Article(id=1149768943700721784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405487, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721577600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-22, revisedDate=1730131200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752055877852, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752055877852, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752055877852, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752055877852, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768937925165147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='15', pageStart='6155', pageEnd='6586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055876475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456822194, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559490207699090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559490211893395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768937925165147, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6200, endPage=6219, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768944015294599, articleId=1149768943700721784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Susceptibility Identification of Loess Geological Hazards in Kangdian Town, Gongyi City, Western Henan Province by Using Interpretable Machine Learning Models, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The loess hilly area is one of the areas with a high incidence of geological disasters, and it is urgent to use appropriate evaluation factors and training models to conduct research on the susceptibility assessment of geological disasters. Kangdian Town, Gongyi City, the township hardest hit during the “7·20” extremely heavy rainstorm in Zhengzhou, was taken as the study area. Based on satellite remote sensing interpretation, field survey, UAV aerial photography and relevant data collection, an evaluation system covering 13 influencing factors of three main control factors, namely loess interface, human engineering activities and hydrodynamic effects, was constructed. CatBoost model, XGBoost model and LightGBM model were used to carry out the evaluation study of geological disaster vulnerability. Based on the machine learning model with the best performance, SHAP(shapley additive explanations) algorithm was used to complete the global interpretation of characteristics and dependency analysis. The results show that the CatBoost model has higher accuracy than other models (XGBoost and LightGBM), and performs the best in AUC(area under curve) value, accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and field validation. The proportion of areas with extremely high, high, medium, low, and extremely low susceptibility is 3.19%, 1.40%, 2.04%, 5.93%, and 87.44%, respectively. The extremely high and high susceptibility areas are mainly distributed on both sides of gullies with strong human activities, and slope cutting and building are important causes of geological disasters. The aim of this study is to optimize the modeling approach, investigate the uncertainty and interpretability of the modeling process, explain and analyze the decision-making mechanism of machine learning susceptibility, and provide scientific basis for geological disaster prevention and control in the loess hilly area of western Henan.

, correspAuthors=Jie CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun-fan BAO, Jie CHEN, Wen-tao YANG, Ze-qiang YANG, Wen-qing HOU, Ke CHEN, Ye YUAN, Ming-quan YANG, Fei-yuan JING, Miao-xin LIU, Zhe LIU, Yuan-yuan ZHANG, Can HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149768981315240515, articleId=1149768943700721784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=利用可解释机器学习模型判别豫西巩义市康店镇黄土地质灾害易发性, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黄土丘陵区是地质灾害高发频发的地区之一,亟需采用合适的评价因子和训练模型开展地质灾害易发性评价研究。以郑州“7·20”特大暴雨期间受灾最严重的乡镇巩义市康店镇为研究区,基于卫星遥感解译、实地调查、无人机航拍及相关资料收集,构建覆盖黄土界面、人类工程活动、水动力作用3个主控因素13个影响因子的评价体系,采用CatBoost模型、XGBoost模型和LightGBM模型共3种机器学习算法,开展地质灾害易发性评价研究,基于性能最优的机器学习模型,运用SHAP(shapley additive explanations)算法完成特征全局解释与依赖性分析。结果表明:CatBoost模型的精度高于其他模型(XGBoost和LightGBM),在AUC(area under curve)值、SHAP准确度、精确率、召回率、F1分数和野外验证中均表现最优,其极高、高、中、低、极低易发区域面积占比分别为3.19%、1.40%、2.04%、5.93%、87.44%,极高、高易发区域主要分布在人类活动强烈的冲沟两侧,切坡建房是地质灾害发生的重要诱因。本次研究旨在优化建模思路,对建模过程的不确定性和可解释性进行研究,对机器学习的易发性决策机理进行解释分析,为豫西黄土丘陵区地质灾害防治提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=陈婕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈婕 (1998—),女,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士研究生。研究方向:遥感及地质灾害。E-mail:
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包峻帆 (1989—),男,汉族,河南信阳人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:地质矿产及地质灾害。E-mail:

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包峻帆 (1989—),男,汉族,河南信阳人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:地质矿产及地质灾害。E-mail:

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Parameter adjustment results

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模型 参数调节结果
CatBoost iterations=859, depth=9, learning_rate=0.07, random_strength=0.78, bagging_temperature=0.32, od_type=Iter, od_wait=24
XGBoost n_estimators=650, max_depth=5, min_child_weight=2, gamma=0.86, subsample=0.79, colsample_bytree=0.63, learning_rate=0.06, reg_alpha=0.94
LightGBM n_estimators=684, max_depth=6, learning_rate=0.09, num_leaves=171, min_child_samples=11,min_child_weight=0.01, subsample=0.97, colsample_bytree=0.80, reg_alpha=0.40, reg_lambda=0.06
), ArticleFig(id=1172924240681644912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768943700721784, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

参数调节结果

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模型 参数调节结果
CatBoost iterations=859, depth=9, learning_rate=0.07, random_strength=0.78, bagging_temperature=0.32, od_type=Iter, od_wait=24
XGBoost n_estimators=650, max_depth=5, min_child_weight=2, gamma=0.86, subsample=0.79, colsample_bytree=0.63, learning_rate=0.06, reg_alpha=0.94
LightGBM n_estimators=684, max_depth=6, learning_rate=0.09, num_leaves=171, min_child_samples=11,min_child_weight=0.01, subsample=0.97, colsample_bytree=0.80, reg_alpha=0.40, reg_lambda=0.06
), ArticleFig(id=1172924240765530993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768943700721784, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Table for evaluating collinearity of factors

