Article(id=1149781953731326591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404173, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717430400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-04, revisedDate=1735488000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058979685, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058979685, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058979685, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058979685, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3593, endPage=3603, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781953974596225, articleId=1149781953731326591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Analysis of Disaster Mechanism and Instability Process of Bedding Landslide with Weak Interlayer in Triassic Strata of Guizhou, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Most of Triassic strata in Guizhou are distributed with bedding rock landslides with weak interbeds, which are characterized by strong destructiveness, complex slip mechanism and difficult treatment. Taking the West Second Ring landslide in Guiyang City as an example, the disaster mechanism and instability evolution process were explored by means of field geological investigation, theoretical analysis and discrete element numerical simulation. The results show that the West Second Ring landslide is mainly composed of dolomitic layered cataclastic rock mass with good permeability and water retention, showing a “sponge” structure, and continuous rainfall is the direct cause of the landslide. The landslide is first cut out by the front sliding body and gradually pulled upward, and then the tensile cracks at the trailing edge of the sliding body developed further, which led to slip-tensile crack failure under the action of gravity. The simulation results are basically consistent with the actual situation. The landslide in West Second Ring Road can be divided into four stages of deformation and instability: natural dissolution and cracking, excavation and unloading expansion, saturated and weakened shear, and slow sliding and accumulation. The conclusions have certain reference significance for the disaster mechanism analysis and engineering prevention of Triassic bedding rock landslide with weak interlayer in Guizhou.

, correspAuthors=Xing-yuan JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun-wei TIAN, Xing-yuan JIANG, Yang-chun LI, Yi YANG, Ying DUAN, Bing-cai LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149781997100429879, articleId=1149781953731326591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=贵州三叠系含软弱夹层顺层滑坡成灾机理与失稳过程分析, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

贵州三叠系地层多分布含软弱夹层顺层岩质滑坡,该类滑坡具有破坏性强、滑移机制复杂、治理难度大等特点。以贵阳市西二环滑坡为例,通过野外地质调查、理论分析和离散元数值模拟等方法,探究该类滑坡成灾机理和失稳运动演化过程。结果表明:西二环滑坡主要由白云质层状碎裂岩体组成,渗透性和保水性较好,呈现“海绵体”结构,持续性降雨是该滑坡诱发的直接原因;该滑坡首先由前部滑体剪出,且逐渐向上牵引,随后滑体后缘张拉裂隙进一步发育,在重力作用下导致滑移-拉裂破坏,模拟结果与实际情况基本吻合;西二环滑坡可分为4个变形失稳阶段:自然溶蚀裂化-开挖卸荷扩展-饱水弱化剪切-缓慢滑移堆积。研究结论对于贵州三叠系含软弱夹层顺层岩质滑坡的成灾机理分析和工程防治具有一定的参考意义。

, correspAuthors=江兴元, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 江兴元(1986—),男,山东菏泽人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地质灾害评价与防治。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=V5g9204extMyr8pBhSdSXQ==, magXml=bp1KxJtadLmQE/v9n3Ug1Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=PXT8yl+ETeZuvKPMcpUnQg==, pdfFileSize=20911268, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=XonzZR8S1fbYY63Cpz0/bw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=SUIgKyVVdjjqAoXs5gQ3tg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

田俊伟(1998—),男,贵州遵义人,硕士研究生。研究方向:崩塌滑坡地质灾害。E-mail:

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田俊伟(1998—),男,贵州遵义人,硕士研究生。研究方向:崩塌滑坡地质灾害。E-mail:

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田俊伟(1998—),男,贵州遵义人,硕士研究生。研究方向:崩塌滑坡地质灾害。E-mail:

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Value table of mechanical parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性 弹性模
量/GPa
泊松比 抗拉强
度/MPa
抗压强
度/MPa
摩擦
因数
密度/
(kg·m-3)
耕植土 0.03 0.21 0.003 0.07 0.28 1 650
碎石土 0.08 0.23 0.004 0.09 0.33 2 030
白云岩 3 0.21 4.1 30 0.40 2 780
软弱夹层 0.35 0.32 0.8 5 0.31 1 800
), ArticleFig(id=1251249377365406719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953731326591, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

