程中,努谢尔特数Nu升高了73.5%。此外,管径越大,管束与喷淋水接触面积越大,换热性能越好。在横纵间距一定时,最大管径(24 mm)的湿空气温度最低,降幅为11.2%,同时其焓值最高,升幅为35.6%。研究结果为优化交错管束结构和提高传热传质效率提供了理论依据。

交错管束  /  传热传质  /  蒸发冷却  /  运行参数

In order to strengthen the heat-mass transfer performance of humid air-spray water outside staggered tube bundles (STB), an analytical model was constructed for heat-mass transfer performance of humid air-spray evaporative cooling in staggered tube bundles based on the coupled method of DPM(discrete phase model) and Wall film model. The verification results show that the error was less than 1.1% for simulation and parameter results. Meanwhile, the influences were studied for three key structural parameters on heat-mass transfer performance. The results show that the heat transfer performance is improved between tube wall and spray water with the increase of longitudinal and transverse spacing of tube bundles. However, the mass transfer performance decreases of humid air-spray water with the increase of transverse spacing. Meanwhile, Nusselt number increases by 33.3% with the increase of longitudinal spacing from 30 to 70 mm, increases by 73.5% with the increase of transverse spacing from 10 to 50 mm. Besides, the heat transfer performance proves to be better when contact area increases between tube bundle and spray water with larger pipe diameter. At a certain transverse and longitudinal spacing, the lowest humid air temperature and highest enthalpy are located on the maximum pipe diameter (24 mm), and its decreasing and increasing degrees are 11.2% and 35.6%, respectively. The above results can provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the structure of staggered tube bundles and improving the heat-mass transfer efficiency.

staggered bundles  /  heat- mass transfer  /  evaporative cooling  /  operating parameters
张富康, 马丽, 高东茂, 麻宏强. 湿空气-水外掠交错管束的传热传质特性. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6351 -6359 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405497
