Article(id=1149774731487961363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404252, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717689600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-07, revisedDate=1739116800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057257768, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057257768, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057257768, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057257768, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4975, endPage=4985, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774731680899349, articleId=1149774731487961363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Evaluation of Fracture Conductivity under Combined Action of Proppant Embedding and Plugging in Weakly-consolidated Sandstone Reservoirs, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fracturing and packing is a key technology for maintaining and enhancing production in medium-to high-permeability unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs. However, after production begins, the loose cementation of the reservoir, combined with proppant embedment and formation sand invasion, significantly reduces fracture conductivity. Currently, there is a lack of methods to predict fracture conductivity under the combined effects of proppant embedment and formation sand blockage in such reservoirs. A fracturing and packing simulation device was used to conduct composite experiments on proppant embedment and formation sand blockage under closure stresses ranging from 5 MPa to 20 MPa, unconsolidated rock plate samples were used to simulate fracture surfaces. Based on the experimental results, the controlling factors and developed models were analyzed to predict permeability loss due to proppant compaction, fracture width loss caused by embedment, and dynamic permeability changes due to formation sand blockage. The results show that proppant embedment and compaction after fracture closure significantly reduce fracture conductivity, with the main factors being closure stress, reservoir strength, and particle sizes of the proppant and formation sand. Formation sand blockage also exhibits a time-dependent effect, contributing to dynamic conductivity decline. In a typical unconsolidated sandstone reservoir in the Bohai Oilfield, the calculated fracture width loss due to embedment is approximately 19.34%, permeability loss from closure and compaction is about 34.15%, and dynamic permeability loss from formation sand invasion is around 22.89%. The combined effect of these factors results in a total fracture conductivity loss of approximately 59.06%. To prevent excessive blockage, it is recommended that the initial fracture width be maintained at no less than 12.5 mm, large-particle proppants be used, and production rates be controlled during the early production phase. The research results provide important guidance for optimizing fracturing and packing parameters and improving production in unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs.

, correspAuthors=Chang-yin DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guo-long LI, Chang-yin DONG, Qi-long ZHANG, Yao-tu HAN, Bin YIN, Hao-bin BAI, Xiao-cheng ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774774232113992, articleId=1149774731487961363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=疏松砂岩储层压裂充填防砂支撑剂嵌入堵塞复合作用裂缝导流能力评价, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

压裂充填是中高渗疏松砂岩储层稳产增产的关键技术,但在投产后,由于储层胶结疏松,支撑剂嵌入和地层出砂堵塞导致裂缝导流能力显著下降。目前尚缺乏预测此类复合作用下裂缝导流能力的方法。通过使用压裂充填模拟实验装置,在5~20 MPa闭合应力下,利用疏松岩板样品进行裂缝支撑剂嵌入与地层砂堵塞的复合实验。基于实验结果,分析主控因素并拟合构建支撑剂压实、嵌入导致的缝宽损失和地层砂堵塞引起的动态渗透率变化模型,形成相应的导流能力预测方法。结果表明:裂缝闭合后支撑剂嵌入压实会显著降低导流能力,其损失主要受闭合应力、储层强度、支撑剂与地层砂粒径等因素控制,地层砂堵塞存在时间效应,导致导流能力动态下降。在渤海油田某典型疏松砂岩储层中,裂缝缝宽损失约19.34%,渗透率损失约34.15%,地层出砂堵塞造成的渗透率损失约为22.89%,多因素共同作用下,导流能力损失约为59.06%。为避免过度堵塞,建议初始缝宽保持在12.5 mm以上,使用大粒径支撑剂,并在生产初期适当控制产量避免过度堵塞;并且较高强度的储层压裂充填增产效果更好。研究成果对优化疏松砂岩储层压裂充填防砂施工参数具有重要指导意义。

, correspAuthors=董长银, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 董长银(1976—),男,汉族,河南新乡人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩石力学与出砂模拟、防砂与开采完井、井壁失稳控制、油气开采工程。E-mail:
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李国龙(2000—),男,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:防砂与开采完井、油气开采工程。E-mail:

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李国龙(2000—),男,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:防砂与开采完井、油气开采工程。E-mail:

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李国龙(2000—),男,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:防砂与开采完井、油气开采工程。E-mail:

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Influence mechanism of fluid viscosity and velocity properties on gravel layer plugging and optimization experiment of filling sand control wells[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2019, 46(6): 1178-1186., articleTitle=Influence mechanism of fluid viscosity and velocity properties on gravel layer plugging and optimization experiment of filling sand control wells, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1179790739425870422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731487961363, awardId=52074331, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52074331), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1179790739488784983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731487961363, awardId=2023YFC2811005, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2811005), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1179790734078132730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731487961363, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790734086521339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731487961363, companyId=1179790734078132730, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790734094909948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731487961363, companyId=1179790734078132730, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 非常规油气开发教育部重点实验室, 青岛 266580)]), AuthorCompany(id=1179790734174601725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731487961363, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790734182990334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731487961363, companyId=1179790734174601725, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790734191378943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731487961363, companyId=1179790734174601725, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国石油大学(华东)石油工程学院, 青岛 266580)]), AuthorCompany(id=1179790734266876416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731487961363, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790734275265025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731487961363, companyId=1179790734266876416, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Tianjin Company of CNOOC(China) Co. , Ltd. , Tianjin 300459, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790734283653634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731487961363, companyId=1179790734266876416, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中海石油(中国)有限公司天津分公司渤海石油研究院, 天津 300459)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1179790736993174068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731487961363, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Experimental principle of proppant embedding and plugging in fractured unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs, figureFileSmall=knnB/dN+7brTVdCRqIiviA==, figureFileBig=PW/waOzAZWtX4QwC/YrQ2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790737051894325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731487961363, language=CN, label=图1, caption=疏松砂岩储层压裂裂缝支撑剂嵌入与堵塞实验原理, figureFileSmall=knnB/dN+7brTVdCRqIiviA==, figureFileBig=PW/waOzAZWtX4QwC/YrQ2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790737110614582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, 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embedding and compaction conditions

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Pc为地层真实闭合压力;r为支撑剂半径;A0为支撑剂与裂缝接触面积;Scg为储层抗压强度;rx为理想条件下支撑剂与裂缝壁面接触半径

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Comparison of physical parameters between artificial core and natural core

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 孔隙度/% 渗透率/10-3μm2 泥质含量/% 单轴抗压强度/MPa 泊松比 抗拉强度/MPa 内摩擦角/(°)
天然岩心 23.6~29.6 250~380 10~30 1.8~5.6 0.27~0.36 0.31~0.59 24~28
人造岩心 26.3~28.9 306.5~350.8 15 4.8~5.2 0.29~0.34 0.37~0.65 22~29
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人造岩心和天然岩心物性参数对比

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参数 孔隙度/% 渗透率/10-3μm2 泥质含量/% 单轴抗压强度/MPa 泊松比 抗拉强度/MPa 内摩擦角/(°)
天然岩心 23.6~29.6 250~380 10~30 1.8~5.6 0.27~0.36 0.31~0.59 24~28
人造岩心 26.3~28.9 306.5~350.8 15 4.8~5.2 0.29~0.34 0.37~0.65 22~29
), ArticleFig(id=1179790739207766612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731487961363, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic data of oil well in Bohai oilfield

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参数 数值 参数 数值
裂缝宽度/mm 12 支撑剂半径/mm 0.6
闭合应力/MPa 23 地层砂粒度中值/mm 0.15
流体含砂率/% 0.05 设计油井产量/(m3·d-1) 100
井底流压/MPa 15 泥质含量/% 18
储层强度/MPa 4.8
), ArticleFig(id=1179790739274875477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731487961363, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

