Article(id=1149774729374036630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404211, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717516800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-05, revisedDate=1738944000000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057257264, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057257264, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057257264, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057257264, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5151, endPage=5163, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774729801855642, articleId=1149774729374036630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Spatio-temporal Differentiation and Multi-scale Driving Factors Response of Cultural Relics Protection Units in Huizhou Region, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cultural relics protection units are important carriers of Chinese outstanding traditional culture. It is of great significance to study the spatial differentiation of cultural relics protection units and the differences in the results of multi-scale driving factors, in order to continuously promote the inheritance of history and culture, and to prosper the development of regional cultural undertakings and cultural industries. Huizhou cultural relics protection units were taken as the research object, and standard deviation ellipse, kernel density estimation and geographic detector methods were used in the analysis of spatial and temporal differentiation and driving factors of cultural relics protection units. The results show that the cultural heritage units in Huizhou region present the time series characteristics of “dispersed-concentrated-dispersed”, and the center of distribution gradually shifts from the middle to the south. The spatial aggregation of cultural heritage units is remarkable, the overall performance of the “V” distribution pattern, specifically concentrated in Shexian County and Jixi County. Natural geographic factors and human geographic factors have an impact on the spatial differentiation of cultural heritage units.

, correspAuthors=Quan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Quan ZHANG, Jing-song GE, Nan LI, Hui-juan NIE, Xiao-ying LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774758134379148, articleId=1149774729374036630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=徽州地区文保单位时空分异及多尺度驱动因子响应, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

文物保护单位是中华优秀传统文化的重要载体。研究文保单位空间分异及多尺度驱动因子结果差异,对持续推进历史文化传承、繁荣发展地区文化事业和文化产业具有重要意义。以徽州地区文物保护单位为研究对象,运用标准差椭圆、核密度估计以及地理探测器等方法,对文保单位时空分异及驱动因子进行全面分析。结果表明:徽州地区文保单位呈现“分散-集中-分散”的时间序列特征,且分布中心逐步由中部向南偏移;文保单位空间聚集特征显著,整体表现为“V”字形分布格局,具体集中在歙县和绩溪县;自然地理因子与人文地理因子皆对文保单位空间分异产生影响。

, correspAuthors=张泉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=MSTFkyllGXpog2S7N2gtZQ==, magXml=s/DKb3UboM6GMFafixT6XA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=4HTneS1iKxSRJildN8OA9g==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=VMR6ELQ8d5KQxPe7/zKeUw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张泉(1976—),男,汉族,安徽合肥人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:城乡规划与区域规划。E-mail:

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2 徽州古村落数字化保护与传承创意安徽省重点实验室, 合肥 230601, bio={"content":"

张泉(1976—),男,汉族,安徽合肥人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:城乡规划与区域规划。E-mail:

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张泉(1976—),男,汉族,安徽合肥人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:城乡规划与区域规划。E-mail:

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Journal of Human Settlement in West China, 2022, 37(5): 81-88., articleTitle=Spatiotemporal evolution of accessibility of park green space based on geodetector: a case study of central Jinan City during the period of 2006—2018, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179799776439714435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=74, issue=9, pageStart=1904, pageEnd=1920, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=34, authorNames=黄木易, 岳文泽, 方斌, journalName=地理学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄木易, 岳文泽, 方斌, 等. 1970—2015年大别山区生态服务价值尺度响应特征及地理探测机制[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(9): 1904-1920., articleTitle=1970—2015年大别山区生态服务价值尺度响应特征及地理探测机制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179799776498434692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=74, issue=9, pageStart=1904, pageEnd=1920, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Huang Muyi, Yue Wenze, Fang Bin, journalName=Acta Geographica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang Muyi, Yue Wenze, Fang Bin, et al. Scale response characteristics and geographic exploration mechanism of spatial differentiation of ecosystem service values in Dabie Mountain area, central China from 1970 to 2015[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(9): 1904-1920., articleTitle=Scale response characteristics and geographic exploration mechanism of spatial differentiation of ecosystem service values in Dabie Mountain area, central China from 1970 to 2015, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1179799773864411744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, awardId=22BSH085, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金一般项目(22BSH085), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1179799770215367198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799770223755807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, companyId=1179799770215367198, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Architecture and Art, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799770232144416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, companyId=1179799770215367198, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 合肥工业大学建筑与艺术学院, 合肥 230601)]), AuthorCompany(id=1179799770299253281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799770307641890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, companyId=1179799770299253281, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Digitalized Conservation and Innovative Revitalization of Ancient Huizhou Villages, Hefei 230601, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799770316030499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, companyId=1179799770299253281, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 徽州古村落数字化保护与传承创意安徽省重点实验室, 合肥 230601)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1179799772278964808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Overall distribution of cultural relics protection units in Huizhou region, figureFileSmall=XzadS8yrmsfKN+uzBqznKg==, figureFileBig=QvvM4e/OR47hlyO9zBjmDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799772337685065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, language=CN, label=图1, caption=徽州地区文保单位总体分布图