Fu-kang ZHANG, Li MA, Dong-mao GAO, Hong-qiang MA. Investigation of Heat-mass Transfer Characteristic for Humid Air-water Outside Staggered Tube Bundles[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6351 -6359 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405497
蒸发冷却换热器主要由交错管束组成,已广泛应用于石油化工、电力工业、空调、环保等领域[1-4]。闭式湿式冷却塔是一种典型的蒸发冷却换热器[5-6]。由于传热传质过程的复杂性,人们对闭式湿式冷却塔中的传热传质现象了解甚少[7],这导致湿空气-水的换热性能可能达不到工程设计要求。因此,有必要进一步研究闭式湿式冷却塔中交错管束的传热传质特性,从而了解其中的传热传质现象[8]
目前,许多研究者对交错管束间传热传质特性做了很多研究[9-11],但数值模型并不完善,导致其中的传热传质机理不明确,使得实际工程存在诸多问题。例如,Zheng等[12]研究表明,喷淋水-管壁间传热系数与湿空气流量、喷淋水温度和喷淋水流量有关;喷淋水-湿空气间传质系数只受空气流量的影响。Heyns等[13]研究结果表明喷淋水-湿空气间传质系数不仅受空气流量的影响还和喷淋水流量有关。由于对交错管束间传热传质现象的理解不充分,对喷淋水-湿空气间的传质系数和喷淋水-管壁间的传热系数的研究存在诸多差异,传热机理分析也各不相同。为了更全面地研究交错管束间的传热传质,数值模拟成为了有效的工具。Gan等[14]采用DPM(discrete phase model)模型研究了气体和水滴两相流动,然而,文献中水滴轨迹为稳态求解,导致计算结果存在误差。Karmakar等[15]基于VOF模型(volume of fluid model),建立了三维水平管束液膜流动模型进行研究,但该模型仅仅考虑液膜流动特性对显热换热的影响,并没有考虑液膜的蒸发作用。事实上,交错管束间的喷淋水膜的形成过程,湿空气中的水蒸气扩散和湿空气中喷淋水滴的速度滑移等,都严重影响模拟结果的可靠性[16]
综上所述,采用基于DPM与Wall film模型耦合的方法,充分考虑喷淋水膜的形成过程,湿空气中的水蒸气扩散和湿空气中喷淋水滴的速度滑移等影响因素后,构建了湿空气-水外掠交错管束的传热传质特性分析模型;提出在典型工况下,强化其传热传质的方法,并将模拟结果与实验数据进行对比验证。
参照文献[14]所述的交错管束结构,建立模型参数表1所示。共228根管束,具体结构如图1(a)所示。
由于L≥2B,将交错管束简化为二维平面结构(垂直于盘管方向)进行分析,又因其对称性,故对其1/2进行建模,如图1(b)所示。
综合考虑喷淋水膜的形成过程、湿空气的水蒸气扩散过程以及喷淋水滴的速度滑移对传热传质的影响。采用基于DPM与Wall film模型耦合的方法对管外换热过程进行数值模拟研究,为简化计算过程,根据实际情况,做出以下假设。
(1)在管束表面,润湿性在管轴线上保持恒定,不考虑液膜在轴向上的运动情况。
(2)由于喷淋水体积流量小于流场总体积的12%,将喷淋水流动下降过程中的液滴视为球形液滴。
对于交错管束间的喷淋水滴而言,根据文献[17-18]以及牛顿第二定律,运动方程可表示为
mp d u p d t=mpg-mp 24 d p 2 ρ p ( u - u p ) 18 μ C d R e d-mpg ρ ρ p
式(1)中:mp为单个喷淋水滴质量,kg;up为喷淋水滴速度,m/s;t为时间,s;g为自由落体加速度,m/s2;dp为喷淋水滴直径,m;ρp为喷淋水密度,kg/m3;u为湿空气速度,m/s;μ为湿空气动力黏度,N·s/m2; Cd为喷淋水滴阻力系数;Red为喷淋水滴相对湿空气的相对雷诺数;ρ为湿空气密度,kg/m3
式(1)中,“=”左边为水滴运动方程;右边第一项为水滴重力;第二项为水滴所受空气阻力,u-up为考虑湿空气中考虑喷淋水滴滑移的速度;第三项为湿空气对喷淋水滴的浮力。
根据文献[18],喷淋水滴下落过程中,它与湿空气之间既发生显热交换,还有因蒸发而产生的潜热交换。能量守恒方程可表示为
m p c p d T p d t = h p A p ( T - T p ) - d m p d t h f g m p ( t ) = m p ( t - Δ t ) - N i , p A p M w , i Δ t N i , p = k c ( C i , s - C i , )
式(2)中:cp为喷淋水比定压热容,J/(kg·K);Tp为喷淋水滴温度,K;hp为喷淋水滴-湿空气间对流换热系数,W/(m2·K);Ap为单个喷淋水滴表面积,m2;T为主流湿空气温度,K;dmp/dt为喷淋水滴蒸发率,kg/s;hfg为喷淋水汽化潜热,J/kg;Δt为喷淋水滴蒸发时间,s;Ni,p为喷淋水滴表面单位面积上摩尔蒸发速率,kmol/(m2·s);Mw,i为喷淋水分子量,kg/kmol;kc为喷淋水滴-湿空气界面水蒸气传质系数,m/s;Ci,s为喷淋水滴表面水蒸气摩尔浓度,kmol/m3;Ci,∞为主流湿空气中水蒸气摩尔浓度,kmol/m3