渤海油田目标工区基础数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
裂缝宽度/mm 12 支撑剂半径/mm 0.6
闭合应力/MPa 23 地层砂粒度中值/mm 0.15
流体含砂率/% 0.05 设计油井产量/(m3·d-1) 100
井底流压/MPa 15 泥质含量/% 18
储层强度/MPa 4.8
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疏松砂岩储层压裂充填防砂支撑剂嵌入堵塞复合作用裂缝导流能力评价
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李国龙 1, 2 , 董长银 1, 2, * , 张启龙 3 , 韩耀图 3 , 尹彬 1, 2 , 白豪斌 1, 2 , 张晓诚 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(12): 4975-4985
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(12): 4975-4985
疏松砂岩储层压裂充填防砂支撑剂嵌入堵塞复合作用裂缝导流能力评价
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李国龙1, 2 , 董长银1, 2, * , 张启龙3, 韩耀图3, 尹彬1, 2, 白豪斌1, 2, 张晓诚3
作者信息
  • 1 非常规油气开发教育部重点实验室, 青岛 266580
  • 2 中国石油大学(华东)石油工程学院, 青岛 266580
  • 3 中海石油(中国)有限公司天津分公司渤海石油研究院, 天津 300459
  • 李国龙(2000—),男,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:防砂与开采完井、油气开采工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 董长银(1976—),男,汉族,河南新乡人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩石力学与出砂模拟、防砂与开采完井、井壁失稳控制、油气开采工程。E-mail:
Evaluation of Fracture Conductivity under Combined Action of Proppant Embedding and Plugging in Weakly-consolidated Sandstone Reservoirs
Guo-long LI1, 2 , Chang-yin DONG1, 2, * , Qi-long ZHANG3, Yao-tu HAN3, Bin YIN1, 2, Hao-bin BAI1, 2, Xiao-cheng ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
  • 2 School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
  • 3 Tianjin Company of CNOOC(China) Co. , Ltd. , Tianjin 300459, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404252
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压裂充填是中高渗疏松砂岩储层稳产增产的关键技术,但在投产后,由于储层胶结疏松,支撑剂嵌入和地层出砂堵塞导致裂缝导流能力显著下降。目前尚缺乏预测此类复合作用下裂缝导流能力的方法。通过使用压裂充填模拟实验装置,在5~20 MPa闭合应力下,利用疏松岩板样品进行裂缝支撑剂嵌入与地层砂堵塞的复合实验。基于实验结果,分析主控因素并拟合构建支撑剂压实、嵌入导致的缝宽损失和地层砂堵塞引起的动态渗透率变化模型,形成相应的导流能力预测方法。结果表明:裂缝闭合后支撑剂嵌入压实会显著降低导流能力,其损失主要受闭合应力、储层强度、支撑剂与地层砂粒径等因素控制,地层砂堵塞存在时间效应,导致导流能力动态下降。在渤海油田某典型疏松砂岩储层中,裂缝缝宽损失约19.34%,渗透率损失约34.15%,地层出砂堵塞造成的渗透率损失约为22.89%,多因素共同作用下,导流能力损失约为59.06%。为避免过度堵塞,建议初始缝宽保持在12.5 mm以上,使用大粒径支撑剂,并在生产初期适当控制产量避免过度堵塞;并且较高强度的储层压裂充填增产效果更好。研究成果对优化疏松砂岩储层压裂充填防砂施工参数具有重要指导意义。

疏松砂岩储层  /  压裂充填  /  支撑剂嵌入  /  地层砂堵塞  /  裂缝导流能力

Fracturing and packing is a key technology for maintaining and enhancing production in medium-to high-permeability unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs. However, after production begins, the loose cementation of the reservoir, combined with proppant embedment and formation sand invasion, significantly reduces fracture conductivity. Currently, there is a lack of methods to predict fracture conductivity under the combined effects of proppant embedment and formation sand blockage in such reservoirs. A fracturing and packing simulation device was used to conduct composite experiments on proppant embedment and formation sand blockage under closure stresses ranging from 5 MPa to 20 MPa, unconsolidated rock plate samples were used to simulate fracture surfaces. Based on the experimental results, the controlling factors and developed models were analyzed to predict permeability loss due to proppant compaction, fracture width loss caused by embedment, and dynamic permeability changes due to formation sand blockage. The results show that proppant embedment and compaction after fracture closure significantly reduce fracture conductivity, with the main factors being closure stress, reservoir strength, and particle sizes of the proppant and formation sand. Formation sand blockage also exhibits a time-dependent effect, contributing to dynamic conductivity decline. In a typical unconsolidated sandstone reservoir in the Bohai Oilfield, the calculated fracture width loss due to embedment is approximately 19.34%, permeability loss from closure and compaction is about 34.15%, and dynamic permeability loss from formation sand invasion is around 22.89%. The combined effect of these factors results in a total fracture conductivity loss of approximately 59.06%. To prevent excessive blockage, it is recommended that the initial fracture width be maintained at no less than 12.5 mm, large-particle proppants be used, and production rates be controlled during the early production phase. The research results provide important guidance for optimizing fracturing and packing parameters and improving production in unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs.