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序号 因子 TOL VIF
1 高程 0.387 3 2.581 8
2 坡度 0.319 2 3.132 5
3 地形起伏度 0.625 0 1.600 0
4 地貌 0.288 0 3.472 4
5 坡形 0.825 2 1.211 8
6 地层 0.808 9 1.236 2
7 距构造距离 0.899 8 1.111 3
8 距水系距离 0.771 6 1.296 0
9 等高线密度 0.395 5 2.528 4
10 植被覆盖度 0.657 6 1.520 7
11 土地利用类型 0.801 0 1.248 5
12 距道路距离 0.853 1 1.172 2
13 距建筑距离 0.661 3 1.512 2
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评价因子共线性检验表

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序号 因子 TOL VIF
1 高程 0.387 3 2.581 8
2 坡度 0.319 2 3.132 5
3 地形起伏度 0.625 0 1.600 0
4 地貌 0.288 0 3.472 4
5 坡形 0.825 2 1.211 8
6 地层 0.808 9 1.236 2
7 距构造距离 0.899 8 1.111 3
8 距水系距离 0.771 6 1.296 0
9 等高线密度 0.395 5 2.528 4
10 植被覆盖度 0.657 6 1.520 7
11 土地利用类型 0.801 0 1.248 5
12 距道路距离 0.853 1 1.172 2
13 距建筑距离 0.661 3 1.512 2
), ArticleFig(id=1172924240899748723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768943700721784, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistical table for zoning geological hazard susceptibility

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模型 评价
等级
面积/
km2
面积
占比/%
崩塌
数量/处
崩塌数量
占比/%
CatBoost 极低易发 95.44 87.44 2 2.35
低易发 6.47 5.93 1 1.18
中易发 2.22 2.04 1 1.18
高易发 1.53 1.40 0 0
极高易发 3.48 3.19 81 95.29
XGBoost 极低易发 92.93 85.14 2 2.35
低易发 6.75 6.18 0 0
中易发 3.66 3.35 4 4.71
高易发 2.31 2.11 9 10.59
极高易发 3.50 3.21 70 82.35
LightGBM 极低易发 97.57 89.39 1 1.18
低易发 5.19 4.75 5 5.88
中易发 1.95 1.79 1 1.18
高易发 1.46 1.34 4 4.71
极高易发 2.98 2.73 74 87.06
), ArticleFig(id=1172924240975246196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768943700721784, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

地质灾害易发性分区统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 评价
等级
面积/
km2
面积
占比/%
崩塌
数量/处
崩塌数量
占比/%
CatBoost 极低易发 95.44 87.44 2 2.35
低易发 6.47 5.93 1 1.18
中易发 2.22 2.04 1 1.18
高易发 1.53 1.40 0 0
极高易发 3.48 3.19 81 95.29
XGBoost 极低易发 92.93 85.14 2 2.35
低易发 6.75 6.18 0 0
中易发 3.66 3.35 4 4.71
高易发 2.31 2.11 9 10.59
极高易发 3.50 3.21 70 82.35
LightGBM 极低易发 97.57 89.39 1 1.18
低易发 5.19 4.75 5 5.88
中易发 1.95 1.79 1 1.18
高易发 1.46 1.34 4 4.71
极高易发 2.98 2.73 74 87.06
), ArticleFig(id=1172924241096881013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768943700721784, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Performance assessment results

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模型 AUC值 准确率/% 精确率/% 召回率/% F1分数/%
CatBoost 0.984 95.28 95.69 94.76 95.22
XGBoost 0.977 93.58 94.54 92.39 93.45
LightGBM 0.983 94.27 96.04 92.25 94.11
), ArticleFig(id=1172924241218515830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149768943700721784, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

