Article(id=1208051028008739420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404448, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718294400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-14, revisedDate=1742227200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951409579, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951409579, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951409579, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951409579, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7621, endPage=7630, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051029019566719, articleId=1208051028008739420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Virtual Power Plant Energy Storage Selection Method Based on Game Combination Weighting and GRA-MARCOS, columnId=1156264600770302582, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Energy and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the background of the energy transition, energy storage, as an important technical means to support a high proportion of renewable energy access and consumption, has gradually become an indispensable part of virtual power plants. Among them, energy storage selection is a key issue to ensure the safe and stable operation of the power grid and improve the scheduling efficiency of virtual power plants. Therefore, an energy storage selection method based on game combination weighting and GRA-MARCOS was proposed for virtual power plants. Firstly, the evaluation indicator system of energy storage adaptability was constructed on the basis of considering the technical, economic, security, and environmental protection indicators of energy storage. Secondly, based on game theory, the comprehensive subjective and objective weights of the indicators were obtained by combining the subjective weights from FAHP(fuzzy analytic hierarchy process) method with the objective weights derived from the CRITIC and MEREC methods. Finally, the utility function of each alternative energy storage technology was calculated using the MARCOS method improved by GRA(grey relational analysis), and this was used to rank and make selection decisions for energy storage. The validity and robustness of the proposed energy storage selection method were verified through examples and sensitivity analysis. This method provides a reasonable and effective decision-making scheme for energy storage selection in different scenarios of virtual power plants.

, correspAuthors=Chun-xia DOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying-chao HE, Lei XU, Hou-jun LI, Aerduoni JIU, Chun-xia DOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208051031376765751, articleId=1208051028008739420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于博弈组合赋权和GRA-MARCOS的虚拟电厂储能选型方法, columnId=1156264600912908920, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·能源与动力工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

能源转型背景下,储能作为支撑高比例可再生能源接入和消纳的重要技术手段,逐渐成为虚拟电厂不可或缺的组成部分。其中,储能选型是确保电网安全稳定运行以及提升虚拟电厂调度效率的关键问题。因此,提出了一种基于博弈组合赋权和GRA-MARCOS的虚拟电厂储能选型方法。首先,考虑储能的技术性、经济性、安全性和环保性指标的基础上,构建了储能适应性评价指标体系。其次,基于博弈论将模糊层次分析法得到的主观权重与CRITIC法、MEREC法得到的组合客观权重相结合,以获得指标主客观综合权重。最后,利用灰色关联分析法改进的MARCOS方法计算各备选储能技术的效用函数,并以此对储能进行排序与选型决策。通过算例与灵敏度分析验证了所提储能选型方法的有效性与稳定性。该方法为虚拟电厂不同场景的储能选型提供合理有效的决策方案。

, correspAuthors=窦春霞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 窦春霞(1967—),女,汉族,河北秦皇岛人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能电网控制与安全防御。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=OwnMMSnJLqmMikdvM8TTbw==, magXml=4XTx5peSDlFoJuB4Lc8aOQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=O4t9nyMD5ZMDkcLuTYLfrw==, pdfFileSize=4355736, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=mHozRo5M0uktWxMurand2g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=eoowRvvuAQUllJ/DZ4sHQQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

何应超(1999—),男,苗族,贵州黄平人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统储能优化配置。E-mail:

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何应超(1999—),男,苗族,贵州黄平人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统储能优化配置。E-mail:

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何应超(1999—),男,苗族,贵州黄平人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统储能优化配置。E-mail:

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Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(5): 1523-1536., articleTitle=Research on key technologies of mobile energy storage system under the target of carbon neutrality, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1208085595918803863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, awardId=62293500, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(62293500), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1208085596069798816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, awardId=62293504, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(62293504), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208085586196406453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208085586213183673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, companyId=1208085586196406453, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Automation & College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208085586221572281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, companyId=1208085586196406453, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京邮电大学自动化学院、 人工智能学院, 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1208085586326429894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208085586334818504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, companyId=1208085586326429894, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Weifang Hongrun New Materials Co., Ltd., Weifang 262737, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208085586339012810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, companyId=1208085586326429894, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 潍坊弘润新材料有限公司, 潍坊 262737)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1208085591959380619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Evaluation indicator system for energy storage adaptability, figureFileSmall=f0fPl0vnf/NqiGy6sh+5Qw==, figureFileBig=0LhsMBRyrCnEkY6+yg6TzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592076821146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=CN, label=图1, caption=储能适应性评价指标体系, figureFileSmall=f0fPl0vnf/NqiGy6sh+5Qw==, figureFileBig=0LhsMBRyrCnEkY6+yg6TzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592278147763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of different objective weights, figureFileSmall=J6zaR1pfcWbCJH5BK3r0vw==, figureFileBig=2McPqo5wmr1Jf1HVPxXVZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592391393982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同客观权重比较, figureFileSmall=J6zaR1pfcWbCJH5BK3r0vw==, figureFileBig=2McPqo5wmr1Jf1HVPxXVZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592529806029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The comprehensive weight of subjective weight, objective weight, and game combination, figureFileSmall=PtIECCNtvYfBnOqCv+bRxw==, figureFileBig=vFEaU1nzAnx30j9/XnUswA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592651440857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=CN, label=图3, caption=主、客观权重与博弈组合的综合权重, figureFileSmall=PtIECCNtvYfBnOqCv+bRxw==, figureFileBig=vFEaU1nzAnx30j9/XnUswA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592777269989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of indicator weight sensitivity under different scenarios and sorting algorithms, figureFileSmall=swi0YSd3z9LUnsOFmoRmHA==, figureFileBig=c+B7jLFm94XNovnd/7Xi/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592856961775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同场景不同排序算法下指标权重灵敏度的比较, figureFileSmall=swi0YSd3z9LUnsOFmoRmHA==, figureFileBig=c+B7jLFm94XNovnd/7Xi/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592974402296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Triangular fuzzy number scale

