Article(id=1149774730309361928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716998400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-30, revisedDate=1738857600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057257486, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057257486, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057257486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057257486, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4900, endPage=4912, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774730716209424, articleId=1149774730309361928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Pore Structure and Fluid Movability of the Tight Sandstone Reservoir in the Tianfu Gas Area of the Sichuan Basin, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The pore structure is a pivotal determinant of the physical properties of tight sandstone reservoirs, and elucidating its characteristics holds great significance for oil and gas exploration and development. Taking the 4th member of the Xujiahe Formation tight sandstone reservoirs in Tianfu Gas Area as an example, the pore structure characteristics, fractal features, and fluid mobility of the Xu-4 sandstone in the study area were systematically analyzed through thin section identification, scanning electron microscopy observation, nuclear magnetic resonance testing, high-pressure mercury intrusion testing, and X-ray diffraction experiments, combined with fractal theory. The results indicate that the sandstones of the 4th member of the Xujiahe Formation in the study area are predominantly composed of feldspar lithic sandstone, belonging to an ultra-low pore-ultra-low permeability pore type reservoir. The pore type is primarily feldspar-dissolved pores, and the throat type is predominantly sheet throats. According to the morphology of the high-pressure mercury injection curves and nuclear magnetic resonance outcomes, the pore structure of the 4th member of the Xujiahe tight sandstone reservoir is categorized into three distinct types. Among them, the material properties of the I-type samples are the best, with larger pore-throat radii, good connectivity and sorting of pore-throat, strong fluid mobility, and the best reservoir quality. The pore structure and fluid mobility of the fourth member of the Xujiahe tight sandstone reservoir are affected by sedimentary structures and mineral content. Specifically, reservoirs with coarser grain sizes and better sorting demonstrate superior pore structure and fluid mobility. Furthermore, quartz, the primary rigid mineral in sandstones, exhibits resistance to compaction, thereby safeguarding the reservoir pores to a certain extent. However, calcite and clay minerals will occupy pore space, resulting in deterioration of the pore structure and fluid mobility of the reservoir.

, correspAuthors=Yu-qiang JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tao WANG, Yu-qiang JIANG, Chang-cheng YANG, Zhan-lei WANG, Xun ZHU, Hui PAN, Ya-dong ZHOU, Yong-liang YUAN, Ying HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774770671149610, articleId=1149774730309361928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=四川盆地天府气区须四段致密砂岩储层孔隙结构及流体可动性, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

孔隙结构是决定致密砂岩储层物性和油气产量的关键因素,明确孔隙结构特征对油气的勘探开发具有重大意义。以天府气区须家河组须四段致密砂岩储层为例,通过薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察、核磁共振测试、高压压汞测试以及X衍射等实验,结合分形理论,系统分析了研究区须四段砂岩的孔隙结构特征、分形特征及流体可动性。结果表明:研究区须四段砂岩主要为长石岩屑砂岩,储层类型为特低孔-特低渗孔隙型储层,孔隙类型主要为长石溶孔,喉道类型以片状喉道为主。根据高压压汞曲线形态和核磁共振结果,可将须四段砂岩孔隙结构分为三类,其中Ⅰ类样品储层物性最好,孔喉半径较大,孔喉连通性和分选性好,流体可动性强,储层质量最优。须四段致密砂岩孔隙结构和流体可动性受沉积结构和矿物含量影响较为明显,粒度较粗、分选性较好的储层孔隙结构和流体可动性较好。同时,石英作为砂岩中主要的刚性矿物,具有抗压实的能力,对储层孔隙起到了一定的保护作用,而方解石和黏土矿物会占据孔隙空间,导致储层的孔隙结构和流体可动性变差。

, correspAuthors=蒋裕强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 蒋裕强(1963—),男,汉族,四川成都人,硕士,教授。研究方向:非常规油气地质及复杂碳酸盐岩储层地质。E-mail:
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王涛(1998—),男,汉族,四川德阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:非常规油气地质。E-mail:

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王涛(1998—),男,汉族,四川德阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:非常规油气地质。E-mail:

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Applied Geophysics, 2017, 14(2): 205-215, 322., articleTitle=Multifractal features of NMR T spectrum and its application in pore structure evaluation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179786888928969436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730309361928, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=79, issue=6, pageStart=377, pageEnd=387, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=51, authorNames=Zhang Z, Weller A, journalName=Geophysics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Z, Weller A. Fractal dimension of pore-space geometry of an Eocene sandstone formation[J]. Geophysics, 2014, 79(6): 377-387., articleTitle=Fractal dimension of pore-space geometry of an Eocene sandstone formation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179786888979301085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730309361928, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=52, authorNames=大庆油田有限责任公司勘探开发研究院, 中国石油化工股份有限公司石油勘探开发研究院, 中国石油天然气股份有限公司勘探开发研究院, journalName=油气储层评价方法: SY/T 6285—2011, refType=null, unstructuredReference=大庆油田有限责任公司勘探开发研究院, 中国石油化工股份有限公司石油勘探开发研究院, 中国石油天然气股份有限公司勘探开发研究院. 