喷淋水滴在重力作用下下落的过程中,与管壁壁面发生碰撞,会出现4种不同状态,分别是粘贴(壁面温度Tw﹤临界温度Tcrit,冲击能量E﹤16)、伸展(壁面温度﹤临界温度,16<冲击能量<临界温度Ecrit)、反弹(壁面温度﹥Tcrit)以及飞溅(冲击能量﹥Tcrit)。根据文献[17],上述状态与水滴的冲击能量E和管束壁面温度Tw有关系,具体关系如图2所示。
根据文献[17],冲击能量气E可定义为
E2= ρ p u p n 2 d p σ 1 m i n ( h δ / d p , 1 ) + δ b l / d p
式(3)中:upn为喷淋水滴垂直于壁面的速度分量,m/s;σ为喷淋水表面张力,N/m;hδ为管束表面微元体内水膜厚度,m;δbl为壁面水膜边界层厚度,m。
根据文献[17],临界壁面温度Tcrit可定义为
Tcrit= T c r i t *Tsat
式(4)中: T c r i t *为临界温度系数,取值1.0~1.5;Tsat为喷淋水饱和温度,K。
根据牛顿第二定律以及文献[18]的研究成果,当喷淋水膜运动到管壁底部时,会在管壁滞留,水膜堆积到一定程度时,它会分离形成新的水滴。这种分离性质与水膜的韦伯数存在直接关系。韦伯数可表示为
W e f = ρ p h δ | u f i l m | 2 σ ρ p h δ d u f i l m d t = τ g + τ w + G f i l m h δ = 0 n V p A α
式(5)中:ufilm为喷淋水膜速度,m/s;τg为湿空气对喷淋水膜的剪切力,N/m2;τw为壁面对喷淋水膜的剪切力,N/m2;Gfilm为喷淋水膜所受体积力,N /m2; 0 nVp为微元体内喷淋水滴体积之和,m3;Aα为微元内液膜与管束接触面积,m2
同时,喷淋水膜与湿空气也存在热质交换,用蒸发速率表示,表示为
Ni,film=kfilm(Ci,s-Ci,∞)
式(6)中:kfilm为水蒸气传质系数,m/s。
根据能量守恒原理,喷淋水膜的能量变化量与喷淋水膜与管壁、湿空气间的换热量以及水膜与湿空气间的汽化潜热量有关。因此,液膜温度的变化可表示为
d d t ( m p , f i l m c p p T p , f i l m ) = Q p , c o n d + Q p , c o n v -     k f i l m ( C i , s - C i , ) A p , f i l m M w , i h f g m p , f i l m ( t ) = m p , f i l m ( t - Δ t ) -     k f i l m ( C i , s - C i , ) A p , f i l m M w , i Δ t
式(7)中:mp,film为管束表面微元体内喷淋水膜质量,kg/s;Tp,film为喷淋水膜的温度,K;Qp,cond为管束壁面-喷淋水膜间导热量;Qp,conv为喷淋水膜-湿空气间对流换热量,W;Ap,film为管束表面微元内水膜表面面积,m2;Mw,i为喷淋水分子量,kg/kmol。
有一定厚度的喷淋水膜,内外表面温度存在一定差异,如图3所示。其温度变化表达式为
$\begin{array}{l} \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{~d} t}\left(m_{\mathrm{p}, \mathrm{film}} c_{\mathrm{p}, \mathrm{film}} T_{\mathrm{p}, \mathrm{film}}\right)=q_{\mathrm{w}} A_{\mathrm{p}, \mathrm{film}}+A_{\mathrm{p}, \mathrm{film}} h_{\mathrm{film}} \\ \quad\left(T_{\infty}-T_{\mathrm{s}}\right)-k_{\mathrm{film}}\left(C_{\mathrm{i}, \mathrm{~s}}-C_{\mathrm{i}, \infty}\right) A_{\mathrm{p}, \mathrm{film}} M_{\mathrm{w}, \mathrm{i}} h_{\mathrm{fg}} \end{array}$
湿空气流经交错管束的传热传质过程满足质量守恒,动量守恒以及能量守恒。由质量守恒则有
ρ t+ x(ρux)+ y(ρuy)=Sp+Sfilm