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 定义 三角模糊数
1 同等重要 (1,1,1)
3 稍微重要 (2,3,4)
5 相当重要 (4,5,6)
7 非常重要 (6,7,8)
9 绝对重要 (9,9,9)
2 两个相邻等级之间的间歇值 (1,2,3)
4 两个相邻等级之间的间歇值 (3,4,5)
6 两个相邻等级之间的间歇值 (5,6,7)
8 两个相邻等级之间的间歇值 (7,8,9)
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593117008648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三角模糊数标度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 定义 三角模糊数
1 同等重要 (1,1,1)
3 稍微重要 (2,3,4)
5 相当重要 (4,5,6)
7 非常重要 (6,7,8)
9 绝对重要 (9,9,9)
2 两个相邻等级之间的间歇值 (1,2,3)
4 两个相邻等级之间的间歇值 (3,4,5)
6 两个相邻等级之间的间歇值 (5,6,7)
8 两个相邻等级之间的间歇值 (7,8,9)
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593247032087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Performance indicator data of various energy storage technologies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标 抽水蓄能 压缩空气 飞轮储能 锂离子电池 钠硫电池 铅酸电池 钒液流电池 超导储能 超级电容
容量/(MW·h) 500 1 000 5 25 245 100 40 0.1 0.005
响应时间 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9
全容量放电时长/h 10 20 0.25 6 8 4 10 0.25 0.5
功率密度/(kW·m-3) 0.15 0.4 5 000 600 140 400 1.2 2 600 80 000
能量密度/[(kW·h)·m-3] 1.1 4 50 300 225 70 45 6 15
环境破坏性 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3
循环寿命/1 000次 15 10 50 3.5 1 0.9 13 10 10
最大循环效率/% 85 75 95 95 90 90 75 95 95
运行安全性 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5
技术成熟度 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7
投资成本/(千元·kW-1·h-1) 6 1.25 10 1.2 4 0.9 3.2 90 11.5
运维成本/(元·kW·h-1) 0.1 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.05
转换效率/% 75 58 85 92.5 83 80 60 77.5 87.5
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593402221344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各储能技术的性能指标数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标 抽水蓄能 压缩空气 飞轮储能 锂离子电池 钠硫电池 铅酸电池 钒液流电池 超导储能 超级电容
容量/(MW·h) 500 1 000 5 25 245 100 40 0.1 0.005
响应时间 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9
全容量放电时长/h 10 20 0.25 6 8 4 10 0.25 0.5
功率密度/(kW·m-3) 0.15 0.4 5 000 600 140 400 1.2 2 600 80 000
能量密度/[(kW·h)·m-3] 1.1 4 50 300 225 70 45 6 15
环境破坏性 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3
循环寿命/1 000次 15 10 50 3.5 1 0.9 13 10 10
最大循环效率/% 85 75 95 95 90 90 75 95 95
运行安全性 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5
技术成熟度 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7
投资成本/(千元·kW-1·h-1) 6 1.25 10 1.2 4 0.9 3.2 90 11.5
运维成本/(元·kW·h-1) 0.1 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.05
转换效率/% 75 58 85 92.5 83 80 60 77.5 87.5
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593494496043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Quantitative standards for indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3
响应时间 1~20 ms 20 ms~1 s 1s~30 min
环境破坏性 较低
运行安全性 较高
技术成熟度 商用 示范工程 研发阶段 概念阶段
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593620325176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

指标量化标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3
响应时间 1~20 ms 20 ms~1 s 1s~30 min
环境破坏性 较低
运行安全性 较高
技术成熟度 商用 示范工程 研发阶段 概念阶段
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593783903043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Subjective weight and comprehensive weight results for two scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 可再生能源平滑输出 参与市场调节
主观权重 综合权重 主观权重 综合权重
C11 0.027 3 0.081 0 0.188 9 0.188 9
C12 0.252 2 0.185 5 0.031 6 0.039 1
C13 0.040 3 0.057 0 0.188 9 0.151 8
C14 0.252 2 0.224 9 0.031 6 0.083 8
C15 0.040 3 0.059 5 0.031 6 0.056 7
C21 0.058 0 0.055 1 0.019 9 0.031 0
C22 0.029 1 0.048 3 0.038 3 0.056 5
C23 0.107 2 0.079 5 0.019 9 0.021 4
C31 0.035 3 0.037 2 0.186 5 0.131 6
C32 0.035 3 0.030 5 0.103 2 0.072 2
C41 0.063 7 0.077 9 0.095 2 0.099 4
C42 0.021 3 0.029 6 0.032 2 0.037 5
C43 0.037 8 0.034 0 0.032 2 0.030 1
), ArticleFig(id=1208085595033805649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

两种场景的主观权重与综合权重结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 可再生能源平滑输出 参与市场调节
主观权重 综合权重 主观权重 综合权重
C11 0.027 3 0.081 0 0.188 9 0.188 9
C12 0.252 2 0.185 5 0.031 6 0.039 1
C13 0.040 3 0.057 0 0.188 9 0.151 8
C14 0.252 2 0.224 9 0.031 6 0.083 8
C15 0.040 3 0.059 5 0.031 6 0.056 7
C21 0.058 0 0.055 1 0.019 9 0.031 0
C22 0.029 1 0.048 3 0.038 3 0.056 5
C23 0.107 2 0.079 5 0.019 9 0.021 4
C31 0.035 3 0.037 2 0.186 5 0.131 6
C32 0.035 3 0.030 5 0.103 2 0.072 2
C41 0.063 7 0.077 9 0.095 2 0.099 4
C42 0.021 3 0.029 6 0.032 2 0.037 5
C43 0.037 8 0.034 0 0.032 2 0.030 1
), ArticleFig(id=1208085595163829085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Adaptability ranking results of energy storage technology in two scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储能技术 可再生能源平滑输出 参与市场调节
效用函数值 排名 效用函数值 排名
E1抽水蓄能 0.591 8 9 0.816 7 2
E2压缩空气 0.706 3 5 1.020 3 1
E3飞轮储能 0.746 4 3 0.632 3 8
E4锂离子电池 0.794 8 2 0.790 7 3
E5钠硫电池 0.701 4 6 0.709 2 6
E6铅酸电池 0.733 7 4 0.750 2 4
E7钒液流电池 0.678 7 7 0.717 8 5
E8超导储能 0.656 3 8 0.532 1 9
E9超级电容 0.951 5 1 0.697 0 7
), ArticleFig(id=1208085595360961385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