油气储层评价方法: SY/T 6285—2011[S]. 北京: 石油工业出版社, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179786889033827038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730309361928, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=53, authorNames=Exploration and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Co. , Ltd., Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute of China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, Exploration and Development Research Institute of China National Petroleum Corporation, journalName=Evaluating methods of oil and gas reservoirs: SY/T 6285—2011, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Exploration and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Co. , Ltd., Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute of China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, Exploration and Development Research Institute of China National Petroleum Corporation. Evaluating methods of oil and gas reservoirs: SY/T 6285—2011[S]. 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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730309361928, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Physical property distribution characteristics of tight sandstone reservoirs in the study area, figureFileSmall=tgcLgquGFsfofKvlExC/cA==, figureFileBig=IBUFaCGFxpZCrfaFkZcF4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786883723838099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730309361928, language=CN, label=图3, caption=研究区储层物性分布特征, figureFileSmall=tgcLgquGFsfofKvlExC/cA==, figureFileBig=IBUFaCGFxpZCrfaFkZcF4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786883790946964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730309361928, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Microscopic pore characteristics of the tight sandstone reservoir in the study area, figureFileSmall=EMlsDn1NpHHuXCgN3urvbA==, figureFileBig=61o77e0XBq7GW0qCiylNyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786883862250133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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caption=不同类型样品核磁共振分形特征图

T2cT2截止时间

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NMR parameters and high pressure mercury injection parameters of tight sandstone reservoir

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样品
编号
样品
类型
深度/m 高压压汞参数 核磁共振参数
门槛压
力/MPa
退汞
效率/%
中值半
径/μm
孔隙度/
%
渗透率/
10-3μm2
T2截止值
/ms
可动流体
饱和度/%
Dn1 Dn2 大孔占
比/%
W-3 2 749.70 0.41 43.77 0.14 6.36 0.27 1.70 70.36 0.87 2.89 40.68
W-10 2 756.10 0.51 42.44 0.06 5.94 0.51 1.48 82.56 -0.91 2.88 35.62
W-11 2 756.90 0.27 50.25 0.09 5.38 2.10 0.64 70.25 0.31 2.83 43.53
W-18 2 763.95 0.24 46.84 0.09 7.15 8.84 2.77 79.95 0.73 2.82 61.77
W-19 2 763.69 0.34 38.63 0.17 6.76 4.02 0.52 93.27 -2.18 2.85 55.70
W-32 2 779.47 0.20 56.26 0.06 6.53 2.58 1.59 79.86 0.24 2.83 55.14
平均值 0.33 46.36 0.10 6.35 3.05 1.45 79.37 -0.16 2.85 48.74
W-9 2 755.70 0.27 43.73 0.08 5.88 3.31 0.79 89.85 0.14 2.80 52.13
W-12 2 757.85 0.41 42.52 0.01 5.06 0.26 1.38 61.81 0.62 2.91 32.99
W-16 2 764.05 0.51 35.99 0.08 6.11 0.64 3.65 61.46 1.18 2.85 30.75
W-29 2 776.11 0.33 41.12 0.03 5.26 0.51 2.41 67.29 1.16 2.90 39.06
平均值 0.38 40.84 0.05 5.58 1.18 2.06 70.10 0.78 2.87 38.73
W-7 2 752.87 0.62 40.93 0.003 2.42 0.19 1.96 59.09 1.03 2.94 15.56
W-8 2 752.89 2.27 33.74 1.77 0.02 0.60 60.12 0.21 2.94 11.81
W-26 2 773.50 0.41 46.58 3.34 0.52 0.85 75.65 0.60 2.91 4.68
W-30 2 777.46 0.79 49.00 1.24 0.16 0.98 79.89 0.59 2.86 34.36
平均值 1.02 42.56 0.003 2.19 0.22 1.10 68.69 0.61 2.91 16.60
), ArticleFig(id=1179786885221204647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730309361928, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

储层核磁共振参数及高压压汞参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
编号
样品
类型
深度/m 高压压汞参数 核磁共振参数
门槛压
力/MPa
退汞
效率/%
中值半
径/μm
孔隙度/
%
渗透率/
10-3μm2
T2截止值
/ms
可动流体
饱和度/%
Dn1 Dn2 大孔占
比/%
W-3 2 749.70 0.41 43.77 0.14 6.36 0.27 1.70 70.36 0.87 2.89 40.68
W-10 2 756.10 0.51 42.44 0.06 5.94 0.51 1.48 82.56 -0.91 2.88 35.62
W-11 2 756.90 0.27 50.25 0.09 5.38 2.10 0.64 70.25 0.31 2.83 43.53
W-18 2 763.95 0.24 46.84 0.09 7.15 8.84 2.77 79.95 0.73 2.82 61.77
W-19 2 763.69 0.34 38.63 0.17 6.76 4.02 0.52 93.27 -2.18 2.85 55.70
W-32 2 779.47 0.20 56.26 0.06 6.53 2.58 1.59 79.86 0.24 2.83 55.14
平均值 0.33 46.36 0.10 6.35 3.05 1.45 79.37 -0.16 2.85 48.74
W-9 2 755.70 0.27 43.73 0.08 5.88 3.31 0.79 89.85 0.14 2.80 52.13
W-12 2 757.85 0.41 42.52 0.01 5.06 0.26 1.38 61.81 0.62 2.91 32.99
W-16 2 764.05 0.51 35.99 0.08 6.11 0.64 3.65 61.46 1.18 2.85 30.75
