Article(id=1149774726261858526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404441, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718294400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-14, revisedDate=1739116800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057256522, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057256522, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057256522, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057256522, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4849, endPage=4856, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774726723231968, articleId=1149774726261858526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Characterization of Non-uniform Residual Stresses between Layers in Carbon Fiber Composite Laminates Based on Layer by the Incremental Hole-drilling Method, columnId=1156264149949735860, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are significantly impacted by residual stresses, which can even induce material cracking. Consequently, the accurate measurement of interlayer non-uniform residual stresses in CFRP laminates is of paramount importance for improving their manufacturing processes. The incremental hole-drilling method was employed to measure the interlayer non-uniform residual stresses in CFRP laminates. Finite element simulation was used to calculate the standard coefficient matrix between the released residual stresses and strains released in each layer. Coefficient matrix in conjunction with the measured strains was utilized to compute the residual stresses within each layer of the CFRP. The results indicate that the CFRP laminates exhibit an overall stress distribution characterized by compressive stresses externally and tensile stresses internally along the thickness direction. Furthermore, the measurement variance of residual stresses increases with the increase in drilling depth, and the interlayer residual stress values and their non-uniformity are higher in the layers closer to the center of the plate.

, correspAuthors=Shang-bin XI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=De-zhi LIN, Yue-qing ZHAO, Hui CHEN, Jia-ye ZHAO, Shang-bin XI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774750131642934, articleId=1149774726261858526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于逐层钻孔法的碳纤维复合材料层间非均匀残余应力测量, columnId=1156264150092342198, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

残余应力严重影响碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)的力学性能,甚至诱发材料开裂,因此,准确测量CFRP层合板的层间非均匀残余应力对于其制备工艺改进具有重要意义。通过逐层钻孔法测量CFRP层合板层间非均匀残余应力,采用有限元仿真计算每层释放残余应力与应变之间的标准系数矩阵;利用系数矩阵和实测应变计算CFRP各层残余应力。结果表明:CFRP层合板整体延厚度方向呈现外压内拉的应力分布;残余应力测量方差随钻孔深度增大而增加,板内越靠近中间的铺层,其层间残余应力值越大,非均匀性越高。

, correspAuthors=席尚宾, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 席尚宾(1986—),男,汉族,甘肃临洮人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:智能复合材料设计与计算。E-mail:
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林德志 (1987—),男,汉族,山东日照人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:复合材料结构强度及工艺仿真分析,E-mail:

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林德志 (1987—),男,汉族,山东日照人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:复合材料结构强度及工艺仿真分析,E-mail:

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林德志 (1987—),男,汉族,山东日照人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:复合材料结构强度及工艺仿真分析,E-mail:

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用阶梯形表示每一层的实际分布应力分别为(σx)i、(σy)i,其中i表示从上往下的层序号;D0为钻孔直径

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Increment为增量

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Setting of drilling step length and incremental stepnumber for A/B surface of composite laminates

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序号 A面(步长0.194 mm)/
mm
B面(步长0.226 mm)/
mm
0 0 0
1 0.322 4 0.354 4
2 0.516 4 0.580 4
3 0.710 4 0.806 4
4 0.904 4 1.032 4
5 1.098 4 1.258 4
6 1.292 4 1.484 4
7 1.486 4
8 1.680 4
), ArticleFig(id=1179786798852096531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726261858526, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

复合材料层合板A/B面钻孔步长与增量步数设置

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序号 A面(步长0.194 mm)/
mm
B面(步长0.226 mm)/
mm
0 0 0
1 0.322 4 0.354 4
2 0.516 4 0.580 4
3 0.710 4 0.806 4
4 0.904 4 1.032 4
5 1.098 4 1.258 4
6 1.292 4 1.484 4
7 1.486 4
8 1.680 4
), ArticleFig(id=1179786798915011092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726261858526, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Stress of A1B7 II plates A-1, A-2, A-3, B-1, B-2, B-3

