Article(id=1207343634475754226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404831, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719504000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782753818, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782753818, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782753818, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782753818, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7390, endPage=7397, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343635444638484, articleId=1207343634475754226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Multi-rotor Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing Aircraft Propulsion System Reliability Analysis and Allocation, columnId=1207343633745941130, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Reliability analysis and allocation were conducted on the propulsion system of multi rotor electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Firstly, to solve the problem of insufficient accumulation of reliability historical data of multi-rotor eVTOL aircraft, a reliability analysis model was established by using fuzzy Bayesian network (FBN) to supplement the reliability prior data, and reliability posterior inference was carried out to assist the key link of the positioning system. Secondly, based on the FBN reliability analysis model of the system, an improved advisory group on reliability of electronic equipment(AGREE) reliability allocation method was proposed. Reliability distribution of eVTOL propulsion systems with different configurations was carried out. The results show that the FBN reliability analysis model supplements the propulsion system reliability data and can effectively identify the system weak links. The reliability allocation results of the improved AGREE allocation method meet the reliability requirements for eVTOL aircraft in SC-VTOL-01, while the reliability allocation results obtained by this method are more reasonable, reflecting the differences between different configurations, subsystems, and components.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-xuan HUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yong-bo HE, Zhi-xuan HUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343642205855783, articleId=1207343634475754226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=多旋翼电动垂直起降航空器推进系统可靠性分析与分配, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

对多旋翼电动垂直起降(electric vertical takeoff and landing,eVTOL)航空器推进系统进行了可靠性分析与分配。首先,针对多旋翼eVTOL航空器可靠性历史数据积累不足的问题,使用模糊贝叶斯网络(fuzzy Bayesian network, FBN)建立可靠性分析模型,对其可靠性先验数据进行了补充,并进行可靠性后验推理,辅助定位推进系统关键环节。其次,基于FBN可靠性分析模型,提出一种改进电子设备可靠性咨询组(advisory group on reliability of electronic equipment,AGREE)可靠性分配方法,对不同构型多旋翼eVTOL推进系统进行可靠性分配。结果表明,FBN可靠性分析模型补充了推进系统可靠性数据,可有效识别系统薄弱环节。改进AGREE分配法的可靠性分配结果符合SC-VTOL-01中对eVTOL航空器的可靠性要求,同时该方法得到的可靠性分配结果更为合理,体现了不同构型、子系统、部件间的差异。

, correspAuthors=霍志轩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*霍志轩(1999—),男,汉族,甘肃华亭人,硕士研究生。研究方向:航空检测技术与适航安全。E-mail:
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何永勃(1971—),男,汉族,陕西蒲城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:航空检测技术与适航安全。E-mail:

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何永勃(1971—),男,汉族,陕西蒲城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:航空检测技术与适航安全。E-mail:

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何永勃(1971—),男,汉族,陕西蒲城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:航空检测技术与适航安全。E-mail:

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Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2021, 150: 281-297., articleTitle=Process system failure evaluation method based on a Noisy-OR gate intuitionistic fuzzy Bayesian network in an uncertain environment, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1207400972087829306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, awardId=kjz49420230079, language=CN, fundingSource=民航局安全能力建设重点项目(kjz49420230079), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1207400964399669805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207400964403864110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, companyId=1207400964399669805, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Electronic Information and Automation, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207400964416447023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, companyId=1207400964399669805, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国民航大学电子信息与自动化学院, 天津 300300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1207400967595729578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Common eVTOL configurations, figureFileSmall=XrBQMzuibOaakFzZ09+q7g==, figureFileBig=K9Pjs9ET8X0nmk3cvWk3Aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400967708975794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=CN, label=图1, caption=常见eVTOL构型, figureFileSmall=XrBQMzuibOaakFzZ09+q7g==, figureFileBig=K9Pjs9ET8X0nmk3cvWk3Aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400967822222007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400968199709386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Propulsion system FBN model, figureFileSmall=1FlYIJoUf5qTc0bXvp2TEw==, figureFileBig=dHJQl5pwYi9SZKQoH0d16Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400968271012555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=CN, label=图4, caption=推进系统FBN模型, figureFileSmall=1FlYIJoUf5qTc0bXvp2TEw==, figureFileBig=dHJQl5pwYi9SZKQoH0d16Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400968375870161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Posterior failure rate of propulsion system, figureFileSmall=ipKgUuH8zmc9QL3JvfKIWw==, figureFileBig=6E/MxENZbs6TAuYt10XeyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400968510087894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, 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figureFileBig=2H4fX4W05vGomdBrGiQ+Qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400968942101223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=CN, label=图7, caption=子系统可靠性分配结果, figureFileSmall=DB/ecTWXvh91hJOUBAf8Xg==, figureFileBig=2H4fX4W05vGomdBrGiQ+Qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400969072124656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Component reliability allocation results, figureFileSmall=2IIRTlOGg6eQr3JPltk04w==, figureFileBig=g4ozbVklt1F5SKYeRoJ5Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400969139233521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=CN, label=图8, caption=部件可靠性分配结果, figureFileSmall=2IIRTlOGg6eQr3JPltk04w==, figureFileBig=g4ozbVklt1F5SKYeRoJ5Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400969210536693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Expert evaluation term correspondence table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 专家评估术语 模糊数
1 很低(VL) (0,0,0.1,0.2)
2 低(L) (0.1,0.2,0.2,0.3)
3 较低(ML) (0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5)
4 中等(M) (0.4,0.5,0.5,0.6)
5 较高(MH) (0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8)
6 高(H) (0.7,0.8,0.8,0.9)
7 很高(VH) (0.8,0.9,1.0,1.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1207400969332171513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