式(9)中:Sp为喷淋水滴蒸发进入湿空气的水蒸气质量流率,kg/(m3·s);Sfilm为喷淋水膜蒸发进入湿空气的水蒸气质量流率,kg/(m3·s)。
根据牛顿第二定律,微元体内的湿空气力平衡关系(动量方程)可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{\partial}{\partial t}\left(\rho u_{x}\right)+\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left(\rho u_{x} u_{x}\right)+\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left(\rho u_{x} u_{y}\right)\right]=\mu \nabla^{2} u_{x}+ \\ F_{x}+\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left[2 \mu_{\mathrm{t}} \frac{\partial u_{x}}{\partial x}-\frac{2}{3} \mu_{\mathrm{t}}\left(\frac{\partial u_{x}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial u_{y}}{\partial y}\right)\right]+ \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left[\mu_{\mathrm{t}}\left(\frac{\partial u_{x}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial u_{y}}{\partial x}\right)\right] \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial t}\left(\rho u_{y}\right)+\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left(\rho u_{y} u_{x}\right)+\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left(\rho u_{y} u_{y}\right)\right]=\mu \nabla^{2} u_{y}+ \\ F_{y}+\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left[2 \mu_{\mathrm{t}} \frac{\partial u_{y}}{\partial y}-\frac{2}{3} \mu_{\mathrm{t}}\left(\frac{\partial u_{x}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial u_{y}}{\partial y}\right)\right]+\rho g y+ \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left[\mu_{\mathrm{t}}\left(\frac{\partial u_{x}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial u_{y}}{\partial x}\right)\right] \end{array}\right. $
根据能量守恒定律,则有
$\begin{array}{c} \rho\left(\frac{\partial h}{\partial t}+u_{x} \frac{\partial h}{\partial x}+u_{y} \frac{\partial h}{\partial y}\right)=\nabla \cdot\left(k_{\mathrm{eff}} \nabla T\right)- \\ {\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left(h_{\mathrm{i}} J_{\mathrm{i}, x}\right)+\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left(h_{\mathrm{i}} J_{\mathrm{i}, y}\right)\right]+S_{\mathrm{Q}, \mathrm{p}}+S_{\mathrm{Q}, \mathrm{film}}} \end{array} $