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指标 第1层 第2层 第3层 第4层
σx 58 -184 -603 -147
A-1应力 σxy -128 613 729 864
σy 31 -121 -123 -319
σx 75 -165 -342 -678
A-2应力 σxy -132 67 595 885
σy 330 -108 -106 -549
σx -38 20 700 340
A-3应力 σxy 649 721 -294 -109
σy -100 -162 -153 -108
σx 59 -185 -604 -148
B-1应力 σxy -128 613 729 864
σy 31 -121 -123 -319
σx -53 55 90 509
B-2应力 σxy 88 2 -198 -272
σy -140 -110 -375 -862
σx 38 -22 162 698
B-3应力 σxy 65 99 -439 -277
σy -100 -287 -580 -193
), ArticleFig(id=1179786798986314261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726261858526, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

A1B7-Ⅱ板A-1、A-2、A-3、B-1、B-2、B-3应力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 第1层 第2层 第3层 第4层
σx 58 -184 -603 -147
A-1应力 σxy -128 613 729 864
σy 31 -121 -123 -319
σx 75 -165 -342 -678
A-2应力 σxy -132 67 595 885
σy 330 -108 -106 -549
σx -38 20 700 340
A-3应力 σxy 649 721 -294 -109
σy -100 -162 -153 -108
σx 59 -185 -604 -148
B-1应力 σxy -128 613 729 864
σy 31 -121 -123 -319
σx -53 55 90 509
B-2应力 σxy 88 2 -198 -272
σy -140 -110 -375 -862
σx 38 -22 162 698
B-3应力 σxy 65 99 -439 -277
σy -100 -287 -580 -193
), ArticleFig(id=1179786799074394646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726261858526, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Relationship between sensitivity of electric bridges and proportional arm ratio

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参数 数值
参考电阻R1 100 1 000 1 000
参考电阻R2 1 000 1 000 100
比例臂电阻Rs 10 009.0 1 000.4 100
待测电阻 R x t 1 000.9 1 000.4 1 000.0
电桥左臂电阻ΔRsL 630.0 21.2 4.6
电桥右臂电阻ΔRsR 740.0 24.4 5.0
电桥电阻ΔRs 685.0 22.8 4.8
电桥灵敏度S/div 73.1 219.4 104.2
比例臂比值ΔRx 2.7 0.9 1.9
), ArticleFig(id=1179786799128920599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726261858526, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

电桥的灵敏度与比例臂比值的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
参考电阻R1 100 1 000 1 000
参考电阻R2 1 000 1 000 100
比例臂电阻Rs 10 009.0 1 000.4 100
待测电阻 R x t 1 000.9 1 000.4 1 000.0
电桥左臂电阻ΔRsL 630.0 21.2 4.6
电桥右臂电阻ΔRsR 740.0 24.4 5.0
电桥电阻ΔRs 685.0 22.8 4.8
电桥灵敏度S/div 73.1 219.4 104.2
比例臂比值ΔRx 2.7 0.9 1.9
), ArticleFig(id=1179786799183446552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726261858526, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Sensitivity and error statistic of electric bridge

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
参考电阻R1=R2 1 000
待测电阻 R x t 1 000.4
阻值变化量ΔR 22.8
电桥灵敏度S/div 219.4
比例臂比值ΔRx 0.9
桥臂电阻不确定度u'c(Rx) 1.0
相对不确定度uc(Rx) 0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1179786799246361113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726261858526, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