力学参数取值表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性 弹性模
量/GPa
泊松比 抗拉强
度/MPa
抗压强
度/MPa
摩擦
因数
密度/
(kg·m-3)
耕植土 0.03 0.21 0.003 0.07 0.28 1 650
碎石土 0.08 0.23 0.004 0.09 0.33 2 030
白云岩 3 0.21 4.1 30 0.40 2 780
软弱夹层 0.35 0.32 0.8 5 0.31 1 800
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贵州三叠系含软弱夹层顺层滑坡成灾机理与失稳过程分析
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田俊伟 1 , 江兴元 1, 2, 3, * , 李阳春 4 , 杨义 2 , 段莹 5 , 刘柄材 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(9): 3593-3603
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(9): 3593-3603
贵州三叠系含软弱夹层顺层滑坡成灾机理与失稳过程分析
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田俊伟1 , 江兴元1, 2, 3, * , 李阳春4, 杨义2, 段莹5, 刘柄材2
作者信息
  • 1 贵州大学喀斯特地质资源与环境教育部重点实验室, 贵阳 550025
  • 2 贵州大学资源与环境工程学院, 贵阳 550025
  • 3 贵州正业工程技术投资有限公司, 贵阳 550025
  • 4 贵州省地质环境监测院, 贵阳 550001
  • 5 贵州省生态与农业气象中心, 贵阳 550002
  • 田俊伟(1998—),男,贵州遵义人,硕士研究生。研究方向:崩塌滑坡地质灾害。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 江兴元(1986—),男,山东菏泽人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地质灾害评价与防治。E-mail:
Analysis of Disaster Mechanism and Instability Process of Bedding Landslide with Weak Interlayer in Triassic Strata of Guizhou
Jun-wei TIAN1 , Xing-yuan JIANG1, 2, 3, * , Yang-chun LI4, Yi YANG2, Ying DUAN5, Bing-cai LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Karst Geological Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2 College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 3 Guizhou Zhengye Engineering Technology Investment Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550025, China
  • 4 Guizhou Geological Environment Monitoring Institute, Guiyang 550001, China
  • 5 Guizhou Provincial Ecological and Agrometeorological Center, Guiyang 550002, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404173
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贵州三叠系地层多分布含软弱夹层顺层岩质滑坡,该类滑坡具有破坏性强、滑移机制复杂、治理难度大等特点。以贵阳市西二环滑坡为例,通过野外地质调查、理论分析和离散元数值模拟等方法,探究该类滑坡成灾机理和失稳运动演化过程。结果表明:西二环滑坡主要由白云质层状碎裂岩体组成,渗透性和保水性较好,呈现“海绵体”结构,持续性降雨是该滑坡诱发的直接原因;该滑坡首先由前部滑体剪出,且逐渐向上牵引,随后滑体后缘张拉裂隙进一步发育,在重力作用下导致滑移-拉裂破坏,模拟结果与实际情况基本吻合;西二环滑坡可分为4个变形失稳阶段:自然溶蚀裂化-开挖卸荷扩展-饱水弱化剪切-缓慢滑移堆积。研究结论对于贵州三叠系含软弱夹层顺层岩质滑坡的成灾机理分析和工程防治具有一定的参考意义。

软弱夹层  /  顺层滑坡  /  数值模拟  /  成灾机理  /  运动过程

Most of Triassic strata in Guizhou are distributed with bedding rock landslides with weak interbeds, which are characterized by strong destructiveness, complex slip mechanism and difficult treatment. Taking the West Second Ring landslide in Guiyang City as an example, the disaster mechanism and instability evolution process were explored by means of field geological investigation, theoretical analysis and discrete element numerical simulation. The results show that the West Second Ring landslide is mainly composed of dolomitic layered cataclastic rock mass with good permeability and water retention, showing a “sponge” structure, and continuous rainfall is the direct cause of the landslide. The landslide is first cut out by the front sliding body and gradually pulled upward, and then the tensile cracks at the trailing edge of the sliding body developed further, which led to slip-tensile crack failure under the action of gravity. The simulation results are basically consistent with the actual situation. The landslide in West Second Ring Road can be divided into four stages of deformation and instability: natural dissolution and cracking, excavation and unloading expansion, saturated and weakened shear, and slow sliding and accumulation. The conclusions have certain reference significance for the disaster mechanism analysis and engineering prevention of Triassic bedding rock landslide with weak interlayer in Guizhou.

