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Article(id=1149774732884664614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404919, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719763200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-01, revisedDate=1739376000000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057258100, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057258100, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057258100, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057258100, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5249, endPage=5257, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774733245374766, articleId=1149774732884664614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Workload of CO Diffusion Law of High Altitude Blasting Face and Optimization of Air Pipe Layout, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the efficiency of carbon monoxide (CO) emission control during drill-and-blast construction in high-altitude tunnels and to improve the working environment for personnel, a tunnel currently under construction at a high altitude was investigated. Utilizing the computational fluid dynamics simulation software Fluent, three factors were examined under forced ventilation conditions: the distance between the air duct and the tunnel face, the position of the air duct, and the varying elevations. To model the diffusion characteristics of harmful CO gases. The simulation results indicate that when the air duct is positioned too close to the tunnel face, vortices form, causing CO accumulation near the tunnel face, which is detrimental to the effective dispersal of CO from this area. Conversely, when the duct is positioned too far, the airflow loses a significant amount of kinetic energy before reaching the tunnel face, which also hinders the effective removal of harmful CO gases in the vicinity of the tunnel face. Optimal removal efficiency of harmful CO gases near the tunnel face is achieved when the air duct is placed at a distance of 25.2 m from the tunnel face and located at the top of the tunnel. This configuration significantly improves the working environment for personnel within a short period. Compared to plain regions, the distance between the duct and the tunnel face in high-altitude areas should be approximately 3 S (S is the cross-sectional area of the tunnel) that of the plain regions. The trend of CO movement within the tunnel is generally consistent across different altitudes. As the altitude increases, the concentration of CO also increases, and the speed of CO movement within the tunnel decreases, necessitating longer ventilation times in high-altitude areas.

, correspAuthors=Ze-gong LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=De-li ZHANG, Ze-gong LIU, Shi-gui FU, Gang-jian AN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774776304099332, articleId=1149774732884664614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=高海拔爆破掌子面CO扩散规律及风管布置优化, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提高高海拔隧道在钻爆法施工过程中所产生CO有害气体的排放效率,改善作业人员工作环境。以高海拔在建隧道多木格隧道为研究对象,利用流体力学仿真软件Fluent针对在压入式通风方式下,设置风管距掌子面的距离、风管位置以及不同海拔高度3种因素,对CO有害气体的扩散情况进行数值模拟。模拟结果表明:当风管的位置距离掌子面过近时,会产生涡流导致CO积聚在掌子面附近,不利于CO排出掌子面附近区域;当距离较远时,会导致气流在到达掌子面时动能大量损失,也无法有效排出掌子面附近CO有害气体。当风管位置距掌子面的距离在25.2 m,风管位于隧道的顶部时,掌子面附近区域CO有害气体的排出效率最高,能够在较短时间内改善作业人员的工作环境。相对于平原地区,高海拔地区风筒距离掌子面的距离应该设置在3 S(S为隧道断面积)附近。不同海拔高度下CO在隧道内运移趋势大致相同。随着海拔高度的升高,CO质量浓度也随之升高,隧道内CO移动速度会减小,高海拔地区需要更长的通风时间。

, correspAuthors=刘泽功, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘泽功(1960—),男,汉族,安徽淮南人,博士,教授。研究方向:矿井通风。E-mail:。
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张得利(2000—),男,汉族,安徽宿州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:隧道通风。E-mail:。

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张得利(2000—),男,汉族,安徽宿州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:隧道通风。E-mail:。

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张得利(2000—),男,汉族,安徽宿州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:隧道通风。E-mail:。

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language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Calculation model Settings

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参数 设置
VOF模型 开启
Wall边界 无滑移
求解器 Pressure-Based
求解方法 Couple
重力加速度 9.8
时间步长 0.01
计算步数 20 000
黏性模型 k-ε(湍动能-耗散率)
), ArticleFig(id=1179799906240840536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732884664614, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算模型设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 设置
VOF模型 开启
Wall边界 无滑移
求解器 Pressure-Based
求解方法 Couple
重力加速度 9.8
时间步长 0.01
计算步数 20 000
黏性模型 k-ε(湍动能-耗散率)
), ArticleFig(id=1179799906307949401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732884664614, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Setting of ventilation distance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
距掌子面距离/m 8.4 16.8 25.2 33.6 42 50.4 28.8 67.2
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通风距离设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
距掌子面距离/m 8.4 16.8 25.2 33.6 42 50.4 28.8 67.2
), ArticleFig(id=1179799906446361435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732884664614, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Location of air duct