两种场景下储能技术适应性排序结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储能技术 可再生能源平滑输出 参与市场调节
效用函数值 排名 效用函数值 排名
E1抽水蓄能 0.591 8 9 0.816 7 2
E2压缩空气 0.706 3 5 1.020 3 1
E3飞轮储能 0.746 4 3 0.632 3 8
E4锂离子电池 0.794 8 2 0.790 7 3
E5钠硫电池 0.701 4 6 0.709 2 6
E6铅酸电池 0.733 7 4 0.750 2 4
E7钒液流电池 0.678 7 7 0.717 8 5
E8超导储能 0.656 3 8 0.532 1 9
E9超级电容 0.951 5 1 0.697 0 7
), ArticleFig(id=1208085595486790520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of the minimum absolute changes in indicator weights under different scenarios and different sorting algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 可再生能源平滑输出 参与市场调节
GRA-MARCOS MARCOS GRA-MARCOS MARCOS
C11 0.005 08 0.004 99 0.024 31 0.020 94
C12 0.007 51 0.007 43 0.042 43 0.021 33
C13 0.006 65 0.006 36 0.022 46 0.018 64
C14 0.131 23 0.122 63 0.008 89 0.007 36
C15 0.005 52 0.005 24 0.010 63 0.008 51
C21 0.015 52 0.014 24 0.018 47 0.013 36
C22 0.011 27 0.009 81 0.029 78 0.021 82
C23 0.025 51 0.023 15 0.045 98 0.032 54
C31 0.009 92 0.008 84 0.013 40 0.010 81
C32 0.019 85 0.017 42 0.030 16 0.022 19
C41 0.007 81 0.007 62 0.032 30 0.014 88
C42 0.008 91 0.007 93 0.019 70 0.015 25
C43 0.016 15 0.014 37 0.028 80 0.020 79
), ArticleFig(id=1208085595583259521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028008739420, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同场景不同排序算法下指标权重最小绝对变化量的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 可再生能源平滑输出 参与市场调节
GRA-MARCOS MARCOS GRA-MARCOS MARCOS
C11 0.005 08 0.004 99 0.024 31 0.020 94
C12 0.007 51 0.007 43 0.042 43 0.021 33
C13 0.006 65 0.006 36 0.022 46 0.018 64
C14 0.131 23 0.122 63 0.008 89 0.007 36
C15 0.005 52 0.005 24 0.010 63 0.008 51
C21 0.015 52 0.014 24 0.018 47 0.013 36
C22 0.011 27 0.009 81 0.029 78 0.021 82
C23 0.025 51 0.023 15 0.045 98 0.032 54
C31 0.009 92 0.008 84 0.013 40 0.010 81
C32 0.019 85 0.017 42 0.030 16 0.022 19
C41 0.007 81 0.007 62 0.032 30 0.014 88
C42 0.008 91 0.007 93 0.019 70 0.015 25
C43 0.016 15 0.014 37 0.028 80 0.020 79
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基于博弈组合赋权和GRA-MARCOS的虚拟电厂储能选型方法
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何应超 1 , 徐雷 1 , 李厚俊 1 , 酒阿尔多尼 2 , 窦春霞 1, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025,25(18): 7621-7630
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025, 25(18): 7621-7630
基于博弈组合赋权和GRA-MARCOS的虚拟电厂储能选型方法
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何应超1 , 徐雷1, 李厚俊1, 酒阿尔多尼2, 窦春霞1, *
作者信息
  • 1 南京邮电大学自动化学院、 人工智能学院, 南京 210023
  • 2 潍坊弘润新材料有限公司, 潍坊 262737
  • 何应超(1999—),男,苗族,贵州黄平人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统储能优化配置。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 窦春霞(1967—),女,汉族,河北秦皇岛人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能电网控制与安全防御。E-mail:
Virtual Power Plant Energy Storage Selection Method Based on Game Combination Weighting and GRA-MARCOS
Ying-chao HE1 , Lei XU1, Hou-jun LI1, Aerduoni JIU2, Chun-xia DOU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Automation & College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2 Weifang Hongrun New Materials Co., Ltd., Weifang 262737, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404448
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能源转型背景下,储能作为支撑高比例可再生能源接入和消纳的重要技术手段,逐渐成为虚拟电厂不可或缺的组成部分。其中,储能选型是确保电网安全稳定运行以及提升虚拟电厂调度效率的关键问题。因此,提出了一种基于博弈组合赋权和GRA-MARCOS的虚拟电厂储能选型方法。首先,考虑储能的技术性、经济性、安全性和环保性指标的基础上,构建了储能适应性评价指标体系。其次,基于博弈论将模糊层次分析法得到的主观权重与CRITIC法、MEREC法得到的组合客观权重相结合,以获得指标主客观综合权重。最后,利用灰色关联分析法改进的MARCOS方法计算各备选储能技术的效用函数,并以此对储能进行排序与选型决策。通过算例与灵敏度分析验证了所提储能选型方法的有效性与稳定性。该方法为虚拟电厂不同场景的储能选型提供合理有效的决策方案。

虚拟电厂  /  储能选型  /  模糊层次分析法  /  CRITIC  /  MEREC  /  灰色关联分析法  /  MARCOS

Under the background of the energy transition, energy storage, as an important technical means to support a high proportion of renewable energy access and consumption, has gradually become an indispensable part of virtual power plants. Among them, energy storage selection is a key issue to ensure the safe and stable operation of the power grid and improve the scheduling efficiency of virtual power plants. Therefore, an energy storage selection method based on game combination weighting and GRA-MARCOS was proposed for virtual power plants. Firstly, the evaluation indicator system of energy storage adaptability was constructed on the basis of considering the technical, economic, security, and environmental protection indicators of energy storage. Secondly, based on game theory, the comprehensive subjective and objective weights of the indicators were obtained by combining the subjective weights from FAHP(fuzzy analytic hierarchy process) method with the objective weights derived from the CRITIC and MEREC methods. Finally, the utility function of each alternative energy storage technology was calculated using the MARCOS method improved by GRA(grey relational analysis), and this was used to rank and make selection decisions for energy storage. The validity and robustness of the proposed energy storage selection method were verified through examples and sensitivity analysis. This method provides a reasonable and effective decision-making scheme for energy storage selection in different scenarios of virtual power plants.