性能评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 AUC值 准确率/% 精确率/% 召回率/% F1分数/%
CatBoost 0.984 95.28 95.69 94.76 95.22
XGBoost 0.977 93.58 94.54 92.39 93.45
LightGBM 0.983 94.27 96.04 92.25 94.11
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利用可解释机器学习模型判别豫西巩义市康店镇黄土地质灾害易发性
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包峻帆 1, 2 , 陈婕 3, * , 杨文涛 4 , 杨泽强 1, 2 , 侯文青 3 , 陈恪 1, 2 , 袁野 5 , 杨明权 1, 2 , 景斐媛 1, 2 , 刘淼昕 1, 2 , 刘哲 1, 2 , 张媛媛 1, 2 , 黄灿 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(15): 6200-6219
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(15): 6200-6219
利用可解释机器学习模型判别豫西巩义市康店镇黄土地质灾害易发性
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包峻帆1, 2 , 陈婕3, * , 杨文涛4, 杨泽强1, 2, 侯文青3, 陈恪1, 2, 袁野5, 杨明权1, 2, 景斐媛1, 2, 刘淼昕1, 2, 刘哲1, 2, 张媛媛1, 2, 黄灿1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 河南省地质矿产勘查开发局第三地质矿产调查院, 信阳 464000
  • 2 河南省自然资源科技创新中心(信息感知技术应用研究), 信阳 464000
  • 3 中国地质大学(武汉) 地球物理与空间信息学院, 武汉 430074
  • 4 河南理工大学资源环境学院, 焦作 454000
  • 5 中国建筑材料工业地质勘查中心河南总队, 信阳 464000
  • 包峻帆 (1989—),男,汉族,河南信阳人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:地质矿产及地质灾害。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈婕 (1998—),女,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士研究生。研究方向:遥感及地质灾害。E-mail:
Susceptibility Identification of Loess Geological Hazards in Kangdian Town, Gongyi City, Western Henan Province by Using Interpretable Machine Learning Models
Jun-fan BAO1, 2 , Jie CHEN3, * , Wen-tao YANG4, Ze-qiang YANG1, 2, Wen-qing HOU3, Ke CHEN1, 2, Ye YUAN5, Ming-quan YANG1, 2, Fei-yuan JING1, 2, Miao-xin LIU1, 2, Zhe LIU1, 2, Yuan-yuan ZHANG1, 2, Can HUANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 The Third Geological and Mineral Survey Institute of Henan Provincial Geological and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau, Xinyang 464000, China
  • 2 Henan Provincial Natural Resources Science and Technology Innovation Center (Application Research of Information Perception Technology), Xinyang 464000, China
  • 3 School of Geophysics and Space Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
  • 4 School of Resources and Environment, Henan University of Technology, Jiaozuo 454000, China
  • 5 Henan Brigade of China Building Materials Industry Geological Exploration Center, Xinyang 464000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405487
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黄土丘陵区是地质灾害高发频发的地区之一,亟需采用合适的评价因子和训练模型开展地质灾害易发性评价研究。以郑州“7·20”特大暴雨期间受灾最严重的乡镇巩义市康店镇为研究区,基于卫星遥感解译、实地调查、无人机航拍及相关资料收集,构建覆盖黄土界面、人类工程活动、水动力作用3个主控因素13个影响因子的评价体系,采用CatBoost模型、XGBoost模型和LightGBM模型共3种机器学习算法,开展地质灾害易发性评价研究,基于性能最优的机器学习模型,运用SHAP(shapley additive explanations)算法完成特征全局解释与依赖性分析。结果表明:CatBoost模型的精度高于其他模型(XGBoost和LightGBM),在AUC(area under curve)值、SHAP准确度、精确率、召回率、F1分数和野外验证中均表现最优,其极高、高、中、低、极低易发区域面积占比分别为3.19%、1.40%、2.04%、5.93%、87.44%,极高、高易发区域主要分布在人类活动强烈的冲沟两侧,切坡建房是地质灾害发生的重要诱因。本次研究旨在优化建模思路,对建模过程的不确定性和可解释性进行研究,对机器学习的易发性决策机理进行解释分析,为豫西黄土丘陵区地质灾害防治提供科学依据。

黄土丘陵区  /  地质灾害易发性  /  机器学习模型  /  SHAP  /  模型解释

The loess hilly area is one of the areas with a high incidence of geological disasters, and it is urgent to use appropriate evaluation factors and training models to conduct research on the susceptibility assessment of geological disasters. Kangdian Town, Gongyi City, the township hardest hit during the “7·20” extremely heavy rainstorm in Zhengzhou, was taken as the study area. Based on satellite remote sensing interpretation, field survey, UAV aerial photography and relevant data collection, an evaluation system covering 13 influencing factors of three main control factors, namely loess interface, human engineering activities and hydrodynamic effects, was constructed. CatBoost model, XGBoost model and LightGBM model were used to carry out the evaluation study of geological disaster vulnerability. Based on the machine learning model with the best performance, SHAP(shapley additive explanations) algorithm was used to complete the global interpretation of characteristics and dependency analysis. The results show that the CatBoost model has higher accuracy than other models (XGBoost and LightGBM), and performs the best in AUC(area under curve) value, accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and field validation. The proportion of areas with extremely high, high, medium, low, and extremely low susceptibility is 3.19%, 1.40%, 2.04%, 5.93%, and 87.44%, respectively. The extremely high and high susceptibility areas are mainly distributed on both sides of gullies with strong human activities, and slope cutting and building are important causes of geological disasters. The aim of this study is to optimize the modeling approach, investigate the uncertainty and interpretability of the modeling process, explain and analyze the decision-making mechanism of machine learning susceptibility, and provide scientific basis for geological disaster prevention and control in the loess hilly area of western Henan.