W-29 2 776.11 0.33 41.12 0.03 5.26 0.51 2.41 67.29 1.16 2.90 39.06
平均值 0.38 40.84 0.05 5.58 1.18 2.06 70.10 0.78 2.87 38.73
W-7 2 752.87 0.62 40.93 0.003 2.42 0.19 1.96 59.09 1.03 2.94 15.56
W-8 2 752.89 2.27 33.74 1.77 0.02 0.60 60.12 0.21 2.94 11.81
W-26 2 773.50 0.41 46.58 3.34 0.52 0.85 75.65 0.60 2.91 4.68
W-30 2 777.46 0.79 49.00 1.24 0.16 0.98 79.89 0.59 2.86 34.36
平均值 1.02 42.56 0.003 2.19 0.22 1.10 68.69 0.61 2.91 16.60
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四川盆地天府气区须四段致密砂岩储层孔隙结构及流体可动性
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王涛 1, 2 , 蒋裕强 1, 2, * , 杨长城 3 , 王占磊 1, 2 , 朱讯 4 , 潘辉 1, 2 , 周亚东 1, 2 , 袁永亮 1, 2 , 贺英 5
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(12): 4900-4912
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(12): 4900-4912
四川盆地天府气区须四段致密砂岩储层孔隙结构及流体可动性
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王涛1, 2 , 蒋裕强1, 2, * , 杨长城3, 王占磊1, 2, 朱讯4, 潘辉1, 2, 周亚东1, 2, 袁永亮1, 2, 贺英5
作者信息
  • 1 西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院, 成都 610500
  • 2 中国石油非常规重点实验室储层评价实验室, 成都 610500
  • 3 中国石油西南油气田公司开发管理部, 成都 610056
  • 4 中国石油西南油气田公司勘探开发研究院, 成都 610000
  • 5 四川省能投油气勘探开发有限公司, 成都 610094
  • 王涛(1998—),男,汉族,四川德阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:非常规油气地质。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 蒋裕强(1963—),男,汉族,四川成都人,硕士,教授。研究方向:非常规油气地质及复杂碳酸盐岩储层地质。E-mail:
Pore Structure and Fluid Movability of the Tight Sandstone Reservoir in the Tianfu Gas Area of the Sichuan Basin
Tao WANG1, 2 , Yu-qiang JIANG1, 2, * , Chang-cheng YANG3, Zhan-lei WANG1, 2, Xun ZHU4, Hui PAN1, 2, Ya-dong ZHOU1, 2, Yong-liang YUAN1, 2, Ying HE5
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geosciences and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
  • 2 Reservoir Evaluation Laboratory, CNPC Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil and Gas, Chengdu 610500, China
  • 3 Management Department of Gas Field Development, Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company, PetroChina, Chengdu 610056, China
  • 4 Exploration and Development Research Institute, Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company, PetroChina, Chengdu 610000, China
  • 5 Sichuan Nengtou Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Co. , Ltd. , Chengdu 610094, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404036
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孔隙结构是决定致密砂岩储层物性和油气产量的关键因素,明确孔隙结构特征对油气的勘探开发具有重大意义。以天府气区须家河组须四段致密砂岩储层为例,通过薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察、核磁共振测试、高压压汞测试以及X衍射等实验,结合分形理论,系统分析了研究区须四段砂岩的孔隙结构特征、分形特征及流体可动性。结果表明:研究区须四段砂岩主要为长石岩屑砂岩,储层类型为特低孔-特低渗孔隙型储层,孔隙类型主要为长石溶孔,喉道类型以片状喉道为主。根据高压压汞曲线形态和核磁共振结果,可将须四段砂岩孔隙结构分为三类,其中Ⅰ类样品储层物性最好,孔喉半径较大,孔喉连通性和分选性好,流体可动性强,储层质量最优。须四段致密砂岩孔隙结构和流体可动性受沉积结构和矿物含量影响较为明显,粒度较粗、分选性较好的储层孔隙结构和流体可动性较好。同时,石英作为砂岩中主要的刚性矿物,具有抗压实的能力,对储层孔隙起到了一定的保护作用,而方解石和黏土矿物会占据孔隙空间,导致储层的孔隙结构和流体可动性变差。

分形维数  /  流体可动性  /  孔隙结构  /  须四段  /  四川盆地

The pore structure is a pivotal determinant of the physical properties of tight sandstone reservoirs, and elucidating its characteristics holds great significance for oil and gas exploration and development. Taking the 4th member of the Xujiahe Formation tight sandstone reservoirs in Tianfu Gas Area as an example, the pore structure characteristics, fractal features, and fluid mobility of the Xu-4 sandstone in the study area were systematically analyzed through thin section identification, scanning electron microscopy observation, nuclear magnetic resonance testing, high-pressure mercury intrusion testing, and X-ray diffraction experiments, combined with fractal theory. The results indicate that the sandstones of the 4th member of the Xujiahe Formation in the study area are predominantly composed of feldspar lithic sandstone, belonging to an ultra-low pore-ultra-low permeability pore type reservoir. The pore type is primarily feldspar-dissolved pores, and the throat type is predominantly sheet throats. According to the morphology of the high-pressure mercury injection curves and nuclear magnetic resonance outcomes, the pore structure of the 4th member of the Xujiahe tight sandstone reservoir is categorized into three distinct types. Among them, the material properties of the I-type samples are the best, with larger pore-throat radii, good connectivity and sorting of pore-throat, strong fluid mobility, and the best reservoir quality. The pore structure and fluid mobility of the fourth member of the Xujiahe tight sandstone reservoir are affected by sedimentary structures and mineral content. Specifically, reservoirs with coarser grain sizes and better sorting demonstrate superior pore structure and fluid mobility. Furthermore, quartz, the primary rigid mineral in sandstones, exhibits resistance to compaction, thereby safeguarding the reservoir pores to a certain extent. However, calcite and clay minerals will occupy pore space, resulting in deterioration of the pore structure and fluid mobility of the reservoir.