unconsolidated sandstone reservoir  /  fracturing and packing  /  proppant embedment  /  formation sand blockage  /  fracture conductivity
李国龙, 董长银, 张启龙, 韩耀图, 尹彬, 白豪斌, 张晓诚. 疏松砂岩储层压裂充填防砂支撑剂嵌入堵塞复合作用裂缝导流能力评价. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4975 -4985 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404252
Guo-long LI, Chang-yin DONG, Qi-long ZHANG, Yao-tu HAN, Bin YIN, Hao-bin BAI, Xiao-cheng ZHANG. Evaluation of Fracture Conductivity under Combined Action of Proppant Embedding and Plugging in Weakly-consolidated Sandstone Reservoirs[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4975 -4985 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404252
中高渗疏松砂岩储层是中国乃至世界油气稳产增产的关键[1],但与非常规、低渗透储层不同的是,疏松砂岩孔渗较高,胶结强度较低,储层相对较“软”,在闭合应力条件下,虽很少出现支撑剂破碎现象但支撑剂的嵌入比常规低渗储层更为明显,并且其岩石力学性质差,易形成大面积裂缝和孔隙的塌陷,导致油井大量出砂,使得地层砂侵入堵塞造成裂缝渗透性下降[2-5]。压裂充填技术作为中高渗储层稳产增产的主导工业技术,中国胜利、渤海油田正在大力推广,其中压裂裂缝的导流能力直接影响压裂充填井产能,压后导流能力预测与评价是压裂充填工艺设计优化的重要基础[6-9],因此厘清中高渗储层压裂充填支撑剂嵌入和地层砂堵塞复合作用下裂缝导流能力的变化规律和构建导流能力的预测模型十分重要。
针对支撑剂影响裂缝导流能力,中外学者开展了大量实验研究及数值模拟,主要集中在非常规低渗透储层支撑剂嵌入和破碎等因素对导流能力影响[10-16]。而关于中高渗储层压裂充填防砂技术中支撑剂影响裂缝导流能力的研究相对较少。Volk等[17]在针对支撑剂嵌入的研究中发现,在弱胶结地层的压裂增产中,支撑剂嵌入产生的影响越来越显著,支撑剂的嵌入能使软地层中的支撑裂缝宽度降低约60%。郭天魁等[18-19]使用裂缝导流仪并自制疏松岩板,对支撑剂嵌入疏松砂岩的过程进行了实验模拟,对影响导流能力的因素进行了分析,实现了支撑剂粒径组合方案的优选。王文耀等[20]针对疏松砂岩储层,研究了支撑剂嵌入对岩心壁面剥落以及壁面剥落碎屑对组合支撑剂导流能力的影响。蔺小博等[21]提出了一种考虑支撑剂嵌入和地层砂运移的支撑剂指数法,通过数值迭代求解,对裂缝几何参数进行优化设计。
在地层砂侵入与运移堵塞方面,董长银等[22]根据一般的情形,对牛顿流体中固体颗粒在不同流体流速和密度条件下的移动(沉积或上升)末速计算模型进行了重新推导。郑黎明等[23]通过数值模拟的方法,阐明了弹性波增强了颗粒的剥落、悬浮能力,也增大了颗粒在微观孔隙中架桥、阻塞的概率,建立弹性波影响下颗粒运动的数学模型。董长银等[24]利用挡砂介质堵塞评价驱替实验装置,进行砾石层堵塞机理和规律实验,着重考察了砾石层堵塞渗透率比随生产条件的定量变化规律。Song等[25]采用微观模型对淡盐水驱替的实验进行研究,淡盐水驱替会导致岩石中的微粒运移使得堵塞大喉咙,从而提高洗油效率。刘超等[26]基于PX油藏铸体样品的显微孔喉特性,采用激光刻蚀技术,建立了微孔隙结构模型,对微细颗粒迁移堵塞机制进行数值模拟。韩超等[27]基于室内物理流动模拟实验结合低场核磁共振技术,定量评价头屯河组油藏储层的微观孔喉伤害程度,明确微粒运移伤害主要控制因素。