电桥灵敏度及误差统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
参考电阻R1=R2 1 000
待测电阻 R x t 1 000.4
阻值变化量ΔR 22.8
电桥灵敏度S/div 219.4
比例臂比值ΔRx 0.9
桥臂电阻不确定度u'c(Rx) 1.0
相对不确定度uc(Rx) 0.11
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基于逐层钻孔法的碳纤维复合材料层间非均匀残余应力测量
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林德志 1 , 赵月青 1 , 陈汇 1 , 赵家业 2 , 席尚宾 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·力学 2025,25(12): 4849-4856
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·力学 2025, 25(12): 4849-4856
基于逐层钻孔法的碳纤维复合材料层间非均匀残余应力测量
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林德志1 , 赵月青1, 陈汇1, 赵家业2, 席尚宾2, *
作者信息
  • 1 上海飞机制造有限公司复合材料中心, 上海 201324
  • 2 清华大学柔性电子技术实验室, 嘉兴 314006
  • 林德志 (1987—),男,汉族,山东日照人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:复合材料结构强度及工艺仿真分析,E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 席尚宾(1986—),男,汉族,甘肃临洮人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:智能复合材料设计与计算。E-mail:
Characterization of Non-uniform Residual Stresses between Layers in Carbon Fiber Composite Laminates Based on Layer by the Incremental Hole-drilling Method
De-zhi LIN1 , Yue-qing ZHAO1, Hui CHEN1, Jia-ye ZHAO2, Shang-bin XI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Composite Materials Center, Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201324, China
  • 2 Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404441
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残余应力严重影响碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)的力学性能,甚至诱发材料开裂,因此,准确测量CFRP层合板的层间非均匀残余应力对于其制备工艺改进具有重要意义。通过逐层钻孔法测量CFRP层合板层间非均匀残余应力,采用有限元仿真计算每层释放残余应力与应变之间的标准系数矩阵;利用系数矩阵和实测应变计算CFRP各层残余应力。结果表明:CFRP层合板整体延厚度方向呈现外压内拉的应力分布;残余应力测量方差随钻孔深度增大而增加,板内越靠近中间的铺层,其层间残余应力值越大,非均匀性越高。

碳纤维复合材料  /  层间残余应力  /  钻孔法  /  标准系数矩阵  /  应变

The mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are significantly impacted by residual stresses, which can even induce material cracking. Consequently, the accurate measurement of interlayer non-uniform residual stresses in CFRP laminates is of paramount importance for improving their manufacturing processes. The incremental hole-drilling method was employed to measure the interlayer non-uniform residual stresses in CFRP laminates. Finite element simulation was used to calculate the standard coefficient matrix between the released residual stresses and strains released in each layer. Coefficient matrix in conjunction with the measured strains was utilized to compute the residual stresses within each layer of the CFRP. The results indicate that the CFRP laminates exhibit an overall stress distribution characterized by compressive stresses externally and tensile stresses internally along the thickness direction. Furthermore, the measurement variance of residual stresses increases with the increase in drilling depth, and the interlayer residual stress values and their non-uniformity are higher in the layers closer to the center of the plate.

