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With the transformation of the modern power system, the application of grid-connected inverters is increasing, and the transient synchronization stability of inverters after disturbance is becoming prominent. Previous research on transient synchronization stability mainly focuses on the dynamic of the phase-locked loop, with less consideration of the impact of outer loop control, resulting in a cognitive bottleneck in understanding transient synchronization mechanism. To address these issues, the grid-following voltage source inverter system was modelled, taking into account the inverter control strategy and limiting elements in detail. Subsequently, the impact of different voltage drops on the stability region of the equilibrium point was analyzed, and the effects of outer loop control proportional integral (PI) and limiting elements on transient synchronization were discussed. The influence mechanism of outer loop control on the transient synchronization stability of inverters was revealed systematically. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed theory was verified in PSCAD/EMTDC.

, correspAuthors=Lin ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chao XING, Le-ke CHEN, Lin ZHU, Yang LIU, Dong-rui LI, Zun MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774769983283713, articleId=1149774731978694935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=考虑外环控制的跟网型电压源变流器暂态同步稳定机理分析, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

面向新型电力系统转型下,跟网型变流器的并网应用日益增多,受扰后变流器暂态同步稳定问题突出。以往对其暂态同步稳定研究仅聚焦锁相环动态,较少考虑外环控制的影响,存在暂态同步机理方面的认知瓶颈。针对上述问题,对跟网型电压源变流器并网系统进行建模,详细考虑了变流器控制策略、限幅环节;然后,分析不同电压跌落对平衡点稳定区域的影响,探讨外环控制PI(proportional integral)、限幅环节对暂态同步的作用,系统地揭示了外环控制对变流器暂态同步稳定的影响机理;最后,通过PSCAD/EMTDC仿真验证所提理论的有效性。

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* 朱林(1979—),男,汉族,广西柳州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统稳定与控制、直流输电技术及新能源并网。E-mail:
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邢超(1986—),男,汉族,河南周口人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电及电力电子技术。E-mail:

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邢超(1986—),男,汉族,河南周口人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电及电力电子技术。E-mail:

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邢超(1986—),男,汉族,河南周口人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电及电力电子技术。E-mail:

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Proceedings of the CSEE, 2022, 42(16): 5922-5934, 6167., articleTitle=Transient synchronization mechanism and adaptive stability control strategy for renewable energy grid-connected converter under grid faults, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1179790731951616532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, awardId=52077080, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52077080), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1179790732014531093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, awardId=056200KK52222094, language=CN, fundingSource=云南电网有限责任公司科技项目(056200KK52222094), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1179790727631483340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790727639871949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, companyId=1179790727631483340, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Electric Power Research Institute, Yunnan Power Grid Co. , Ltd. , Kunming 650217, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790727652454862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, companyId=1179790727631483340, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院, 昆明 650217)]), AuthorCompany(id=1179790727736340943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790727744729552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, companyId=1179790727736340943, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790727753118161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, companyId=1179790727736340943, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 华南理工大学电力学院, 广州 510640)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1179790730122899962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Main circuit topology and control system of VSC, figureFileSmall=YyHCTM3Vjln4LOlp82Rdug==, figureFileBig=1NKIaRPJ4LdUZHUrQKueZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790730173231611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=CN, label=图1, caption=变流器主电路拓扑和控制系统

UPCCdUPCCq分别为UPCCd轴分量、q轴分量;θPLL为PLL相角;Δω为锁相环中间变量;IdlimIqlim分别为 I * d I * q限幅值;Q*为无功功率参考值; V d c *为直流电压参考值;ωg为电网角频率;ωpll为PLL角频率

, figureFileSmall=YyHCTM3Vjln4LOlp82Rdug==, figureFileBig=1NKIaRPJ4LdUZHUrQKueZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790730227757564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Outer loop control limiting control diagram, figureFileSmall=D2wbfYcQZae4MB/dLctteQ==, figureFileBig=I9Noqc1J6ZxH+rB4jEemHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790730286477821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=CN, label=图2, caption=外环控制限幅控制图, figureFileSmall=D2wbfYcQZae4MB/dLctteQ==, figureFileBig=I9Noqc1J6ZxH+rB4jEemHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790730370363902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of phase change, figureFileSmall=PbKel0oIDgCLdKBwCH9fmw==, figureFileBig=csPggWETJFMUHXnkEmFY9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790730433278463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=CN, label=图3, caption=相位变化示意图, figureFileSmall=PbKel0oIDgCLdKBwCH9fmw==, figureFileBig=csPggWETJFMUHXnkEmFY9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790730491998720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes of VSC stability equilibrium point before and after disturbance, figureFileSmall=1UrLJHmS1Ei2nDxmrlqQgQ==, figureFileBig=SWPlCC1Bv2TuL7issm6Klg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790730550718977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=CN, label=图4, caption=VSC受扰前后稳定平衡点的变化情况