式(11)中:keff为湿空气有效导热率,W/(m·K); J i , x J i , yxy方向水蒸气的扩散通量,kg/(m2·s);SQ,p为水滴蒸发的水蒸气进入空气的能量;SQ,film为水膜蒸发的水蒸气进入空气的能量,kW/m3
根据式(10),为求解湍流动能K及耗散率ε,必须附加湍动能方程及湍流耗散率方程。本文中采用标准K-ε湍流模型,表示为
$\begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho k)+u_{x} \frac{\partial \rho k}{\partial x_{x}}+u_{y} \frac{\partial \rho k}{\partial x_{y}}=\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{x}}\left[\left(\mu+\frac{\mu_{\mathrm{t}}}{\sigma_{\mathrm{k}}}\right) \frac{\partial k}{\partial x_{x}}\right]+ \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{y}}\left[\left(\mu+\frac{\mu_{\mathrm{t}}}{\sigma_{\mathrm{k}}}\right) \frac{\partial k}{\partial x_{y}}\right]+G_{\mathrm{k}}-\rho \varepsilon \end{array} $
$\begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho \varepsilon)+u_{x} \frac{\partial \rho \varepsilon}{\partial x_{x}}+u_{y} \frac{\partial \rho \varepsilon}{\partial x_{y}}=\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{x}}\left[\left(\mu+\frac{\mu_{\mathrm{t}}}{\sigma_{\varepsilon}}\right) \frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial x_{x}}\right]+ \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{y}}\left[\left(\mu+\frac{\mu_{\mathrm{t}}}{\sigma_{\varepsilon}}\right) \frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial x_{y}}\right]+C_{1 \varepsilon} \frac{\varepsilon}{k} G_{\mathrm{k}}-C_{2 \varepsilon} \rho \frac{\varepsilon^{2}}{k} \end{array}$
式中:C1ε为常数,取1.44; C 2 ε为常数,取1.92。
喷淋水滴和水膜汽化后的水蒸气会湿空气中进行扩散。湿空气中水蒸气扩散的传质过程可表示为
t(ρYi)+ x ( u x ρ Y i ) + y ( u y ρ Y i )=- x J i , x + y J i , y+Si
式(14)中:Yi为湿空气中水蒸气质量分数;Si为水蒸发速率,kg/(m3·s)。
根据湿空气-喷淋水蒸发冷却工作的实际情况,在图1(a)所示的喷嘴位置,喷淋水出水速度、温度和流量,水滴直径已知,其状态表示为
u p , x y = 1300 = 0 u p , y y = 1300 = u p , i n = - 2 m / s T p y = 1300 = T p , i n d p y = 1300 = d p , i n = 2 m m
在湿空气入口处,空气的速度、温度、压力以及相对湿度已知。其状态参数表示为
u a i r , x y = 0 = 0 m / s u a i r , y y = 0 = u a i r , i n T a i r y = 0 = T a i r , i n P a i r y = 0 = 0.101 M P a Y i y = 0 = p s a t R H 0 M R T a i r , i n ρ i n
式(16)中:M为湿空气摩尔质量;R为气体常数,R=8.314 J/(mol·K)。