carbon fiber composites  /  interlayer residual stress  /  hole-drilling method  /  standard coefficient matrix  /  strain
林德志, 赵月青, 陈汇, 赵家业, 席尚宾. 基于逐层钻孔法的碳纤维复合材料层间非均匀残余应力测量. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4849 -4856 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404441
De-zhi LIN, Yue-qing ZHAO, Hui CHEN, Jia-ye ZHAO, Shang-bin XI. Characterization of Non-uniform Residual Stresses between Layers in Carbon Fiber Composite Laminates Based on Layer by the Incremental Hole-drilling Method[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4849 -4856 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404441
碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料层合板是具备出色的力学性能和结构稳定性、具有高强度和轻质化特性结构材料,通常用于航空航天、汽车工业和体育用品等领域[1-3]。对于碳纤维增强树脂基层合板复合材料,层间残余应力是在不同层或区域之间存在的剩余应力,它是由于材料经历了成形、加工、热处理等工艺过程,导致内部各个层间或区域的应变状态不均匀而形成的[4-5]。这种不均匀性会导致相邻层之间存在残留的应力差异。层间残余应力可以对材料的性能和行为产生重要影响[6]。如果层间残余应力超过了材料的强度极限,可能会导致材料的变形、裂纹、失效等问题。此外,层间残余应力还可以影响材料的疲劳寿命、腐蚀行为以及材料的物理性质等。因此,对层间残余应力的准确测量非常重要。具体来说,层间残余应力会引起层合板边缘脱黏,形成层间裂纹,造成整个层合板的刚度和强度下降,使结构过早失效。因此要对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料进行层间残余应力测试,首先通过层间残余应力测试,可以检测制造过程中产生的应力问题,有助于确保产品的质量符合规范和标准要求,然后层间残余应力会导致材料或构件的变形、开裂或失效,残余应力测试可以帮助评估结构的完整性,并确保其在使用时不会发生意外破坏。最后通过分析层间残余应力的成因和分布情况,可以识别并改进制造过程中引起应力的因素,以优化产品的可靠性和耐久性[7]
由于残余应力“闭锁”的特性使得其在不借助测量技术的情况下评估非常困难,而且残余应力不能简单的实现消除或施加。在目前常见的残余应力测试方法根据测试过程中对构件是否破坏可以分为有损检测[8]和无损检测[9-11]两大类,其中有损检测(将具有残余应力的部件从构件中分离或切割出来使应力释放测量其应变的变化求出残余应力)主要包含钻孔法、开槽法。无损检测(利用声、光、磁、电在不损害或不影响被测量对象使用性能的前提下测量残余应力)主要分为X射线衍射法、拉曼光谱法、超声波法。其中,X射线衍射法[12]、中子衍射法适用于晶体结构材料残余应力的测量,而碳纤维增强树脂基是属于非晶体结构的材料,因此X射线衍射法与中子衍射法并不适用于碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料层间残余应力的测量。开槽法[13]在切割时,当切割深度超过厚度的75%将产生与应变计附近噪声相关的不良结果。拉曼光谱和超声波法很少见其应用于复合材料层合板层间残余应力的测量。
碳纤维增强复合材料的单向层片是由纤维和基体复合而成,在微观构造上是不均匀的。叠层复合材料除层片内的不均匀性外,由于铺层材料和铺层方向的不同,沿厚度方向也是不均匀的,呈现层性。在复合材料中存在裂纹、脱层、纤维断裂和空隙等,使局部的位移、应变、应力不连续,很难能够求得精确解。再加上制造过程中工艺和各种参数的影响,使得计算复合材料及其结构的残余应力变得非常复杂和困难。
鉴于此,采用逐层钻孔法测量碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)的非均匀残余应力。首先通过有限元仿真软件构造试件和应变花粘贴的有限元模型,通过仿真标定计算得出应变花的标准系数矩阵;之后采用分层加载的方法实现各层标准系数的有限元仿真计算,从而构造出所需的标准释放矩阵;最后通过应变以及标准系数和泊松比的公式转换,计算出各层残余应力的值。通过 CFRP的非均匀残余应力分布规律可为其成型工艺参数优化以及预防结构失效提供重要参考依据