专家评估术语对应表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 专家评估术语 模糊数
1 很低(VL) (0,0,0.1,0.2)
2 低(L) (0.1,0.2,0.2,0.3)
3 较低(ML) (0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5)
4 中等(M) (0.4,0.5,0.5,0.6)
5 较高(MH) (0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8)
6 高(H) (0.7,0.8,0.8,0.9)
7 很高(VH) (0.8,0.9,1.0,1.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1207400969407668987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Failure rate level corresponding table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 失效率/h-1 FPS
1 1×10-9 0.077 8
2 1×10-8 0.200 0
3 1×10-7 0.350 0
4 1×10-6 0.500 0
5 1×10-5 0.650 0
6 1×10-4 0.800 0
7 1×10-3 0.922 2
), ArticleFig(id=1207400969508332287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

失效率等级对应表

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等级 失效率/h-1 FPS
1 1×10-9 0.077 8
2 1×10-8 0.200 0
3 1×10-7 0.350 0
4 1×10-6 0.500 0
5 1×10-5 0.650 0
6 1×10-4 0.800 0
7 1×10-3 0.922 2
), ArticleFig(id=1207400969600606980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Node prior failure rate

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节点 失效率 节点 失效率 节点 失效率
E1 2.53×10-5 E8 7.68×10-6 E14 3.90×10-5
E2 1.19×10-5 E9 9.31×10-6 E15 2.70×10-5
E3 1.56×10-6 E10 5.80×10-5 E4
E6 9.24×10-6 E11 2.30×10-5 E5
E7 4.14×10-5 E13 9.00×10-6 E12
), ArticleFig(id=1207400969747407625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

节点先验失效率

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节点 失效率 节点 失效率 节点 失效率
E1 2.53×10-5 E8 7.68×10-6 E14 3.90×10-5
E2 1.19×10-5 E9 9.31×10-6 E15 2.70×10-5
E3 1.56×10-6 E10 5.80×10-5 E4
E6 9.24×10-6 E11 2.30×10-5 E5
E7 4.14×10-5 E13 9.00×10-6 E12
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Weight values evaluated by experts

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专家 专家1 专家2 专家3 专家4 专家5
权重 0.203 2 0.219 4 0.219 4 0.203 2 0.154 8
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专家评估权重值

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专家 专家1 专家2 专家3 专家4 专家5
权重 0.203 2 0.219 4 0.219 4 0.203 2 0.154 8
), ArticleFig(id=1207400970049397526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Expert assessment

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专家 E4 E5 E12 B1 B2 B3
1 ML ML M MH M ML
2 M M M H M L
3 MH M L VH H MH
4 M MH ML H MH M
5 MH M ML MH M L
), ArticleFig(id=1207400970200392476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

专家评估意见

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
专家 E4 E5 E12 B1 B2 B3
1 ML ML M MH M ML
2 M M M H M L
3 MH M L VH H MH
4 M MH ML H MH M
5 MH M ML MH M L
), ArticleFig(id=1207400971387380511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Aggregate fuzzy numbers and defuzzification data