综上可知,上述研究初步揭示了中高渗储层支撑剂嵌入以及微粒运移的机理和一般规律,但对中高渗储层支撑剂嵌入影响导流能力的研究主要为实验规律的总结与分析,对于微粒运移的研究主要集中在储层和近井砾石层,而对于裂缝介质中的堵塞情况研究较少。支撑剂嵌入堵塞复合作用对导流能力影响相关机理和规律尚不明确并缺少导流能力的定量预测模型。鉴于此,针对渤海某中高渗疏松砂岩储层,基于不同闭合压力条件下的支撑剂嵌入与堵塞导流能力实验结果,构建考虑储层强度、支撑剂粒径、泥质含量、支撑剂嵌入与堵塞的裂缝动态导流能力计算模型,并应用该模型对影响导流能力的重要因素进行定量分析,对中高渗储层压裂效果评价以及优化设计提供关键支撑。
为模拟图1所示的支撑剂压实嵌入和地层砂堵塞过程,构建疏松砂岩储层压裂充填压实和流动模拟实验系统,流程图如图2(a)所示。该实验系统耐压30 MPa,可满足大部分中高渗地层闭合应力要求,外接压力与流量传感器与计算机数据采集系统。裂缝模拟主体装置如图2(b)所示,主体部分分为裂缝区、井筒区和地层区域,裂缝区域内放置岩板模拟裂缝壁面,实验时向裂缝中充填支撑剂,同时为保障地层应力均匀加载在岩板,实验前调整各个液压泵的油阻使得每个泵施加的应力相同,待所有准备工作完成后,封闭实验容器,检查密封性,打开注入泵开始进行实验。实验过程中通过软件实时采集并记录裂缝两端压差以及裂缝的过流量等数据,以分析压裂充填支撑剂嵌入与堵塞机理与规律。
以渤海油田某主力油田为目标工区设置实验条件。根据该工区天然岩心物性条件制作模拟裂缝壁面的岩板。该工区储层地层砂粒度中值为153 μm,均匀系数4.1,分选系数13.2,泥质含量为10%~30%。使用粒度中值153 μm的复配砂,如图3(a)所示,将环氧树脂、固化剂和酒精以1∶1∶1比例搅拌均匀作为胶结剂,与复配地层砂混合后放入钢制模具中加压、真空干燥后制成人造岩板如图3(c)所示,人造岩板和该工区储层实际岩心物性参数对比如表1所示。
该工区现场使用支撑剂为20~40目陶粒如图3(b)所示,材料密度为1.85 g/cm3,圆度为0.9,弹性模量为20 000 MPa,泊松比为0.25。该工区储层典型井压后产量范围为2.5~27 m3/h,通过流速等效折算后室内流量范围为0.192~4.17 m3/h;设定目标实验流量为0.6 m3/h。通过调研渤海油田典型储层区块闭合应力,实验闭合应力设置为5~20 MPa。
实验施加闭合应力为0~20 MPa,实验时流体不携砂,铺砂浓度为16.7 kg/m2,使用钢板作为裂缝壁面,仅模拟压实作用对裂缝导流能力的影响。实验测试得到支撑剂压实单因素条件下裂缝驱替压差和导流能力如图4所示。
实验施加闭合应力为0~20 MPa,实验时流体不携砂,铺砂浓度为13.7 kg/m2。实验现象如图5(a)所示,实验时施加闭合应力小于支撑剂破碎闭合应力(50~60 MPa)实验后发现岩板上无明显支撑剂破碎现象,如图5(b)所示,实验后出现支撑剂嵌入岩板的现象。
图6为测试得到支撑剂嵌入与压实条件下裂缝驱替压差和导流能力动态变化规律。在流体不携砂的条件下仅有支撑剂嵌入和压实对裂缝导流能力产生影响,并且随着闭合应力增加,裂缝平均导流能力从34.3 μm2·cm下降到11.5 μm2·cm,裂缝导流能力降幅为50%~66.5%,证明疏松砂岩储层裂缝闭合和投产后支撑剂嵌入可能使裂缝导流能力快速下降。这是因为在闭合应力的作用下与裂缝壁面接触的支撑剂嵌入地层,造成裂缝宽度减小,改变了与裂缝接触孔隙的流动空间,造成支撑剂与裂缝壁面间孔隙体积的降低;同时支撑剂与支撑剂之间会发生弹性压实,使得有效流动孔隙发生变化,减小了支撑剂之间的孔隙体积,这两者因素导致支撑剂对裂缝的支撑性减弱,使得裂缝导流能力下降。
为了探究地层砂堵塞对裂缝导流能力的影响,设置铺砂浓度为13.5 kg/m2,不施加闭合应力,使用携带地层砂的流体驱替裂缝。实验前后的地层砂堵塞裂缝现象如图7所示。观察实验后岩板,发现在流体携砂运移过程中出现地层砂侵入裂缝现象,地层微粒在支撑剂的孔隙间聚集。在疏松砂岩储层压裂投产后,地层微粒发生脱落并在流体作用下进入到裂缝中。地层出砂后,在生产初期粒径较小的地层砂可以均匀进入裂缝,在生产一段时间后由于粒径较大的地层砂运移并在支撑剂孔隙中形成桥架,主要滞留在裂缝的前端(井口为后端)形成堵塞。