根据Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-drilling Strain-gage Method(ASTM E837-13a)[14],增量钻孔法指在应变片花几何中心内的一个小孔内进行逐层钻孔。在去除每一层材料后,在孔周围建立新的应力平衡。在整个孔深范围内,将卸压应变与每一深度增量中先前存在的应力联系起来就可以确定深度不均匀的应力分布。图1为典型的应变片和用于分析的坐标系统的示意图,其中,正的x方向位于应变片1的轴旁边,负的y方向位于应变片3的轴旁边。
释放的应变与应力的关系可表示为
1 E x E y C 11 C 12 C 13 C 21 C 22 C 23 C 31 C 32 C 33 σ 11 σ 12 σ 22= ε 1 ε 2 ε 3
式(1)中: C 11 C 12 C 13 C 21 C 22 C 23 C 31 C 32 C 33为柔度矩阵,其中元素为无量纲参数,如果xy为正交各向异性材料的主弹性方向,则C12C32项为0;ExEy分别为复合材料xy方向上的杨氏模量;σij为应力分量;εi为应变分量。
式(1)中的弹性系数取决于试样材料属性、孔深和应变花尺寸。对于正交各向异性材料,孔有效作用深度取决于材料的离面剪切模量与面内纵向刚度之比。该比率减小会导致孔的有效深度减小。在纵向方向上施加载荷计算校准系数C11C21C31;在横向方向上施加载荷计算校准系数C13C23C33。此外,通过施加面内剪切载荷,计算出校准系数C12C22C32。这3组标定系数通过有限元仿真计算得到[15]
采用商业有限元分析软件进行建模,复材板分为上下A、B两块板,A板模型大小为100 mm(长)×100 mm(宽)×1.552 mm(高),选用应变圆直径D=1 mm,应变栅的尺寸为l mm×l mm的B型应变花进行数值模拟,盲孔直径d取1 mm,对A板模型进行8次钻孔,每次钻孔增量为0.194 mm。设定碳纤维增强树脂基层合板复合材料的弹性模量E1=195 000 MPa,E2=8 580 MPa,E3=8 580 MPa,其中3个方向的3个泊松比分别为U12=0.344 7,U13=0.344 7,U23=0.424 7,另外3个方向的剪切模量分别为G12=4 570 MPa,G13=4 570 MPa,G23=3 060 MPa。对孔壁施加均匀的压应力1 000 MPa,划分网格采用6面8节点的C3D8R单元。
根据层合板的实际尺寸在有限元软件中输入其尺寸参数,复材板分为上下A、B两块板,A板100 mm(长)×100 mm(宽),B板长200 mm宽100 mm,建好模型后再对其进行模拟钻孔,由于钻头直径为1 mm,所以只需在复材板上绘制1 mm的小孔,对其进行拉伸与切除等操作最后得到模型。再对其进行每层复合材料的纤维方向的指派,A板的厚度为1.552 mm,总共有8层,每层厚0.194 mm,A板为对称铺层,其方向为(45°/90°/-45°/-0°)s。图2(a)为A板100 mm×100 mm的建模图及网格分割,图2(b)为B板200 mm×100 mm的建模图。
再进行A板与B板之间的装配,采用绑定约束对其进行绑定,网格采用C3D8R六面体单元进行网格划分,再进行载荷的施加以及约束的绑定,在施加载荷时,需要把笛卡尔坐标系转化为圆柱坐标系,根据进行完以上步骤后再对其进行结果计算,通过观察其仿真结果,在3块应变片的表面区域提取应变,然后再对其进行取平均值作为最后的应变输出。提取每块应变片的应变后,根据式(1),就可以算出每层的标定系数。网格划分是仿真的关键步骤,该模型采用8节点线性砖等参单元(C3D8R)进行网格划分。
整体网格划分如图3所示,网格划分单元总数为47 760,对于网格加密两倍后与未加密之前的网格应力结果进行对比分析,发现应力分布基本一致,因此,划分的网格密度合理。
对模型中的小孔孔壁施加载荷,因此在这里需要将直角坐标系中应力分量转化到极坐标系中去,极坐标转换公式为
σ ρ = σ x c o s 2 φ + σ y s i n 2 φ + τ x y s i n 2 φ σ φ = σ x s i n 2 φ + σ y c o s 2 φ - τ x y s i n 2 φ τ ρ φ = ( σ x - σ y ) s i n φ c o s φ + τ x y c o s 2 φ
σrr=σx(cosθ)2+σy(sinθ)2+τxysin2θ
σθr= σ y - σ x 2sin(2θ)+τxycos2θ