loess hilly region  /  geological disaster susceptibility  /  machine learning models  /  SHAP  /  model interpretation
包峻帆, 陈婕, 杨文涛, 杨泽强, 侯文青, 陈恪, 袁野, 杨明权, 景斐媛, 刘淼昕, 刘哲, 张媛媛, 黄灿. 利用可解释机器学习模型判别豫西巩义市康店镇黄土地质灾害易发性. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6200 -6219 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405487
Jun-fan BAO, Jie CHEN, Wen-tao YANG, Ze-qiang YANG, Wen-qing HOU, Ke CHEN, Ye YUAN, Ming-quan YANG, Fei-yuan JING, Miao-xin LIU, Zhe LIU, Yuan-yuan ZHANG, Can HUANG. Susceptibility Identification of Loess Geological Hazards in Kangdian Town, Gongyi City, Western Henan Province by Using Interpretable Machine Learning Models[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (15) : 6200 -6219 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405487
黄土具有特殊的崩解性、水敏性、大孔隙性等特点,导致黄土区地质灾害频发[1-4]。黄土地质灾害主要有崩塌、滑坡、泥流、地面沉降、黄土湿陷、塌陷、地裂缝等7种类型,内部结构复杂、演化过程多样,具有隐蔽性深、影响范围广、破坏性强的特点[5],呈现出点多面广、规模小、突发性强,降雨、冻融和人类工程扰动是诱发黄土地质灾害的主要因素[6]。黄河流域黄土区目前记录了超过10 000多次地质灾害,经济损失超过67亿元[7-8]。而通过建立地质灾害多类型因子评价体系,开展易发性评价是分析地质灾害潜在分布的重要手段[9-11]。现有黄土地质灾害早期识别与易发性研究多针对陕西[12-13]、甘肃[14-16]、新疆[17-18]、宁夏[19-20]等地,鲜少学者对河南黄土地质灾害分布及易发性进行研究。康店镇北濒黄河,其地质灾害类型主要为崩塌,为力-水源型黄土地质灾害,相比与其他地区,具有地质背景复杂、节理裂隙发育、土体结构疏松多孔、地表覆盖参差不齐、干湿强度差异大、沟谷密度大、易受人类工程和降雨扰动等特点,为地质灾害高发频发的地区之一,受黄土界面、人类工程活动和水动力作用控制明显。据自然资源部门相关统计数据,仅2021年郑州“7·20”特大暴雨期间,巩义市康店镇黄土区发生地质灾害灾情点85处,主要为崩塌,造成直接经济损失3 909.1万元,2 972人受灾,分别占郑州地区灾情点的43.62%、直接经济损失的41.37%,受灾人数的57.42%,为豫西地区地质灾害受灾最严重的乡镇,亟需开展地质灾害易发性评价研究。
地质灾害易发性受直接和间接因素影响[21]。以往研究大多通过分析地质灾害地形地貌、人类工程活动等多种因素,采用定性或定量方法来反映地质灾害发生的可能性及潜在空间分布[22-23]。定性方法,如层次分析法[24]等,依赖于专家经验,具有一定主观性。1980年以来,频率比法[25]、信息量法等[26]通过数理统计的定量方法很大程度上克服了定性方法的主观性,广泛且成熟地应用于地质灾害易发性评价研究[27-30]。然而,传统的统计分析方法容易忽视不同因子的非线性问题,需要大量先验知识,存在一定局限性[31]
随着人工智能的快速发展,逻辑回归[32]、神经网络[33]、随机森林[34]、支持向量机[35]、决策树[36]等为代表的机器学习、深度学习方法能较好解决非线性问题,反映数据深层特征,并在地质灾害易发性评价中取得显著成果[37]。不同算法模型存在不同的优点和不足[38],算法模型直接影响评价结果的准确性及合理性[39]
而Boosting梯度提升新模型(CatBoost、XGBoost和LightGBM模型)很少在地质灾害易发性评价中被研究对比[40]。不同外部环境中算法模型的精度有所不同,以往研究大都采用单一模型,缺乏对不同模型精度的检验和对比[41]
因此,针对康店镇黄土区地质灾害易发性评价研究少、Boosting梯度提升新模型(CatBoost、XGBoost和LightGBM模型)被对比研究少[40]、不同模型精度的检验和对比被关注少[41]的现状。现结合康店镇等豫西黄土地质灾害受黄土界面、人类工程活动和水动力作用控制明显的特点,以郑州“7·20”特大暴雨期间受灾最严重的乡镇巩义市康店镇为研究区,采用防止过拟合能力强的CatBoost模型、XGBoost模型和LightGBM模型,选取等高线密度、植被覆盖度、土地利用类型、距道路距离、距建筑物距离等13个能反映康店镇黄土地质灾害主要控制因素的因子,开展地质灾害易发性评价研究。相对于以往研究,本文中采用SHAP(shapley additive explanations)可解释算法,完成特征全局解释与依赖性分析,对机器学习的易发性决策机理进行解释分析,为豫西黄土区进一步开展地质灾害防治、国土空间规划管制等工作提供借鉴。