基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站审图号为GS(2022)4306号标准地图制作,底图边界无修改

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基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站审图号为GS(2022)4306号标准地图制作,底图边界无修改

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基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站审图号为GS(2022)4306号标准地图制作,底图边界无修改

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基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站审图号为GS(2022)4306号标准地图制作,底图边界无修改

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*表示双因子增强关系,其余为非线性增强关系

, figureFileSmall=mySMj7JGo+TMybr7ELmGNA==, figureFileBig=G1u7C5mDb7ucnIb2o1ai3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799773184934486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Multiscale single factor detection results, figureFileSmall=ihVTd0p5GKrtGy8GvDCoOQ==, figureFileBig=wjWrax4H06wsRVVymKx1Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799773243654743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, language=CN, label=图8, caption=多尺度单一因子探测结果, figureFileSmall=ihVTd0p5GKrtGy8GvDCoOQ==, figureFileBig=wjWrax4H06wsRVVymKx1Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799773302375000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Multiscale interactive detection results, figureFileSmall=33NAqeKtTGDb3Gu0TJKJeQ==, figureFileBig=wcgm9PO0rpugitSKXK82Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799773352706649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, language=CN, label=图9, caption=多尺度交互探测结果, figureFileSmall=33NAqeKtTGDb3Gu0TJKJeQ==, figureFileBig=wcgm9PO0rpugitSKXK82Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799773403038298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Standard deviation ellipse parameters

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类别 面积/
km2
长半轴/
km
短半轴/
km
偏转角
θ/(°)
圆率
隋唐及以前 6 434.645 63.525 32.246 52.767 0.508
宋元 3 255.681 58.248 17.795 58.142 0.306
3 784.918 44.608 27.010 76.587 0.605
4 269.080 46.848 29.008 53.800 0.619
近现代 6 679.794 64.753 32.839 40.337 0.507
), ArticleFig(id=1179799773474341467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

标准差椭圆参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 面积/
km2
长半轴/
km
短半轴/
km
偏转角
θ/(°)
圆率
隋唐及以前 6 434.645 63.525 32.246 52.767 0.508
宋元 3 255.681 58.248 17.795 58.142 0.306
3 784.918 44.608 27.010 76.587 0.605
4 269.080 46.848 29.008 53.800 0.619
近现代 6 679.794 64.753 32.839 40.337 0.507
), ArticleFig(id=1179799773541450332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Nearest neighbor index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对象 数量 平均观测距离/m 预期平均距离/m 最邻近比率 Z P 空间分布类型
徽州地区 226 2 209.086 0 4 533.046 1 0.487 329 -14.776 866 0.00 聚集
歙县 77 1 479.338 1 2 805.593 7 0.527 282 -7.935 58 0.00 聚集
黟县 14 2 626.708 9 2 760.424 4 0.951 56 -0.346 737 0.73 随机
黄山区 14 3 566.026 2 3 472.770 5 1.026 853 0.192 218 0.85 随机
屯溪区 9 895.156 2 643.854 8 1.390 308 2.240 058 0.03 分散
徽州区 14 1 361.383 9 1 541.136 9 0.883 363 -0.834 891 0.40 随机
绩溪县 33 1 516.164 3 2 311.767 8 0.655 846 -3.782 164 0.00 聚集
祁门县 14 4 952.937 4 4 891.643 1 1.012 530 0.089 693 0.93 随机
婺源县 28 4 201.814 9 4 862.735 6 0.864 085 -1.375 874 0.17 随机
休宁县 23 2 876.100 8 4 259.542 6 0.675 214 -3.043 928 0.00 聚集
), ArticleFig(id=1179799773608559197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

最近邻指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对象 数量 平均观测距离/m 预期平均距离/m 最邻近比率 Z P 空间分布类型
徽州地区 226 2 209.086 0 4 533.046 1 0.487 329 -14.776 866 0.00 聚集
歙县 77 1 479.338 1 2 805.593 7 0.527 282 -7.935 58 0.00 聚集
黟县 14 2 626.708 9 2 760.424 4 0.951 56 -0.346 737 0.73 随机
黄山区 14 3 566.026 2 3 472.770 5 1.026 853 0.192 218 0.85 随机
屯溪区 9 895.156 2 643.854 8 1.390 308 2.240 058 0.03 分散
徽州区 14 1 361.383 9 1 541.136 9 0.883 363 -0.834 891 0.40 随机
绩溪县 33 1 516.164 3 2 311.767 8 0.655 846 -3.782 164 0.00 聚集
祁门县 14 4 952.937 4 4 891.643 1 1.012 530 0.089 693 0.93 随机
婺源县 28 4 201.814 9 4 862.735 6 0.864 085 -1.375 874 0.17 随机
休宁县 23 2 876.100 8 4 259.542 6 0.675 214 -3.043 928 0.00 聚集
), ArticleFig(id=1179799773671473758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Single factor detection results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因子 人文地理 自然地理
GDP 人口
数量
文化事
业支出
道路
距离
水系
距离
高程 坡度
(X1) (X2) (X3) (X4) (X5) (X6) (X7)
q 0.34 0.36 0.24 0.17 0.11 0.17 0.09
P 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1179799773725999711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729374036630, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