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工况 9 10 11
风管位置 隧道下部 隧道中部 隧道顶部
), ArticleFig(id=1179799906517664604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732884664614, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

风管位置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 9 10 11
风管位置 隧道下部 隧道中部 隧道顶部
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Different altitude parameter settings

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工况 12 13 14
海拔高度/m 1 000 2 000 3 000
大气压强/Pa 89 874 79 495 70 108
CO密度/(kg·m-3) 1.125 1.001 0.876
), ArticleFig(id=1179799906677048158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732884664614, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同海拔高度参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 12 13 14
海拔高度/m 1 000 2 000 3 000
大气压强/Pa 89 874 79 495 70 108
CO密度/(kg·m-3) 1.125 1.001 0.876
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高海拔爆破掌子面CO扩散规律及风管布置优化
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张得利 1 , 刘泽功 1, * , 傅师贵 1 , 安刚建 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(12): 5249-5257
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(12): 5249-5257
高海拔爆破掌子面CO扩散规律及风管布置优化
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张得利1 , 刘泽功1, * , 傅师贵1, 安刚建2
作者信息
  • 1 安徽理工大学安全科学与工程学院, 淮南 232001
  • 2 中铁四局集团第四工程有限公司, 合肥 230000

    • 张得利(2000—),男,汉族,安徽宿州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:隧道通风。E-mail:。

通讯作者:

* 刘泽功(1960—),男,汉族,安徽淮南人,博士,教授。研究方向:矿井通风。E-mail:。
Workload of CO Diffusion Law of High Altitude Blasting Face and Optimization of Air Pipe Layout
De-li ZHANG1 , Ze-gong LIU1, * , Shi-gui FU1, Gang-jian AN2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Safety Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
  • 2 China Railway Siju Group Fourth Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Hefei 230000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404919
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摘要
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为了提高高海拔隧道在钻爆法施工过程中所产生CO有害气体的排放效率,改善作业人员工作环境。以高海拔在建隧道多木格隧道为研究对象,利用流体力学仿真软件Fluent针对在压入式通风方式下,设置风管距掌子面的距离、风管位置以及不同海拔高度3种因素,对CO有害气体的扩散情况进行数值模拟。模拟结果表明:当风管的位置距离掌子面过近时,会产生涡流导致CO积聚在掌子面附近,不利于CO排出掌子面附近区域;当距离较远时,会导致气流在到达掌子面时动能大量损失,也无法有效排出掌子面附近CO有害气体。当风管位置距掌子面的距离在25.2 m,风管位于隧道的顶部时,掌子面附近区域CO有害气体的排出效率最高,能够在较短时间内改善作业人员的工作环境。相对于平原地区,高海拔地区风筒距离掌子面的距离应该设置在3 S(S为隧道断面积)附近。不同海拔高度下CO在隧道内运移趋势大致相同。随着海拔高度的升高,CO质量浓度也随之升高,隧道内CO移动速度会减小,高海拔地区需要更长的通风时间。

高海拔  /  隧道通风  /  有害气体扩散  /  风管布置

To enhance the efficiency of carbon monoxide (CO) emission control during drill-and-blast construction in high-altitude tunnels and to improve the working environment for personnel, a tunnel currently under construction at a high altitude was investigated. Utilizing the computational fluid dynamics simulation software Fluent, three factors were examined under forced ventilation conditions: the distance between the air duct and the tunnel face, the position of the air duct, and the varying elevations. To model the diffusion characteristics of harmful CO gases. The simulation results indicate that when the air duct is positioned too close to the tunnel face, vortices form, causing CO accumulation near the tunnel face, which is detrimental to the effective dispersal of CO from this area. Conversely, when the duct is positioned too far, the airflow loses a significant amount of kinetic energy before reaching the tunnel face, which also hinders the effective removal of harmful CO gases in the vicinity of the tunnel face. Optimal removal efficiency of harmful CO gases near the tunnel face is achieved when the air duct is placed at a distance of 25.2 m from the tunnel face and located at the top of the tunnel. This configuration significantly improves the working environment for personnel within a short period. Compared to plain regions, the distance between the duct and the tunnel face in high-altitude areas should be approximately 3 S (S is the cross-sectional area of the tunnel) that of the plain regions. The trend of CO movement within the tunnel is generally consistent across different altitudes. As the altitude increases, the concentration of CO also increases, and the speed of CO movement within the tunnel decreases, necessitating longer ventilation times in high-altitude areas.