为了避免网格数量对仿真结果的影响,本文中对其无关性进行验证,在空气体积流量为0.48 m3/s、温度为20.7 ℃的工况下,设定了分别为1.6万、5.7万、13.8万和26.1万的四组网格分布图,如图4所示。分别对底层、中间层和顶层管束的壁面温度进行模拟比较,验证结果如图5所示。结果表明,当网格数量为13.8万时,各层壁面温度基本保持稳定,说明此时的网格数量已经能够满足仿真精度的要求。故选择13.8万为本文模拟的网格数量。
为了确保模型的准确性,将采用文献[14]的实验数据作为参照。选择了表2所示的不同工况进行验证,从而全面评估模型的准确性。
表3表4所示为壁面温度顶层以及底层模拟结果与实验结果的对比,结果表明,无论是顶层还是底层,其数值计算预测值与实验值误差小,最大误差为1.1%,满足精度要求。为进一步验证模型的准确性,图6为交错管束外水膜流动规律的比较结果,喷淋水滴撞击管壁后形成水膜并向四周运动,水膜分离后重新形成水滴并在管底聚集,形成如图6(a)所示的流动形态,该模型预测喷淋水在交错管束间流动形态与Killion等[19]的实验结果基本吻合,因此,本文建立的模型是可靠的。
为了研究管束间纵向距离对湿空气-水外掠交错管束的传热传质性能的影响,在管束横向间距Pt=30 mm,管束管径Do=10 mm,管束纵向间距为30~70 mm工况下,对管束间传热传质特性进行了模拟研究。不同管束纵向间距下的管壁-喷淋水间努谢尔特数及湿空气-喷淋水间宣乌特数的变化情况如图7所示。在管束纵向间距从30 mm增大至70 mm过程中,努谢尔特数Nu从18.1增加至24.1,升高了33.3%,宣乌特数Sh从59.9先减小至57.9后又逐渐增加至59.5。结果表明,管束纵向间距对努谢尔特数Nu的影响较大,宣乌特数Sh受管束纵向间距的影响较小。这可能是因为增大管束间的纵向间距将增强喷淋水滴对管束壁面喷淋水膜的扰动,进一步增强喷淋水与管束壁面的传热性能。
图8所示为不同纵向间距下交错管束间湿空气温度沿盘管高度方向的变化结果。结果表明,交错管束间湿空气温度沿盘管高度方向逐渐降低,且不同间距下湿空气温度降低幅度均为10%左右。也就是说,随着湿空气沿盘管高度上升,湿空气被逐渐冷却。同时,管束间纵向间距对湿空气温度的影响非常小。
综上所述,随着管束纵向间距从30 mm增大至70 mm,管壁-喷淋水间努谢尔特数Nu增大了33.3%,喷淋水-湿空气间宣乌特数Sh变化仅为努谢尔特数Nu的10%。且不同纵向间距下湿空气温度沿盘管高度增加方向逐渐降低,但其降幅均在10%左右。因此,管束纵向间距的增加对管壁-喷淋水间努谢尔特数Nu的影响较大,增强了管束管壁与喷淋水的传热性能。而喷淋水-湿空气间宣乌特数Sh受管束纵向间距的影响较小。
为了分析横向间距对交错管束间湿空气-喷淋水传热传质性能的影响。在管束纵向间距Pl=30 mm,管束管径Do=10 mm,管束横向间距为10~50 mm工况下,对管束间传热传质特性进行了模拟研究。如图9所示为管壁-喷淋水间努谢尔特数及湿空气-喷淋水间宣乌特数随管束横向间距的变化结果。努谢尔特数Nu从13.2逐渐升高至22.9,升高了73.5%,宣乌特数Sh从69.9逐渐降低至54.7,降幅为21.8%。结果表明,管束间横向距离对努谢尔特数Nu及宣乌特数Sh的影响显著。努谢尔特数Nu随管束间横向间距的增大而增大,宣乌特数Sh随管束间横向间距的增大而减小。也就是说,增大管束间的横向间距可以提高喷淋水与管束壁面的传热性能,降低交错管束间喷淋水与湿空气的传质性能。
图10所示为不同横向间距下管束间湿空气温度沿盘管高度方向的变化结果。结果表明,当管束间横向间距大于30 mm时,管束间湿空气温度沿盘管高度逐渐降低,也就是说湿空气在被逐渐冷却;同时横向间距越小,湿空气被冷却的效果越明显。当管束间横向间距小于30 mm时,管束外间隙中湿空气的温度沿盘管高度方向先降低后又逐步回升,尤其在管束间横向间距为10 mm时,这种温度回升现象非常明显。在换热盘管中间第11排管束处湿空气温度降到最低,随后沿着盘管高度湿空气温度回升至19.3 ℃。这是由于管束间横向间距越小,湿空气与喷淋水间换热效果越好,当横向间距降低到一定范围时,湿空气与喷淋水间换热程度在盘管中间位置达到最佳。
图11所示为不同横向间距下交错管束间湿空气焓沿盘管高度的变化结果。不同横向间距情况下,湿空气焓值均随着盘管高度方向逐渐增大,其中当横向间距为10 mm时,变化最为明显,增加了51.8%。这是因为当湿空气通过盘管时,盘管内的热量会通过热传递的方式向湿空气传递,使湿空气焓值增加;而横向间距越小,盘管内的湿空气流动就会越受限制,此外横向间距越小也会使得湿空气在盘管内停留的时间更长,从而有更多的时间来吸收热量,这均导致湿空气焓值增大。所以,湿空气焓沿盘管高度方向增大,横向间距越小,湿空气焓越大。