单因子探测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因子 人文地理 自然地理
GDP 人口
数量
文化事
业支出
道路
距离
水系
距离
高程 坡度
(X1) (X2) (X3) (X4) (X5) (X6) (X7)
q 0.34 0.36 0.24 0.17 0.11 0.17 0.09
P 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
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徽州地区文保单位时空分异及多尺度驱动因子响应
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张泉 1, 2 , 葛敬松 1 , 李喃 1 , 聂慧娟 1 , 李笑盈 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(12): 5151-5163
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(12): 5151-5163
徽州地区文保单位时空分异及多尺度驱动因子响应
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张泉1, 2 , 葛敬松1, 李喃1, 聂慧娟1, 李笑盈1
作者信息
  • 1 合肥工业大学建筑与艺术学院, 合肥 230601
  • 2 徽州古村落数字化保护与传承创意安徽省重点实验室, 合肥 230601
  • 张泉(1976—),男,汉族,安徽合肥人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:城乡规划与区域规划。E-mail:

Spatio-temporal Differentiation and Multi-scale Driving Factors Response of Cultural Relics Protection Units in Huizhou Region
Quan ZHANG1, 2 , Jing-song GE1, Nan LI1, Hui-juan NIE1, Xiao-ying LI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Architecture and Art, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
  • 2 Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Digitalized Conservation and Innovative Revitalization of Ancient Huizhou Villages, Hefei 230601, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404211
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文物保护单位是中华优秀传统文化的重要载体。研究文保单位空间分异及多尺度驱动因子结果差异,对持续推进历史文化传承、繁荣发展地区文化事业和文化产业具有重要意义。以徽州地区文物保护单位为研究对象,运用标准差椭圆、核密度估计以及地理探测器等方法,对文保单位时空分异及驱动因子进行全面分析。结果表明:徽州地区文保单位呈现“分散-集中-分散”的时间序列特征,且分布中心逐步由中部向南偏移;文保单位空间聚集特征显著,整体表现为“V”字形分布格局,具体集中在歙县和绩溪县;自然地理因子与人文地理因子皆对文保单位空间分异产生影响。

文物保护单位  /  时空分异特征  /  驱动因子  /  地理探测器  /  徽州地区

Cultural relics protection units are important carriers of Chinese outstanding traditional culture. It is of great significance to study the spatial differentiation of cultural relics protection units and the differences in the results of multi-scale driving factors, in order to continuously promote the inheritance of history and culture, and to prosper the development of regional cultural undertakings and cultural industries. Huizhou cultural relics protection units were taken as the research object, and standard deviation ellipse, kernel density estimation and geographic detector methods were used in the analysis of spatial and temporal differentiation and driving factors of cultural relics protection units. The results show that the cultural heritage units in Huizhou region present the time series characteristics of “dispersed-concentrated-dispersed”, and the center of distribution gradually shifts from the middle to the south. The spatial aggregation of cultural heritage units is remarkable, the overall performance of the “V” distribution pattern, specifically concentrated in Shexian County and Jixi County. Natural geographic factors and human geographic factors have an impact on the spatial differentiation of cultural heritage units.