high altitude  /  tunnel ventilation  /  harmful gas diffusion  /  air duct arrangement
张得利, 刘泽功, 傅师贵, 安刚建. 高海拔爆破掌子面CO扩散规律及风管布置优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5249 -5257 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404919
De-li ZHANG, Ze-gong LIU, Shi-gui FU, Gang-jian AN. Workload of CO Diffusion Law of High Altitude Blasting Face and Optimization of Air Pipe Layout[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5249 -5257 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404919
正文
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随着中国西部建设计划的推进,施工环境海拔高度逐渐升高,气候环境恶劣,且绝大部分隧道位于高原山区,地质情况存在着较为复杂的变化。恶劣的施工环境对钻爆法提出了新的挑战,钻眼、爆破、喷浆等过程都会产生大量的污染物,因此对于特长隧道的空气污染物控制更是无法忽视的一个重要方面。目前钻爆法所采用的控制方式为通风除尘,通过合理的通风系统将隧道掘进过程中所产生的污染物排除,降低污染物浓度,从而保障隧道内舒适安全的工作环境。
目前中外对于污染物的控制都有一定的研究,蒋仲安等[1]建立了粉尘污染动力学模型,分析粉尘质量浓度降低至安全值与各影响因素的关系。聂兴信等[2]以某高原TBM(Tunnel Boring Machine,TBM)施工隧道为研究对象,利用模拟软件对抽压比参数进行计算,分析粉尘在隧道内的运移特性。陈星宇等[3]采用数值模拟和现场测试的方法对施工通风过程中粉尘和CO进行分析,得到其扩散规律。邹宗良等[4]结合实际工程,对比高海拔地区爆破前后的CO和粉尘浓度,结果表明,在高海拔氧气含量较少的地区,空气污染物更容易对相关施工人员造成伤害。曹正卯等[5]对不同海拔高度地区铁路隧道内施工期有害气体运移特性和质量浓度分布规律进行数值模拟计算分析。唐宏辉等[6]揭示了带上盖开发的隧道结构这类隧道的通风流场特性,对优化隧道风机布置参数具有重要意义。曹生慧等[7]对隧道内不同风管弯曲角度以及弯曲半径下局部阻力和通风效果的变化情况进行分析,得出最优风管弯曲参数。钟宜宏等[8]结合实际情况,提出了一种在隧道中加入可跟随式有害气体抽排装置的辅助通风方式,降低爆破后所产生污染物的危害。马建华等[9]研究了高海拔隧道掌子面所需的工作条件,实现了掌子面的有效通风。周洋等[10]研究了通风风管在瓦斯隧道施工通风中对瓦斯扩散的影响,得到不同情况下瓦斯的运移规律。张国梁等[11]研究了海拔高度与排尘风速之间的定量关系。李斌强等[12]针对特长高瓦斯隧道,建立一套完整的通风监测设计方法。唐树磊[13]研究了隧道施工过程中的气流组织分布及温度分布,对隧道施工有一定的指导意义。李雨成等[14]验证了平原地区隧道施工过程中压入式通风中通风距离的经验公式的正确性。
目前的研究大多局限于平原地区,并且关于通风系统布置对于污染物运移的影响研究较少。鉴于此,以高海拔在建隧道多木格隧道为例,采用仿真软件进行模拟计算,从而得到高海拔环境下,通风距离、风管位置以及不同海拔高度对于CO污染物扩散的影响,为隧道建设相关参数的确定提供依据
1 计算模型及边界条件
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1.1 工程概况
多木格隧道地处青藏高原东南部隆升及河流切割最为强烈的地区,施工隧道具有高海拔、大埋深、特长隧道、有害气体多等特点。隧道全程采用钻爆法施工,进口、出口高程分别为3 162、2 734 m。最大埋深1 600 m,洞身最小埋深250 m。该地区受到区域地质的强烈改造,自然环境施工环境与平原地区相比都有较明显的区别。
1.2 几何模型及网格划分