virtual power plants  /  energy storage selection  /  fuzzy analytical hierarchy process  /  CRITIC  /  MEREC  /  grey relational analysis  /  MARCOS
何应超, 徐雷, 李厚俊, 酒阿尔多尼, 窦春霞. 基于博弈组合赋权和GRA-MARCOS的虚拟电厂储能选型方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7621 -7630 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404448
Ying-chao HE, Lei XU, Hou-jun LI, Aerduoni JIU, Chun-xia DOU. Virtual Power Plant Energy Storage Selection Method Based on Game Combination Weighting and GRA-MARCOS[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7621 -7630 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404448
在双碳目标下,能源供应结构正逐步转向清洁、低碳和分布式模式[1],替代传统的低效和集中式模式。为适应新能源发展新形势,虚拟电厂已成为一个重要研究领域[2]。虚拟电厂是一种通过信息通信技术(information and communications technology,ICT)平台,将分布式能源资源(如分布式发电、储能系统、可调负荷等)进行集成、协调和优化管理的系统。虚拟电厂能够在电力市场中提供调节、峰谷填平、备用容量等服务,提升电力系统的灵活性和稳定性。然而,可再生能源的随机性、波动性、间接性和能源需求的不确定性对能源供应的稳定性提出了挑战[3]。因此,储能作为支撑高比例可再生能源接入和消纳的关键技术手段[4],已成为虚拟电厂不可或缺的重要组成部分。储能在提升电力系统灵活性和保障电网安全稳定[5]等方面发挥显著优势,有效推进电网调节模式从“源随荷动”向“源网荷储互动[6]”转变,提升虚拟电厂的调度效率、降低运营成本、增强系统稳定性和灵活性。
鉴于储能技术的多样性以及不同应用场景对其技术要求的差异性[7],选择合适的储能技术以发挥其潜力对于确保电力系统的安全稳定运行和提升虚拟电厂调度效率至关重要。
文献[8]提出在新能源一次调频场景下利用层次分析法赋予指标特征主观权重,并采用逼近理想解排序法(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution, TOPSIS)对各储能排序优选。文献[9]分别使用层次分析法和用户年均值法对储能电源进行技术性和经济性的排序,以获得综合的经济技术最优选型结果。文献[10]提出了基于层次分析法和TOPSIS-模糊综合评价的储能选型评价体系,在削峰填谷等3种场景中,通过评估结果中隶属度的最大值来确定最终的储能类型。但单一的主观赋权方法未能考虑客观权重信息,易受决策者主观因素影响而产生权重偏差。文献[11]提出基于层次分析法与客观赋权法CRITIC的储能选型方法,解决了传统储能选型方法主观性强的缺点,但其考虑的客观影响因素单一,缺乏对主客观权重的有机融合。文献[12]提出了一种基于折中方案的备选方案排序法(measurement of alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution, MARCOS),相较于大多数储能选型研究采用的TOPSIS方法更加简单可靠[13],而MARCOS方法在决策结果的稳定性方面存在不足。
针对现有储能选型方法的不足,现提出一种基于博弈组合赋权和GRA-MARCOS的虚拟电厂储能选型方法。首先,构建储能适应性评价指标体系,综合考虑技术性、经济性、安全性与环保性4个方面。其次,基于模糊层次分析法给指标体系赋主观权重,有效处理主观判断的模糊性与不确定性;基于CRITIC与MEREC方法给指标体系赋客观权重,并基于最小信息熵原理得到组合客观权重;基于博弈论方法对主、客观权重进行融合,使综合权重更加准确客观。然后,采用灰色关联分析法(grey relation analysis, GRA)改进的MARCOS法对各储能方案进行适应性排序,实现储能选型决策。最后,在两种不同储能技术需求的应用场景下进行适应性排序决策与灵敏度分析,验证所提储能选型方法的有效性和稳定性。
储能是未来新型电力系统的重要应用技术,目前已开展研究及应用的储能技术类型众多,其技术特点及适用场景各异[14]。不同类型的储能在经济、技术等方面表现出较大的差异。按照工作原理的不同,可将储能分为物理储能、电磁储能、电化学储能3种类型[15]。物理储能包括抽水蓄能、飞轮储能和压缩空气储能;电磁储能包括超导储能和超级电容储能;电化学储能包括锂离子电池、铅酸电池、钒液流电池和钠硫电池等。
本文研究从技术性、经济性、安全性和环保性4个方面出发,构建了面向虚拟电厂的储能适应性评价指标体系。该体系包含目标层、准则层、指标层与方案层,如图1所示。其中,在技术性方面,主要考虑储能的最大容量、响应时间、放电时长、功率密度和能量密度;在经济性方面,主要考虑投资成本、运维成本和转换效率;在安全性方面,主要考虑运行安全性与技术成熟度;在环保性方面,主要考虑环境破坏性、循环次数与最大循环效率。方案层中备选储能方案包括抽水蓄能、飞轮储能、压缩空气储能、超导储能、超级电容储能、锂离子电池、铅酸电池、钒液流电池、钠硫电池9种储能技术。本文研究基于该指标体系对各备选储能技术进行不同场景的适应性排序,并以此实现储能优选决策。
相比传统层次分析法,模糊层次分析法能够处理复杂不确定问题,有效处理决策者主观判断的模糊性,提高决策权重的准确性。利用模糊层次分析法给适应性评价指标体系赋权的步骤如下。
(1)建立判断矩阵。对单层次中n个指标(如C11~C15)按照相对于上一层次指标(如B1)的重要性程度进行两两比较,并依据三角模糊数标度表(表1)进行相对重要性的量化,从而建立模糊判断矩阵 A 。该矩阵由三角模糊数 a p q=(lpq,hpq,upq)构成,其中 a q p= ( a p q ) - 1=(1/upq,1/hpq,1/lpq),p=1,2,…,n,q=1,2,…,n
$\begin{array}{l} \hat{\boldsymbol{A}}=\left(\hat{a}_{i j}\right)_{n \times n}= \\ {\left[\begin{array}{cccc} (1,1,1) & \left(l_{12}, m_{12}, u_{12}\right) & \ldots & \left(l_{1 n}, m_{1 n}, u_{1 n}\right) \\ \left(\frac{1}{u_{12}}, \frac{1}{m_{12}}, \frac{1}{l_{12}}\right) & (1,1,1) & \ldots & \left(l_{2 n}, m_{2 n}, u_{2 n}\right) \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ \left(\frac{1}{u_{n 1}}, \frac{1}{m_{n 1}}, \frac{1}{l_{n 1}}\right) & \left(\frac{1}{u_{n 2}}, \frac{1}{m_{n 2}}, \frac{1}{l_{n 2}}\right) & \ldots & (1,1,1) \end{array}\right]} \end{array}$
(2)检验一致性。按照式(2)对模糊判断矩阵进行去模糊化后,对得到的矩阵A=(apq)n×n进行一致性检验。当一致性比率CR<0.1,则满足一致性要求,否则需要重新构造模糊判断矩阵。
$a_{p q}=\frac{l_{p q}+h_{p q}+u_{p q}}{3}$
(3)计算单层次主观权重。对于三角模糊数M1=(l1,h1,u1)与M2=(l2,h2,u2),遵循以下计算规则,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} M_{1} \oplus M_{2}=\left(l_{1}+l_{2}, h_{1}+h_{2}, u_{1}+u_{2}\right) \\ M_{1} \otimes M_{2}=\left(l_{1} l_{2}, h_{1} h_{2}, u_{1} u_{2}\right) \end{array}\right.$