fractal dimension  /  fluid mobility  /  pore structure  /  the 4th member of Xujiahe Formation  /  Sichuan Basin
王涛, 蒋裕强, 杨长城, 王占磊, 朱讯, 潘辉, 周亚东, 袁永亮, 贺英. 四川盆地天府气区须四段致密砂岩储层孔隙结构及流体可动性. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4900 -4912 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404036
Tao WANG, Yu-qiang JIANG, Chang-cheng YANG, Zhan-lei WANG, Xun ZHU, Hui PAN, Ya-dong ZHOU, Yong-liang YUAN, Ying HE. Pore Structure and Fluid Movability of the Tight Sandstone Reservoir in the Tianfu Gas Area of the Sichuan Basin[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4900 -4912 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404036
中国致密砂岩气资源储量丰富,总资源量约为2.185×1013 m3[1],作为常规油气的主要接替力量,为中国能源事业注入了新动力。致密砂岩储层孔隙结构具有孔隙非均质性强、孔隙结构复杂、孔喉半径小以及流体可动性差等特征[2-4],严重影响了储层的储集能力与渗流能力,为气藏的高效开发带来了巨大的困难和挑战。只有准确评价致密砂岩储层孔隙结构,才能更好了解储层发育模式,明确优质储层的分布规律。因此,对致密砂岩孔隙结构进行更加精细的研究,对天然气增储上产具有重要意义[5-7]
近年来,致密砂岩孔隙结构的研究方法分为直接观察法和间接表征法,通过薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)扫描等方法可直接观察致密砂岩的孔隙形态与孔隙的连通特征,同时可以通过高压压汞、恒速压汞、核磁共振、氮气吸附等间接的方法对储层的孔隙大小、连通性、以及非均质性进行定量表征[8-12]。然而,以上各类实验办法都具有其局限性,任何单一的方法都无法对储层孔隙结构进行全孔径表征[13-14],为此,学者们提出了联合表征的分析办法,如将扫描电镜、铸体薄片、高压压汞、恒速压汞等方法联合起来对致密砂岩孔隙结构进行分析[15],实验方法彼此之间互作弥补,对致密砂岩孔隙结构更加全面化和精细化的全孔径表征。对于孔隙结构的非均质性,越来越多的学者利用分形维数来进行表征,通过高压压汞和核磁共振实验结合分形理论建立相应的分形模型,计算其分形维数,来反映孔隙结构的非均质性[16-19]。流体可动性作为反映储层的渗流能力的重要参数,对储层改造和开发方案的制定具有重要意义。目前对于流体可动性的研究常通过高速离心之后的核磁共振T2谱与饱和水状态下的核磁共振T2谱相结合的方法来进行表征,T2截止值作为可动流体的下限值可以有效地区分束缚流体与可动流体,从而计算得出储层的可动流体饱和度[20]
致密砂岩储层的孔隙结构和可动流体饱和度受储层物性、沉积环境、矿物组分以及成岩作用等多种因素的影响,导致储层的孔隙结构和可动流体饱和度非均质性强[21-22]。鉴于此,以四川盆地天府气区须家河组须四段致密砂岩为研究对象,通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X衍射、核磁共振以及高压压汞等分析化验实验,对储层的孔隙结构、分形特征及流体可动性进行综合分析,明确研究区须四段致密砂岩储层孔隙结构和流体可动性的影响因素,以期对四川盆地天府气区须四段致密砂岩气的勘探开发提供理论依据。
四川盆地位于中国西南部扬子克拉通之上,是经历了长期多次构造演化的叠合盆地。盆地内部被划分成了川北低缓构造带、川西低陡坳陷带、川中低缓褶皱带、川西南低陡褶皱带、川南低陡褶皱带和川东高陡构造带等构造单元(图1)。盆地内发育多套含油气层系,其中陆相层系由老至新为上三叠统须家河组,下侏罗统自流井组东岳庙段、大安寨段、凉高山组以及沙溪庙组,其中须家河组同时具备生烃与储集能力[23-24]。研究区构造位置位于川中低缓褶皱带西部,西邻龙泉山断裂带,研究区须家河组前后经历晚印支、燕山、喜山构造运动,受构造运动的影响,形成大低缓斜坡带的构造特征[25-26]