根据西藏波密多木格隧道为研究背景,建立几何模型,如图1所示。其中模型断面积为70 m2,总长度为300 m,采用压入式通风,风管中轴线距离地面7 m,紧贴距离最近的隧道壁面,真实模拟CO污染物在爆破掘进过程中的扩散规律。在模拟过程通过改变通风距离,风管位置等因素来具体分析各个因素的变化对于CO污染物扩散的影响。
1.3 模型验证
在运用Fluent软件对流体进行模拟分析的时候,网格的质量会对最后的模拟结果以及模拟的准确性造成重大的影响,因此要对网格进行独立性检验。在模拟过程中,气体的回流速度对于CO等污染气体的运移影响较大,因此选择回流速度作为独立性检验的主要参数。选择通风距离为33.6 m时,采用ICEM软件对几何模型进行不同的网格尺寸划分,对其进行网格独立性验证。其中几何模型划分成尺寸为0.3、0.5、1 m的网格,对应网格数量分别为1 362 607、765 581和404 320。图2为网格独立性验证结果,可以看出,网格尺寸为0.3 m与网格尺寸为0.5 m模拟结果基本相同,而网格尺寸为1 m的结果在距掌子面20 m范围内空气回流速度略低于另外两种网格尺寸。考虑到计算机性能以及网格的质量,最终决定采用网格尺寸为0.5 m对几何型进行划分,划分结果如图3所示。
1.4 通风模拟边界条件
在隧道施工过程中会产生大量的CO等污染气体,拟采用多相流VOF(volume of fluid, VOF)模型对隧道施工过程中所产生的CO分布情况进行分析。假设在爆破后,距离掌子面20 m范围内为CO有害气体分布区域。
由于该隧道所在地区属于高原环境,海拔较高。因此相关的参数如海拔高度、空气密度、温度等参数都需要进行调整。计算过程如下。
海拔高度与大气压力的关系式为
ph=101 325 1 - h 44329 5.25576
式(1)中:ph为海拔h处的气压,Pa;h为海拔高度,m。
海拔高度与温度的关系式为
th=tA- g t Δ h 100
式(2)中:th为海拔在h处的温度,℃;tA为相邻气象站的温度,取0 ℃;gt为温度梯度,取0.48 K/hPa; Dh为该海拔与相邻气象站的高程差。
海拔Z处的空气密度计算公式为
ρ=0.003 484 P T
式(3)中:P为气压,取68 343.25 Pa;T为外界温度,取270.27 K。
该隧道位于海拔3 200 m处,经过计算,大气压取68 343.25 Pa,温度取7.6 ℃,空气密度为0.889。
相关模型参数设值如表1所示。
主要以爆破后产生的CO为研究对象。假设CO均匀分布,质量浓度的计算公式为
L0=15+ m 5
C= m q M c o L 0 A M a i r
Cm= C V M c o 22.4 P 101325 273.15 T
式中: L0为抛掷距离,m;C为CO的体积分数;q为每单位质量炸药产生的CO体积,取0.04 m3/kg;m为炸药起爆量,取120 kg;Mco为CO的摩尔质量,取28 g/mol;Mair为空气的物质的量,取29 g/mol;A为隧道的横截面积,取70 m2;CV为CO的浓度,10-6;Cm为CO的初始质量浓度,mg/m3。
结合隧道施工的实际情况,其余边界条件设定如下:假设风管内气流可以看成流体力学中不可压缩理想气体,入口边界设定为速度入口,外界的新鲜风流均匀的通过风管进入隧道内部,设置出风口的风速为20 m/s,将隧道的出口定义为压力出口边界,并设置CO的回流体积分数为0,隧道壁面以及掌子面均设定为wall。
1.5 现场实测与模拟结果对比
为了验证模拟过程的准确性,选取隧道内250 m各个位置的气体回流速度进行对比,现场测量情况如图4所示,结果如图5所示。可以看出,现场实测值与模拟值总体呈现相同趋势,气体回流速度先迅速增加后逐渐下降。模拟结果和现场测定数据基本吻合,误差值均在20%以内,能够对隧道爆破后CO的运移规律进行预测和分析,从而为污染气体控制提供参考。
1.6 数值模拟工况
在隧道压入式通风中,针对于通风系统的布置,主要考虑通风距离、风管在隧道的位置两种因素对CO有害气体的排出效率的影响,通过数值模拟的方法来研究风管在隧道内的最优布置参数。
由经验公式[14]得,在平原地区隧道风机设置的合适距离在4 S~5 S,其中S为隧道断面积。因此取多组变量,来探究高原环境下风管出风口到掌子面的最优距离。通风距离模拟工况示意图如图6所示,其中通风距离的参数设置如表2所示。