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事件 聚合模糊数 FPS FP
E4 (0.396 8,0.496 8,0.554 5,0.654 5) 0.549 9 2.12×10-6
E5 (0.379 7,0.479 7,0.520 3,0.620 3) 0.518 3 1.56×10-6
E12 (0.262 6,0.362 6,0.398 4,0.498 4) 0.380 5 2.40×10-6
B1 (0.262 6,0.362 6,0.398 4,0.498 4) 0.772 6
B2 (0.262 6,0.362 6,0.398 4,0.498 4) 0.596 3
B3 (0.262 6,0.362 6,0.398 4,0.498 4) 0.390 2
), ArticleFig(id=1207400971475460899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

聚合模糊数及解模糊数据

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事件 聚合模糊数 FPS FP
E4 (0.396 8,0.496 8,0.554 5,0.654 5) 0.549 9 2.12×10-6
E5 (0.379 7,0.479 7,0.520 3,0.620 3) 0.518 3 1.56×10-6
E12 (0.262 6,0.362 6,0.398 4,0.498 4) 0.380 5 2.40×10-6
B1 (0.262 6,0.362 6,0.398 4,0.498 4) 0.772 6
B2 (0.262 6,0.362 6,0.398 4,0.498 4) 0.596 3
B3 (0.262 6,0.362 6,0.398 4,0.498 4) 0.390 2
), ArticleFig(id=1207400971571929893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Reliability allocation basic parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子系统 传统AGREE分配法 改进AGREE分配法
重要度 复杂度 重要度 复杂度
S1 1 0.133 4 0.355 9 0.181 9
S2 1 0.666 7 0.275 6 0.293 1
S3 1 0.199 9 0.368 5 0.524 8
), ArticleFig(id=1207400971655815976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

可靠性分配基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子系统 传统AGREE分配法 改进AGREE分配法
重要度 复杂度 重要度 复杂度
S1 1 0.133 4 0.355 9 0.181 9
S2 1 0.666 7 0.275 6 0.293 1
S3 1 0.199 9 0.368 5 0.524 8
), ArticleFig(id=1207400971760673581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Comparison of reliability allocation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子系统 传统AGREE分配法 改进AGREE分配法
可靠度 失效率 可靠度 失效率
S1 0.999 867 1.33×10-7 0.999 489 5.11×10-7
S2 0.999 333 6.67×10-7 0.998 936 1.06×10-6
S3 0.999 800 2.00×10-7 0.998 575 1.45×10-6
), ArticleFig(id=1207400971861336881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634475754226, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

可靠性分配结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子系统 传统AGREE分配法 改进AGREE分配法
可靠度 失效率 可靠度 失效率
S1 0.999 867 1.33×10-7 0.999 489 5.11×10-7
S2 0.999 333 6.67×10-7 0.998 936 1.06×10-6
S3 0.999 800 2.00×10-7 0.998 575 1.45×10-6
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多旋翼电动垂直起降航空器推进系统可靠性分析与分配
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何永勃 , 霍志轩 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(17): 7390-7397
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(17): 7390-7397
多旋翼电动垂直起降航空器推进系统可靠性分析与分配
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何永勃 , 霍志轩*
作者信息
  • 中国民航大学电子信息与自动化学院, 天津 300300
  • 何永勃(1971—),男,汉族,陕西蒲城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:航空检测技术与适航安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*霍志轩(1999—),男,汉族,甘肃华亭人,硕士研究生。研究方向:航空检测技术与适航安全。E-mail:
Multi-rotor Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing Aircraft Propulsion System Reliability Analysis and Allocation
Yong-bo HE , Zhi-xuan HUO*
Affiliations
  • School of Electronic Information and Automation, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404831
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对多旋翼电动垂直起降(electric vertical takeoff and landing,eVTOL)航空器推进系统进行了可靠性分析与分配。首先,针对多旋翼eVTOL航空器可靠性历史数据积累不足的问题,使用模糊贝叶斯网络(fuzzy Bayesian network, FBN)建立可靠性分析模型,对其可靠性先验数据进行了补充,并进行可靠性后验推理,辅助定位推进系统关键环节。其次,基于FBN可靠性分析模型,提出一种改进电子设备可靠性咨询组(advisory group on reliability of electronic equipment,AGREE)可靠性分配方法,对不同构型多旋翼eVTOL推进系统进行可靠性分配。结果表明,FBN可靠性分析模型补充了推进系统可靠性数据,可有效识别系统薄弱环节。改进AGREE分配法的可靠性分配结果符合SC-VTOL-01中对eVTOL航空器的可靠性要求,同时该方法得到的可靠性分配结果更为合理,体现了不同构型、子系统、部件间的差异。