巩义市位于河南省中部,属郑州市。康店镇,隶属河南省郑州市巩义市,地处巩义市西部,如图1所示,地理坐标为112°47'56″~112°58'32″E,34°43'19″~34°51'15″N,面积109.15 km2。地形地貌以黄土丘陵为主,属邙岭山系,东依伊洛河,北濒黄河。总体地形为南高北低。平均气温15.33 ℃,年降水量390 mm,全年无霜期232 d。黄土丘陵区地层岩性为中更新统( Qp 2 e l + d l)、上更新统( Qp 3 a l)黄土,具有中-微湿陷性。地形标高107~280 m,相对高差20~75 m,冲沟十分发育,地面沟壑纵横,地形支离破碎,沟谷多呈“U”字形,壁陡谷深,坡角近于直立状。北部黄河右岸和东部伊洛河左岸构成康店镇冲洪积倾斜平原区,全新统(Qh)黄土状亚砂土、亚黏土及粉细砂、中粗砂等为其主要岩性,湿陷等级中等。人类工程活动有切坡建房、筑路、农作物种植等,区内分布85处崩塌地质灾害点。
通过卫星遥感解译、实地调查、无人机航拍及相关资料收集,获取巩义市康店镇地质灾害点共85处,均为崩塌,面密度0.77处/km2,分布在黄土丘陵区,分布相对集中。
数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)数据通过收集到的巩义市1∶10 000地形图构建,共收集2017年5月最新测制覆盖巩义市康店镇全域109.15 km2的1∶10 000地形图19幅。
DEM生成采用由等高线构建不规则三角网(triangulated irregular network,TIN)法,由等高线生成TIN,使用栅格转换方法由TIN进行内插快速生成格网DEM。
坡度、地形起伏度、剖面曲率通过ArcGIS空间分析功能基于DEM生成;等高线密度基于1∶10 000地形图等高线计算得到;植被覆盖度通过地理空间数据云(http://www.gscloud.cn)下载的Landsat 8 Oli数据计算得到;地层和构造数据来源于1∶50 000地质图;土地利用、道路和水系数据来源于全国第三次土地调查数据。
为确保各因子间具有一致的空间分辨率,本文采用网格单元作为评价单元,其具有划分简单、易于操作和速度快的优点[42],以DEM数据为基准,设置网格大小为5 m×5 m。
XGBoost模型是在梯度提升决策树(gradient boosting decision tree, GBDT)的基础上进行了工程优化和算法优化。XGBoost的目标函数主要由损失函数和L2正则项共同构成,目标函数为
Obj= i = 1 nl(yi, y i)+ k = 1 KΩ(fk)
Ω(f)=γT+ 1 2λ‖ω‖2
式中: i = 1 nl(yi, y i)为损失函数,由预测值 y i与真实值yi表示; k = 1 KΩ(fk)为L2正则项,是全部决策树叶子节点数和节点权重形成的向量决定;T为叶子数,叶子节点越少模型越简单;γλ为正则项参数;ω为叶子节点权重。
LightGBM是新的梯度提升算法[43],在GBDT算法基础上,采用直方图分裂决策树算法、带深度限制节点展开法、单边梯度采样及互斥特征捆绑算法,每次选择一个最合适的叶子节点进行分裂,显著提高计算效率和模型精度。单边梯度采样算法可保留对计算信息增益有利的高梯度样本,方差增益为
$\begin{aligned} V_{j}(d)= & \frac{1}{n}\left\{\frac{\left[\sum_{x_{i} \in A_{1,1}} G_{i}+\left(\frac{1-a}{c}\right) \sum_{x_{i} \in A_{1,2}} G_{i}\right]^{2}}{n_{1}^{j}(d)}+\right. \\ & \left.\frac{\left[\sum_{x_{i} \in A_{\mathrm{r}, 1}} G_{i}+\left(\frac{1-a}{c}\right) \sum_{x_{i} \in A_{\mathrm{r}, 2}} G_{i}\right]^{2}}{n_{\mathrm{r}}^{j}(d)}\right\} \end{aligned}$
式(3)中:n为样本数;j为分裂特征;d为分裂点;G为样本梯度;ac分别为大梯度和小梯度样本的采样率;A为所分裂节点的梯度样本;l、r分别表示左、右子节点;1和2分别代表大梯度和小梯度样本。
CatBoost在传统GBDT基础上,直接处理类别特征并平滑处理避免过拟合,采用顺序建树算法避免信息泄露,使用对称树提高计算速度,采用动态学习率以加速收敛。CatBoost算法具有处理类别特征的能力、高效性、灵活性、鲁棒性和可解释性。
Optuna是一款适用于机器学习的自动超参数优化框架,可以动态地构造超参数搜索空间,对比传统网格搜索法和贝叶斯调参法具有运行速度快、占用计算资源少的优点。基于Optuna框架对3种模型进行自动超参数确定,参数调节结果如表1所示。
SHAP(shapley additive explanations)算法是一种机器学习解释方法,采用博弈论的Shapley值表征输入模型的每个特征对输出的贡献程度。特征i的SHAP值可表示为
φi(f,x)= S N \ { i } S ! ( N - S - 1 ) ! N ![fx(S∪{i})-fx(S)]
式(4)中:N为特征集合;S为不包含特征i的任何子集; S N分别为集合S的大小和所有特征的总数;fx(S∪{i})和fx(S)表示包含和不包含特征i的模型预测结果。
选择适用、专业的评价因子是开展地质灾害易发性评价的重要工作[34]。康店镇等豫西黄土丘陵区地质灾害类型主要为崩塌,为力-水源型黄土地质灾害,其演化模式为:在切坡建房等人类活动的作用下,坡体界面扩张开裂,稳定性降低,再叠加水动力的作用,最终变形失稳形成崩塌[5],黄土界面、人类工程活动、水动力作用是黄土灾害形成的主要控制因素。黄土界面隔开了其两侧的物质,影响着黄土的力学行为和坡体形态[5]。人类活动会改变斜坡的应力状态与原有的岩土结构[44]。水是黄土本身的三相之一,也是黄土地质灾害的重要驱动力[5],地形地貌控制斜坡的水分和应力分布[45-46]。野外调查是评价因子选取的最优方法[47],在详细实地调查所有灾害点的前提下,结合研究区地质灾害特征规律与影响因子、黄土地质灾害演化机理及前人研究成果,选取覆盖黄土界面、人类工程活动、水动力作用3个主控因素的13个与研究区地质灾害密切相关的评价因子:高程、坡度、地形起伏度、地貌、地层、距构造距离、坡形、植被覆盖度、土地利用类型、距道路距离、距水系距离、距建筑物距离、等高线密度,评价因子图及评价因子分级面积百分比、灾害面积百分比与信息量值见图2图3