a点、c点分别为受扰前、受扰后的稳定平衡点;δaδc分别为VSC稳定在a点、c点这两种情况下PCC电压与电网电压的相角差

, figureFileSmall=1UrLJHmS1Ei2nDxmrlqQgQ==, figureFileBig=SWPlCC1Bv2TuL7issm6Klg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790730630410754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Phasor diagram of VSC when the grid voltage drops slightly, figureFileSmall=SPjLf8hC94ZtJ2OXSg+kzw==, figureFileBig=xndzAnRvffzFb5hG7DrNRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790730680742403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=CN, label=图5, caption=电网电压轻微跌落时VSC的相量图, figureFileSmall=SPjLf8hC94ZtJ2OXSg+kzw==, figureFileBig=xndzAnRvffzFb5hG7DrNRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790730731074052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Phasor diagram of VSC with medium voltage drop, figureFileSmall=TBQijQSQOFwsULwPOIprsA==, figureFileBig=blOr5VqCmMyd2jWls8uUeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790730789794309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=CN, label=图6, caption=电网电压中等跌落时VSC的相量图, figureFileSmall=TBQijQSQOFwsULwPOIprsA==, figureFileBig=blOr5VqCmMyd2jWls8uUeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790730848514566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Phasor diagram of VSC with severe voltage drop, figureFileSmall=AFjXOvVKIhUFBeEOxoxe5A==, figureFileBig=2aUG9c/mWyjvPFBT2HPFRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790730928206343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=CN, label=图7, caption=电网电压严重跌落时VSC的相量图, figureFileSmall=AFjXOvVKIhUFBeEOxoxe5A==, figureFileBig=2aUG9c/mWyjvPFBT2HPFRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790730991120904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=VSC simulation results of grid voltage drop to 0.9 pu, figureFileSmall=H4l9x0c6mV0k5P4LwhIiXg==, figureFileBig=GHo8LEPIxXokb+kOIqm/2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790731058229769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=CN, label=图8, caption=电网电压突变至0.9 pu的VSC仿真波形, figureFileSmall=H4l9x0c6mV0k5P4LwhIiXg==, figureFileBig=GHo8LEPIxXokb+kOIqm/2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790731133727242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=VSC simulation results of grid voltage drop to 0.85 pu, figureFileSmall=EvYrD2ua46E/1oBStYLdpw==, figureFileBig=8mVUhuEwe8cmTqODBzZmNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790731213419019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=CN, label=图9, caption=电网电压突变至0.85 pu的VSC仿真波形, figureFileSmall=EvYrD2ua46E/1oBStYLdpw==, figureFileBig=8mVUhuEwe8cmTqODBzZmNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790731284722188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=VSC simulation results of grid voltage drop to 0.6 pu, figureFileSmall=nYHXLz7q8u9dJMXDELjt+g==, figureFileBig=gydtZMTqH3T5MfF0I3Lrbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790731364413965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=CN, label=图10, caption=电网电压突变至0.6 pu的VSC仿真波形, figureFileSmall=nYHXLz7q8u9dJMXDELjt+g==, figureFileBig=gydtZMTqH3T5MfF0I3Lrbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790731431522830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=VSC simulation results of grid voltage drop to 0.3 pu, figureFileSmall=VCTfJz3oaVqNytFmzMQN5A==, figureFileBig=hriWq8o1DwDS/jA3XsJNAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790731498631695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=CN, label=图11, caption=电网电压突变至0.3 pu的VSC仿真波形, figureFileSmall=VCTfJz3oaVqNytFmzMQN5A==, figureFileBig=hriWq8o1DwDS/jA3XsJNAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790731557351952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=VSC simulation results of grid voltage drop to 0.1pu, figureFileSmall=keJc+FFTl75xYidoyOaIDQ==, figureFileBig=s9JRDpRQF/FXdmJTzsS+6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790731624460817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=CN, label=图12, caption=电网电压突变至0.1 pu的VSC仿真波形, figureFileSmall=keJc+FFTl75xYidoyOaIDQ==, figureFileBig=s9JRDpRQF/FXdmJTzsS+6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790731691569682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

System and control parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
额定功率Pn/MW 2
基准交流电压Un/kV 230
基准频率fn/Hz 50
额定直流电压Vdc/kV 1.45
直流电容Cdc/F 0.015
滤波电感Lf/H 0.000 335
电网电感Lg/H 30
电网电阻Rg 2 000
直流电压控制系数 Kpdc=1, Kidc=50
无功功率控制系数 Kpq=1, Kiq=50
电流控制系数 Kpi=1, Kii=20
PLL系数 Kppll=50, Kipll=100
), ArticleFig(id=1179790731771261459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731978694935, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