eVTOL  /  推进系统  /  模糊贝叶斯  /  改进AGREE分配法  /  可靠性分析  /  可靠性分配

Reliability analysis and allocation were conducted on the propulsion system of multi rotor electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Firstly, to solve the problem of insufficient accumulation of reliability historical data of multi-rotor eVTOL aircraft, a reliability analysis model was established by using fuzzy Bayesian network (FBN) to supplement the reliability prior data, and reliability posterior inference was carried out to assist the key link of the positioning system. Secondly, based on the FBN reliability analysis model of the system, an improved advisory group on reliability of electronic equipment(AGREE) reliability allocation method was proposed. Reliability distribution of eVTOL propulsion systems with different configurations was carried out. The results show that the FBN reliability analysis model supplements the propulsion system reliability data and can effectively identify the system weak links. The reliability allocation results of the improved AGREE allocation method meet the reliability requirements for eVTOL aircraft in SC-VTOL-01, while the reliability allocation results obtained by this method are more reasonable, reflecting the differences between different configurations, subsystems, and components.

eVTOL  /  propulsion system  /  fuzzy Bayesian network  /  the improved AGREE distribution method  /  reliability analysis  /  reliability allocation
何永勃, 霍志轩. 多旋翼电动垂直起降航空器推进系统可靠性分析与分配. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7390 -7397 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404831
Yong-bo HE, Zhi-xuan HUO. Multi-rotor Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing Aircraft Propulsion System Reliability Analysis and Allocation[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7390 -7397 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404831
随着城市人口不断扩大与初始化趋势的加剧,城市交通挑战日益突出。因此出现了城市空中交通(urban air mobility, UAM)的概念[1],电动垂直起降(electric vertical takeoff and landing,eVTOL)航空器在其中发挥着重要作用。与传统民航客机不同,eVTOL航空器能够在有限的空间内实现垂直起降,使其高度适应城市运行环境[2]。这类航空器由推进电机、旋翼等部件组成整体动力源。有着零排放与低噪声的优势,显著提高了环保型与舒适性。相对于传统飞机,eVTOL航空器在技术架构、构型、性能、功能等方面都存在显著差异,同时在运行模式和飞行环境上也有着巨大的变革[3]
eVTOL航空器构型有多旋翼型、复合翼型、倾转型等,文献[4]分析了不同构型eVTOL航空器的航程、速度等性能,文献[5]分析了多旋翼、矢量推力、复合翼这3种典型eVTOL航空器在城市内、城市间和大航程场景下的任务性能。分析结果表明,多旋翼构型垂直起降性能好、悬停效率高,更加适合城市空中交通这一使用场景。