weak interlayers  /  bedded landslide  /  numerical simulation  /  disaster mechanism  /  movement process
田俊伟, 江兴元, 李阳春, 杨义, 段莹, 刘柄材. 贵州三叠系含软弱夹层顺层滑坡成灾机理与失稳过程分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3593 -3603 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404173
Jun-wei TIAN, Xing-yuan JIANG, Yang-chun LI, Yi YANG, Ying DUAN, Bing-cai LIU. Analysis of Disaster Mechanism and Instability Process of Bedding Landslide with Weak Interlayer in Triassic Strata of Guizhou[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3593 -3603 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404173
贵州为典型的沉积岩发育省份,岩溶地貌发育,降雨丰沛[1]。加之近年来经济快速发展,大量房建、市政、道路建设、采矿等人类工程活动都带来大量边坡稳定性问题。统计数据显示贵州省大中型滑坡近50%分布在三叠系地层,该地层多为上硬下软的二元结构或软硬互层的顺层边坡[2-3],上覆岩体多为石灰岩、白云岩等碳酸盐岩,岩体孔隙和裂隙发育,复杂的多孔介质网络导致其透水性强,能够较好地渗透和储存地下水,在受到开挖扰动与降雨作用下整体稳定性差,例如贵阳市12.2沙冲路滑坡[4]、贵阳市5.20海马冲滑坡[5]和毕节1.3金海湖滑坡[6]都发生在三叠系地层,均造成数十人的伤亡,严重威胁着附近人民的生命财产安全。
软硬相间顺层边坡中常存在薄层状挤压破碎带,在地下水长期作用下会逐渐形成软弱夹层[7]。含软弱夹层顺层边坡,在破碎结构和软弱岩层的耦合作用下,易发生持续、缓慢、渐进性蠕动变形,各部分的变形程度不相同[8-9]。该类滑坡的致灾机理复杂,邹宗兴等[10]根据滑坡滑面发展形态,将顺层岩质滑坡划分成两大类:前进式渐进破坏模式和后退式渐进破坏模式。从力学角度揭示顺层岩质滑坡渐进破坏过程的本质是滑坡力学参数弱化的过程。李守定等[11]认为滑带对顺层岩质滑坡的形成具有控制作用,滑带形成演化过程分为3个阶段:原生软岩、层间剪切带和滑带。龙建辉等[12]通过对山西吕梁山一带的顺层岩质滑坡发育特征与破坏规律进行整理,总结了双软弱夹层岩质滑坡的滑动模式及其变形规律。Xu等[13]采用现场剪切试验、室内土工试验、极限平衡反分析法结合,对九顶山人工边坡稳定性进行分析研究,发现上部滑体会沿软弱夹层及下部灰岩的接触面滑动。孔令亚等[14]探究了含水率和夹层厚度对软弱夹层强度影响,发现两者对软弱夹层剪切力学特性研究具有实际工程意义。Hu等[15]通过多次剪切试验分析了界面泥化夹层的剪切特性,建立了应变软化接触本构模型,并与实验结果进行了对比验证,确定了应变软化界面大顺层边坡的渐进破坏机理。Tipanti等[16]分析了近水平层岩质边坡的稳定性,得出降雨量是导致此类岩质边坡发生平推式滑坡的重要因素。穆成林[17]苏培东等[18]认为含软弱夹层边坡的渐进性破坏为自坡脚沿软弱夹层延伸至坡顶,并在坡顶产生拉张破坏,整体的破坏模式为滑移-拉裂模式。易志强等[19]认为含水平软弱夹层坡体形成机制主要表现为:水平软弱夹层应力集中、牵引沉陷后缘拉裂、裂缝滑面贯通失稳破坏3个阶段。
近年来,对岩质滑坡的运动堆积过程研究多以现场观测与数值模拟为主,物理模型试验方法因其成本高、周期长、人员劳动强度大而较少使用[20]。王玉峰等[21]设计并建立谢家店子滑坡真实三维物理模型实验装置,分析了该滑坡的运动过程与堆积特征。李小琴等[22]通过研究地形起伏对滑坡运动的影响规律发现,局部地形为滑坡短时加减速创造了良好的条件,地形对近程滑坡的影响明显大于远程滑坡。杨海龙等[23]分析了地形因子对坡脚型滑坡运动参数的影响,基于主要地形参数和滑坡规模建立的最大水平运动距离预测统计模型。陈建强等[24]利用MatDEM对汉源县中海村滑坡进行模拟表明:滑坡重力势能主要转化为颗粒单元间的摩擦热能。周礼等[25]利用 PFC3D模拟金沙江白格滑坡两次的发生、运动、堆积过程,并在反演结果的基础上对白格滑坡滑源区残留潜在不稳定部分未来失稳的运动路径和堆积范围进行预测,对其危险性进行科学评价。还有一些学者[26-27]使用PFC研究滑坡的变形特征和运移演化机理。随着研究的不断深入,关于含软弱夹层岩质边坡的运动和堆积过程有待进一步深入研究,目前数值模拟主要以连续介质法和离散元法为主[28-29],连续介质法多应用于工程领域的多物理场模拟[30-31],而离散元法适用于模拟大变形、大位移和裂纹扩展[32]。相比之下所研究滑坡的失稳过程更适合使用离散元法进行模拟。
现以贵阳市西二环滑坡野外工程地质调查资料为基础,构建顺层滑坡的稳定性力学判据,采用MatDEM数值模拟方法,考虑开挖和降雨水动力条件,分析斜坡降雨渗透和变形运动过程,揭示贵州地区三叠系二元结构顺层滑坡成灾机理和失稳运动演化过程,以期对类似滑坡灾害研究提供一定的参考。