cultural relics protection units  /  spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics  /  driving factor  /  geodetector  /  Huizhou region
张泉, 葛敬松, 李喃, 聂慧娟, 李笑盈. 徽州地区文保单位时空分异及多尺度驱动因子响应. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5151 -5163 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404211
Quan ZHANG, Jing-song GE, Nan LI, Hui-juan NIE, Xiao-ying LI. Spatio-temporal Differentiation and Multi-scale Driving Factors Response of Cultural Relics Protection Units in Huizhou Region[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5151 -5163 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404211
徽州地区因地方崇文好儒、文教昌盛素有“东南邹鲁”之称,加之独特复杂的自然地理环境,逐渐孕育出具有浓厚徽州特色的文化遗产。文物保护单位(以下简称“文保单位”)作为区域文化遗产的重要组成部分,不仅是地方居民生活方式和重要历史信息的体现与见证,更是当地文化事业与文化产业发展的依托与载体。以徽州地区文保单位为研究对象,理清判断其在时间线中的脉络趋势和物质空间上的分异特征,并在此基础上识别关键驱动因子,能够为地区文保单位后续保护与利用提供策略方法,同时推进区域文化遗产整体性活化与延续。
纵观既有研究,学者们已围绕“文保单位”关键词开展多视角分析。从研究区域维度上看,黄河流域成为近年来学者关注讨论的焦点区域。周成等[1]运用相关空间分析方法,识别出黄河流域国家级文保单位在空间集聚分布,并呈现东北-西南方向特征和东密西疏、连片分布的空间特征。李蝶等[2]采用核密度等方法发现,黄河流域国家级文保单位在时间上呈增长趋势,在空间上集聚分布,并运用皮尔逊相关系数和缓冲区方法判别出其受到自然和社会因素的共同影响。李建辉等[3]借用集中化指数、核密度估计、地理探测器等方法分析得出黄河流域全国重点文保单位在区域、省域和时域分布集聚且不均,社会经济发展因素对其空间分布影响起主导作用。从研究方法选择上看,金爱博等[4]运用最邻近指数、区位熵、核密度估计等地理空间分析方法,将浙江重点文保单位与地形水文数据相结合,发现其时空格局受到自然因素高度制约,并在空间上呈现出多个核心与廊道的井字形聚集结构。武亚杰等[5]运用数理统计分析和地理空间分析方法,揭示湖南省传统村落空间分布呈“边缘集聚,中间分散”的凝聚状态,影响因素主要是公路密度、经济发展水平和人口密度等。综上可知,学者在空间分布驱动因子分析工具选择上以地理探测器为主,相关研究已取得较为显著的成果,然而存在一定不足。地理探测器是一种方便灵活的新统计学方法,可以度量给定数据的空间分异性,也可以量化两两因子对因变量的交互作用,但其探测结果受尺度效应影响较大。现如今,学者关于不同尺度下地理探测结果的研究主要集中在生态空间的异质性分析[6-7]、旅游景区时空差异[8-9]等方面,在文化遗产保护方面例如传统村落分布、文保单位分布、工业遗产保护与利用等领域却鲜有人涉及。
基于此,选取蕴含丰富地域文化特色的徽州地区为研究范围,采用标准椭圆差、核密度、地理探测器等研究方法,考虑不同历史阶段下徽州地区文保单位的时间演化过程,以及同一时间节点下徽州文保单位的空间分布特征,进而辨析各驱动因子对徽州地区文保单位空间异质性的作用。同时,尝试探究因不同空间尺度变化所呈现的影响因子驱动差异性问题,揭示尺度效应对徽州地区文保单位空间分异的驱动内因,为今后徽州地区文保单位保护利用和文化遗产整体性保护提供多维度参考依据。
明清时期徽州府所辖范围包括一府六县(歙县、黟县、祁门县、休宁县、绩溪县、婺源县)。经多次行政区划调整,歙县、黟县、祁门县和休宁县现属安徽省黄山市,绩溪县归属于安徽省宣城市,婺源县归属于江西省上饶市。为保持行政单元完整性,本文研究的徽州地区包括现安徽省黄山市、绩溪县和江西省婺源县。该研究范围同时为国家级徽州文化生态保护区的划定区域,总面积为13 881 km2