作为新型航空器,eVTOL的可靠性缺乏有效研究以及数据支持,国内外虽已进行相关研究,但还存在一定不足,文献[6]对不同构型eVTOL动力系统进行了功能危害分析,识别了减轻动力系统失效风险的多种潜在途径,但未对系统进行详细的定量分析。文献[7]对复合翼eVTOL动力总成安全性影响进行了分析。文献[8]对多旋翼eVTOL储能系统进行了分析以及余度设计,但未拓展到其余系统进行分析。文献[9]分析了锂电池动态特性对倾转型eVTOL飞行性能的影响。综合而言,中国eVTOL航空器系统可靠性的研究主要集中在基本安全性分析,为前期适航安全建立了分析基础,但缺乏完整的系统可靠性定量分析,对多旋翼eVTOL航空器推进系统进行可靠性研究很有必要。
现有复杂系统可靠性分析方法有故障树、蒙特卡罗法、Mrakov链、贝叶斯网络等。基于过往分析探究和实验验证,贝叶斯网络在可靠性分析领域中展现出了显著的适用性和有效性[10-13]。综合来看,eVTOL航空器可靠性数据积累不足,使用模糊贝叶斯网络(fuzzy Bayesian network, FBN)建立其推进系统的可靠性分析模型,可以有效解决这一问题。
除了建立可靠性分析模型之外,还需要进一步进行可靠性分配研究。中国在可靠性分配领域的研究已较为成熟。例如,文献[15]考虑到系统可靠性、研制成本,结合遗传算法对某型电动飞机操纵系统进行了可靠性分配优化。文献[16]考虑到分布式汽车对接系统的失效模式,提出了一种改进电子设备可靠性咨询组(advisory group on reliability of electronic equipment,AGREE)分配法,文献[17]建立了工业机器人可靠性分配的层次结构,通过约束模糊运算求解出各层次权重,最终确定出各子系统的可靠性分配方案。
现针对传统AGREE分配法对进行可靠性分配时的适用性问题,基于FBN可靠性分析模型提出一种改进AGREE分配法,可对多旋翼eVTOL推进系统进行更为合理的可靠性分配。针对多旋翼eVTOL航空器可靠性数据积累不足等问题,建立其推进系统FBN模型进行可靠性分析,再采用改进AGREE分配法对推进系统进行可靠性分配研究,以期为后续的可靠性设计提供一定的理论引导。
常见的eVTOL航空器构型有如图1所示的复合翼型、多旋翼型、倾转型,动力总成以全电、混动两种类型为主。多旋翼型eVTOL航空器适合执行低速低航程任务的特性最符合城市空中交通(UAM)的需求。以全电多旋翼eVTOL航空器为例,对其推进系统进行可靠性分析及优化设计。
多旋翼型eVTOL航空器通常采用多个旋翼作为动力产生器[18]。常见构型有四旋翼、六旋翼、八旋翼,多旋翼eVTOL航空器推进系统基本部件组成如图2所示。
除了基本部件之外,系统组成还包括多个传感器组件,用来监测航空器运行状态,保障飞行安全,推进系统中重要传感器组件如图3所示。
考虑到eVTOL航空器可靠性数据积累不足的问题,通过两种方式确定其可靠性先验数据。基本节点失效率通过查阅资料、相关文献及数据库[19-20]来确定。针对系统部分节点失效率等模糊概率事件,引入模糊理论,将收集到的专家定性评估转化为定量模糊数,通过解模糊化以及模糊数据转化算法对可靠性先验数据进行补充。
首先,设定根据参与评估的5位专家的学历、工作年限、对航空领域了解程度、对eVTOL航空器了解程度这4个指标,使用层次分析法来构造专家权重分配矩阵,从而计算出各专家评估权重值。
$\mathrm{X}=\left(\begin{array}{llll}{x}_{11}& {x}_{12}& \dots & {x}_{1j}\\ {x}_{21}& {x}_{22}& \dots & {x}_{2i}\\ ︙& ︙& & ︙\\ {x}_{i1}& {x}_{i2}& \dots & {x}_{ij}\end{array}\right)$
式(1)中:xij为第i个专家在第j个指标下的评分;X为参与评估专家的权重分配矩阵。
其次,通过专家对基本事件的评估,对系统中部分节点缺失的可靠性数据以及模糊事件概率进行补充,将专家评估量化为[0,1]的模糊失效区间,对节点失效率进行初步评价。
综合考虑区间划分的合理性,将专家评估区间划分为7个级别,分别为VL、L、ML、M、H、MH、VH,如表1所示。
专家使用定性的语言描述对数据模糊的节点失效可能性以及失效权重进行评估。使用梯形模糊数,对专家评估进行定量转化。
$A=({a}_{1},{a}_{2},{a}_{3},{a}_{4})$是一个实数集上的梯形模糊数,其隶属度函数${\mu }_{A}\left(x\right)$如下。
${\mu }_{A}\left(\mathrm{x}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{lll}0,& \mathrm{x}<{a}_{1}& \\ \frac{x-{a}_{1}}{{a}_{2}-{a}_{1}},& {a}_{1}\le \mathrm{x}\le {a}_{2}& \\ 1,& {a}_{2}<\mathrm{x}\le {a}_{3}& \\ \frac{x-{a}_{4}}{{a}_{3}-{a}_{4}},& {a}_{3}<\mathrm{x}\le {a}_{4}& \\ 0,& {a}_{4}<\mathrm{x}& \end{array}\right.$
如式(3)所示,通过形心法对梯形模糊数$A=({a}_{1},{a}_{2},{a}_{3},{a}_{4})$进行解模糊处理,将其转化为模糊可能性评分(fuzzy possibility scores,FPS)。