研究区须家河组以湖泊-三角洲相沉积为主,岩性主要发育灰黑色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩、长石岩屑砂岩、粉砂岩,夹砾岩、碳质泥岩及煤线,含丰富植物碎屑,地层厚度可达600~1 300 m。须家河组自下而上可划分为六段,其中须一、须三、须五段主要为沼泽-湖泊相沉积,岩性以黑色泥岩夹粉砂岩、煤线为主,为须家河组主要的烃源岩,须二、须四、须六发育滨浅湖-三角洲相沉积,岩性以中-细粒砂岩夹薄层泥岩为主,是须家河组主要的储集层[27-28]。研究区须四段主要为三角洲相沉积,自东南向西北逐渐由三角洲平原过渡为三角洲前缘相沉积,岩性以灰白色、浅灰色厚层砂岩为主,须四段与下伏须三上亚段地层的接触关系多表现为岩性突变或冲刷接触,地层厚度介于70~190 m,平均厚度约为104.6 m。
以四川盆地中部天府气区须家河组须四段为研究对象,选取21个柱塞样品、28个碎样,样品主要为灰色细-中砂岩,取样方式为常规钻井取心。所有的柱塞样品均制成直径2.5 cm、长度约为3 cm的圆柱形柱塞样,碎样根据实验需求制成相应的规格,对样品进行干燥等处理后,依次进行各项试验,所有实验均在中石油非常规重点实验室进行,实验条件及方法均按照行业标准执行。
核磁共振采用MacroMR12-150H-I仪器进行测试,测量每个样品饱和水状态与离心状态的T2谱,核磁共振分析参数设置共振频率为12 MHz,等待时间为6 000 ms,回波间隔0.08 ms。通过对比离心前后核磁共振T2谱,可计算出样品可动水饱和度。
高压压汞采用Poremaster型全自动压汞仪器,孔径测试范围10 nm~600 μm,本次实验中最大进汞压力设置为200 MPa,实验过程中采用阶段式增压,待压力稳定后测量样品的最大进汞饱和度。不同进汞压力下孔喉半径的计算公式为
r= - 2 δ c o s θ P c
式(1)中:r为孔喉半径;Pc为进汞压力;δ为汞的表面张力,取480 N/m;θ为润湿角。
铸体薄片鉴定采用偏光显微镜进行观察,最高放大倍数为600倍,实验中采用蓝色铸体充注,扫描电镜利用扫描电子显微镜(型号:FEI Quanta 450 FEG)进行分析,放大倍数在7~100 000倍,图像分辨率小于或等于3.5 nm,X衍射实验采用理学D/MAX-3CX-射线衍射仪,对样品中的矿物成分进行定性、半定量分析。
由核磁共振的原理可知,不同的T2弛豫时间对应不同大小的孔隙中流体的弛豫特征,较大的孔隙对应较大的T2时间,较小的孔隙则对应较小的弛豫时间。由核磁共振理论,T2弛豫时间可简化表示为[29]
1 T 2=Fs ρ r '
式(2)中:Fs为孔隙的几何形状因子,对于圆形孔,Fs=2;对于球形孔,Fs=3;r'为孔隙半径,μm;ρ为岩石表面弛豫率,μm/ms。
根据分形几何理论,当最小孔喉半径远小于最大孔喉半径时有[30]
Sv= r r m a x 3 - D
式(3)中:Sv为累积孔隙体积分数;D为分形维数;r为孔喉半径;rmax为最大孔喉半径。
将式(2)代入式(3)得
Sv= T 2 T 2 m a x 3 - D
式(4)中:T2max为最大弛豫时间。
对式(4)两边同时取对数可得
lgSv=(3-D)lgT2-(3-D)lgT2max
lgT2与lgSv为线性关系,可在双对数坐标中通过拟合得到的直线斜率K计算T2谱的分形维数。
D=3-K
通过岩心观察和薄片鉴定得出,须四段砂岩主要为灰色、灰白色细-中砂岩,砂岩类型为长石岩屑砂岩(图2)。石英作为砂岩中最主要的造岩矿物,其含量介于45%~62%,平均值为55%;其次为岩屑,其含量为22%~32%,平均值为26%,以变质岩岩屑为主,沉积岩岩屑和岩浆岩岩屑较少;长石含量介于9%~16%,平均值为12%,以钾长石为主。填隙物以泥质杂基和胶结物为主,整体含量主要分布于1%~10%,部分样品中胶结物含量较高,以方解石为主,含少量的白云石。须四段砂岩粒径主要分布于0.15~0.5 mm,平均值为0.35 mm,分选性较好,磨圆度主要为次圆-次棱角状,结构成熟度中等。