(1)高程。高程影响黄土区植被分布、人类活动、斜坡稳定、河流切割作用等,进而影响地质灾害分布[48-49]。康店镇海拔高程107~280 m,如图2(a)图3(a)所示,将其划分为4个区间,其中,高程在120~180 m区间信息量值最高,最易发生地质灾害。
(2)坡度。坡度决定黄土区斜坡应力分布,进而影响斜坡稳定、地表水动力作用[50-52]、堆积物厚度及分布[53]等,为地质灾害的发生提供了地形及水源条件[54]。康店镇斜坡坡度0°~90°,如图2(b)图3(b)所示,将其划分为6个区间,大部分地质灾害分布在坡度15°~90°,特别是坡度在35°~45°区间信息量值最高,最易发生地质灾害。
(3)地形起伏度。地形起伏度反映地形的最大高差[55],是黄土区地质灾害物源分布和储量的重要影响因素[56],进而影响研究区地质灾害发育。康店镇地形起伏度0~114 m,如图2(c)图3(c)所示,将其划分为5个区间,由因子面积占比可知,康店镇地形起伏度主要分布在0~20 m,其中,地形起伏度在10~20 m区间信息量值最高,最易发生地质灾害。
(4)地貌。地貌类型是黄土区地表岩土体及其地质作用的综合形态[57],控制斜坡的水分和应力分布从而影响地质灾害发育条件[58-59]。康店镇地貌类型主要为冲洪积倾斜平原和黄土丘陵两类,如图2(d)图3(d)所示,黄土丘陵地貌信息量值远高于冲洪积倾斜平原地貌,最易发生地质灾害。
(5)地层。地层岩性决定黄土区地质灾害物源结构、力学性质及失稳方式[60],是黄土区地质灾害的重要影响因素。康店镇地层岩性分为4类:中生界三叠系下统刘家沟组(T1l)、第四系中更新统( Qp 2 e l + d l)、上更新统( Qp 3 a l)、全新统(Qhal),如图2(e)图3(e)所示,上更新统( Qp 3 a l)的信息量值最大,最易发生地质灾害。
(6)距构造距离。地质构造运动促使黄土区岩土体挤压破碎,形成有利于地质灾害发育的地形地貌[61]。康店镇距构造距离0~12 000 m,如图2(f)图3(f)所示,将其划分为6个区间,其中,距构造距离在0~100 m范围信息量值最高,最易发生地质灾害。
(7)坡形。坡形反映坡体在内外力作用下的演变过程[62],控制黄土区地质灾害发育状态。坡形分为凸型坡、直线型坡和凹型坡,如图2(g)图3(g)所示,凹型坡信息量值最高,最易发生地质灾害。
(8)植被覆盖度。植被会对斜坡稳定性产生水文效应和力学效应[63],能增强水土保持能力,进而降低地质灾害发生概率[64]。康店镇地表覆盖参差不齐,很大程度上影响了斜坡稳定,地表植被覆盖裸露的地区极易遭受降雨的侵蚀作用从而引发地质灾害[65]。归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)体现植被覆盖程度,间接反映地质灾害发育情况[66],NDVI值范围-1~1,如图2(h)图3(h)所示,将其划分为6个区间,其中,NDVI值在0.4~0.6范围信息量值最高,最易发生地质灾害。
(9)土地利用类型。土地利用类型是体现人类工程活动的重要指标[67],也是黄土区地质灾害的重要影响因素。康店镇土地利用类型分为建设用地、农业用地、水体、空地、工业用地、林地、草地、特殊用地8类,如图2(i)图3(i)所示,建设用地的信息量值最高,最易发生地质灾害。
(10)距道路距离。切坡修路开挖卸荷,改变斜坡原有应力平衡,使坡体变形,降低植被覆盖率[68],加之汽车震动、降雨等外部因素扰动加速了黄土区斜坡失稳变形,进而诱发地质灾害,距道路距离不同会对黄土区地质灾害有不同影响[69]。康店镇距道路距离0~15 000 m,如图2(j)图3(j)所示,将其划分为6个区间,距道路距离50~100 m区间信息量值最高,最易发生地质灾害。
(11)距水系距离。河流为地质灾害发育提供了有利临空面及水动力条件[70],对坡脚的侵蚀作用加速了黄土区斜坡失稳变形[71],进而诱发地质灾害发生。康店镇距水系距离0~6 000 m,如图2(k)图3(k)所示,将其划分为6个区间,距水系距离500~1 000 m区间信息量值最高,最易发生地质灾害。
(12)距建筑物距离。人类大规模开挖边坡、爆破以及修建房屋形成的高陡边坡会改变黄土区斜坡的应力状态与原有的岩土结构,降低斜坡的稳定性,叠加降雨等外部因素扰动,极易诱发地质灾害[72]。康店镇距建筑物距离0~4 000 m,如图2(l)图3(l)所示,将其划分为6个区间,距建筑物距离越小,信息量有增大趋势,距建筑物距离0~50m区间信息量值最高,最易发生地质灾害,表明建筑物两侧为黄土区地质灾害的高发区,切坡建房等人类工程活动是影响研究区地质灾害发育的重要因素。
(13)等高线密度。等高线密度体现了地形坡度的缓陡程度,一定程度上控制着黄土区地表水动力作用和斜坡应力分布,是黄土区地质灾害的重要影响因素。康店镇等高线密度0~80,如图2(m)图3(m)所示,将其划分为6个区间,等高线密度5~20区间因子面积占比最大,分布最广,信息量值最高,最易发生地质灾害。
文献[73-75]显示,地质灾害易发性评价因子的高度相关关系会导致多重共线性的发生[76],因子重要性会被影响,导致无法正确理解特征[77]。因此,在构建易发性评价模型前,对选取的13个因子进行共线性检验。通过计算因子间的方差膨胀因子(variance inflation factor,VIF)及容忍度(tolerance,TOL)对多重共线性进行检验,计算公式为
VIF= 1 1 - R i 2