根据式(4)和式(5)先后分别计算各指标三角模糊数集{ a p 1, a p 2,…, a p n}的几何平均值 r p和各指标的模糊权重 w p
$\hat{r}_{p}=\left(\prod_{q=1}^{n} \hat{a}_{p q}\right)^{1 / n}$
$\begin{aligned} \hat{w}_{p} & =\hat{r}_{p} \otimes\left(\hat{r}_{1} \oplus \hat{r}_{2} \oplus \cdots \oplus \hat{r}_{n}\right)^{-1} \\ & =\left(l_{p}, h_{p}, u_{p}\right) \end{aligned}$
按照式(6)和式(7)先后进行去模糊化和归一化,得到去模糊化后的指标单层次主观权重Np
$w_{p}=\frac{l_{p}+h_{p}+u_{p}}{3}$
$N_{p}=\frac{w_{p}}{\sum_{p=1}^{n} w_{p}}$
(4)按照适应性评价指标体系对应层次关系由上至下将权重相乘,得到指标层主观权重Ws=( w s 1, w s 2,…, w s n)。
为克服模糊层次分析法固有的主观性,因此有必要引入客观赋权法对主观权重进行修正。CRITIC法是一种通过挖掘指标数据间的波动性和冲突性来确定权重的客观赋权法,有效消除决策者主观判断所带来的偏差与不确定性。CRITIC法计算客观权重具体计算步骤如下。
(1)构建决策矩阵与标准化。由适应性评价体系中方案层的m个备选方案和指标层的n个指标构造m×n的初始决策矩阵X
$\boldsymbol{X}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc} x_{11} & x_{12} & \cdots & x_{1 n} \\ x_{21} & x_{22} & \cdots & x_{2 n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ x_{m 1} & x_{m 2} & \cdots & x_{m n} \end{array}\right]$
式(8)中:xij为第i个储能方案的第j个性能指标数据;i=1,2,…,m;j=1,2,…,n
对于效益型指标B(指标值越大越好)和成本型指标C(指标值越小越好)进行以下处理。
$\left\{\begin{array}{ll} x_{i j}^{\prime}=\frac{x_{i j}-\min x_{j}}{\max x_{j}-\min x_{j}}, & j \in B \\ x_{i j}^{\prime}=\frac{\min x_{j}-x_{i j}}{\max x_{j}-\min x_{j}}, & j \in C \end{array}\right.$
式(9)中:xj={x1j,x2j,…,xmj};x'ij为标准化处理后的指标数据。
标准化过后的决策矩阵X'
$\boldsymbol{X}^{\prime}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc} x_{11}^{\prime} & x_{12}^{\prime} & \cdots & x_{1 n}^{\prime} \\ x_{21}^{\prime} & x_{22}^{\prime} & \cdots & x_{2 n}^{\prime} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ x_{m 1}^{\prime} & x_{m 2}^{\prime} & \cdots & x_{m n}^{\prime} \end{array}\right]$
(2)计算标准差和相关系数。CRITIC法所考虑的波动性和冲突性分别用标准差和相关系数表示。各指标数据的标准差与指标间的相关系数计算公式为
$\sigma_{j}=\sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{m}\left(x_{i j}^{\prime}-\bar{x}_{j}\right)^{2}}{m}}$
$r_{p j}=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{m}\left(x_{i p}^{\prime}-\bar{x}_{p}\right)\left(x_{i j}^{\prime}-\bar{x}_{j}\right)}{\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{m}\left(x_{i p}^{\prime}-\bar{x}_{p}\right)^{2}} \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{m}\left(x_{i j}^{\prime}-\bar{x}_{j}\right)^{2}}}$
式中:p=1,2,…,n;σj为第j个指标数据的标准差;rpj为第p个指标与第j个指标之间的pearson相关系数;x'ipx'ij为矩阵X'中对应下标的元素; x - p x - j分别为矩阵X'p列元素和第j列元素的均值。
(3)计算波动性与冲突性的信息承载量Cj
$C_{j}=\sigma_{j} \sum_{p=1}^{n}\left(1-r_{p j}\right)$
(4)计算CRITIC客观权重Wc=( w c 1, w c 2,…, w c n)。
$w_{j}^{\mathrm{c}}=\frac{C_{j}}{\sum_{j=1}^{n} C_{j}}=\frac{\sigma_{j} \sum_{i=1}^{m}\left(1-r_{i j}\right)}{\sum_{j=1}^{n}\left[\sigma_{j} \sum_{i=1}^{m}\left(1-r_{i j}\right)\right]}$
MEREC法利用去除每个指标对备选储能方案整体性能的影响大小来确定指标权重,对整体性能影响越大的指标被赋予越大的权重[16]。MEREC法计算客观权重的步骤如下。
(1)标准化决策矩阵。对初始决策矩阵X进行标准化,决策矩阵为R= [ n i j ] m × n,其中,i=1,2,…,m,j=1,2,…,n
$n_{i j}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \frac{\min _{k} x_{k j}}{x_{i j}}, & j \in B \\ \frac{x_{i j}}{\max _{k} x_{k j}}, & j \in C \end{array}\right.$
(2)计算各备选储能方案的整体性能Si。在此步骤中,采用对数度量来获得各储能方案的整体性能。Si的计算公式为
$S_{i}=\ln \left[1+\left(\frac{1}{m} \sum_{j}\left|\ln n_{i j}\right|\right)\right]$
(3)根据式(17)计算删除适应性评价指标j后第i个备选储能方案的部分性能S'ij
$S_{i j}^{\prime}=\ln \left[1+\left(\frac{1}{m} \sum_{k, k \neq j}\left|\ln n_{i k}\right|\right)\right]$
(4)计算去除效果Ej。根据式(18)计算去除指标j后所有储能方案性能变化之和。
$E_{j}=\sum_{i=1}^{m}\left|S_{i j}^{\prime}-S_{i}\right|$
(5)计算MEREC客观权重。根据式(19)计算适应性评价指标的客观权重,删除第j个指标所引起的整体性能变化越大,指标权重越大。最终,得到适应性评价指标的MEREC客观权重Wm=( w m 1, w m 2,…, w m n)。
$w_{j}^{m}=\frac{E_{j}}{\sum_{k=1}^{n} E_{k}}$
由于CRITIC法与MEREC法考虑的客观因素不同,所得权重的侧重也不同。为使客观权重体现全面的客观因素,本文利用最小信息熵原理[17]将由CRITIC与MEREC赋权法计算所得的客观权重进行组合,得到组合客观权重Wo=( w o 1, w o 2,…, w o n),计算公式为
$w_{j}^{\mathrm{o}}=\frac{\sqrt{w_{j}^{\mathrm{c}} w_{j}^{\mathrm{m}}}}{\sum_{k=1}^{n} \sqrt{w_{k}^{\mathrm{c}} w_{k}^{\mathrm{m}}}}$