$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{S}=\frac{1}{3}[{a}_{1}+{a}_{2}+{a}_{3}+{a}_{4}-\frac{{a}_{3}{a}_{4}-{a}_{1}{a}_{2}}{({a}_{3}+{a}_{4})-({a}_{1}+{a}_{2})}]\end{array}$
其次,参考SC-VTOL-01[21]中对eVTOL航空器失效概率的规定以及民航领域CCAR 25.1309条款[22]中定义的失效率等级(每飞行小时),将失效率等级与FPS相对应,如表2所示。
参考文献[13,23]中提出的失效率转换方法,结合表2中失效率等级与FPS的对应关系,提出eVTOL航空器的(模糊可能性评分)FPS与失效概率(FP)之间的转化公式,用于补充部分节点缺失的失效率参数, 如式(4)、式(5)所示。
$\mathrm{F}\mathrm{P}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}1/{10}^{K},& \mathrm{F}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{S}\ne 0\\ 0,& \mathrm{F}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{S}=0\end{array}\right.$
$\begin{array}{l}K=-64.665\mathrm{F}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{S}}^{4}+117.08\mathrm{F}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{S}}^{3}-\\ 67.697\mathrm{F}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{S}}^{2}+6.783\mathrm{F}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{S}+8.745\end{array}$
贝叶斯网络(Bayesian networks,BN)作为概率图模型的一种,被广泛用于描述随机变量之间的概率依赖关系。该网络的基本结构包含节点和有向边,$T=({S}_{1},{S}_{2},\dots,{S}_{n})$,其中T为系统整体,S为子系统。$S=({E}_{1},{E}_{2},\dots,{E}_{n})$,E为系统部件,有向边则表示节点之间的逻辑关系。
对于系统中的节点EiEj,有向边由Ei指向Ej,则节点Ei为节点Ej的父节点(Ef),节点Ej为节点Ei的子节点(Es),没有子节点的节点称为叶节点,没有父节点的节点称为根节点。A(Ei)表示节点Ei的非后代节点集合,若给定Ef,则EiA(Ei)条件独立。
$P\left({E}_{\mathrm{s}}\right|{E}_{\mathrm{f}},A\left({E}_{i}\right))=P({E}_{\mathrm{s}}\left|{E}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)$
设定网络中各节点对应的条件概率表(conditional probability table,CPT)即可得到所有网络节点的联合概率分布,表达式为
$P\left(T\right)=\prod _{E\in T}P\left({E}_{i}\right|{E}_{\mathrm{f}})$
贝叶斯网络具有反向推理能力,可计算系统不同后验条件下的各节点分布概率,后验概率公式如下。
${P}^{\mathrm{*}}\left({E}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)=\frac{P({E}_{\mathrm{f}}=1,{E}_{\mathrm{s}}=1)}{F\left({E}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)}$
$F\left({E}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)=f\left({E}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)h\left({E}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)$
$R\left({E}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)=1-F\left({E}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)$
式中:${P}^{\mathrm{*}}\left({E}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)$为设定某Es节点为失效状态时其父节点Ef的后验失效率;F(Es)为Es节点运行时间为h(Es)的失效概率;f(Es)为节点基础失效率;R(Es)为节点可靠度。
基于之前的系统组成分析以及可靠性先验数据,构建多旋翼eVTOL航空器推进系统贝叶斯网络模型,如图4所示。