TOL= 1 V I F
式中:Ri为评价因子间的方差。
基于SPSS26计算方差膨胀因子和容忍度开展多重共线性检验,计算结果如表2所示。当VIF>10或TOL<0.1时,表示因子间存在共线性问题[78-79]。检验结果显示,本文中选取的13个因子不存在共线性问题。
为避免传统统计分析方法的非线性问题[31]和机器学习模型数据过拟合、评价结果不确定性等缺点,基于巩义市康店镇黄土地质灾害发育特征及前人工作结果,选取CatBoost模型、XGBoost模型和LightGBM模型开展易发性评价,评价因子统一使用5 m×5 m栅格,选取85处崩塌,将其崩塌范围覆盖的2 100个栅格同2 100个非灾害点栅格构成数据集,按照7∶3的比例将数据集拆分为训练集和测试集。将训练集输入模型,用测试集进行精度验证,训练完成后,将整个研究区数据集输入模型,完成巩义市康店镇易发性评价工作。
图3和评价因子分析表明,黄土丘陵地貌,上更新统( Qp 3 a l)地层,高程在120~180 m,坡度在35°~45°,地形起伏度在10~20 m,距构造距离在0~100 m,NDVI值在0.4~0.6,距道路距离50~100 m,距水系距离500~1 000 m,距建筑物距离0~50 m,等高线密度5~20,建设用地和凹型坡地面积大的黄土区最易发生地质灾害。
通过自然断点法将CatBoost、XGBoost和LightGBM 3种模型评价结果分为极低易发、低易发、中易发、高易发和极高易发共5个等级。如图4表3所示,3种模型评价结果的高及极高易发区具有较高的一致性,主要集中分布在研究区东部及北部切坡建房等人类活动强烈的冲沟两侧,受人类工程活动影响尤为明显。研究区内的85处崩塌点几乎全部位于3种模型高和极高易发区域内,CatBoost模型和LightGBM模型的易发性分布图显示出高度一致性,XGBoost模型在东南部的冲洪积倾斜平原带预测出了中易发性,在该区域对易发性的评估存在过高估计。
将评价结果和野外调查对比分析是重要的检验方法[80]。通过野外实地调查发现,黄土丘陵区地质环境复杂、地形起伏较大、水力侵蚀作用较强、人口分布集中,当地居民多习惯筑窑居住,居民房前屋后切坡斜坡坡度多在60°~90°,斜坡岩性又以第四系粉土或粉质黏土最普遍,开挖后斜坡稳定性降低,多处于临界稳定状态,切坡后又极少进行支护加固或削坡卸荷等防治措施,叠加强降雨等外部扰动,极易诱发崩塌灾害,严重威胁居民生命及财产安全。康店镇85处崩塌地质灾害点中,存在切坡建房活动的有80处,占所有地质灾害点的94.12%。因此,切坡建房成为研究区崩塌地质灾害的重要诱发因素,与易发性分区分布规律一致。
(1)精度评价。模型准确性评估至关重要,由混淆矩阵得到的ROC曲线、准确率、精确率、AUC、F1分数、召回率等被作为重要量化评估指标[81]。选择受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)[82]、准确率、精确率、召回率和F1分数对研究区易发性评价结果进行模型精度检验,其中,ROC曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)体现模型预测精度,AUC值范围为[0.5,1],AUC值越高表明模型预测精度越高,AUC值在0.90以上时表明有很高的准确性和非常好的预测效果[83-84],准确率为预测正确的占比,精确率为实际正例占预测正例的比例,召回率是所有实际正例被准确预测的占比,F1分数是精确率和召回率的加权调和平均值,用于评估模型性能。如图5表4所示,3种模型的AUC值、准确率、精确率、召回率和F1分数均大于0.9,表明模型评价方法和结果合理性较高,可信度较好。CatBoost模型和LightGBM模型在5种精度评价指标上的表现均优于XGBoost模型,LightGBM模型在精确率上略高于CatBoost模型,但在其他指标表现上均逊于CatBoost。总体来说,CatBoost模型表现出最优性能,其AUC、准确率、精确率、召回率和F1分数分别为0.984、0.953、0.957、0.948、0.952。
(2)野外验证分析。根据实地调查,康店镇新增三处崩塌灾害点,分别为庄头村崩塌点、焦湾村崩塌点和马峪沟村崩塌点。新增崩塌点形成的主要原因基本一致:人工切坡形成的高陡边坡,破坏了原有应力平衡,在坡肩、坡面等应力集中处出现拉张裂缝、变形破裂,在暴雨或久雨等因素的扰动下,雨水入渗增加潜在危岩土体自重,近饱和土体抗剪强度降低,后缘拉张裂缝和垂直节理裂隙上下贯通,最终诱发崩塌。新增崩塌点未参与模型训练,可以很好地评估3种模型预测能力,进一步验证评价结果的准确性。
三处新增的崩塌点位置和现场照片如图6所示。庄头村崩塌点位于山脚,原始坡高20 m,切坡高度10 m,坡度75°,威胁坡脚房屋30余间,该点发生崩塌灾害后及时进行了工程治理。该新增崩塌点在CatBoost和XGBoost模型预测结果的极高易发区,在LightGBM模型预测结果的高易发区;焦湾村新增崩塌点位于山腰,切坡高度10 m,坡度85°,威胁坡脚房屋27间,该新增崩塌点在CatBoost和XGBoost模型预测结果的极高易发区,在LightGBM模型预测结果的中易发区;马峪沟村新增崩塌点切坡高度10 m,坡度85°,坡体强风化,存在再次剥坠落可能,威胁坡脚房屋5间,该新增崩塌点在CatBoost和LightGBM模型预测结果的极高易发区,在XGBoost模型预测结果的高易发区。从3种模型评价结果等级划分情况来看,CatBoost模型对三处新增的崩塌点空间位置进行了很好的预测,效果最优,易发性评价结果与实际情况更为一致。
综上所述,与XGBoost和LightGBM模型相比,CatBoost模型在分级结果的合理性、预测的准确性及与野外实际的吻合度等方面均有优明显优势,更适合对研究区开展易发性评价。