Load1:σx=σ,σy=τxy=0
σrr=σ(cosθ)2
σθr=-σsinθcosθ
Load2:σy=σ;σx=τxy=0
σrr=σ(sinθ)2
σθr=σsinθcosθ
Load3:τxy=σ;σx=σy=0
σrr=σsin2θ
σθr=σcos2θ
式中:σρσφτρφρ-φ转轴变换后的应力分量;φ为转角;σxσyτxyx-y转轴变换后的应力分量;σrr σ θ r为极坐标下的应力分量;σ为当前应力状态;Load1表示仅x方向受正应力的状态;Load2表示仅y方向受正应力的状态;Load3表示仅受切应力的状态。
通过极坐标公式转化可以将直角坐标系的载荷转化成柱坐标系下的载荷,分别为径向载荷与周向载荷。选择在双向等值应力场对标定系数矩阵进行仿真标定,因此任意场处的应力都是已知的,根据弹性力学中的极坐标转换公式,再根据式(1)~式(13)可以将笛卡尔坐标系下的应力转化为圆柱坐标系。
应变片的覆盖区域作为应变的提取区域,为了计算残余应力,必须确定校准系数的准确值,计算方法如图4所示。这些系数取决于孔的半径和所用量具的几何形状。为了计算标定系数,对材料施加已知的数值应力场,并计算孔周围的松弛应变,采用有限元模型进行计算。
对于增量1,有
ε k 1=C11kl σ l 1
式(14)中: ε k 1为第一层增量1下的松弛应变量;C11kl为第1层增量1下的标定系数; σ l 1为第1层的残余应力(模拟施加)。
在有限元模拟实验中,直角坐标系下的应力已给定,3个应变区域的应变通过3块应变片测得。因此对于增量1的标定系数就可以被计算出来。
对于增量2,有
ε k 2=C21kl σ l 1+C22kl σ l 2
式(15)中: ε k 2为增量1和增量2下的总松弛应变量;C21klC22kl分别为第2层增量1和增量2下的标定系数; σ l 2为第2层的残余应力。
式(15)等号右侧C21kl σ l 1+C22kl σ l 2分别为第1次和第2次增量的残余应力对测量到的表面总应变的贡献;其中,可以计算出,以同样的方式,材料中残余应力的梯度是由一个增量一个增量地确定的,直到量具的灵敏度极限深度。对于增量2也就是第2层的标定系数,通过第2层的总应变减去第1层的应变可以与增量1相同再计算第2层的标定系数,即C22kl σ l 2= ε k 2-C21kl σ l 1
对于增量3,有
ε k 3=C31kl σ l 1+C32kl σ l 2+C33kl σ l 3
式(16)中: ε k 3为总松弛应变量;C31klC32klC33kl分别为第3层增量1、增量2和增量3下的标定系数; σ l 3为第3层的残余应力。
式(16)等号右侧C31kl σ l 1+C32kl σ l 2+C33kl σ l 3分别为第1次和第2次和第3次增量的残余应力对测量到的表面总应变的贡献。材料中残余应力的梯度是由各增量依次确定的,直到量具的灵敏度极限深度。对于增量2也就是第2层的标定系数,通过第2层的总应变减去第1层的应变就可以与增量1相同再计算第2层的标定系数。同理第三层的标定系数与增量1,增量2求解方式相同,即C33kl σ l 3= ε k 3-C31kl σ l 1-C32kl σ l 2
在此应用中,详细介绍了计算[45°/90°/-45°/0°]s碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料层压板校准系数的不同步骤(下标s表示不同方向的预浸料铺层反对称)。使用ABAQUS对材料进行三维建模。A板层合板每层厚度为0.194 mm。对于给定的增量,使用3种不同的负载情况,校准系数的计算公式为
1 E x E y c i j 11 c i j 12 c i j 13 c i j 21 c i j 22 c i j 23 c i j 31 c i j 32 c i j 33 σ x j σ x y j σ y j= ε 1 i ε 2 i ε 3 i
式(18)中:cijkl=Cijkl E x E y为校准系数,其中Cijkl为标定系数; σ x j σ x y j σ y j为第j层模拟施加的应力分量; ε 1 i ε 2 i ε 3 i为第j层增量1~i下的总松弛应变。
(1)载荷1。横向单轴拉应力用来计算cij11cij21cij31,即
1 E x E y c i j 11 c i j 12 c i j 13 c i j 21 c i j 22 c i j 23 c i j 31 c i j 32 c i j 33 σ x j 0 0= ε 1 i ε 2 i ε 3 i
(2)载荷2。横向单轴拉应力用来计算cij13cij23cij33,即