2015年5月20日03:40,由于突降暴雨,贵阳市西二环(甲秀北路)北段大关立交附近发生边坡失稳地质灾害,中心坐标为E:106°39'51.997 6″,N:26°38'38.291 8″。大量碎石冲到公路一侧,造成西二环道路交通中断,山上高压铁塔严重受损,道路上部分车辆损坏和人员受伤。
滑坡区为低山丘陵地貌,呈现北西南东向展布的凸型山脊地形,地势北高南低,原始山体自然坡度为17°~27°,呈单斜山,地形较缓,山体表面植被覆盖[图1(a)图1(b)]。区域位于贵阳向斜西翼,区内构造较简单,无断层通过,地层为三叠系安顺组(Tla)薄层泥质白云岩和角砾状白云岩,层间结合层度差,层面产状为145°∠25°。岩体受节理裂隙切割,完整性较差。结构面连通性好,主要受两组节理控制,产状89°∠84°和232°∠88°。滑坡区内地层主要有第四系耕植土(${{\mathrm{Q}}_{4}}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{d}}$)、残坡积土(${{\mathrm{Q}}_{4}}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}}$)和三叠系安顺组(Tla)的白云岩构成,滑带为原生泥质和泥灰质软弱夹层,嵌入在白云岩中,厚度在3~42 mm[图1(c)图1(d)]。区内地表冲沟发育,地表水沿冲沟向外排泄,部分地表水通过基岩裂隙下渗向深部排泄。地下水以裂隙溶隙水为主,赋存于中风化基岩和裂隙。
西二环道路建设过程中,边坡开挖形成顺层切向边坡,边坡前段分3个台阶放坡,采用锚杆+喷射混凝土进行支护,坡顶保持原始地貌。收集贵阳市降雨数据(图2)显示,滑坡灾害发生前20 d当地一直为持续性降雨天气,灾害发生前累计降雨量达到200 mm,当日降雨强度达到55 mm/d,为典型的降雨诱发型顺层岩质滑坡。
根据现场勘察,滑坡底部高程为1 270.10~1 272.16 m,滑坡顶部高程为1 344.79 m,滑坡距离路面垂直高度最大约74.5 m,纵向宽度78 m,长度约126 m,滑体平均厚度5.6 m,滑坡方量大约2.0×105 m3,主滑方向为138°,滑后形态呈不规则中间鼓肚的长舌状,前翘后躺,滑动面具有明显的滑动擦痕[图1(d)]。滑体主要为白云岩,结构松散,胶结不密实,基本解体。坡体后缘表层土体厚度在0~2 m,具有良好的透水性,碎石含量在20%左右,碎石直径一般在3~80 mm。滑带土主要为含砾黏土,呈现浅黄灰色,稍密实状态。黏土含量为75%,砾石含量为25%,砾石主要为强风化的白云岩组成,滑带土厚度在10~35 mm,滑带上可以清晰地看见磨光面和擦痕,黏土泥质含量高,遇水易软化,物理力学性质差。
岩质边坡在开挖卸荷、风化溶蚀等因素影响下容易产生张拉裂隙,降雨条件下张拉裂缝及滑体之间往往形成较好的渗流通道,坡内静水压力和渗流动水压力对滑坡的力学作用不可忽视。
静水压力是指液体在其接触面上产生的压力,大小取决于滑动面上的水压力分布,舒继森等[33]认为张裂隙的水位最高点和滑面最低点水压均为0,边坡总体水位的1/2处水压最大(图3),当张裂隙深度较小,裂隙内水位高度小于总水位的1/2时,张裂隙静水压力V和滑动面静水压力U可分别表示为
V=$\frac{{h}^{2}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{w}}}{2}$
U=$\frac{{\gamma }_{\mathrm{w}}({H}_{\mathrm{w}}^{2}-2{h}^{2})}{4\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\beta }$
式中:h为张裂隙水位高度; γw为水的重度; Hw为总水位高度; β为滑动面倾角。
流水顺着岩体滑动面在边坡中流动产生的拖拽力称为动水压力,其大小取决于地下水水头差(图3)。水流对滑动面的动水压力可表示为
T=$\frac{b}{2}$γw(lsinβ+h)
式(3)中:l为滑动面长度; b为滑动面厚度。
对于顺层岩质边坡,根据边坡稳定性分析的极限平衡理论建立边坡稳定性计算模型,得到边坡的稳定性系数Fs
Fs=$\frac{cl+(W\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\beta -U-V\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\beta )\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\varphi }{W\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\beta +V\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\beta +T}$
式(4)中:W为滑体重力; c 为结构面的黏聚力; ϕ为内摩擦角。
当坡顶有张裂缝时,将VUT代入式(4),稳定性系数Fs变换如式(5)所示。