为了区分多旋翼eVTOL不同旋翼构型,按功能类别将推进系统再次细分为S1(控制系统)、S2(动力系统)、S3(电源系统),其中S2子系统数量N受构型动力分支数量的影响,$N\in \{\mathrm{4,6},8\}$分别对应四旋翼、六旋翼、八旋翼这3种常见多旋翼eVTOL构型。
推进系统节点先验失效率如表3所示,部分节点失效率缺失。其次,四旋翼、六旋翼、八旋翼3种多旋翼eVTOL的单个动力分支对整体S2(动力系统)的影响为模糊概率事件,分别设定为B1B2B3,通过专家评估计算出数据缺失节点的失效概率(FP)以及模糊概率事件的模糊可能性评分(FPS)。
首先,通过对专家基本情况的调查,计算出5位专家的评估权重值,如表4所示。
根据专家评估意见基于梯形模糊数进行聚合以及解模糊处理,专家评估意见以及解模糊处理后的数据如表5表6所示。
使用软件GeNIE搭建如图4所示贝叶斯网络结构,对系统进行贝叶斯反向推理计算。首先,假设推进系统T失效,将推进系统T的失效率F(T) = 1,作为证据更新到FBN可靠性分析模型中,进行推理计算。得到下图所示不同构型多旋翼eVTOL推进系统的子系统后验失效率P*(Si)以及部件后验失效率P*(Ei),如图5所示。
由反向推理可得,不同构型多旋翼eVTOL推进系统的部件后验失效率差异不大,其中,S3(电源系统)后验失效率相对较高,后验失效率较高的部件有E1(控制器)、E7(逆变器)、E10(光电编码器)、E14(电压传感器)。
图6所示,将推进系统T设置为目标节点,在GeNIE中进对系统进行敏感度分析,得到不同构型多旋翼eVTOL推进系统的子系统敏感度K(Si)以及部件敏感度K(Ei)。
通过参数对比可得,随着推进系统动力分支的增多,S2(动力系统)及其部件的敏感度有所下降。其次,节点后验失效率与其对系统的影响不成正比。部分后验失效率较高的节点具有较低的敏感度,对系统的影响相对较低。在后续对推进系统进行可靠性优化时,可以着重关注后验失效率、后验敏感度均较高的部件,从而更有效地提高推进系统的可靠性。
可靠性分配是一个系统工程策略,从系统顶端可靠性需求出发,如失效概率或平均故障间隔时间。然后将系统分解为子系统、部件层面去分析,根据子系统、部件的重要度、复杂性等,分配相应的可靠性指标,在分配过程中不断调整部件可靠性以确保系统可靠性达到相应指标。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}R\left(T\right)\left[R\right({S}_{1}),R({S}_{2}),\dots,R({S}_{i}),\dots,R({S}_{n}\left)\right]\ge \\   R{\left(T\right)}^{\mathrm{*}}\\ g\left(T\right)\left[R\right({S}_{1}),R({S}_{2}),\dots,R({S}_{i}),\dots,R({S}_{n}\left)\right]<\\   g{\left(T\right)}^{\mathrm{*}}\end{array}\right.$
式(11)中:R(T)为系统可靠性;R(T)*为系统顶层可靠性;g(T)为系统可靠性约束条件,例如系统质量等约束条件;g(T)*为约束上限。
可靠性分配对象为多旋翼eVTOL航空器推进系统,其子系统S1(控制系统)、S2(动力系统)、S3(电源系统)中任一失效均会引起推进系统失效,因此可将式(11)表达为
$R\left({S}_{1}\right),R\left({S}_{2}\right),\dots,R\left({S}_{i}\right),\dots,R\left({S}_{n}\right)\ge R{\left(T\right)}^{\mathrm{*}}$
区别于一般的等分配法、单一指标分配法,AGREE分配法是一种综合考虑系统部件重要度等因素的可靠性分配方法,其特点在于通过量化每个子系统的重要度和内部结构的复杂性,来合理分配整个系统的可靠性指标。
AGREE可靠性分配公式如下。
${R}_{t}\left({S}_{i}\right)=1-\frac{1-[R{\left(T\right)}^{\mathrm{*}}{]}^{{c}_{i}}}{{w}_{i}}$
${c}_{i}=\frac{{m}_{i}}{\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{m}_{i}}$
${w}_{i}=\frac{{M}_{i}}{{r}_{i}}$
式中:Rt(Si)为进行可靠性分配后第i个子系统的可靠度;R(T)*为规定的系统可靠性指标;ci为第i个子系统的复杂度;wi为第i个子系统的重要度;mi为第i个子系统中部件的数量;ri为第i个子系统发生失效的次数;Mi为第i个子系统故障后引起系统失效的次数。
传统AGREE分配法考虑了各子系统、部件的复杂度、重要度,但对复杂度、重要度的设定存在一定的不足。例如推进系统运行时,若任一子系统发生失效时,推进系统也会随之失效,代入传统AGREE分配法计算时,会使得各子系统重要度wi无差异。系统复杂度ci忽略了子系统部件相似的情况,例如推进系统多个动力分支均由相同部件组成,使得其复杂度偏大。因此,在对多旋翼eVTOL航空器推进系统进行可靠性分配时,需要对AGREE分配法进行一定的改进,使得系统可靠性分配更加合理。
基于FBN可靠性分析模型计算出的可靠性后验参数对AGREE分配法进行改进。
首先,基于FBN可靠性分析模型计算出的后验敏感度K(Si)对系统重要度wi进行构造,节点敏感度越高,代表其对系统影响性越大,改进后的子系统重要度${w}_{i}^{\mathrm{*}}$