文物保护单位分为三级,即全国重点文物保护单位、省级文物保护单位和市县级文物保护单位。研究对象徽州地区文保单位包括全国重点文保单位和省级文保单位(市县级文保单位由于等级低、代表性较弱,未列入统计),其名录来自各市文化和旅游局官网,通过百度坐标拾取器定位地理坐标并导入ArcGIS10.5中;行政边界数据来自中国科学院资源环境科学数据中(http://www.resdc.cn);道路交通、水系数据来源于Open Street Map平台(http://www.openstreetmap.org);DEM数字高程数据来源于地理空间数据云(http://www.gscloud.cn);各地GDP、人口数量和文化事业支出数据来源于当地2021年统计年鉴。
利用ArcGIS 10.5软件,运用标准椭圆差、平均最近邻指数、不平衡指数、核密度估计以及地理探测器等方法,对徽州国家级、省级文物保护单位进行空间分布类型、方向特征和密度特征分析,借助地理探测器模型探究其驱动因子并在尺度变化的基础上进一步分析其结果差异。
标准差椭圆可从多角度体现地理研究要素空间分异的全局性特征[10],其图面特征包括沿长、短轴方向的标准差、重心坐标以及旋转角度,长轴表示趋势方向,短轴表示离散程度,重心经纬度则表示地理要素在空间上的相对位置,计算公式为
M( X -, Y -)= i = 1 n w i x i i = 1 n w i , i = 1 n w i y i i = 1 n w i
$\begin{aligned} \tan \theta= & {\left[\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} w_{i}^{2} x_{i}^{\prime 2}-\sum_{i=1}^{n} w_{i}^{2} y_{i}^{\prime 2}\right)+\right.} \\ & \left.\sqrt{\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} w_{i}^{2} x_{i}^{\prime 2}-\sum_{i=1}^{n} w_{i}^{2} y_{i}^{\prime 2}\right)^{2}+4\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} w_{i}^{2} x_{i}^{\prime 2} y_{i}^{2}\right)}\right] \times \\ & \left(2 \sum_{i=1}^{n} w_{i}^{2} x_{i}^{\prime} y_{i}^{\prime}\right)^{-1} \end{aligned}$
σx= i = 1 n ( w i x ' i c o s θ - w i y ' i s i n θ ) 2 i = 1 n w i 2
σy= i = 1 n ( w i x ' i s i n θ - w i y ' i c o s θ ) 2 i = 1 n w i 2
式中:M( X -, Y -)为重心坐标;θ为旋转角,表示正北方向与顺时针旋转的长轴之间的夹角;xi,yi为点要素的坐标;wi为权重;x'i,y'i为点要素距重心的坐标偏差;σxσy分别为沿x轴和y轴的标准差。
最邻近点指数R可以直观表达点要素的空间分布类型,当R>1时,要素均匀分布;当R<1时,要素集中分布;当R=1时,要素随机分布,其计算公式为
R= D - o D - e
De= 0.5 n A
式中:n为研究对象数量;A为研究区域面积; D - o为实际最邻近距离; D - e为理论最邻近距离。
不平衡指数S反映了要素分布的不均衡程度,值越大则空间分布均衡度越低,其计算公式为
S= i = 1 n c i t y Y i - 50 ( n c i t y + 1 ) 100 n c i t y - 50 ( n c i t y + 1 )
式(7)中:ncity为城市数量;Yi为将各地文保单位数量与徽州整体文保单位总数之比从大到小排序后第i位的累计百分比。
核密度分析法是用于分析空间中点要素分布的常用方法,重点反映要素点的集中程度与空间聚集情况,也可反映一个核对周边区域的影响强度。核密度估计值越大,表示点越密集,该地的要素空间分布更加集聚[11]
f(x)= 1 n p o i n t h i = 1 n p o i n tK x - x i h
式(8)中:npoint为阈值范围内包含的点个数;h为阈值;x-xi为两点间的欧式距离;K为权重值函数,值越大,表明该要素点的分布密集程度越高。
地理探测器[12]通过空间异质性解释地理要素分布特征背后的驱动力,探讨文保单位各驱动因子的方差与总体方差之间的关系。其本质是通过要素的空间分异以揭示因子驱动力的一组统计方法,其计算公式为
q=1- h = 1 L N h σ n 2 N σ 2
式(9)中:q为探测值;Nh为探测要素包含的单元数;N为全区单元数; σ n 2σ2分别为所探测要素层和全区单元的Y值方差;q值在0~1,值越大说明该要素的解释力越强。