图8为驱替压差和裂缝导流能力的动态变化。流体携砂时裂缝压差稳定较慢,趋势较缓,经历较长时间后趋于稳定;说明流体携砂时微粒是逐渐运移到支撑剂间孔隙中,砂侵堵塞存在时间效应,砂侵堵塞裂缝是造成投产后产量动态下降的重要原因之一,砂侵后裂缝平均导流能力为19.9 μm2·cm小于流体不携砂实验时裂缝平均导流能力34.3 μm2·cm。裂缝导流能力降幅为41.9%,说明中高渗出砂储层压裂充填投产后,地层砂侵入裂缝,会造成附加渗透率伤害与产能损失。
为了研究支撑剂压实嵌入和地层砂侵入堵塞对裂缝导流能力的复合影响,设置闭合应力为0~20 MPa,铺砂浓度13.9 kg/m2,模拟砂侵与支撑剂嵌入过程。实验后裂缝内支撑剂微观图像如图9所示,既存在支撑剂嵌入又存在地层砂侵入现象。
测试得到驱替压差和导流能力动态变化规律如图10所示,在流体携砂条件下,闭合应力0~20 MPa,裂缝导流能力19.4~9.7 μm2·cm,导流能力总降幅为50%;支撑剂嵌入与地层砂侵入两者协同导致裂缝导流能力降低。
不同闭合应力条件下最终裂缝驱替压差和导流能力如图11所示。当闭合应力较低时,裂缝导流能力下降的斜率较大,这表明在较小的嵌入深度下,支撑剂更易于嵌入。随着闭合应力增大,裂缝导流能力变化的斜率逐渐减小,说明支撑剂的进一步嵌入变得更加困难。这是因为当嵌入深度增加时,岩石与支撑剂颗粒的接触面积增加,从而使接触压力分散,使得支撑剂嵌入相比于低接触面积时要困难。对比流体携砂与流体不携砂实验,闭合应力0~20 MPa裂缝导流能力34.3~9.7 μm2·cm,导流能力总降幅为71.7%。实验现象与数据都表明疏松砂岩储层压裂充填条件下支撑剂嵌入与地层砂侵入堵塞对裂缝导流能力影响很大,弱胶结储层的出砂侵入堵塞和支撑剂嵌入会复合削弱裂缝增产效果。
研究储层为中高渗疏松砂岩储层,其深度较浅,地层闭合应力较低一般情况下裂缝中的支撑剂不出现破碎情况,此时裂缝的损害主要集中在支撑剂与裂缝壁面之间的嵌入、支撑剂与支撑剂之间的弹性压实以及地层砂的侵入堵塞。在储层闭合压力下,裂缝闭合会导致支撑剂嵌入,同时在油气开采过程中储层微粒会逐渐进入到裂缝孔隙中形成桥架堵塞。因此,在分析构建支撑裂缝导流能力计算模型时,将其划分为:①疏松储层裂缝支撑剂嵌入缝宽损失模型;②裂缝侵入堵塞渗透率动态损失模型。
压裂充填施工结束后,裂缝开始闭合时由于支撑剂与储层的接触面积很小,导致实际作用在裂缝壁面上的局部压力较大,超出储层强度后,造成储层破坏导致支撑剂嵌入,使得支撑剂与裂缝壁面的接触面从点接触转变为面接触,裂缝作用面发生塑性形变。物理模型如图12所示。
理想条件下单颗粒支撑剂承受力为
F0=PcA0=Pc4r2
Pc=PP
式中:F0为理想条件下单颗粒支撑剂承受力,MPa;Pc为地层真实闭合压力,MPa;P为地层闭合压力,MPa;ΔP为流体流压,MPa;r为支撑剂半径,mm;A0为支撑剂与裂缝接触面积,mm2
支撑剂与储层接触面积与溃散应力的乘积等于理想受力,其中接触面积为支撑剂嵌入岩石的横截面积;溃散应力为储层抗压强度。
Pc4r2=Scgπ r x 2
式(3)中:Scg为储层抗压强度,MPa;rx为理想条件下支撑剂与裂缝壁面接触半径,mm。
联立式(1)~式(3)得
rx= P c 4 r 2 π S c g
支撑剂嵌入导致的缝宽损失为
wf1=2(r- r 2 - r x 0 2
式(5)中:wf1为嵌入损失裂缝缝宽,mm;rx0为支撑剂与裂缝壁面接触半径,mm;β嵌入修正系数。
嵌入修正系数β是为了修正闭合压力足够大时rx可能会大于r的情形,可表示为
r x 0 = r x , β = 1.0 , r x r r x 0 = r , β = r x r x 0 , r x > r
除支撑剂嵌入裂缝壁面导致缝宽损失外,裂缝闭合压实作用也会引起渗透率降低。通过实验测量不同粒径的支撑剂在不同压力下的压实渗透率,拟合得到压实渗透率比(压实渗透率与初始渗透率比值)经验模型,可表示为