Fs=$\frac{4cl\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\beta +[4W\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\beta \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\beta -{\gamma }_{\mathrm{w}}(H{w}^{2}-2{h}^{2})-2{h}^{2}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{w}}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{n}}^{2}\beta ]\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\varphi }{2\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\beta [2W\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\beta +{h}^{2}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{w}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\beta +b{\gamma }_{\mathrm{w}}(l\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\beta +h\left)\right]}$
当坡顶没有张裂缝时,可用滑动面上的临界总水深来判定边坡的稳定性,将V=0, UT代入式(4),可得边坡的稳定性系数Fs如式(6)所示。
Fs=$\frac{4cl\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\beta +(4W\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\beta \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\beta -{\gamma }_{\mathrm{w}}{H}_{\mathrm{w}}^{2})\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\varphi }{2\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\beta (2W\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\beta +b{\gamma }_{\mathrm{w}}l\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\beta )}$
结合贵阳市西二环边坡勘察情况,边坡后缘存在张拉裂缝,但坡体本身较为破碎,长时间强降雨能否形成后缘静水压力,并进一步诱导滑坡灾害过程不明确,因此,研究从后缘存在静水压力和无静水压力两种情况开展稳定性计算,计算模型中考虑滑动面静水压力U和动水压力T。通过钻探取样岩芯及室内试验得出:滑动面以上白云岩天然状态下重度为26.2 kN/m3,饱和状态下重度为27.8 kN/m3;滑带土天然状态下c=29.8 kPa,ϕ=18.4°,饱和工况下c=27.2 kPa,ϕ=17.3°,岩层倾角25°,滑动面总水头高度取值范围为0~46 m。
图4所示,可用滑动面上水位高度Hz来衡量边坡的稳定性系数。总体上看,两曲线的变化趋势基本一致:边坡稳定性系数随水位高度的增加而逐渐变小,曲线斜率也逐渐变大。在水位高度较小时,两曲线接近重合,但随着水位高度的增加,两曲线逐渐分离,边坡后缘有裂缝曲线大于后缘无裂缝曲线。分析西二环滑坡后缘有无裂缝情况下的稳定性可知:在天然状态下,西二环滑坡的稳定性系数均为1.18,处于基本稳定状态。在降雨条件下:边坡后缘无裂缝滑动面水深18 m和边坡后缘有裂缝滑动面水深16 m时,稳定性系数为1.00,稳定性系数降低16%,此时边坡进入临界滑动状态。对于边坡后缘存在裂缝时,后缘裂缝在没有充水情况下边坡就已经失稳。
MatDEM软件是用于模拟颗粒相互作用的离散元法软件[34]。如图5所示,离散元法是将具有一定力学特性的颗粒进行堆积和胶结在一起,从而构建出岩土体模型。在基础的线性弹性理论中,假设颗粒间的接触是通过弹簧来实现的,因此,可以用弹簧来模拟颗粒间的法向力(Fn)与法向变形(Xn)[35],表达式为
Fn=$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{K}_{\mathrm{n}}{X}_{\mathrm{n}},& {X}_{\mathrm{n}}<{X}_{\mathrm{b}},\mathrm{连}\mathrm{接}\mathrm{完}\mathrm{整}\\ {K}_{\mathrm{n}}{X}_{\mathrm{n}},& {X}_{\mathrm{n}}<0,\mathrm{连}\mathrm{接}\mathrm{断}\mathrm{开}\\ 0,& {X}_{\mathrm{n}}\ge 0,\mathrm{连}\mathrm{接}\mathrm{断}\mathrm{开}\end{array}\right.$
式(7)中:Kn为法向刚度;Xn为法向相对位移;Xb为断裂位移。
初始时,颗粒之间相互连接,受弹簧的拉力或者压力作用。当两颗粒之间的法相相对位移超过断裂位移时,弹簧断裂,颗粒间拉力消失,仅存在压力作用。
相邻两颗粒间不仅存在法向方向上的作用,在切向方向上还可以通过切向弹簧来模拟颗粒间的剪切力和剪切变形[36],表达式为