系统与控制参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
额定功率Pn/MW 2
基准交流电压Un/kV 230
基准频率fn/Hz 50
额定直流电压Vdc/kV 1.45
直流电容Cdc/F 0.015
滤波电感Lf/H 0.000 335
电网电感Lg/H 30
电网电阻Rg 2 000
直流电压控制系数 Kpdc=1, Kidc=50
无功功率控制系数 Kpq=1, Kiq=50
电流控制系数 Kpi=1, Kii=20
PLL系数 Kppll=50, Kipll=100
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考虑外环控制的跟网型电压源变流器暂态同步稳定机理分析
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邢超 1 , 陈乐柯 2 , 朱林 2, * , 刘阳 2 , 李东瑞 2 , 马遵 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(12): 5013-5022
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(12): 5013-5022
考虑外环控制的跟网型电压源变流器暂态同步稳定机理分析
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邢超1 , 陈乐柯2, 朱林2, * , 刘阳2, 李东瑞2, 马遵1
作者信息
  • 1 云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院, 昆明 650217
  • 2 华南理工大学电力学院, 广州 510640
  • 邢超(1986—),男,汉族,河南周口人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电及电力电子技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 朱林(1979—),男,汉族,广西柳州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统稳定与控制、直流输电技术及新能源并网。E-mail:
Analysis of Transient Synchronous Stability Mechanism of Grid-following Voltage Source Converter Considering Outer Loop Control
Chao XING1 , Le-ke CHEN2, Lin ZHU2, * , Yang LIU2, Dong-rui LI2, Zun MA1
Affiliations
  • 1 Electric Power Research Institute, Yunnan Power Grid Co. , Ltd. , Kunming 650217, China
  • 2 School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404501
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面向新型电力系统转型下,跟网型变流器的并网应用日益增多,受扰后变流器暂态同步稳定问题突出。以往对其暂态同步稳定研究仅聚焦锁相环动态,较少考虑外环控制的影响,存在暂态同步机理方面的认知瓶颈。针对上述问题,对跟网型电压源变流器并网系统进行建模,详细考虑了变流器控制策略、限幅环节;然后,分析不同电压跌落对平衡点稳定区域的影响,探讨外环控制PI(proportional integral)、限幅环节对暂态同步的作用,系统地揭示了外环控制对变流器暂态同步稳定的影响机理;最后,通过PSCAD/EMTDC仿真验证所提理论的有效性。

暂态同步稳定  /  跟网型变流器  /  锁相环  /  外环控制  /  限幅环节

With the transformation of the modern power system, the application of grid-connected inverters is increasing, and the transient synchronization stability of inverters after disturbance is becoming prominent. Previous research on transient synchronization stability mainly focuses on the dynamic of the phase-locked loop, with less consideration of the impact of outer loop control, resulting in a cognitive bottleneck in understanding transient synchronization mechanism. To address these issues, the grid-following voltage source inverter system was modelled, taking into account the inverter control strategy and limiting elements in detail. Subsequently, the impact of different voltage drops on the stability region of the equilibrium point was analyzed, and the effects of outer loop control proportional integral (PI) and limiting elements on transient synchronization were discussed. The influence mechanism of outer loop control on the transient synchronization stability of inverters was revealed systematically. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed theory was verified in PSCAD/EMTDC.