由于隧道通风环境复杂,通风阻力大,不同的风管位置在掌子面附近会形成不同的风流场,从而影响附近区域内CO等污染气体的排出效率。因此,如图7所示,通过对不同的风管布置位置进行模拟,找到最佳的风管摆放位置,风管位置的布置方案如表3所示。
2 模拟结果与分析
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2.1 通风距离对CO扩散的影响
通过数值模拟的方式来研究不同通风距离下,CO的扩散规律以及风速场的分布情况。由于隧道内的工作范围集中在掌子面附近,因此研究在通风100 s之后,距离掌子面100 m范围内CO的分布以及风速情况。同时在距地面1.6 m处的平面设置3条监测线用来记录气流速度,每条监测线设置100个记录点,布置如图8所示。
为研究不同通风距离对CO扩散的影响,分析通风100 s后隧道断面CO浓度和隧道内气体速度矢量分布情况。如图9所示,系列1为不同通风距离下隧道纵向中间断面以及距离隧道地面Y=1.6 m横向断面的CO浓度分布情况,系列2为不同通风距离下距隧道地面Y=5 m横向断面的CO浓度分布情况,系列3为不同通风距离下隧道纵向中间断面的速度矢量图。
当通风距离L过小时(L=8.4 m),风流以较大的速度撞击工作面后反弹,导致掌子面及其附近区域气流紊乱,在局部地区形成涡流,导致CO积聚。而当通风距离过大时(L≥33.6 m),在距离隧道底面5 m处,仍有大量CO积聚在掌子面附近,无法被排出隧道。通过观察速度矢量云图,发现当通风距离过大时,掌子面附近气体速度很小甚至几乎没有,此时通风则会形成一道“风墙”,阻碍CO排出隧道内部。
为进一步定量分析CO浓度以及气体回流速度在隧道断面的分布情况,如图10、图11所示。其中,图10为距掌子面不同距离时CO的质量浓度。图11为位于Y=1.6 m平面上监测线处的气流的平均速度。
由图10可知,在距掌子面20 m范围内,通风距离≥33.6 m的CO质量浓度均高于通风距离<33.6 m。由图11可知,在距掌子面20 m范围内,通风距离≥33.6 m时其掌子面附近速度都很低甚至接近0。通过对比通风距离为16.8 m和25.2 m,当通风距离为25.2 m时的CO质量浓度最低,并且在掌子面20 m范围内其断面总体的平均速度最高。
由此可知,在本文隧道环境中,当风管距掌子面距离为25.2 m时,此时掌子面附近人员集中作业的区域其CO浓度处于一个较低的水平,大部分的CO都可以快速被排出掌子面附近区域。因此在海拔为3 200 m时,风筒距掌子面设置的合适距离在3 S附近。
2.2 风管位置对CO扩散的影响
依据上述模拟结果,风管距掌子面的最优距离为22.5 m,遵循控制变量的原则,研究通风100 s后风管位置的变化对于CO扩散的影响,如图12~图14所示。图12为不同风管位置下距掌子面不同距离的断面上CO浓度分布,每隔10 m设置一个监测断面。图13为不同的风管位置下距隧道地面Y=1.6 m处横向截面的速度矢量图。图14为距地面1.6 m监测线处的气流平均速度以及各隧道断面处CO平均质量浓度。
从图12可以看出,在通风100 s之后,位于隧道底部和中部的风管,掌子面附近区域存在CO质量浓度明显偏高的区域。从图13(a)、图13(b)可以看出,其在隧道掌子面附近区域,形成了涡流区域,导致CO积聚。而当风管位于隧道顶部时,如图13(c)所示,其掌子面附近区域并未形成明显涡流,不会发生CO积聚现象。
在距掌子面20 m,工人作业的集中区域,由图14(a)可知,相比较于中部和底部,位于顶部的风管具有更高的回流速度,可以在更短时间内把CO更迅速地排出工作面。在20 m之后的区域,位于顶部风管所具有的回流风速略小于其余两种情况。越靠近掌子面的区域,工作人员越多,对环境的要求越高,因此需要在掌子面附近具有较高的回流速度。同时由图14(b)可知,在距离掌子面50 m范围内,相比于另外两种布置位置,当风管位于顶部时,隧道内断面的CO质量浓度均处于最低状态,也说明在该种工况下更多的CO被排出掌子面50 m范围之外。在50 m之后,顶部工况下CO的质量浓度相对于其余两种工况较高,说明该风管布置位置能够更好地把位于掌子面附近的CO排出工作区域。因此当风管位于隧道顶部时,排出CO污染气体的效率最高。同时在20~40 m区域,气体回流速度衰减较为明显,可以考虑加装射流风机来提高CO的排出效率。
2.3 最优风管布置位置对CO扩散的影响