Fs=KsXs

式(8)中:Ks为切向刚度;Xs为切向位移。
弹簧在切向上也存在破坏准则,其基本原理为莫尔-库伦准则,表达式为

Fsmax=Fso-μpFn

式(9)中:Fsmax为最大抗剪切力;Fso为没有施加法相压力时单元间能承受的最大剪切力;μp为颗粒间的摩擦因数。
其中Fs0类似于岩土体的黏聚力。在颗粒间法向压力越大,抗剪力也就越大。当切向力超过最大抗剪切力的时候,切向连接断裂,此时颗粒间只存在滑动摩擦力-μpFn
在MatDEM软件水分运移模拟中,是将土颗粒、孔隙和孔隙水构成一个离散单元整体,每一个离散单元都可以设置或传递一定量的水分。运用有限差分思想计算离散单元的水分迁移量,在水分运移的过程中考虑含水率变化对岩土体抗拉强度、抗剪强度等物理力学参数的影响。从而可以在MatDEM中实现水分运移的模拟。模型中每个离散单元的含水率在单次迭代中的变化表达式为
ω= $\frac{{m}_{\omega 0}\pm {m}_{\omega }}{{m}_{\mathrm{s}}}$
式(10)中:ω为颗粒含水率;mω0为颗粒初始含水量;mω为颗粒变化含水量;ms为颗粒质量。
在降雨条件下,坡面表层颗粒水分含量大于邻近颗粒,根据达西定律描述土体渗流场内水头的分布规律可知,水力梯度会驱动水分由富水颗粒向缺水颗粒,且水流量与水力梯度成正相关,从而实现降水入渗的过程,如图6所示。水流量计算公式为
Qω=kA$\frac{{m}_{\omega 1}-{m}_{\omega 2}}{{r}_{1}+{r}_{2}}$
式(11)中:Qω为水流量;k为渗透系数;A为流过颗粒的有效断面积;mωi为颗粒的含水量;ri为颗粒半径,i=1,2,3,…。
一般来说,土体的摩擦因数会随着含水率的增加而逐渐降低,呈非线性一阶指数衰减。张晓明等[37]提出了一个实用模型,计算公式为
ψ=26${\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{100\omega }{18.4}}$+21.9
式(12)中:ψ为土体的摩擦角;ω为土体含水率。
依据工程地质剖面图建立贵阳市西二环二维滑坡模型。如图7所示,模型长240 m、高90 m,二维模型层面产状为145°∠25°。为了便于计算分析,数值模拟对边坡岩性进行了概化,通过拉伸试验、单轴压缩试验、直剪试验等获得其物理力学参数,如表1所示。在边坡模型后、中、前部设置监测点1~监测点3监测开挖条件下的变形特征。
对西二环边坡进行开挖模拟,开挖后在坡脚位置处产生应力集中(图8),统计监测点位移变化发现(图9),坡体前部监测点3的变形量最大,达到1.6 cm,坡体后部监测点1变形量0.6 cm,坡体中部监测点2的位移最小,仅为0.4 cm,而边坡经过应力调整后,各监测点的变形量均有所下降。边坡在开挖作用下,坡脚开挖产生卸荷回弹位移,回弹位移会随开挖位置向四周距离的增加而逐渐减小,到达一定距离时,卸荷回弹位移可忽略不计。坡前部监测点3距离开挖位置相对坡中部监测点2和坡后部监测点1更近,其产生的变形量最大。在斜坡后部,主要分布力学性能较低的耕植土和坡积体,而且坡后部的白云岩也较破碎,力学性能较低的坡体后部岩土体相对于坡体中部更易受到坡脚开挖的扰动。所以坡体后部监测点1在开挖作用下产生的变形量大于坡中部监测点2。