transient synchronous stability  /  grid-following converter  /  phase-locked loop  /  outer loop control  /  limiter
邢超, 陈乐柯, 朱林, 刘阳, 李东瑞, 马遵. 考虑外环控制的跟网型电压源变流器暂态同步稳定机理分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5013 -5022 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404501
Chao XING, Le-ke CHEN, Lin ZHU, Yang LIU, Dong-rui LI, Zun MA. Analysis of Transient Synchronous Stability Mechanism of Grid-following Voltage Source Converter Considering Outer Loop Control[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5013 -5022 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404501
为响应国家“双碳目标”及推动新型电力系统建设,大量新能源通过电压源型变流器(voltage-source converter,VSC)并网运行,变流器控制将会逐步主导系统特性[1]。传统的VSC多采取跟网型控制,依赖锁相环(phase lock loop, PLL)实现与电网同步[2]。一旦无法实现同步,将会对系统带来冲击,引发振荡脱网,严重影响系统的安全稳定运行,如2020年美国加利福尼亚州1 000 MW新能源场站因受扰后换流器同步失稳而导致电厂发生并网中断[3]
针对跟网型变流器的暂态同步问题,中外均紧密围绕PLL相关的同步机制展开研究,在分析模型、稳定机理、影响因素认知等方面取得了一定成果[4-17]。在分析模型方面,通常会仅保留核心环节,忽略换流器不同控制环节、换流器-电网之间可能的交互影响[6-7],建立简化的同步模型。上述工作聚焦于跟网型换流器分析模型的建立与简化,为变流器同步稳定性机理研究提供了模型基础。
在机理认识方面,中外研究均借鉴同步发电机的暂态同步稳定分析思路,依托李雅普诺夫方法[8-10]、等面积定则[11-14]或相平面分析法[15-17]等方法来揭示失稳机理。文献[8-10]构建了李雅普诺夫函数进行变流器暂态同步稳定域的计算,但计算结果较为保守。文献[11]针对基于锁相环的逆变器并网系统,提出了一种基于阻尼项缩放和线性逼近的改进等面积法则,有效提高了暂态稳定域的估计精度。文献[13]基于等面积准则,分别分析了序列控制开关动作、检测延迟以及正负序列PLL控制之间的相互作用对VSC系统瞬态同步稳定性的影响。文献[12,14]采用等面积法分析了多变流器并联系统的暂态同步稳定性。文献[15-17]利用相轨迹分析了不同低通滤波环节截止频率的锁相环在各种相角突变下的锁相性能,揭示了低通滤波环节的不同带宽、控制时延、二阶方程阻尼比对锁相环同步稳定性的影响机理。以上研究对PLL的同步机理作了深入剖析,为后续提高变流器同步稳定性工作提供了理论基础。
在影响因素认知方面,中外研究聚焦于考察电网条件、PLL结构及参数对暂态同步特性的影响,从而制定相应的提升措施[18-21]。文献[18]考虑了低穿条件下PLL参数及电网强度对变流器暂态同步稳定性的影响。文献[19]考虑到电网故障导致同步失稳、PLL频率振荡导致限幅的情况,建立包含PLL频率限幅的系统暂态模型,探讨锁相环控制参数对同步稳定性的影响。文献[20]提出了一种针对PLL的前馈补偿方法,从而提升整个系统同步稳定水平。文献[21]通过分析PLL初始角速度变化对暂态同步稳定性的影响规律,提出在高通滤波器中引入反馈环节,从而增强系统阻尼。
以上研究探讨了并网条件和PLL参数对变流器暂态同步的影响,然而,随着变流器间、器网间相互作用的研究进展,研究人员也逐步认识到仅考虑PLL而忽略双闭环控制环节动态的低阶模型通常会损失动态特性细节,难以充分挖掘复杂多变场景下的变流器的同步机制,不能充分辨认各类影响因素的作用途径[22]
从跟网型变流器的双闭环控制结构及其工作特点上看,外环动态响应速度与PLL速度相近,内环的动态响应速度则远快于PLL和外环。基于多时间尺度分离解耦理论,在变流器暂态同步稳定分析中,可以忽略快动态的内环,同时保留外环及PLL将更为合理。司文佳等[23]探讨了考虑直流电压外环控制下跟网型变流器的暂态同步稳定性机理,发现在浅度故障下增大直流电压控制的比例系数或减小直流电压控制的积分系数来增大等效阻尼的增量认识,但缺乏全面梳理不同故障程度、不同控制方式对暂态同步稳定性的影响。
为了避免因控制信号超调引发控制风险,在变流器控制中会设置限幅环节。当前限幅策略一般以严苛条件下的安全性为整定依据,并未考虑限幅环节对变流器暂态同步稳定性的影响。在正常运行工况下,此类非线性环节一般不会触发,但在受扰后的暂态过程中可能会频繁触发,甚至引起控制策略的切换,这将带来外环控制影响暂态同步的新作用途径。因此,将限幅环节纳入对跟网型变流器暂态同步稳定性的建模与机理分析中。