1 E x E y c i j 11 c i j 12 c i j 13 c i j 21 c i j 22 c i j 23 c i j 31 c i j 32 c i j 33 0 0 σ y j= ε 1 i ε 2 i ε 3 i
(3)载荷3。剪切应力用来确定cij12cij22cij32,即
1 E x E y c i j 11 c i j 12 c i j 13 c i j 21 c i j 22 c i j 23 c i j 31 c i j 32 c i j 33 0 σ x y j 0= ε 1 i ε 2 i ε 3 i
这3种载荷作用在孔壁上。因此,从笛卡尔坐标系到柱坐标系的改变是必要的,网格划分也是仿真的关键步骤。网格越好,结果越准确。该模型采用8节点线性砖等参单元(C3D8R)进行网格划分。无论几何参数如何,网格都以保证其质量的方式配置。
测试的试件为CFPR预浸料通过树脂传递模塑工艺制备层合板,预浸料为正交编织布,预浸料铺层为45°/90°/-45°/0°,共20层,制备的板材如图5所示。
钻孔试验采用Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-drilling Strain-gage Method(ASTM E837-13a)。钻孔机如图6所示。采用柔性轴钻孔以及通过高精密的手动控制器控制两个方向的平移。通过程控软件实现钻孔机钻取与应变花同心对齐的1 mm直径盲孔,钻头速度约为 22 000 r/min。
开始钻孔作业前,对应变仪的读数进行置零。启动钻孔设备并增量钻孔,直到切割穿过应变花背衬材料并轻微刮伤工件表面。该点对应于“零”刀具深度。在达到“零”点后停止钻孔设备,并确认应变花应变读数没有显著变化。使用新读数作为后续应变测量的零点。启动钻孔设备完成一次增量步钻取,之后停止钻孔设备并记录应变仪每个应变片的读数。重复增加步长完成钻孔,然后进行应变测量,总共4个等间距步长(在本测试中采用B型应变花)。
依据层合板单层厚度,将A/B面钻孔步长与增量步数设置如表1所示。
取A1B7-II板A-1、A-2、A-3孔的钻孔数据,以及B板B-1、B-2、B-3孔的钻孔数据进行计算,其结果如表2所示。
A1B7-II板A-1、A-2、A-3孔以及背面B-1、B-2、B-3孔的残余应变释放曲线如图7所示。
经统计,各层残余应力测量均值与方差如图8所示。
根据惠斯顿电桥的基本原理对实验误差进行分析分析。选用的测试电源电压为6 V,待测电阻阻值为1 000 Ω。比例臂比值法得到的实验数据如表3所示。
根据表4可知,在待测电阻接近其中一个比例臂电阻阻值时,比例臂的比值越接近1,电桥的灵敏度越高,其引起的仪器误差越小。因此,在该实验的测量中应该尽可能使R1=R2,即实验中1/4桥桥臂电阻值均在(120±0.1) Ω。
逐层钻孔法是表征碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料层合板层间残余应力的有效方法。通过有限元分层加载的方法标定计算出复合材料层合板各层的应变花标准系数矩阵;并通过逐层钻孔测测量的应变数据以及标准系数和泊松比的公式转换,计算出各层残余应力的值。通过对各层残余应力测量结果的分析,得到如下结论。
(1)板材整体延厚度防线呈现外压内拉的应力分布。
(2)A板延厚度方向呈现外压内拉的应力分布,外部平局压应力介于-30~-60 MPa,内部平均拉应力为20 MPa。
(3)B板整体表现为压应力,平局压应力介于-5~-35 MPa,平局压应力水平低于A面板。
(4)A板和B板的残余应力测量方差随钻孔深度增大而增加,表明复合材料板内越靠近中间的铺层,其层间残余应力值越大,非均匀性越高。
  • 国家商用飞机制造工程研究中心创新基金(COMAC-SFGS-2022-1874)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404441
  • 接收时间:2024-06-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-14
  • 修回日期:2025-02-10
基金
国家商用飞机制造工程研究中心创新基金(COMAC-SFGS-2022-1874)
作者信息
    1 上海飞机制造有限公司复合材料中心, 上海 201324
    2 清华大学柔性电子技术实验室, 嘉兴 314006

通讯作者:

* 席尚宾(1986—),男,汉族,甘肃临洮人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:智能复合材料设计与计算。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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