博弈论是一种分析和优化多目标决策问题的理论,主要研究具有竞争或对抗性质的对象[18]。本文研究将博弈论用于解决具有竞争关系的主观权重与客观权重的组合问题,通过最小化所求取权重与主、客观权重之间的偏差,得到纳什均衡的综合权重,实现主观权重和客观权重的妥协和统一。相较于传统的乘法合成法与加权修正法,博弈论所求得的综合权重兼顾主观决策的经验和指标数据的客观因素,有效避免单一赋权的缺点,同时保留主、客观两种赋权方法的优势。博弈论求取综合权重的步骤如下。
(1)选取2.1节与2.2节计算所得的指标主观权重向量Ws与客观权重向量Wo进行线性组合,即
$\boldsymbol{W}=\beta_{1} \boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{s}}+\beta_{2} \boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{o}}, \beta_{1}, \beta_{2}>0$
式(21)中:W为一种可能的组合权重向量;β1β2为线性组合系数。
(2)利用博弈论构造目标函数,求出WWsWo偏差之和最小的最优线性组合系数。目标函数为
$\min \left\|\boldsymbol{W}-\boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{s}}\right\|_{2}+\left\|\boldsymbol{W}-\boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{o}}\right\|_{2}$
进一步,根据矩阵的微分性质,取式(22)的一阶导数,得到
$\left[\begin{array}{ll} \boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{s}}\left(\boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{s}}\right)^{\mathrm{T}} & \boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{s}}\left(\boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{o}}\right)^{\mathrm{T}} \\ \boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{o}}\left(\boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{s}}\right)^{\mathrm{T}} & \boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{o}}\left(\boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{o}}\right)^{\mathrm{T}} \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l} \beta_{1} \\ \beta_{2} \end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{l} \boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{s}}\left(\boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{s}}\right)^{\mathrm{T}} \\ \boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{o}}\left(\boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{o}}\right)^{\mathrm{T}} \end{array}\right]$
计算可得线性组合系数,并对其进行归一化处理,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \beta_{1}^{*}=\frac{\beta_{1}}{\beta_{1}+\beta_{2}} \\ \beta_{2}^{*}=\frac{\beta_{2}}{\beta_{1}+\beta_{2}} \end{array}\right.$
最终,得到适应性评价指标主客观综合权重向量W*=( w 1 *, w 2 *,…, w n *),即
$\boldsymbol{W}^{*}=\beta_{1}^{*} \boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{s}}+\beta_{2}^{*} \boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{o}}$
MARCOS是由文献[12]提出的一种新型多准则决策方法。该方法基于备选储能方案和参考值(正理想解和负理想解)之间所定义的距离关系,确定备选储能方案的效用函数,并以效用函数值进行妥协排序。该方法在多准则决策分析中应用广泛,适应性强,决策结果客观全面。
灰色关联分析法是一种通过计算子序列与母序列之间的灰色关联度来进行排序比较的多准则决策方法。该方法通过计算灰色关联度来揭示序列之间的内在联系,能够在不确定信息较高的情况下保持良好的决策分析效果,所得排序决策结果较为稳定。
因此,本文研究提出GRA-MARCOS方法,将灰色关联分析法和MARCOS相结合,充分利用两种方法的优势,降低主观决策的不确定性对决策排序的影响,提高决策结果的可靠性与稳定性。具体步骤如下。
步骤1 在初始决策矩阵X中引入正理想解(AI)和负理想解(AAI)来形成扩展决策矩阵X″
$\boldsymbol{X}^{\prime \prime}=\begin{array}{c} \mathrm{AAI} \\ A_{1} \\ A_{2} \\ \vdots \\ A_{m} \\ \mathrm{AI} \end{array}\left[\begin{array}{cccc} x_{\text {aa1 }} & x_{\text {aa2 }} & \cdots & x_{\text {aan }} \\ x_{11} & x_{12} & \cdots & x_{1 n} \\ x_{21} & x_{22} & \cdots & x_{2 n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ x_{m 1} & x_{m 2} & \cdots & x_{m n} \\ x_{\text {ai1 }} & x_{\text {ai2 }} & \cdots & x_{\text {ain }} \end{array}\right]$
$\mathrm{AAI}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \min _{i} x_{i j}, & j \in B \\ \max _{i} x_{i j}, & j \in C \end{array}\right.$
正理想解(AI)选取效益型指标的最大值与成本型指标的最小值,负理想解(AAI)选取成本型指标的最大值与效益型指标的最小值。
步骤2 将扩展决策矩阵进行归一化和加权,得加权决策矩阵V= [ v i j ] m × n
$\left\{\begin{array}{ll} n_{i j}^{\prime}=\frac{x_{i j}}{x_{\mathrm{a} i j}}, & j \in B \\ n_{i j}^{\prime}=\frac{x_{\mathrm{a} i j}}{x_{i j}}, & j \in C \end{array}\right.$
$v_{i j}=n_{i j}^{\prime} w_{j}^{*}$
式中:xijxaij为扩展决策矩阵X″中的元素;n'ij为归一化处理过后的元素; w j *为指标综合权重。
步骤3 将基于MARCOS方法的效用度与基于灰色关联分析法的灰色关联度结合,得到综合效用度。