基于上述分析,建立考虑PLL和外环控制的电压源变流器并网系统模型,全面分析考虑不同程度电网电压跌落下变流器暂态同步的变化情况,提出考虑PLL与外环控制共同作用下的变流器暂态同步稳定机理,揭示稳态平衡点变化、外环控制的输出参考电流对于变流器暂态同步机制的影响途径。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC环境下验证上述机理认识。深入理解电压源变流器在电网电压跌落时的暂态同步行为及其控制机制,为提升电网稳定性和变流器性能提供理论依据。
图1所示的VSC并网系统中,Ug为系统电压;UPCC为并网点(point of common coupling, PCC)电压幅值,VDC为变流器直流侧电压;IQ分别为变流器注入电网的电流和无功;Lf为滤波电感;RgLg分别为等效线路电阻、电感; 等效线路电抗Xg=ωLg,其中ω为电网工频的角频率,中国工频为50 Hz;等效线路阻抗Zg=Rg+jXg。变流器采用定直流电压和定无功功率的外环控制策略,并考虑PLL及限幅环节。根据文献[18],电流内环响应速度远快于外环,可忽略电流内环的快动态,且有Id I d *Iq I q *,其中,IdIq分别为电流I在变流器控制平面坐标系(dq旋转坐标系)d轴、q轴分量; I d * I q *分别为IdIq的参考值。
锁相环是变流器中实现同步的重要单元,可由PCC电压的q轴分量驱动并实现对电网电压幅值、相角、频率进行跟踪,如图1(b)所示。
PLL动态方程为
d θ P L L d t = k p p l l U P C C q + x i n t + ω g d x i n t d t = k i p l l U P C C q
式(1)中: xint为锁相环状态量; kppllkipll分别为锁相环比例、积分控制系数。
假设正常运行状态下,经过 PLL锁相后,PCC电压矢量 U · P C C=UPCCδ的方向与d轴正方向重合,可表示为
δ=θPLL-θg
式(2)中:δ为PCC电压与电网电压的相角差;θg为电网电压矢量相位。
在静止坐标系下,UPCC=RgI+jXgI+UgRgI*+jXgI*+Ug
dq坐标系下,UPCCUg的关系可表示为
U P C C d = R g I d * - X g I q * + U g c o s δ U P C C q = R g I q * + X g I d * - U g s i n δ
式(3)中:UPCCdUPCCd轴分量;Xg为电感Lg在电网频率下电抗。
将式(2)、式(3)代入式(1)可得
d δ d t = k p p l l ( U 0 - U g s i n δ ) + x i n t d x i n t d t = k i p l l ( U 0 - U g s i n δ )
式(4)中:U0为输电线路电压降的q轴分量,且U0=Rg I q *+Xg I d *
直流电容可以通过充放电功能来维持变流器输入功率和输出功率的平衡,在忽略线路与变流器损耗的条件下,根据能量守恒原理可有
CVdc d V d c d t= P d c *-Pdc
Pdc=P=IdVPCCd+IqVPCCq
式中: P d c *PdcP分别为直流侧的输入有功功率、直流侧的输出有功功率、交流测的输出有功功率,正常运行时,P= P d c *;Vdc为变流器直流电容C的电压。
变流器外环采用典型的定直流电压和定无功控制,如图1(b)所示,可有
d I d * d t = K p d d ( V d c - V d c * ) d t + K i d ( V d c - V d c * ) d I q * d t = K p q d ( Q - Q * ) d t + K i q ( Q - Q * )
式(7)中:KpdKidKpqKiq为外环比例积分控制系数。
相较于以往的工作[7],考虑到变流器作为电力电子设备不能承受较大过电流[24],在外环控制建模中考虑了电流限幅环节。常见的限幅策略有d轴优先限幅策略、q轴优先限幅策略,如图2所示。当采用q轴优先限幅策略时,即在变流器电流限幅值Ilim恒定的情况下,优先为电网提供无功功率,使q轴电流参考值 I * q满足控制目标,此时d轴电流参考值 I * d则由电流限值计算获得;当采用d轴优先限幅策略时,则将优先满足d轴电流参考值。采用q轴优先限幅策略,即
I * q I q l i m I * d I d l i m
式(8)中: I q l i m = I l i m I d l i m = I l i m 2 - I q 2,其中IqlimIdlim分别为 I * q I d *限幅值,Ilim取1.2 pu。
VSC通过PLL在dq旋转坐标系上实施控制。由图1(b)可知,VSC外环的控制量与相应参考值生成偏差量,依次进入PI控制、限幅环节,生成所需要的d轴、q轴参考电流。在暂态过程中,无论是外界工况变化,还是控制策略的改变,包括控制策略切换、限幅环节等,均会以外环为载体,影响输出的参考电流,从而使变流器呈现出差异化的暂态特性。将结合1节所建立模型,首先探讨考虑电网电压跌落时PLL同步方程,分析在不同程度电网电压跌落条件下平衡点的变化,然后系统化梳理在受扰后外环控制对VSC的暂态同步的影响作用,定性分析不同阶段中控制引起电气量调节变化。
VSC采用电压定向,即PCC处电压矢量与d轴方向重合,使得UPCCq=0。
VSC向电网输送的无功功率Q可表示为
Q=- I q *UPCCd+ I d *UPCCq=- I q *UPCCd
在正常运行工况,经过 PLL锁相后,PCC电压矢量 U · P C C=UPCCδ的方向与d轴正方向重合,此时PLL同步方程为式(4)。