基于SHAP算法对CatBoost模型易发性评价结果进行解释,得到每个因子的Shapley值,如图7所示。横轴为Shapley值,正值/负值表示因子对预测结果具有正向/负向影响,值越大表示影响越大,每个因子值的大小用颜色表示,红色对应高值,蓝色对应低值。距建筑距离、高程和距道路距离较小时,Shapley值较大,表示距建筑距离、高程和距道路距离的减小有利于地质灾害的发生。等高线密度、地形起伏度、坡度、植被覆盖度值越大,Shapley值越大,表明其增大易诱发地质灾害。
取每个样本的Shapley绝对值的平均值,可得到因子特征重要性排序结果,如图8所示。排名前六的因子分别为距建筑物距离、高程、距道路距离、土地利用类型、等高线密度和距构造距离,其余因子对研究区易发性的影响较小。距建筑物距离因子特征重要性排名第一位,进一步表明切坡建房、建设窑洞等人类工程活动是康店镇地质灾害的重要诱发因素。
特征单依赖性分析描述单个特征对易发性评价结果的影响,对CatBoost模型中最重要的6个因子进行特征单依赖性分析,如图9所示,距建筑物距离0~50 m、高程在104~154 m、距道路距离0~1 000 m、土地利用类型为建设用地(值为1)、等高线密度9~74、距构造距离在0~1 333 m时,Shapley>0,发生地质灾害的可能性较大。
双依赖图可描述两个因子在交互作用下对评价结果的影响,本文中基于特征重要性排名第一的距建筑物距离因子进行双依赖性分析,如图10所示,x轴为距建筑物距离,y轴为距建筑物距离的Shapley值,垂直着色条带为另一个因子的值,用颜色区分值的大小。距建筑物距离与距道路距离、坡度、等高线密度、距构造距离、地形起伏度、地层、地貌存在明显的交互关系。对于相同的距建筑物距离,距道路距离、距构造距离越小,Shapley值越大,两个因子的交互作用对地质灾害的贡献越大。当距建筑物距离一定时,地貌为冲洪积倾斜平原,地层为第四系时,Shapley值越大,更易发生地质灾害。对于相同的距建筑物距离,等高线密度越大、坡度越大、地形起伏度越大,地形越陡峭,地质灾害发生的可能性越高。
基于SHAP算法研究特征重要性排序与特征依赖关系,能够从全局解释各个特征对易发性结果的影响机理,有利于制定地质灾害防灾减灾措施。
(1)3种算法模型地质灾害易发性评价结果的高和极高易发区具有较高的一致性,主要集中分布在研究区东部及北部切坡建房等人类活动强烈的冲沟两侧。易发性评价结果与野外调查情况一致,94.12%的地质灾害点存在切坡建房人类工程活动,切坡建房是研究区地质灾害发生的重要诱因。
(2)与XGBoost和LightGBM模型相比,CatBoost模型在分级结果的合理性、预测的准确性及与野外实际的吻合度等方面均表现最优,其AUC值、准确率、精确率、召回率和F1分数分别为0.984、0.953、0.957、0.948和0.952,其极高易发区域和高易发区域面积占比分别为3.19%和1.40%,更适合对研究区开展地质灾害易发性评价。
(3)综合因子分析结果和特征依赖性分析结果可知,黄土丘陵地貌,上更新统( Qp 3 a l)地层,高程在104~154 m,坡度在35°~45°,地形起伏度在10~20 m,距构造距离在0~100 m,NDVI值在0.4~0.6,距道路距离50~100 m,距水系距离500~1 000 m,距建筑物距离0~50 m,等高线密度9~20,建设用地和凹型坡地面积大的黄土区最易发生地质灾害。
(4)SHAP特征重要性排名前六的因子分别为距建筑物距离、高程、距道路距离、土地利用类型、等高线密度和距构造距离,是研究区黄土地质灾害的主控因子。
(5)由特征全局解释可知,当距建筑距离、高程和距道路距离减小,等高线密度、地形起伏度、坡度、植被覆盖度值增大时,Shapley值越大,越易诱发地质灾害。
(6)由特征依赖性分析可知,特征重要性排名第一的因子距建筑物距离与距道路距离、坡度、等高线密度、距构造距离、地形起伏度、地层、地貌存在明显的交互关系。当距建筑物距离一定时,存在以下规律:距道路和距构造距离越小,两因子交互作用对地质灾害的贡献越大;冲洪积倾斜平原地貌分布区中的第四系地层更易发生地质灾害;等高线密度越大、坡度越大、地形起伏度越大,地形越陡峭的区域,地质灾害发生的可能性越高。
  • 河南省自然资源科研项目(2022-12)
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2025年第25卷第15期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405487
  • 接收时间:2024-07-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-22
  • 修回日期:2024-10-29
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河南省自然资源科研项目(2022-12)
作者信息
    1 河南省地质矿产勘查开发局第三地质矿产调查院, 信阳 464000
    2 河南省自然资源科技创新中心(信息感知技术应用研究), 信阳 464000
    3 中国地质大学(武汉) 地球物理与空间信息学院, 武汉 430074
    4 河南理工大学资源环境学院, 焦作 454000
    5 中国建筑材料工业地质勘查中心河南总队, 信阳 464000

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* 陈婕 (1998—),女,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士研究生。研究方向:遥感及地质灾害。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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