KRc= - 0.156 l n P c + 1.0204 ,     0.2 ~ 0.4 m m - 0.168 l n P c + 1.0192 ,     0.3 ~ 0.6 m m - 0.191 l n P c + 1.0087 ,     0.4 ~ 0.8 m m - 0.198 l n P c + 0.9936 ,     0.6 ~ 1.2 m m
式(7)中:KRc为支撑剂压实后渗透率比,无量纲;Pc为裂缝闭合应力,MPa。
支撑剂充填裂缝投产后,地层流体携带地层砂会侵入裂缝支撑剂充填带。侵入的粒径、侵入速率、侵入地层砂量受流体流速与黏度、流体含砂率、地层砂粒径、支撑剂孔喉尺寸等因素控制。并且,随着侵入继续,裂缝中能够容纳地层砂的孔喉空间越来越少直至达到堵塞平衡状态。裂缝堵塞到达平衡时间的计算模型为
Tpei= 0.33 V f φ g Q l C s R s i
式(8)中:Tpei为堵塞平衡时间,s;Vf为裂缝体积,m3;φg为裂缝孔隙度,无量纲;Ql为裂缝入流量,m3/s;Cs为流体体积含砂率,无量纲;Rsi为能够侵入裂缝的地层砂占产出砂的体积比例,可根据地层砂筛析曲线计算得到,无量纲。
地层砂侵入堵塞裂缝动态渗透率比模型为
KRs(t)=KRmin+(1-KRmin) e - 3.5 X s t T p e i
式(9)中:KRs为动态堵塞渗透率比,无量纲;KRmin为堵塞平衡时的最低堵塞渗透率比,无量纲;t为生产时间,s;Xs为综合堵塞影响系数,无量纲。
综合堵塞影响系数Xs表征地层砂中值比、黏土含量、流体黏度等生产参数对堵塞变化规律和最终堵塞程度的影响,具体计算方法见参考文献[24]。综合考虑裂缝闭合导致的支撑剂压实、嵌入和堵塞复合影响后的裂缝导流能力为
Cf=KRCKRsKg0(wf0-wf1)
式(10)中:wf0为裂缝初始支撑缝宽,mm;Kg0为支撑剂理想渗透率,μm2;Cf为裂缝最终导流能力,μm2·cm。
将模型计算结果与实验结果对比分析,在不同闭合应力条件下模型计算结果与实验结果趋势相同,并且结果误差率小于12%。
使用所构建的疏松砂岩储层裂缝导流能力模型进行分析应用,使用的基础数据如表2所示。
计算得到嵌入缝宽损失2.320 mm,嵌入缝宽损失比为19.34%,压实渗透率损失比为34.15%,砂侵渗透率损失比为22.89%,裂缝渗透率总损失比为49.23%,裂缝渗透率总保持率为50.77%。最终裂缝缝宽为9.68 mm,最终充填渗透率为51.79 μm 2,裂缝导流能力损失比为59.06%,最终导流能力为50.131 μm2·cm。
为分析不同闭合应力和储层强度对裂缝导流能力的影响,设置储层抗压强度2.5~16 MPa,设置闭合应力10~35 MPa,计算模拟不同闭合压力情况下裂缝渗透率总损失比、支撑剂嵌入缝宽损失比和裂缝导流能力随储层强度变化规律,如图13所示。
分析图13可知,在闭合应力10~35 MPa、储层强度2~16 MPa变化范围内,由于压实和堵塞导致的裂缝支撑剂渗透率总损失42%~54%,支撑剂嵌入导致的缝宽损失为15%~45%,损失后的裂缝导流能力为30~60 μm2·cm。模型计算与实验测试裂缝导流能力的下降趋势是相同,随闭合应力增加,支撑剂压实和嵌入作用造成裂缝导流能力损失越高,导致裂缝导流能力下降。
对于中高渗疏松砂岩储层,储层岩石的抗压强度是影响裂缝最终导流能力的重要因素。16 MPa储层抗压强度下的最终裂缝导流能力是抗压强度2.5 MPa的1.37倍。储层抗压强度越大,在相同闭合压力情况下支撑剂越难以嵌入裂缝壁面,使得支撑剂嵌入后缝宽损失减小,从而提高了裂缝导流能力。表明较高强度的储层压裂充填增产效果更好。
为分析不同支撑剂粒径对裂缝导流能力的影响,设置支撑剂粒径为0.2~0.4、0.3~0.6、0.4~0.8、0.6~1.2 mm,计算模拟裂缝导流能力变化规律如图14(a)所示。为分析不同裂缝宽度和油井产液量对裂缝导流能力的影响,设置平均初始缝宽5~18.5 mm,设置油井产液量50~300 m3/d,计算模拟不同油井产液量情况下裂缝渗透率和导流能力随平均初始缝宽的变化规律如图14(b)图14(c)所示。
根据图14(a)可知,使用0.6~1.2 mm支撑剂的裂缝导流能力为0.2~0.4 mm裂缝导流能力的3.01倍。裂缝中支撑剂粒径越大,裂缝初始渗透率越高,从而提高裂缝导流能力。疏松砂岩储层压裂充填防砂中,在满足施工要求的前提下尽可能选择粒径较大的支撑剂以提高压裂充填后油井的产能。