徽州地区共有国家级文物保护单位59处、省级文物保护单位167处,数量众多。由图1图2可知,在数量上,古建筑类的文保单位以178处占据榜首,其次为近现代重要史迹及代表性建筑类27处、古遗址类8处、古墓葬类7处以及石窟寺及石刻类6处。从分布地域来看,文保单位除少量古墓葬、石窟寺及石刻等位于海拔较高的山区外,其余单位基本处于海拔较低的山谷平原或丘陵地带。歙县为古徽州府治所在地,并与绩溪县长期以来保持较为密切的地域联系,两地共存有110处国家级或省级文保单位,占徽州地区总数近半;从所属年代与种类来看,其年代跨度较大,不仅存有大量明清时期徽州古建筑,还存在距今已有五千年历史的新石器时代遗存。
利用ArcGIS 10.5进行标准差椭圆分析,计算得到不同时期徽州地区文保单位标准差椭圆分布图(图3)及具体参数(表1)。徽州地区文保单位总体呈东北-西南方向分布,与徽州地区群山怀抱出的居中盆地形状方向十分吻合。不同时期标准差椭圆旋转角均在40°~80°。
具体来看,标准差椭圆面积与长短轴截距随时间推移均“先减小,后增大”,文保单位表现出“分散-集中-分散”的时间序列特征。秦汉以前徽州为古越人聚居地,此时该地人烟稀少,传统聚落自然生长,数量少且分布零散[13]。从魏晋南北朝时期起至隋唐,中原人陆续因战争等原因移民至徽州地区,从而留下诸多文保单位;宋元时期徽州地区进入稳定发展阶段,南宋时期最后一次大规模南迁为徽州地区带来了经济和文化的快速发展,人们选择群山环抱、与世隔绝、条件优越的休歙盆地定居。又因特殊的地理位置限制了徽州地区文保单位在短轴方向的发展,从而呈现出明显的线性分布特点。清中叶徽州地区经济与文化发展达到鼎盛,文保单位在宋元时期发展的基础上,沿河流水系带状延伸发展;晚清时期徽州衰落,此后新增文保单位多为近现代重要史迹及代表性建筑类,分布较为分散。可见,文保单位的集聚态势与不同时期的人口迁移具有高度的耦合性。
此外,标准差椭圆中心随时间推移变化。隋唐以前文保单位的空间重心在休宁县,宋元时期向古徽州的政治、经济、文化中心——歙县聚集;明清徽商鼎盛发展,徽商所获钱财大都用于返乡购置土地、兴建民居、修缮祠堂和兴造园林,盛极一时[14],特别是徽商故里绩溪县发展迅猛,推动明清时期徽州文保单位分布中心向东北方向的绩溪县偏移;到了近现代,徽州地区走向衰落,该时期文保单位多为红色文化遗址,主要分布在革命活动频繁的婺源县,故中心大幅向西南方向偏移。
采用最近邻指数方法对徽州地区文保单位空间分布进行分析,结果如表2所示。徽州地区文保单位整体空间分布类型为集聚型,各区域之间差异明显,数量和聚集程度表现出“东高、西低”特征。其中,歙县作为古徽州的中心,拥有最多数量的文保单位共77处,最邻近比率为0.53,呈集聚型分布。绩溪县人才辈出,明清时期迅速崛起,留下33处文保单位,数量位居徽州地区第二位,且绩溪县国土面积相对较小,空间分布呈集聚型。
不平衡指数能够表现出文保单位在徽州地区的不均衡程度。利用不平衡指数公式,计算得到不平衡指数S=0.397 577 093,表明文保单位在徽州各行政区分布不均衡。以徽州地区九个区县为横坐标,徽州地区各区县拥有文保单位数量累计比重为纵坐标,绘制其洛伦兹曲线(图4)。结果表明,洛伦兹曲线向上凸起,其中歙县、绩溪县、婺源县3个区县的上凸面积较大,3个区县拥有的文保单位数量占整个徽州地区比重超60%。而黄山区、黟县和屯溪区3个区县处的曲线较为平缓,且这3个区县中分布的文保单位数量仅占徽州地区文保单位总数的10.1%。
核密度分析可以探究徽州地区文保单位空间分布的密度,折射历史时期人类活动的空间与强度,分析结果如图5所示。徽州地区文保单位集聚状态与宋元时期分布特征在地理空间上存在重叠,整体呈现“V”字形的空间格局。在歙县、徽州区、屯溪区和休宁县连接处形成了较大范围的高密度核心区,位于古徽州府治、县治辐射范围,人类活动频繁,历史文物资源富集。绩溪县西南部、黟县南部、歙县北部形成3个高度聚集区。黟县南部和绩溪县西南部为县城所在地,歙县北部是歙县通往绩溪县城和杭州府的必经之处,交通发达古道众多[15]。因此这些区域历史文化遗存较多,文保单位分布较集中。婺源县北部形成次级聚集区,此区域革命活动较为频繁,遗留下较多近现代红色资源。此外,还有若干分散历史时期人类活动强度偏低、文保单位密度稀疏的一般聚集区。
为定量探究徽州地区文保单位空间分异机理,研究选取地理探测器模型测算徽州地区文保单位影响因子驱动力大小,并解读不同尺度效应下单因子表现和交互探测结果。地理探测器模型虽拥有共线性免疫等优点,但受尺度效应影响,同一因素在不同尺度下存在不同解释力大小,因此单一尺度分析存在一定局限性。研究将从空间点与网格面多尺度下探析各因子对徽州地区文保单位空间分异影响力大小,试图厘清不同尺度下因子影响趋势。文保单位是历史时期人与地理环境长期耦合作用的结果[16],受到自然地理环境和人文地理环境的多种因素影响。研究最终确定自然地理环境的高程、坡度及水系距离和人文地理环境的GDP、人口数量、文化事业支出及道路距离为探测因子,如图6所示。