常压下孔隙度和渗透率测试结果表明,研究区须四段砂岩样品孔隙度主要分布在6%~8%,占样品总数的50.15%,其次为4%~6%,占比为42.52%,如图3(a)所示,平均孔隙度为5.88%。渗透率普遍小于0.5×10-3 μm2,主要分布与0.1×10-3~0.5×10-3 μm2,平均值约为0.23×10-3 μm2,占样品总数52.49%,其次为0.05×10-3~0.1×10-3 μm2,占比42.52%,如图3(b)所示,仅有3.82%的样品物性较好,渗透率大于0.5×10-3 μm2。根据《油气储层评价方法》(SY/T 6285—2011)提出的碎屑岩储层评价标准,须四段储层为特低孔-超低渗型致密储层[31]。孔隙度和渗透率交会图显示,二者之间呈现良好的正相关性,表明须四段储层类型以孔隙型储层为主,如图3(c)所示。
须四段砂岩孔隙类型以溶蚀孔隙为主,含少量黏土矿物晶间孔、残余粒间孔,其中溶蚀孔隙类型主要为长石溶孔和少量粒间溶孔。粒间溶孔,如图4(b)所示,一般从矿物边缘向矿物中心溶蚀,溶蚀颗粒边缘呈现不规则状,孔隙空间连通性较好,而粒内溶孔,如图4(a)所示,保留了矿物整体形态,常在矿物内部形成独立的溶蚀空间且与外界不连通,孔隙连通性差。残余粒间孔孔径较小,多为长条形和似三角状如图4(c)所示,平均面孔率0.7%。通过扫描电镜下观察发现,钾长石表面被大量溶蚀,呈现出不规则锯齿状如图4(e)所示,同时可见少量石英内部遭受溶蚀,发育相互孤立的微小溶孔,如图4(f)所示。
晶间孔主要发育于黏土矿物中丝缕状伊利石或蜂窝状伊蒙混层集合体,如图4(d)所示,其孔径较小,含量也相对较少。喉道类型以片状喉道为主,如图4(b)所示,这类喉道普遍较细且狭长,喉道宽度约为10 μm,易受到黏土矿物吸水膨胀的影响造成喉道堵塞,导致储层渗透率较差,含少量缩颈型喉道,仅在物性较好的样品中出现,如图4(c)所示。
高压压汞可以很好地反映储层的孔喉大小及连通性,不同孔隙结构的样品毛管压力曲线和孔喉结构参数存在明显差异。通过高压压汞实验,得到14个样品的毛管压力曲线及孔径分布曲线(图5),其中毛管压力曲线整体呈现两段式,即上升段和上翘段,不同段反映了不同大小孔隙的结构特征。上升段为大孔隙段,进汞压力小,连通性较好,上翘段为微小孔喉,孔径小,进汞压力大,孔喉连通性差。孔径分布曲线整体呈现单峰型,孔喉半径主要分布在0.1~1 μm,中值半径介于0.003~0.17 μm,如表1所示,样品总体呈现出孔径较小、分选性和连通性较差的特点。
根据高压压汞毛细管压力曲线特征将研究区实验样品分为三类,其中Ⅰ类样品门槛压力低,平均为0.26 MPa,毛管压力曲线具有明显的平台段,且平台段较低,退汞效率高,平均为46.36%,孔径主要分布在0.1~3 μm,表明其孔喉半径较大且分选性和连通性好的特征;Ⅱ类样品毛管压力曲线平台段较高且斜率增加,门槛压力平均为0.43 MPa,退汞效率平均为43.11%,孔径主要分布在0.1~0.8 μm,相较之Ⅰ类样品,Ⅱ类样品孔喉半径减小,孔喉连通性和分选性略差;Ⅲ类样品门槛压力最大,平均为1.02 MPa,退汞效率差,平均为45.56%,整体的进汞饱和度较小且毛管压力曲线无明显的平缓段,孔喉半径主要在0.01~0.6 μm,表明其整体孔喉发育较差,孔喉半径较小、孔隙结构复杂、连通性和分选性最差。
核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR) 实验是通过测量样品中氢原子的自旋信号来间接表征其孔隙空间,在100%饱和水的情况下可以反映样品的全孔径分布情况,同时在经过高速离心的之后,样品中可动空间的流体会排出孔隙空间,仅保留束缚流体,因此可以通过饱和水状态下和离心后测量的核磁T2谱的积分面积之差来表征样品的流体可动性。核磁共振结果表明,所有样品的T2谱峰分布在0.1~1 000 ms,主要呈双峰形态(图6)。其中,Ⅰ类样品曲线形态呈明显的双峰型,谱峰面积较大且右峰高于左峰,大孔隙占比较高,主要介于35.62%~61.77%,平均值约为48.74%,T2截止值分布为0.52~2.77 ms(表1),平均为1.45 ms,可动流体饱和度在70.25%~93.27%,平均为79.37%,表明Ⅰ类样品中以大孔隙为主,孔隙连通性好,流体可动性强;Ⅱ类样品核磁T2曲线峰面积较I类样品略小,且左峰高于右峰,大孔占比分布为30.75%~52.13%,平均为38.73%,T2截止值分布为0.79~3.65 ms,平均为2.06 ms,可动流体饱和度在61.46%~89.85%,平均为70.1%,与Ⅰ类样品相比,Ⅱ类样品中大孔隙相对较少,孔隙连通性和流体可动性相对较差;Ⅲ类核磁T2样品曲线整体峰面积较小且右峰明显低于左峰,大孔占比分布为4.68%~34.36%,平均值仅为16.6%,T2截止值分布为0.6~1.96 ms,平均为1.1 ms,可动流体饱和度在59.09%~79.89%,平均为68.69%,表明Ⅲ类样品中主要为小孔隙,孔隙连通性最差,可流动流体饱和度最小,储层的储集能力和渗流能力最差。