图2所示,西二环滑坡在滑动前的降雨情况较为复杂,使用数值模拟难以对该滑坡的实际降雨进行模拟,所以对该滑坡降雨情况进行了一定的简化,模拟持续降雨环境,设定坡体表面单元含水率为100%饱和状态,水分运移过程采用式(10)、式(11)。模拟结果如图10所示。初始阶段,坡体表面被雨水侵湿,湿润峰向下移动,湿润面与坡面起伏相当,但是当雨水下渗到一定阶段时,湿润峰形态虽然整体上与坡面起伏基本一致,但是局部存在不同,这是因为边坡为非均质性层状破碎结构岩体,雨水在下渗过程中会沿着优势通道优先渗流。由图10可知,坡体后部最先侵湿到软弱夹层,但边坡没有发生失稳,随后坡体前中部侵湿软弱夹层,坡体发生失稳。分析湿润峰到达坡后、中、前部软弱夹层快慢情况来看,边坡失稳是由坡前中部湿润峰润湿软弱夹层所引发,坡体的软弱夹层发生破坏,一直延伸到坡体后缘。所以,边坡的失稳主要是由于雨水侵湿坡内软弱夹层,使其强度降低最终导致滑坡发生。
图11为数值模拟西二环滑坡的位移变化过程。在3 s时,坡体前、中、后部位移相差不大,此时,滑坡的滑带基本贯通,在坡体的自重下向前滑动。在9 s时,坡体前、中、后部的位移差明显,坡体前部颗粒位移大于中部颗粒大于后部颗粒,坡体前缘颗粒位移达到10 m,此时坡体后部产生拉裂隙。在21 s时,坡体前部颗粒和中部颗粒位移量基本一致,均大于后部颗粒位移,前、中部颗粒位移量达到20 m,而此时坡体后缘拉裂隙更加明显。在36 s时,由于坡体前缘颗粒滑到路面所受摩擦力增大,坡体前缘颗粒向前滑动受到阻碍,从而形成鼓包。此时,坡体中部位移大于坡体前部大于坡体后部位移,中部最大位移达到30 m。
通过监测位移变化可知,不同监测部位的位移变化过程基本一致(图12),在3 s时,监测点1曲线斜率逐渐小于其余两条曲线。在9 s时,监测点3曲线斜率逐渐小于监测点2曲线。在9~30 s内,各曲线的斜率基本不变,滑体各部位做匀速运动。在30 s时,曲线斜率逐渐降低,坡体做减速运动。在40 s时斜率基本降低到0°,坡体的堆积基本完成。其中,监测点1位移达到20 m,监测点2位移达到32 m,监测点3位移达到24 m,监测点2的位移大于监测点3大于监测点1。
图13为坡体各部位速度变化曲线,坡体各监测点的速度变化趋势呈现先上升后下降的特点,在0~3 s内,各监测点的加速度最大且基本相同,滑坡向下加速运动。在7 s时,监测点2和监测点3的速度基本达到速度峰值,而监测点1的峰值速度在25 s时才达到。各监测点的速度峰值较小,介于0.75~1.25 m/s,其中监测点2速度峰值最大,监测点3速度峰值次之,监测点1速度峰值最小。坡体在运动过程中,坡体前部的监测点3在12 s时最先做减速运动,其次是坡体中部的监测点2在18 s减速,最后是坡体后部的监测点3在27 s呈现减速运动。结合坡体中所设监测点的位移变化曲线和速度变化曲线图(图12图13)可知,在初始阶段,坡体前中部的位移和速度均大于坡体后部,但是当坡体前缘滑动至路面上时,滑体和路面之间的摩擦力较大,阻碍滑体前进,所以滑体前部颗粒的速度最先下降,随着阻力往滑体后缘传递,滑体的中部和后部速度先后下降,最终使得滑坡停止。
通过MatDEM对西二环滑坡变形破坏过程数值模拟,进一步揭示了西二环滑坡变形失稳过程,西二环滑坡的变形破坏失稳可分为4个阶段:自然溶蚀裂化-开挖卸荷扩展-饱水弱化剪切-缓慢滑移堆积(图14),形成滑移-拉裂型破坏模式,模拟结果与实际情况相同。
(1) 自然溶蚀裂化阶段。该边坡为上硬下软的二元结构顺层边坡,上覆岩体主要为白云岩,岩体孔隙和裂隙发育,复杂的多孔裂隙介质网络导致其透水性强。在大气降雨作用下,坡面地表水汇集,沿着坡面结构面入渗,地下水活动加强,白云岩岩溶作用强烈,在长期岩溶作用下,岩溶裂缝进一步扩展。
(2) 开挖卸荷扩展阶段。由于西二环道路修建,西二环边坡坡脚开挖,形成顺向临空面,为滑坡的剪出创造了良好的剪出条件,开挖使得原有的应力状态发生改变,坡体节理裂隙扩展,坡脚产生应力集中。