将文保单位核密度值作为因变量Y,对自然地理环境与人文地理环境因子(X1~X7)采用自然断点法分为5类,离散化处理后的类型量作为自变量X输入地理探测器模型中,结果如表3所示。
总体来看,人文地理环境因子探测值普遍高于自然地理环境因子,充分说明在空间点尺度下文保单位空间分异中人文地理环境是主导性因子。具体来看,人文地理环境中各因子影响力排序为:人口数量>GDP>文化事业支出>道路距离。文保单位是徽州居民在长期生产生活过程中创造的产物,居民产生的社会行为较大程度上影响着文保单位的分布。无论是古代时期文化遗产的产生,或是当今时代文保单位的活态保护,均需所处地区提供有力的社会经济支撑与保障。因此人口条件和经济条件在对徽州地区文保单位空间分异驱动因子中占据主导地位。此外,自然地理环境中各因子排序为:高程>水系距离>坡度,高程因子驱动力最强,即在自然地理环境因子中高程作为主导性因子。究其原因:一方面,徽州地区坐拥奇山异水,地势起伏较大而难以形成大规模聚落,故徽州先民迁徙至此择优而居,聚落选址多分散在地势平坦地带;另一方面,徽州文保单位类别中古建筑所占比重最大,成为徽州文保单位的主要组成部分。因此从海拔高程因子影响分析判断,徽州文保单位空间分异与之有着密切联系。
图7可知,影响徽州地区文保单位空间分异的因素交互作用后均呈现增强型关系,分别表现为双因子增强与非线性增强,说明各驱动因子两两相互作用均大于各因子单独作用。即徽州地区文保单位空间分异结果并非受单个因素影响,是多种因素相互作用影响的必然结果[17]。具体来看,共9组因子相互作用表现为双因子增强型,即解释力虽小于两者解释力之和,但大于各自单独作用时的解释程度。X1X6X2X6X2X4交互作用力均大于50%,说明人口与高程、道路距离以及GDP与高程为主导性交互组合。其中,人文地理环境中GDP因子与自然地理环境中高程因子自身并无直接联系,但二者在较大程度上共同影响了徽州地区文保单位的空间分异特征。因此,徽州地区后续文保单位保护与利用过程,应多聚焦于对象所处区域经济发展环境和地域海拔与其遗产保护关系的耦合协调中,为徽州文化遗产整体性保护提供思路探索。
地理探测器在单一尺度上的研究结果往往具有偶然性与非代表性,故进一步探究多尺度条件下综合探测分析显得尤为必要。深入了解文保单位的空间形态特征及区域差异,探寻文保单位与自然生态、社会经济等地理环境间的响应关系,对于促进徽州地区文化遗产的资源梳理与活化创新、推动各行政区间文保单位的科学保护与跨区合作、实现沿线地区徽州文化的文脉延续与精神弘扬具有重要的理论与现实意义[18]。故研究继续从格网面视角出发[19],比较格网尺度下各因子相比空间点尺度下的结果,并探讨不同格网尺度下纵向差异的内在原因。以2、4、6、8、10 km作为研究单元,将因变量Y和各自变量X落在网格单元中的平均值作为地理探测器输入值,计算与分析结果如下。
图8可知,徽州地区文保单位空间分异特征显著受自然地理与人文地理因素的共同影响,同一尺度下各因子按照q值大小排序并不一致,但主导因子皆为坡度因子。与空间点尺度结果相比,格网面尺度除坡度因子外各因子解释力明显偏小,坡度因子呈现较高主导性。考虑徽州地区地理环境现状,研究单元中地形地貌复杂,文保单位所在村落身处群山之间,坡度变化明显,从而与空间点尺度分析结果出现明显差异。
图8中可以看出,部分因子解释力出现较大差异情况。人文地理环境因子中道路距离解释力随着尺度变大逐渐增大,与尺度变化呈现明显正相关,其变化幅度最大并在10 km研究尺度中解释力达到最高;文化事业支出因子解释力表现为下降趋势,与尺度变化呈负相关;人口数量因子基本保持不变。究其原因:一方面,文化事业支出作为充分发挥政府决策职能的手段之一,不仅是繁荣文化事业和文化产业的助推器,更是实现文保单位保护与利用的重要保障;另一方面,交通便利程度直接影响居民的生活水平,同时交通条件优越的地区越容易保持其活态性,是文保单位保护传承利用的重要支撑。自然地理环境因子中,水系距离和坡度因子解释力随着尺度变大逐渐增大,与尺度呈正相关。其中,坡度因子变化幅度较大,河流距离变换幅度较小,高程因子随尺度变换基本保持不变。在不同研究尺度单元中,结合徽州地区地形地貌丰富特点,单个研究单元中平均坡度差异较为明显,故坡度因子随尺度变化变化范围较大。此外,徽州地区河流水网密布,临水地区因地形平坦而呈现组团集中式分布,故而在一定程度上对文保单位空间分异产生影响。
在多尺度单因子探测基础上,借助双因子交互探测识别不同因子间的交互影响结果,如图9所示。进而判断独立因子间的相互作用对徽州地区文保单位产生不同影响类型[20]。结果表明,任意双因子的交互作用影响均大于单因子,因此其空间分异结果并非由单一因子决定,而是相互独立的各因子共同作用的结果。独立因子间的复杂耦合作用所形成的协同增强效应共同影响了徽州地区文保单位在空间上分异效果。