图14(b)图14(c)所示,油井产液量会影响地层砂侵入裂缝充填层的动态过程和最终堵塞结果。产量越大,流体流速越高,越容易携带地层砂侵入裂缝充填层内部,造成的堵塞程度越严重。相比产液量50、300 m3/d液量条件下,裂缝堵塞平衡后渗透率损失提升26.5%,裂缝导流能力损失增加11.8%,并且裂缝渗透率和导流能力均随缝宽增大而增大。在疏松砂岩储层压裂充填增产防砂中,推荐使用端部脱砂技术提高裂缝宽度,平均初始缝宽最低应保持在12.5 mm以上。压裂充填井投产时,应适当控制产液量,推荐采用逐级阶梯投产方案,逐步提升产量到配产,以避免高流体流速携砂对裂缝造成过度侵入堵塞,这与文献[28]的建议基本一致。
为分析不同地层砂粒径对裂缝导流能力的影响,设置地层砂粒径0.05~0.2 mm,计算模拟裂缝导流能力和渗透率堵塞损失比随生产时间动态变化规律,如图15所示。
图15所示,压裂充填井投产后,随着地层砂逐步侵入堵塞裂缝支撑剂充填层,裂缝渗透率损失随生产时间逐步增大,并逐步达到堵塞平衡,期间裂缝导流能力呈下降趋势,并且投产早期下降较快,然后下降趋势逐渐放缓。本算例中,裂缝充填层达到堵塞平衡的时间为50~60 d。对于给定的支撑剂粒径,地层砂粒径变化会影响地层砂对支撑剂孔喉的侵入堵塞动态。地层砂粒径中值越小,侵入堵塞作用越明显,裂缝渗透率和导流能力损失越大
(1)疏松砂岩储层裂缝闭合后支撑剂压实、嵌入和地层砂侵入堵塞的复合作用会使裂缝导流能力快速下降,导流能力损失主要受闭合应力、储层强度、支撑剂与地层砂粒径等因素控制;地层砂侵入堵塞存在时间效应,造成裂缝导流能力随生产时间呈现动态下降并逐步达到平衡状态。
(2)渤海油田某典型疏松砂岩储层条件下,压裂充填后由于嵌入造成的缝宽损失约为19.34%,裂缝闭合压实导致的渗透率损失约为34.15%,地层出砂侵入堵塞造成的最终动态渗透率损失约为22.89%,多因素协同作用下裂缝导流能力损失约为59.06%。
(3)对于中高渗疏松砂岩储层的压裂充填防砂增产措施,为了避免由于压实嵌入和堵塞造成的导流能力过度堵塞,推荐平均初始缝宽应保持在12.5 mm以上,尽量使用大粒径支撑剂,并在生产初期适当控制产量避免充填介质早期无法形成良好的桥架结构,造成过度堵塞;较高强度的储层压裂充填增产效果更好。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52074331)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2811005)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404252
  • 接收时间:2024-06-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-07
  • 修回日期:2025-02-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(52074331)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2811005)
作者信息
    1 非常规油气开发教育部重点实验室, 青岛 266580
    2 中国石油大学(华东)石油工程学院, 青岛 266580
    3 中海石油(中国)有限公司天津分公司渤海石油研究院, 天津 300459

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* 董长银(1976—),男,汉族,河南新乡人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩石力学与出砂模拟、防砂与开采完井、井壁失稳控制、油气开采工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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