(3) 饱水弱化剪切阶段。在连续降雨条件下,随着下渗的雨水对软弱夹层的持续软化,软弱夹层强度降低,滑体在自身重力和滑面动静水压力作用下,下滑力不断增加,软弱夹层被剪断,滑体逐渐与稳定山体分离向下滑动,在滑动过程中后缘形成张拉裂缝,滑坡整体失稳。
(4) 缓慢滑移堆积阶段。当软弱夹层被剪断后,滑体在重力作用下沿着软弱夹层向下滑动,滑体进一步解体,岩体更加破碎,当滑体前缘滑动到一定距离时受阻,随着阻力往滑坡后缘传递,最终滑坡逐渐停积下来。
结合贵阳市西二环滑坡实际情况,对西二环滑坡进行稳定性分析,利用离散元软件MatDEM建立滑坡模型,分析西二环滑坡的形成原因,通过数值模拟了揭示西二环滑坡在开挖、降雨作用下的变形失稳特点。
(1)贵阳市西二环斜坡为含软弱夹层的白云质顺向边坡,坡脚开挖产生应力集中,坡体节理裂隙发育,呈现“似海绵体”结构,持续性降雨下,滑体重度增加,软弱夹层强度降低,边体失稳。降雨是该含软弱夹层顺层岩质滑坡诱发的直接原因。
(2)通过数值模拟软件对滑坡的运动过程模拟发现,该滑坡首先由前部滑体剪出,且逐渐向上牵引,随后滑体后缘张拉裂隙进一步发育,在重力作用下导致的滑坡发生滑移-拉裂型破坏。
(3)采用MatDEM数值模拟软件对西二环滑坡运动过程模拟分析,滑坡的整体速度较小,速度峰值介于0.75~1.25 m/s,持续滑动时间约40 s,滑坡整体位移约25 m。滑坡中部位移大于前部和后部,颗粒最大位移32 m,颗粒最小位移20 m。结合滑坡现场堆积情况来看,模拟结果与实际情况基本吻合,所以,利用MatDEM软件模拟滑坡运动过程具有较好的适用性,对于此类滑坡的防止具有一定的参考价值。
(4)通过对西二环滑坡失稳数值模拟总结认为,西二环滑坡的变形破坏失稳可分为4个阶段:自然溶蚀裂化-开挖卸荷扩展-饱水弱化剪切-缓慢滑移堆积。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42007271)
  • 贵州省科技支撑计划(黔科合支撑[2023]一般119)
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2025年第25卷第9期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404173
  • 接收时间:2024-06-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-04
  • 修回日期:2024-12-30
基金
国家自然科学基金(42007271)
贵州省科技支撑计划(黔科合支撑[2023]一般119)
作者信息
    1 贵州大学喀斯特地质资源与环境教育部重点实验室, 贵阳 550025
    2 贵州大学资源与环境工程学院, 贵阳 550025
    3 贵州正业工程技术投资有限公司, 贵阳 550025
    4 贵州省地质环境监测院, 贵阳 550001
    5 贵州省生态与农业气象中心, 贵阳 550002

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* 江兴元(1986—),男,山东菏泽人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地质灾害评价与防治。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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