图9可以看出,在交互探测结果类型上,5种尺度下交互作用类型皆为增强型,分别是双因子增强与非线性增强,说明任意两个因子间的相互作用均对徽州地区文保单位空间分异效果起到增强效果。其中,随着尺度的变化,X4交互探测始终保持双因子增强型关系。在交互探测数值上,与空间点尺度相比,格网面尺度下人文地理因素中经济和人口因素的解释力明显较低,说明在空间点尺度下经济人口因素驱动力优于格网面尺度;随着尺度的增大,X7的交互探测结果解释力逐渐变大,说明X7坡度因子与其他因子交互结果易受尺度变化影响,且尺度的增大对二者相互结果起到正向推动作用。通过比对不同尺度下各因子解释力可以实现多因子综合分析,由图9可知,除10 km格网尺度下主导交互组合为X1X7外,其余尺度下主导交互组合皆为X3X7,均表现为非线性增强。说明文化事业支出因子与坡度因子能够单独表现出对徽州文保单位空间分异的明显驱动力的同时,更能在交互作用结果中表现主导趋势,进而从另一方面佐证了X3X7在多尺度下单因子探测结果。即应加大对文保单位有关文化事业支出,准确把握文保单位政策性导向与地形环境特征,从而有助于提高徽州文保单位开发利用效率,实现徽州文化遗产多维价值发掘。
文保单位是徽州地区文化遗产资源保护利用的重要内容,也是徽文化传承与旅游产业发展的重要物质载体。对文化遗产资源的利用与传承要回归文保单位本身,洞悉其集聚、形态、方向、规模以及类型特征。由上述结论可知,歙县与绩溪县为主要资源集中地,可围绕其创建徽州文化遗产核心区,利用“宋元朝代”主题线性文旅轴串联次要资源点,打造多点串联的徽州文化遗产保护格局,以此构建徽州“话语”和徽州叙事体系。其次,对徽州地区文保单位空间分异特征驱动因子予以探讨发现,不同尺度下多数因子表现出明显响应差异。从大尺度来看,水系、道路距离体现重要驱动力,应在县域或区域尺度下完善交通网,提高交通可达性,尝试建立多条遗产旅游线路以实现跨区域文化遗产整体性保护与价值连续。在尺度较小情况下,应以文保单体为对象,在确保其原真性的基础上,积极采取“因物制宜”的理念,开展具有针对性的保护利用;或以关键历史线索串联多个集聚遗产单体,充分发挥遗产单体间的规模聚集作用,实现文保单位从个体到群体的内涵扩充。
基于徽州地区文保单位数据,运用标准差椭圆、最近邻分析和核密度分析等研究方法,探讨徽州地区文保单位时空分异特征,进而结合地理探测器分析方法识别不同尺度下影响因素的结果差异,得出以下结论。
(1)从时间分异特征来看,徽州地区文保单位呈现“分散—集中—分散”的时间序列特征,在宋元时期具有典型线性走向,且分布中心随时间推移由中部向南(江西婺源方向)偏移。
(2)从空间分异特征来看,徽州地区文保单位聚集特征明显,整体表现为“V”字形分布格局,且主要集中于歙县、绩溪县。在驱动因子结果探究中,自然地理因素与人文地理因素皆对徽州地区文保单位空间分异产生明显影响,同时交互探测结果较为明显,说明其分异结果是多种因子互相叠加的作用效果。
(3)不同尺度下驱动因子探测结果差异明显。随着尺度变大,水系距离、坡度、道路距离因子影响程度逐渐升高,呈正相关,文化事业支出因子影响程度逐渐降低,呈负相关。同时,交互探测结果中坡度因子随尺度变大影响力逐渐升高。
由于驱动因子的选取参考和借鉴了前人相关研究,其中存在一定的偶然性,对分析结果可能会产生一定影响。在后续研究中将完善驱动因子选取模块,为徽州地区文保单位未来的可持续发展提供新思路与科学指引,以实现徽州地区文化遗产的保护传承,助力中华优秀传统文化的创造性转化与创新性发展。
  • 国家社会科学基金一般项目(22BSH085)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404211
  • 接收时间:2024-06-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-05
  • 修回日期:2025-02-08
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国家社会科学基金一般项目(22BSH085)
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    1 合肥工业大学建筑与艺术学院, 合肥 230601
    2 徽州古村落数字化保护与传承创意安徽省重点实验室, 合肥 230601
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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