综上所述,随着管束横向间距的增大,管壁-喷淋水间努谢尔特数Nu逐渐升高,升高了73.5%;喷淋水-湿空气间宣乌特数Sh逐渐降低,降幅为21.8%。湿空气温度随着盘管高度的增加总体呈降低趋势,湿空气焓值随之增大。此外,同一盘管高度下,管束横向间距越小,喷淋水与管壁换热效果越好,使湿空气被冷却效果越明显,但不同间距下换热最佳位置各有不同。同时,管束横向间距越小,水吸热汽化潜热越大,湿空气焓值随之增大,在10 mm横向间距时湿空气温度升高幅度最高为51.8%。
为了分析管束管径对交错管束间湿空气-喷淋水传热传质性能的影响,在管束横向间距Pt=10 mm,纵向距离Pl=10 mm,管径Do变化范围为10~24 mm工况下,对交错管束间湿空气温度及湿空气焓进行分析。如图12所示,结果表明,管束管径小于16 mm时,湿空气温度沿盘管高度方向逐渐降低。管束管径大于16 mm时,在第16排管束位置湿空气温度开始回升。也就是说,当管径大于16 mm时,换热盘管中部湿空气吸收喷淋水一部分显热,从而提高了喷淋水向湿空气的传热量使湿空气温度回升,但在第23排管束位置之后,湿空气温度继续下降。
图13所示为不同管束管径下湿空气焓沿盘管高度的变化结果。结果表明,湿空气焓沿盘管高度增大,管束管径越大,湿空气焓越大。当管束管径为24 mm时湿空气焓值增加了13.8 ℃,升幅为35.6%。这是因为当湿空气通过管束时,管径越大,管束内的空气流动阻力越小,流速越大,从而使得湿空气在单位时间内能够吸收更多的热量,从而使得湿空气焓值增大。
综上所述,湿空气温度随着盘管高度的增加逐渐降低,且管束管径越大,温度降幅越明显,及湿空气的换热效果越好。焓值随着盘管高度的增加而增大,且管束管径越大,湿空气增幅越明显。在管径为24 mm时,温度降幅为11.2%,焓值升幅为35.6%。这是因为管径增大,管束与喷淋水之间接触面积增大,换热效果越好;此外,管径越大,管束内的空气流动阻力越小,流速越大,从而使得湿空气在单位时间内能够吸收更多的热量,水汽化潜热量增大,湿空气焓值随之增大。
为了深入研究湿空气-水外掠交错管束的传热传质及流动特性,采用了基于DPM与Wall film耦合的方法,构建了湿空气-水外掠交错管束的传热传质特性分析模型。通过这一模型,深入分析了管束间湿空气-水蒸发冷却的传热传质特性。经过研究,得出了以下结论。
(1)横向间距为30 mm,管径为10 mm,管壁-喷淋水间努谢尔特数Nu随纵向间距增大而升高,纵向间距为70 mm时努谢尔特数Nu达到最大为24.1,比最小纵向间距30 mm升高了33.3%;湿空气和喷淋水间宣乌特数Sh随纵向间距的增大,先减小了2.1再慢慢回升1.6。不同纵向间距下管束间湿空气温度对盘管高度的变化幅度均为10%左右。故而,增加管束纵向间距有利于增强管壁-喷淋水间传热性能,对湿空气-喷淋水间传质性能影响较小。
(2)纵向间距为30 mm,管径为10 mm,管壁-喷淋水间努谢尔特数Nu随横向间距的增大而增加,在横向间距从10 mm增加到50 mm过程中,努谢尔特数Nu升高了73.5%;湿空气-喷淋水间宣乌特数Sh随横向间距增大而减小,降幅为21.8%。随着横向间距的减小,湿空气被冷却效果越明显,湿空气焓值越大,即湿空气-喷淋水间换热效果越好。故而,增加管束横向间距有利于增强管壁-喷淋水间传热性能,而湿空气-喷淋水传质性能随之降低。
(3)纵向间距为30 mm,横向间距为30 mm时,湿空气温度随着盘管高度的增加逐渐减小,且管径越大,湿空气温度变化越明显,管径为24 mm时温度降幅最大为11.2%;同时管径越大,湿空气焓值越大,焓值升幅最大为35.6%。管径越大,与喷淋水接触面积越大,换热效果越好。
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2025年第25卷第15期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405497
  • 接收时间:2024-07-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-22
  • 修回日期:2024-11-17
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江西省双千计划(jxsq2023101064)
作者信息
    1 中铁建设集团有限公司, 北京 100043
    2 华东交通大学土木建筑学院, 南昌 330013

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* 麻宏强(1984—),男,汉族,甘肃平凉人,博士,教授。研究方向:传热传质。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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