VSC采用定无功控制,正常运行时会要求Q>0,即VSC向电网输送感性无功功率。UPCCd>0时必然要求 I * q<0。按照并网运行规范,在系统受严重扰动引起电压快速跌落时会要求变流器输出Q增大,VSC的q轴外环采用定无功控制会使 I * q增大甚至反向,即由负值变化为正值。若受扰后VSC依然能与电网保持同步,则为了保持一定的无功输出,由 I * q的变化特点,结合式(9)可知,UPCCd会对应由正变负,表明PCC电压将位于d轴负半轴。在电网电压坐标系(XY坐标系,以角频率ωg旋转)和VSC的控制平面坐标系(dq坐标系,以PLL 频率ωpll旋转) 中描述上述过程中的相位变化,如图3所示。
δ=π+θPLL-θg。相应地,式(4)变化为
d δ d t = k p p l l ( U 0 + U g s i n δ ) + x i n t d x i n t d t = k i p l l ( U 0 + U g s i n δ )
VSC通过PLL与电网实现锁相,在平衡点对于状态量有 d δ d t=0, d x i n t d t=0。在正常运行状态下或当电网电压出现轻微、中等跌落时,式(4)所示PLL方程与同步发电机的运动方程的数学描述类似,可以将其中的U0Ugsinδ类比为同步机转子运动方程中的原动机转矩分量和电磁转矩分量,视为VSC同步方程中的变流器控制分量与电网电气分量。当满足平衡条件时,U0=Ugsinδ,xint=0。不失一般性,假设δ的运行范围为[-π,π],则VSC存在同步平衡点的判据为
-UgU0Ug, δ∈[-π,π]
与同步发电机的暂态同步分析类似,当式(11)被满足时,VSC也会存在两个平衡点。可采用等效整步转矩系数SEq对平衡点的稳定性情况进一步判别,即
SEq= d ( U g s i n δ ) d δ=Ugcosδ
根据文献[25],平衡点的稳定判据为
SEq>0
当运行点满足δ - π 2 , π 2时,式(13)才成立,处于该区域内的平衡点为稳定平衡点,且SEq越大则维持稳定的能力越强。
当电网电压出现严重跌落时,PLL方程可见于式(10)。此时,可有
SEq= d ( - U g s i n δ ) d δ=-Ugcosδ
则当运行点满足δ - π , - π 2 π 2 , π,式(10)才成立,处于该区域内的平衡点才是稳定平衡点。
VSC受扰后,根据电压跌落情况,稳定平衡点的变化如图4所示。假设VSC受扰后, Ug跌落为U'g,U0变化为U'0
由于U0=Rg I q *+Xg I d *且变流器外环控制的输出为 I d * I q *,这表明U0与变流器控制密切相关,受外环控制中的各控制环节及对应参数的影响大。不同工况下变流器外环控制的动作响应存在差异性,既有通过PI环节改变参考电流来影响U0,也可能受限于限幅环节,从而使变流器呈现出复杂的暂态同步过程。将结合等效电路相量图,进一步说明考虑外环控制的PI环节或限幅环节后,VSC的暂态同步机理。
设在XY坐标系中,点A为PCC电压矢量 U · P C C与电网电压矢量 U · g的始端点,点B、点C分别为 U · g U · P C C的末端点。PCC电压矢量 U · P C C末端C点坐标为(xU,yU),则PCC电压幅值UPCC表达式为UPCC= x U 2 + y U 2,其等值线为以A为圆心,以UPCC为半径的圆。
当电网电压出现轻微跌落时,VSC的外环控制一般不会触发电流限幅,d轴外环采用定直流电压控制,q轴外环采用定无功功率控制,则有
$\begin{aligned} U_{0}= & X_{\mathrm{g}} I_{d}^{*}+R_{\mathrm{g}} I_{q}^{*} \\ = & X_{\mathrm{g}}\left[K_{\mathrm{p} d}\left(V_{\mathrm{dc}}-V_{\mathrm{dc}}^{*}\right)+K_{\mathrm{i} d} \int\left(V_{\mathrm{dc}}-V_{\mathrm{dc}}^{*}\right) \mathrm{d} t\right]+ \\ & R_{\mathrm{g}}\left[K_{\mathrm{p} q}\left(Q-Q^{*}\right)+K_{\mathrm{i} q} \int\left(Q-Q^{*}\right) \mathrm{d} t\right] \end{aligned}$
可见,U0随着VdcQ的变化而变化,而Vdc又受到P的影响,故需要进一步对有功和无功特性展开分析。
VSC的输出有功功率可表示为
P= U P C C X gUgsinδ= U g X gyU
d轴外环控制使得Vdc恒定时, P= P d c *,对式(16)进一步化简为
yU= P d c * X g U g
可见,当VSC的d轴外环采用定直流电压控制且UgXg一定时, C点的纵坐标恒定。
同理,VSC输出无功功率可表示为
Q= U 2 P C C X g- U P C C U g c o s δ X g= x U 2 + y U 2 X g- U g x U X g
进一步化简为
x U - U g 2 2+ y U 2=XgQ+ U g 2 4
可见,当VSC的q轴外环采用定无功控制且UgXg一定时,无功的等值线Q-U曲线是以 U g 2 , 0为圆心,以 X g Q + U g 2 4为半径的圆,如图5所示。经历扰动后, VSC会不断调整δ的大小,使C点最终稳定在Q-U曲线与水平线y= P d c * X g U g的交点。