由MARCOS法计算效用度,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} K_{i}^{+}=\frac{S_{i}}{S_{a i}} \\ K_{i}^{-}=\frac{S_{i}}{S_{\mathrm{a} a}} \\ S_{i}=\sum_{j=1}^{n} v_{i j} \end{array}\right.$
式(30)中: K i + K i -分别为MARCOS法计算所得正效用度与负效用度;Si为加权决策矩阵中第i行元素之和;SaiSaai分别为加权决策矩阵中正理想解元素之和与负理想解元素之和。
由灰色关联分析法计算灰色关联度,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} g_{i j}^{+}=\frac{\min _{1 \leqslant i \leqslant m} \min _{1 \leqslant j \leqslant n}\left|v_{j}^{+}-v_{i j}\right|+\rho \max _{1 \leqslant i \leqslant m} \max _{1 \leqslant j \leqslant n}\left|v_{j}^{+}-v_{i j}\right|}{\left|v_{j}^{+}-v_{i j}\right|+\rho \max _{1 \leqslant i \leqslant m} \max _{1 \leqslant j \leqslant n}\left|v_{j}^{+}-v_{i j}\right|} \\ g_{i j}^{-}=\frac{\min _{1 \leqslant i \leqslant m} \min _{1 \leqslant j \leqslant n}\left|v_{j}^{-}-v_{i j}\right|+\rho \max _{1 \leqslant i \leqslant m} \max _{1 \leqslant j \leqslant n}\left|v_{j}^{-}-v_{i j}\right|}{\left|v_{j}^{-}-v_{i j}\right|+\rho \max _{1 \leqslant i \leqslant m} \max _{1 \leqslant j \leqslant n}\left|v_{j}^{-}-v_{i j}\right|} \end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} G_{i}^{+}=\frac{1}{m} \sum_{j=1}^{m} g_{i j}^{+} \\ G_{i}^{-}=\frac{1}{m} \sum_{j=1}^{m} g_{i j}^{-} \end{array}\right.$
式中: v j + v j -分别为加权决策矩阵V中第j个指标的正理想解元素与负理想解元素; g i j + g i j -分别为备选储能方案i的第j个指标对于正理想解元素与负理想解元素的灰色关联度; G i + G i -分别为备选方案i对于正理想解与负理想解的灰色关联度;ρ为分辨率因子,取值范围为(0,1),通常取0.5。
将灰色关联度与MARCOS效用度相结合,形成综合效用度。综合效用度为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} H_{i}^{-}=k_{1} G_{i}^{+}+k_{2} K_{i}^{-} \\ H_{i}^{+}=k_{1} G_{i}^{-}+k_{2} K_{i}^{+} \end{array}\right.$
式(33)中:k1k2为决策者评估的偏好系数,k1+k2=1,k1,k2∈(0,1); H i + H i -分别为综合正效用度与综合负效用度;当效用度 K i -越大,灰色关联度 G i +越大,表明备选方案i与负理想解越远,综合负效用度越大;当效用度 K i +越大,灰色关联度 G i -大,表明备选方案i与正理想解越远,综合正效用度越大。
步骤4 计算各备选储能方案的效用函数值f(Hi)。
$f\left(H_{i}^{+}\right)=\frac{H_{i}^{-}}{H_{i}^{+}+H_{i}}$
$f\left(H_{i}^{-}\right)=\frac{H_{i}^{+}}{H_{i}^{+}+H_{i}^{-}}$
$f\left(H_{i}\right)=\frac{H_{i}^{+}+H_{i}^{-}}{1+\frac{1-f\left(H_{i}^{+}\right)}{f\left(H_{i}^{+}\right)}+\frac{1-f\left(H_{i}^{-}\right)}{f\left(H_{i}^{-}\right)}}$
式中:f( H i +)、f( H i -)分别为备选储能方案i与正理想解、负理想解的效用函数。
步骤5 根据效用函数值对备选储能方案进行排序与选型决策。效用函数值越大表明备选储能方案在对应场景下适应性越高。
本文研究引入控制理论中的鲁棒性概念,来表征适应性排序结果的稳定性。由于本文指标赋权过程涉及主观不确定因素,影响储能适应性排序结果的稳定性,因此有必要进行指标权重灵敏度分析。
在主客观综合权重向量W*=( w 1 *, w 2 *,…, w n *)中,对第t个指标权重 w t *改变Δwt并重新归一化综合权重向量,得到新的综合权重向量W'=(w'1,w'2,…,w'n)。计算过程如下。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} w_{q}^{\prime}=\frac{w_{t}^{*}+\Delta w_{t}}{w_{t}^{*}+\Delta w_{t}+\sum_{j=1}^{t-1} w_{j}^{*}+\sum_{j==t+1}^{n} w_{j}^{*}}, \quad q=t \\ w_{q}^{\prime}=\frac{w_{q}^{*}}{w_{t}^{*}+\Delta w_{t}+\sum_{j=1}^{t-1} w_{j}^{*}+\sum_{j=t+1}^{n} w_{j}^{*}}, \quad q \neq t \end{array}\right.$
式(37)中:w'q∈(0,1),其中q=1,2,…,n
定义φt= w '   t - w t *为权重 w t *的绝对变化量,权重 w t *的灵敏度系数为St=1/ φ t,其中 φ t表示使适应性排序决策结果发生改变的最小绝对变化量。权重灵敏度系数越大,说明权重的变化越容易改变适应性排序决策结果,适应性排序结果不稳定,鲁棒性差;反之适应性排序结果鲁棒性好。
虚拟电厂通过整合分布式能源、储能系统以及可调节负荷,积极参与电力市场的优化调节,提升能源资源的综合利用效率,提高电能质量,促进新能源消纳,助力实现“双碳”目标。因此,本文研究选择虚拟电厂的可再生能源平滑输出和市场优化调节两种典型场景,验证所提出储能选型方法的有效性。
对现有相关储能技术最新研究成果[8,11,19-20]查阅,得到表2所示的各储能技术的性能指标数据。其中,如运行安全性等无法定量描述的性能指标已根据量化标准(表3)进行量化。成本型指标有环境破坏性、投资成本和运维成本,其余指标为效益型指标。
客观权重基于储能技术性能指标数据进行计算,与具体场景无关。根据表1建立初始决策矩阵,并利用式(8)~式(19)分别计算CRITIC客观权重与MEREC客观权重。然后利用式(20)进行组合,组合后的客观权重Wo=[0.188 8,0.051 6,0.090 5,0.170 2,0.098 1,0.049 4,0.086 7,0.023 8,0.040 9,0.020 8,0.106 4,0.046 3,0.026 5]。不同客观权重结果如图2所示。
可以看出,利用最小信息熵原理组合后的权值对两种客观赋权法所得权值进行有效融合,使得组合权重既能反映性能指标数据的波动性与冲突性,又能反映删除单一指标数据所带来的客观影响。
根据专家打分和式(1)~式(7)得到各层的模糊判断矩阵,并计算各单层次主观权重,进而计算得到储能技术性能指标主观权重。
出于文章篇幅考虑,本节仅给出可再生能源平滑输出场景和参与市场调节场景下目标层A的模糊判断矩阵 A ~ 1 A ~ 2