由上述模拟可知,风管的最佳通风距离为22.5 m,风管的最佳布置位置在隧道顶部。在该条件下,模拟通风后CO在隧道内的扩散情况。图15为不同时间下在距隧道地面不同距离Y=1.6、2.5、3.5、5.0 m时CO的分布云图。
由图15可知,在整个通风过程中,高度由下至上,CO的质量浓度逐渐升高,大部分都聚集在隧道顶部。并且在CO向着洞口的运移过程中,呈现中间快两边慢的趋势,即隧道中间的CO移动速度较快,而靠近墙壁的CO移动速度较慢,分析原因壁面与CO之间具有一定的摩擦产生了附壁效应从而导致CO移动缓慢。
3 不同海拔高度对CO扩散的影响
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为了研究不同海拔高度对CO扩散的影响,保持其他参数不变,选取海拔高度为1 000、2 000、3 000 m工况来进行研究其对CO扩散的影响,参数设置如表4所示。如图16所示,以距掌子面100 m处的平面为分析对象,分析不同海拔高度下平面的CO质量浓度随时间的变化情况。图17为通风3 min之后,随着距掌子面距离的增加,不同的海拔高度的CO质量浓度分布情况(每10 m设置一个监测面)。
由图16可知,在通风进行65 s时,平面的CO质量浓度达到最大值,随后呈波动下降趋势。随着海拔的升高,CO的质量浓度越高,并且CO浓度峰值出现的时间越靠后。因此随着海拔的升高,CO等污染气体排出越困难,相较于平原地区需要更长的时间才能使工作面CO浓度降低到安全范围之下。
由图17可知,随着通风的进行,CO随着风流不断向洞口排出,因此随着距离掌子面距离的增加,CO的质量浓度呈现出先上升后下降的规律。说明CO在隧道内的运动情况。不同的海拔高度,CO变化的规律也大致相同。同时可以看出随着海拔高度的上升,CO的质量浓度也随之升高。
4 结论
收起
根据高原多木格隧道钻爆法施工实例,考虑风管距掌子面的距离、风管不同位置和不同海拔高度情况下,对14种工况进行模拟,得到隧道内CO的运移规律以及风管布置的最佳参数。得出如下结论。
(1)在隧道进行掘进爆破后,所产生的CO等污染气体会在通风系统的作用下逐渐向整个隧道内蔓延。在掌子面附近容易形成涡流区域,从而产生CO的积聚现象。隧道顶部的CO等污染气体的浓度大于隧道底部,CO向洞口移动过程中的速度具有中间快,两边慢的趋势。
(2)风管距离掌子面过近或过远都会造成隧道内CO排出较慢。过近会形成涡流,过远则会导致掌子面附近区域风流速度不够,导致CO等污染气体积聚。相对与平原地区,当海拔高度为3 200 m时风筒距离掌子面的距离应该设置在3 S附近。
(3)风管的不同位置对于CO等污染气体的排出也会有影响。当风管位于隧道顶部时,距离掌子面30 m的工作区域内,CO质量浓度明显低于剩余两种,该工况可以更快的排出CO有害气体。
(4)不同海拔高度下CO在隧道内运移趋势大致相同。随着海拔高度的升高,CO质量浓度也随之升高,隧道内CO移动速度会减小,高海拔地区需要更长的通风时间。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(52074013)
  • 合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院项目(21KZS216)
  • 安徽省教育厅高校自然科学基金(YJS20210395)
文献
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404919
  • 接收时间：2024-07-01
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-01
  • 修回日期：2025-02-13
基金
国家自然科学基金(52074013)
合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院项目(21KZS216)
安徽省教育厅高校自然科学基金(YJS20210395)
作者信息
    1 安徽理工大学安全科学与工程学院, 淮南 232001
    2 中铁四局集团第四工程有限公司, 合肥 230000

通讯作者:

* 刘泽功(1960—),男,汉族,安徽淮南人,博士,教授。研究方向:矿井通风。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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