当电网电压出现中等跌落时,由于采用q轴电流优先的限幅策略,VSC的d轴外环控制一般会达到电流限幅,VSC的q轴外环保持定无功控制。若电网电压跌落的情况相对较浅,则VSC的外环很有可能最后会恢复为PI控制,这种情况与上述电网电压轻微跌落情况的VSC 暂态同步稳定特性一致。在电网电压跌落的情况相对较深时,VSC的d轴外环控制会保持电流限幅控制,此时可有
$\begin{aligned} U_{0}= & X_{\mathrm{g}} I_{d}^{*}+R_{\mathrm{g}} I_{q}^{*} \\ = & X_{\mathrm{g}} \sqrt{I_{\lim }^{2}-\left[K_{\mathrm{p} q}\left(Q-Q^{*}\right)+K_{\mathrm{i} q} \int\left(Q-Q^{*}\right) \mathrm{d} t\right]^{2}}+ \\ & R_{\mathrm{g}}\left[K_{\mathrm{p} q}\left(Q-Q^{*}\right)+K_{\mathrm{i} q} \int\left(Q-Q^{*}\right) \mathrm{d} t\right] \end{aligned} $
可见U0会随着Q的变化而变化。同时,电流限幅环节动作也会改变VSC的同步特性。当电流限幅环节动作时,C点会保持在以点B为圆心,以|Zg|Ilim为半径的电流限幅圆上。由于d轴外环为电流限幅控制,将会由直流电容所并联的卸荷电路辅助实现有功功率的平衡,C点不受有功功率约束。如图6所示,经历扰动后,VSC会不断调整δ的大小,使C点最终稳定在Q-U曲线与电流限幅圆的交点。
当电网电压出现严重跌落时, VSC的d轴外环控制和q轴外环控制均采用电流限幅控制。此时,可有
U0=Xg I d *+Rg I q *=IlimRg
此时,U0为一定值,只与电流限幅值Ilim和电网阻抗有关,因此,C点不受有功功率、无功功率约束,其位置由电流限幅圆和U0决定。由2.1节分析可知,此时PCC电压将位于d轴负半轴,δ=π+θPLL-θg。如图7所示,经历扰动后,若Ug>U0,则VSC会不断增大δ,使C点最终稳定在电流限幅圆的交点,此时Ugsinδ=-U0;若UgU0,由于无法使得Ugsinδ=-U0,则VSC会不断增大δ,进而使得C点沿着电流限幅圆做圆周运动,导致同步失稳。
为验证所述VSC的暂态同步稳定过程的正确性,在 EMTDC/PSCAD 中搭建VSC并网系统的电磁暂态模型,对上述同步稳定机理进行时域仿真验证,相关参数如表1所示。
初始系统电网电压稳定在1 pu,VSC与电网保持同步,δ=0.37 rad。分别设置以下3种仿真场景。
场景1 电网电压轻微跌落,外环控制均通过PI控制发挥作用。
场景2 电网电压中等跌落,外环控制仅通过PI控制发挥作用无法使VSC恢复同步,导致d轴外环控制的电流限幅环节启用。
场景3 电网电压严重跌落,外环控制仅通过PI控制控制发挥作用无法使VSC恢复同步,最终d轴、q轴外环控制的电流限幅环节均启用。
t=2 s时,设置电网电压突变至0.9 pu。仿真结果如图8所示。
图8(a)可知,当电网电压跌落到0.9 pu后,PCC电压的相角经过加减速后重新稳定,稳定平衡点发生了偏移,并同步在δ=0.49 rad。在VSC与电网重新恢复同步的过程中,由图8(b)图8(c)可知,| I d *|小于d轴电流限幅值,d轴外环通过直流电压PI控制发挥作用, I d *随着直流电压的变化而变化。从图8(d)图8(e)可知,| I q *|小于q轴电流限幅值,q轴外环控制通过无功功率PI控制发挥作用, I q *随着输出无功功率的变化而变化。暂态过程中参考电流的变化导致了U0的变化,由图8(f)可知,U0经过波动后稳定在一个相对于初始值更大的值。最终,由于 I q *<0,PLL的同步方程没有改变,所以稳定平衡点的存在区域为δ - π 2 , π 2,且满足有功功率和无功功率的约束。
(1)当t=2 s时,设置电网电压突变至0.85 pu。仿真结果如图9所示。由图9(a)可知,当电网电压跌落到0.85 pu后,PCC电压的相角经过加减速后重新稳定,稳定平衡点发生了偏移,同步在δ=0.57 rad。VSC与电网重新恢复同步的过程中,由图9(b)图9(c)可知,| I d *|达到d轴电流限幅值,d轴外环通过电流限幅环节发挥作用。由于直流电压的下降,直流电压控制的输出能够再次低于d轴电流限幅值,相应的d轴外环再次通过PI控制发挥作用。结合图9(d)图9(e)可知,| I q *|始终小于q轴电流限幅值,q轴外环控制通过PI控制发挥作用, I q *随着输出无功功率的变化而变化,故最终的暂态同步情况和场景1类似。 I d * I q *的变化导致U0变化,由图9(f)可知,U0经过波动后稳定在一个相对于初始值更大的值,且由于 I q *<0,PLL的同步方程没有改变,所以稳定平衡点的存在区域为δ - π 2 , π 2,且满足有功功率和无功功率的约束,与场景1类似。
(2)当t=2 s时,设置电网电压突变至0.6 pu。仿真结果如图10所示。