$\tilde{\boldsymbol{A}}_{1}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc} (1,1,1) & (3,4,5) & (7,8,9) & (4,5,6) \\ \left(\frac{1}{5}, \frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{3}\right) & (1,1,1) & (2,3,4) & (1,2,3) \\ \left(\frac{1}{9}, \frac{1}{8}, \frac{1}{7}\right) & \left(\frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{2}\right) & (1,1,1) & \left(\frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{2}, 1\right) \\ \left(\frac{1}{6}, \frac{1}{5}, \frac{1}{4}\right) & \left(\frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{2}, 1\right) & (1,2,3) & (1,1,1) \end{array}\right]$
$\tilde{A}_{2}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc} (1,1,1) & (5,6,7) & (1,2,3) & (2,3,4) \\ \left(\frac{1}{7}, \frac{1}{6}, \frac{1}{5}\right) & (1,1,1) & \left(\frac{1}{5}, \frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{3}\right) & \left(\frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{2}, 1\right) \\ \left(\frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{2}, 1\right) & (3,4,5) & (1,1,1) & (1,2,3) \\ \left(\frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{2}\right) & (1,2,3) & \left(\frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{2}, 1\right) & (1,1,1) \end{array}\right]$
由式(21)~式(25)计算得到基于博弈论组合的指标主客观综合权重。主观权重与综合权重结果如表4图3所示。其中,可再生能源平滑输出场景的博弈线性组合系数 β 1 *=0.332 5, β 2 *=0.667 5;参与市场调节场景的博弈线性组合系数 β 1 *=0.376 8, β 2 *=0.623 2。如表4所示,在可再生能源平滑输出场景下,由于可再生能源的波动性和不确定性,储能技术需要具有快速的响应能力和短时间释放大量功率的能力,以有效平衡电网的供需。因此,该场景下对储能技术的功率密度和响应时间提出更高的要求;在参与市场调节场景下,虚拟电厂通过调整储能资源的使用,参与电力市场的价格响应和电力平衡服务,因此,储能系统需要具有长时间的持续放电能力与足够的容量,以应对电力市场的需求变化和满足系统在高峰期的电力需求。
图3可以看出,基于博弈论的主客观综合权重既考虑了决策专家主观因素的影响,又考虑了客观赋权法对指标数据的强依赖性,避免了权重结果过于主观或者客观所导致的评价偏差问题,结果更加准确合理。
根据本文所提GRA-MARCOS算法进行可再生能源平滑输出场景下的储能技术适应性排序,其中偏好系数都取为0.5。根据各备选储能方案的效用函数值大小,得到两种场景下各储能备选方案的适应性排序结果,如表5所示。
表5可知,可再生能源平滑输出场景下储能技术的适应性排序结果为:E9>E4>E3>E6>E2>E5>E7>E8>E1,最优储能技术为超级电容。该场景下,超级电容与飞轮储能主要由于具有更快的响应速度、更高的功率密度以及更高的循环效率,在该场景中具有明显的适应性优势。电化学储能中最适应该场景的是锂离子电池,其具有循环效率高、高功率密度以及较快响应时间等特点,铅酸电池、钠硫电池与钒液流电池其次,三者在循环效率与功率密度等方面存在劣势。虽然压缩空气和抽水蓄能在容量、技术成熟度和安全性方面表现出色,但两者在响应速度、功率密度和循环效率等关键性能上的局限性,使其难以满足可再生能源平滑输出场景的储能需求。超导储能的响应速度极快,功率密度极高,理论上非常适合该场景。然而,目前该技术还不够成熟,成本极高,且需要极低的温度环境,因此表现出较差的适应性。
参与市场调节场景下储能技术的适应性排序结果为:E2>E1>E4>E6>E7>E5>E9>E3>E8。压缩空气与抽水蓄能凭借其持续放电时间长、容量大、安全性高、经济性良好等方面的综合优势成为最适应该场景的两种储能技术,其中压缩空气最优,抽水蓄能次之;锂离子电池等电化学储能虽然容量较小,但由于其功率与容量能够根据需求灵活配置的特点,也能够满足参与市场调节场景需求;飞轮储能、超导储能与超级电容虽然具有极快的响应速度、高功率密度、高循环密度等性能,但由于容量小、放电时间短、经济性较差等问题,所以表现出了较其他储能更差的适应性。
受限于地理条件的限制、建设成本的高昂、运行效率不足等因素,抽水蓄能逐渐难以适应虚拟电厂多样化的需求,但在大规模储能场景下依旧展现出其优势。相较于抽水蓄能,技术革新下的压缩空气储能更加部署灵活、效率更高与成本更低,在大规模长时间放电场景中正逐步取代抽水蓄能成为最优选择。而随着技术创新,以锂电池为代表的电化学储能的成本逐年下降,功率和容量不受外界条件限制可灵活配置的特性使得电化学储能在虚拟电厂中得到更加广泛的应用。飞轮储能、超导储能与超级电容则受限于成本、容量与放电时长,应用范围有限,主要用于短时小规模场景。
由于指标赋权过程中不可避免地涉及主观不确定性因素,这对储能系统适应性排序结果的稳定性产生影响。本文研究对传统MARCOS和改进的GRA-MARCOS两种排序决策算法进行了灵敏度分析[18]。如果权重的变化对排序结果影响越小,则表明算法灵敏度较低,适应性排序结果越为稳定。
在两种场景下分别使用两种排序决策算法进行适应性排序决策,逐一改变各指标对应的综合权重,记录使适应性排序决策结果发生改变的权重最小绝对变化量,并取其倒数计算灵敏度系数,对应结果如表6图4所示。
图4可知,在两种场景下,GRA-MARCOS方法相较于传统MARCOS方法,计算所得的排序结果在指标灵敏度方面均有所降低,排序结果更加稳定。这表明GRA的引入一定程度上提高了MARCOS方法在应对不确定信息方面的稳健性和鲁棒性。
提出了基于博弈组合赋权和GRA-MARCOS的虚拟电厂储能选型方法,并进行了算例验证,得到如下结论。
(1)提出的基于最小信息熵原理的组合客观权重对CRITIC法与MEREC法进行有效融合,使赋权结果更加客观全面;提出的基于博弈论的主客观赋权方法充分考虑主观决策需求的和指标客观属性,结果更加准确合理。
(2)提出的灰色关联分析法改进的MARCOS方法提高了不确定信息的处理能力,具有良好的稳定性。
(3)通过不同场景储能选型决策分析,验证了本文提出的基于博弈论组合赋权-灰色MARCOS储能选型方法的有效性,能为虚拟电厂不同场景的储能选型提供合理有效的决策方案。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62293500)
  • 国家自然科学基金(62293504)
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2025年第25卷第18期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404448
  • 接收时间:2024-06-14
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-14
  • 修回日期:2025-03-18
基金
国家自然科学基金(62293500)
国家自然科学基金(62293504)
作者信息
    1 南京邮电大学自动化学院、 人工智能学院, 南京 210023
    2 潍坊弘润新材料有限公司, 潍坊 262737

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* 窦春霞(1967—),女,汉族,河北秦皇岛人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能电网控制与安全防御。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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