根据12个核磁共振样品资料绘制lgSv与lgT2的交会曲线图,通过T2截止值将曲线分为两部分(图7)。根据分形理论,多孔介质的分形维数介于2~3,且分形维数越接近2孔隙结构越简单,孔隙非均质性越弱。结果显示,小于T2截止值的孔隙分形维数均小于2(表1),说明该部分孔隙空间不具有分形特征,其原因可能为该部分孔隙整体较小,孔隙相对孤立,孔隙结构复杂,因此后续研究中仅针对可动空间孔隙的分形维数Dn2进行分析。
通过对比不同类型样品的分形维数可知,从Ⅰ类孔隙到Ⅲ类孔隙,分形维数逐渐增大,孔隙结构逐渐变复杂,孔隙非均质性逐渐增强。Ⅰ类样品大孔隙的分形维数介于2.82~2.89,平均为2.85,孔隙结构最为简单,非均质性最弱;Ⅱ类样品大孔隙的分形维数介于2.80~2.91,平均为2.87,较Ⅰ类来说孔隙结构相对复杂,非均质性相对增强;Ⅲ类样品大孔隙的分形维数为2.86~2.94,平均值为2.91,孔隙结构最差,非均质性最强。
分形维数作为表征多孔介质空间结构特征的重要参数,可以很好地反映储层孔隙结构的复杂程度和储层的非均质性。通过分析分形维数Dn2和储层孔隙度、渗透率的相关性可以看出,分形维数与孔隙度、渗透率之间呈现明显的负相关关系,如图8(a)图8(b)所示。可以看出,随着孔隙度和渗透率逐渐增大,分形维数逐渐变小,孔喉结构趋于复杂。其原因在于物性越好的储层孔隙发育较好且大孔隙相对较多,孔隙之间具有更好地分选性和连通性,孔隙结构的较为简单,非均质性越弱,分形维数也较低。可动流体孔隙度和可动流体饱和度作为表征储层流体可动性的重要参数,对储层评价具有重要的作用。通过孔隙度、渗透率与可动流体参数相关性图[图8(c)图8(d)]可知,孔隙度、渗透率与可动流体参数具有明显的正相关性,孔隙度、渗透率越大,可动流体孔隙度和饱和度越高。说明物性越好的储层大孔隙含量越多,且喉道相对较粗,孔隙之间的连通性越好,流体在孔隙中运移时受到的毛细管阻力越小,越有利于油气产出。
沉积作用对砂岩的物性和孔隙结构具有重要的影响,其主要是通过不同砂体形成时所处的沉积环境和水动力条件存在差异,导致原始的碎屑组分、颗粒的大小和分选性以及沉积结构不同,从而影响砂岩的物性和孔隙结构特征。砂岩颗粒的分选性可以通过分选系数进行表征,通过相关性分析得出,须四段砂岩的粒度与分形维数和呈负相关性,与可动流体参数呈正相关性(图9),粒度越大的砂岩沉积期水动力能量,具有较高的原始孔隙度,在成岩过程中水体较为开放,胶结物不易沉淀下来,因此其孔隙结构较好,流体可动性较强,分选系数分形维数呈正相关性,与可动流体参数呈负相关性,分选系数越小的砂岩颗粒大小较均匀,沉积时颗粒之间堆砌的孔隙空间大,孔隙结构好;反之,颗粒之间堆砌的孔隙空间小且易被更小的颗粒填充,导致孔隙空间小且连通性差。因此,粒度越大、分选性越好的砂岩具有更好的储层物性,其孔喉非均质性较低,流体可动性较强。
不同的矿物类型会在不同程度上对储层的孔隙空间和孔隙结构进行改造,从而影响储层流体的可动性。
石英作为致密砂岩中最主要的造岩矿物,对储层的孔隙结构和流体可动性具有重要的影响。通过石英含量与可动流体参数和分形维数相关性分析显示[图10(a)图10(b)],石英与可动流体参数之间呈明显的正相关性,与分形维数分别呈现负相关性,随着石英含量增高,可动流体饱和度和可动流体孔隙度逐渐变高、分形维数逐渐减小。表明石英储层孔隙结构和储层流体的可动性具有积极作用,其主要原因为石英属于刚性颗粒,在成岩作用过程中,较高的石英会增强储层的抗压性,在一定程度上减少压实作用下对储层孔隙的损害,尽可能的保留原生孔隙,使得储层孔隙结构的非均质性降低,流体可动性增强。