根据图10(a),当电网电压跌落到0.6 pu后,PCC电压的相角经过加减速后重新稳定,稳定平衡点发生了偏移,同步在δ=0.89 rad。VSC与电网重新恢复同步的过程中,由图10(b)图10(c)可知,直流电压被直流卸荷电路控制在1.1 pu附近,由于直流电压始终高于直流电压参考值,使得 I d *持续增大直到| I d *|达到d轴电流限幅值,d轴外环通过电流限幅环节发挥作用并持续下去。由图10(d)图10(e)可知,| I q *|始终小于q轴电流限幅值,q轴外环控制通过PI控制发挥作用, I q *随着输出无功功率的变化而变化。 I d * I q *的变化导致了U0的变化,结合图10(f)可知,U0经过波动后稳定在一个相对于初始值更大的值,且由于 I q *<0,PLL的同步方程没有改变,所以稳定平衡点的存在区域为δ - π 2 , π 2,且满足无功功率和电流限幅的约束。
(1)当t=2 s时,设置电网电压突变至0.3 pu。仿真结果如图11所示。
图11(a)可知,当电网电压跌落到0.3 pu后,稳定平衡点发生了较大的偏移,最后同步在δ=-2.90 rad。在VSC与电网重新恢复同步的过程中,由图11(b)图11(c)可知,直流电压被直流卸荷电路控制在1.1 pu附近,由于直流电压始终高于直流电压参考值,使得 I d *持续增大直到| I d *|达到d轴电流限幅值,d轴外环通过电流限幅环节发挥作用并持续下去,且d轴电流参考值为0。从图11(d)图11(e)可以看出,VSC输出无功功率在2.0~2.2 s的持续增大也使得 I q *持续增大,当| I q *|达到q轴电流限幅值后,q轴外环通过电流限幅环节发挥作用并将q轴电流参考值持续控制为Ilim I d * I q *的变化导致了U0的变化,当 I d * I q *都稳定在限幅值之后,U0不再改变,稳定在0.1 pu,如图11(f)所示。由于 I q *>0,为了维持一定的无功功率输出,PLL的同步方程改变为式(10)的形式,所以稳定平衡点的存在区域为δ - π , - π 2 π 2 , π
(2)当t=2 s时,设置电网电压突变至0.1 pu。仿真结果如图12所示。
图12(a)可知,当电网电压跌落到0.1 pu后,PCC电压的相角最终无法恢复同步稳定。由图12(b)图12(c)可知,直流电压被直流卸荷电路控制在1.1 pu附近,由于直流电压始终高于直流电压参考值,使得 I d *持续增大直到| I d *|达到d轴电流限幅值,d轴外环通过电流限幅环节发挥作用并持续下去,d轴电流参考值为0。结合图12(d)图12(e),VSC输出无功功率在2.0~2.2 s的持续增大也使得 I q *持续增大直到| I q *|达到q轴电流限幅值,q轴外环通过电流限幅环节发挥作用并持续下去,q轴电流参考值为Ilim I d * I q *的变化导致了U0的变化,当 I d * I q *都稳定在限幅值之后,U0不再改变,如图12(f)所示。但由于此时UgU0,系统不存在平衡点,系统出现同步失稳。
在上述3种场景中分别考虑了电网电压轻微跌落、电网电压中等跌落、电网电压严重跌落3种情况,通过时域仿真考察了VSC稳定平衡点变化情况,并对考虑外环控制后的VSC暂态同步机理进行验证,仿真结果与理论分析一致。
考虑VSC的PLL和外环控制中的PI控制和电流限幅环节,建立VSC的暂态同步稳定分析模型,给出不同电网电压跌落程度下VSC同步稳定平衡点的可能存在区域,揭示考虑外环控制后VSC的暂态同步稳定机理。得出以下主要结论。
(1)q轴外环采用无功功率控制的VSC,在电网电压严重跌落时,PCC电压将移动到d轴负半轴,导致PLL同步方程发生改变,VSC的稳定平衡点的存在区域从δ - π 2 , π 2变为δ - π , - π 2 π 2 , π
(2)当采用q轴电流优先的控制策略时,外环控制有直流电压控制配合无功功率控制、 d轴电流限幅控制配合无功功率控制、d轴电流限幅控制配合q轴电流限幅控制3种组合方式,从而使VSC呈现不同的暂态同步性能。
(3)外环控制通过影响暂态过程的参考电流来影响VSC的暂态同步稳定性,具体表现为无功约束、有功约束和电流限幅约束,在不同的电网电压跌落深度有不同的约束组合。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52077080)
  • 云南电网有限责任公司科技项目(056200KK52222094)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404501
  • 接收时间:2024-06-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-17
  • 修回日期:2025-02-12
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国家自然科学基金(52077080)
云南电网有限责任公司科技项目(056200KK52222094)
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    1 云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院, 昆明 650217
    2 华南理工大学电力学院, 广州 510640

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* 朱林(1979—),男,汉族,广西柳州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统稳定与控制、直流输电技术及新能源并网。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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