${w}_{i}^{\mathrm{*}}=\frac{K\left({S}_{i}\right)}{\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}K\left({S}_{i}\right)}$
改进后子系统重要度${w}_{i}^{\mathrm{*}}$更为合理,可为敏感度高的节点分配相对更高的可靠性,弥补了传统方法分析推进系统时重要度wi无差异的缺陷,改进后部件重要度${w}_{i}^{\mathrm{*}}$与式(16)相似。
其次,在运行过程中各子系统、部件负责功能不同,失效概率有明显差异,考虑到功能差异对复杂度ci进行修正,表达式为
${{c}_{i}}^{\mathrm{*}}=\frac{{p}^{\mathrm{*}}\left({S}_{i}\right){m}_{i}^{\mathrm{*}}}{\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}\left[{p}^{\mathrm{*}}\right({S}_{i}\left){m}_{i}^{\mathrm{*}}\right]}$
式(17)中:${{m}_{i}}^{\mathrm{*}}$为部件种类数目;p*(Si)为推进系统FBN模型计算出的后验失效率。
改进后AGREE分配计算公式为
${R}_{t}({S}_{i}{)}^{\mathrm{*}}=1-\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}K({S}_{i})\frac{1-[{R}_{t}{\left(T\right)]}^{\frac{{p}^{\mathrm{*}}\left({\mathrm{S}}_{i}\right){m}_{i}^{\mathrm{*}}}{\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}\left[{p}^{\mathrm{*}}\right({S}_{i}\left){m}_{i}^{\mathrm{*}}\right]}}}{K\left({S}_{i}\right)}$
SC-VTOL-01中规定eVTOL航空器每飞行小时平均失效概率等级为1×10-6,对多旋翼eVTOL推进系统进行可靠性分配时,以此作为顶层可靠性分配参数。考虑到系统安全运行时间的要求,设定安全运行时间为1 000 h,根据式(9)、式(10),将顶层可靠度设定为0.999对四旋翼、六旋翼、八旋翼3种多旋翼eVTOL的推进系统进行可靠性分配。
以四旋翼构型子系统为例,对传统AGREE分配法与所提出的改进AGREE分配法进行对比,各项基本参数与分配结果如表7表8所示。
从分配结果来看,改进AGREE分配法分配的可靠度均小于传统AGREE分配法,降低了多旋翼eVTOL航空器推进系统的设计难度,且有效体现了不同子系统之间的差异。经分配后再次计算,整体推进系统可靠度为0.997 0,每飞行小时失效率为3×10-6,符合SC-VTOL-01对eVTOL航空器可靠性的要求,验证了改进AGREE分配法的有效性。
图7图8为基于改进AGREE分配法的不同构型多旋翼eVTOL航空器推进系统可靠性分配结果。
随着推进系统动力分支数量的提升,S1(控制系统)与S3(电源系统)分配到的可靠度也相对提升,S2(动力系统)分配到的可靠度相对下降。符合实际工程需求,动力分支越多的S2(动力系统)具有越高的稳定性,其分配到的可靠度可以相对越低。但S1(控制系统)与S3(电源系统)的负载相对越高,因此要分配到更高的可靠度。
对多旋翼eVTOL航空器推进系统可靠性分析与分配进行了研究,可为后续系统可靠性优化提供一定的理论引导。
(1)通过专家评估矩阵以及使用模糊数据与失效率转化算法,解决了多旋翼eVTOL航空器推进系统可靠性先验数据不足的问题。
(2)基于推进系统基本组成,建立FBN可靠性分析模型,对系统进行了后验失效率以及敏感度分析,辅助定位了系统关键节点。
(3)基于FBN可靠性分析模型,提出了一种改进AGREE可靠性分配法,可靠性分配结果符合SC-VTOL-01中对eVTOL航空器的可靠性要求,且体现了不同构型、子系统、部件间的差异。
  • 民航局安全能力建设重点项目(kjz49420230079)
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2025年第25卷第17期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404831
  • 接收时间:2024-06-28
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-28
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民航局安全能力建设重点项目(kjz49420230079)
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    中国民航大学电子信息与自动化学院, 天津 300300

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*霍志轩(1999—),男,汉族,甘肃华亭人,硕士研究生。研究方向:航空检测技术与适航安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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