黏土矿物含量对作为砂岩储层中最主要的胶结物,对储层质量具有明显的破坏作用。黏土矿物含量与可动流体参数和分形维数相关性图显示[图10(c)图10(d)],黏土矿物含量与可动流体参数呈明显的负相关性,与分形维数分别呈现正相关性,黏土矿物含量越高,可动流体饱和度和孔隙度越低,分形维数越高。其原因在于须四段砂岩储层中黏土矿物主要为伊利石,通常会充填于原生孔或长石溶孔中,其丝缕状或蜂窝状的结构会就爱那个原本比较大的孔隙分割成多个尺度较小的晶间孔[图11(d)~图11(f)],在孔隙内部形成多个围观渗流屏障,不仅会导致孔隙空间减小,还会严重降低孔隙的连通性减弱,导致储层渗流能力变弱,微观非均质性增强,孔隙结构复杂,流体可动性降低。
碳酸盐矿物作为储层中主要的胶结物之一,对储层质量具有严重的破坏作用。碳酸盐矿物含量与可动流体参数和分形维数的相关性图[图10(e)图10(f)]显示,其与可动流体参数呈明显的负相关性,与分形维数分别呈正相关性,碳酸盐矿物含量越多,分形维数越大,可动流体饱和度和孔隙度越低。这是由于在成岩过程中,孔隙中富含Ca2+ CO 3 2 -离子流体的结晶会析出大量的碳酸盐矿物,这些碳酸盐矿物会占据大量的孔隙空间[图11(a)~图11(c)],并且很难发生溶解作用,使得孔隙空间减小,孔隙非均质性增强,孔隙的连通性减弱,对孔隙结构和流体可动性具有明显的破坏作用。
分形维数可以很好地反映储层孔隙空间的复杂程度。根据储层中可动流体空间的分形维数与可动流体参数的相关性图,结果显示,分形维数Dn2与可动流体孔隙度和饱和度之间呈现明显的负相关性(图12),表明分形维数越大,孔隙结构越复杂,非均质越强,孔隙更加孤立、喉道的弯曲的也更好,孔喉之间的连通性较低,导致流体在孔隙空间中的流动时受到的毛细管阻力越大,流体更难排出孔隙,从而导致储层的可动流体饱和度与可动流体孔隙度降低。
(1)研究区须四段储层主要为长石岩屑砂岩,平均孔隙度为5.88%,渗透率平均为0.23×10-3 μm2,属于典型的特低孔-特低渗孔隙型储层。孔隙类型以溶蚀孔隙为主,含少量黏土矿物晶间孔、残余粒间孔。溶蚀孔隙类型主要为长石溶孔与岩屑溶孔,喉道主要为片状喉道,局部可见缩颈型喉道。
(2)根据研究区须四段致密砂岩高压压汞曲线形态特征将样品类型分为三类孔隙,结合核磁共振结果,Ⅰ类样品T2谱峰面积较大且右峰高于左锋,主要以大孔隙为主,孔隙连通性好、非均质性弱,分形维数较小,流体可动性强;Ⅱ类样品较之Ⅰ类样品大孔隙相对较少,孔隙结构和流体可动性较差;Ⅲ类样品普遍以小孔隙为主,孔隙连通性差,非均质性最强,孔隙结构和流体可动性最差。
(3)分形维数和可动流体饱和度受到储层物性、沉积结构、矿物含量的影响。物性越好、沉积结构越好的储层分形维数越小、流体可动性越强;矿物组分中石英对孔隙结构起建设性作用,石英含量越高,分形维数越小,流体可动性越强,黏土矿物与碳酸盐矿物对孔隙结构起破坏性作用,二者的含量越高,储层孔隙越复杂,孔隙结构和流体可动性越差。
  • 中石油西南油气田分公司重大专项(2022ZD01)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404036
  • 接收时间:2024-05-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-30
  • 修回日期:2025-02-07
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中石油西南油气田分公司重大专项(2022ZD01)
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    1 西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院, 成都 610500
    2 中国石油非常规重点实验室储层评价实验室, 成都 610500
    3 中国石油西南油气田公司开发管理部, 成都 610056
    4 中国石油西南油气田公司勘探开发研究院, 成都 610000
    5 四川省能投油气勘探开发有限公司, 成都 610094

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* 蒋裕强(1963—),男,汉族,四川成都人,硕士,教授。研究方向:非常规油气地质及复杂碳酸盐岩储层地质。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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