Article(id=1149774729474699928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403940, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716825600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-28, revisedDate=1738771200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057257288, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057257288, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057257288, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057257288, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4986, endPage=4994, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774729994793629, articleId=1149774729474699928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Lightweight Design of Main Girder of Bridge Erector Based on Enhanced BWO Algorithm, columnId=1156262732765717457, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the traditional design scheme, the design quantity of main girder of the bridge erector is redundant and there are many consumables, which will reduce the production efficiency, and the existing optimization methods have the problem of low convergence accuracy. An enhanced beluga whale optimization (EBWO) based on quadratic interpolation strategy was proposed, and lightweight design of main girder of the 600t bridge erector was carried out. Firstly, six test functions were applied to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the beluga whale optimization (BWO), EBWO and three other prevalent optimization algorithms, focusing on their convergence characteristics. Then, a mechanical analysis was conducted on the bridge erector girder under the real loading conditions. An optimization model was established by combining bridge girder design specifications and mechanical requirements, and the cross-sectional area optimization of main girder of the bridge erector was carried out. The results show that EBWO has the enhanced stability and convergence characteristics. It is proved that the optimized main girder is reduced by 19.3%, and can meet the safety requirements.

, correspAuthors=Gang-feng WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi CHEN, Jiang-feng ZHAO, Jun-qiang SUN, Gang-feng WANG, Yan-ni SHI, Cheng-hao ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774770830537038, articleId=1149774729474699928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于改进BWO算法的架桥机主梁轻量化设计, columnId=1156262732954461139, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·机械、仪表工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对传统设计方案下架桥机主梁设计量冗余、耗材较多,从而降低生产效率,且现有智能优化方法存在收敛精度较低等问题,提出了一种基于二次插值策略的改进白鲸优化算法(enhanced beluga whale optimization,EBWO),将其应用于600 t架桥机主梁的轻量化研究。首先选取6项测试函数分别对白鲸优化算法(beluga whale optimization, BWO)、EBWO及其他3种常见优化算法进行对比,检验其收敛特性的优越性,并根据给定工况对架桥机主梁进行力学分析,结合架桥机主梁设计规范及力学性能要求建立优化模型,完成架桥机主梁的横截面积优化。结果表明:EBWO具有更强的稳定性及收敛特性,经验证优化后主梁减轻19.3%,且能满足安全要求。

, correspAuthors=王刚锋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王刚锋(1983—),男,汉族,陕西渭南人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:工程机械智能化施工技术、数字化设计与制造。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=zzNJKDXBIOHoyh59gtYuFQ==, magXml=wTUCALfZgPUjd+fxMyeqRw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=vR80QBbmH6HXLsWd9ZksIA==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=eTyZTDHxlfERRLHoHeoVCg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈毅(2000—),男,汉族,四川达州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机械结构优化设计。E-mail:

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陈毅(2000—),男,汉族,四川达州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机械结构优化设计。E-mail:

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陈毅(2000—),男,汉族,四川达州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机械结构优化设计。E-mail:

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articleId=1149774729474699928, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=二次插值策略), Keyword(id=1179790813329502854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=架桥机), Keyword(id=1179790813388223111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=主梁), Keyword(id=1179790813451137672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=轻量化设计)], refs=[Reference(id=1179790817859351212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=33, issue=9, pageStart=10, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=王海英, 楚林, 许建, journalName=中国安全科学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王海英, 楚林, 许建. 融合N-K模型的复杂网络架桥机施工安全风险因素分析[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2023, 33(9): 10-17., 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Science Technology and Engineering, 2023, 23(27): 11759-11767., articleTitle=Structure optimization of holding pole based on improved aquila optimizer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179790819939726027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=21, issue=31, pageStart=13334, pageEnd=13341, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=31, authorNames=于燕南, 戚其松, 董青, journalName=科学技术与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于燕南, 戚其松, 董青, 等. 多工况下的桥式起重机有限元分析及优化设计[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2021, 21(31): 13334-13341., articleTitle=多工况下的桥式起重机有限元分析及优化设计, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179790820023612108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=21, issue=31, pageStart=13334, pageEnd=13341, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Yu Yannan, Qi Qisong, Dong Qing, journalName=Science Technology and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu Yannan, Qi Qisong, Dong Qing, et al. Finite element analysis and optimal design of bridge crane under multiple working conditions[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2021, 21(31): 13334-13341., articleTitle=Finite element analysis and optimal design of bridge crane under multiple working conditions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179790820082332365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=23, issue=18, pageStart=7758, pageEnd=7763, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=33, authorNames=侯赓舜, 徐永利, 徐志刚, journalName=科学技术与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=侯赓舜, 徐永利, 徐志刚, 等. 基于Kriging算法与PSO算法的桁架机器人横梁模块智能优化设计方法[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2023, 23(18): 7758-7763., articleTitle=基于Kriging算法与PSO算法的桁架机器人横梁模块智能优化设计方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179790820128469710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=23, issue=18, pageStart=7758, pageEnd=7763, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Hou Gengshun, Xu Yongli, Xu Zhigang, journalName=Science Technology and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hou Gengshun, Xu Yongli, Xu Zhigang, et al. Intelligentoptimization design method of beam module of truss robot based on Kriging algorithm and PSO algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2023, 23(18): 7758-7763., articleTitle=Intelligentoptimization design method of beam module of truss robot based on Kriging algorithm and PSO algorithm, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1179790817557361321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, awardId=SGH22Y1274, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省“十四五”教育科学规划课题(SGH22Y1274), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1179790817628664490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, awardId=230802436213147, language=CN, fundingSource=教育部产学合作协同育人项目(230802436213147), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1179790817704161963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, awardId=2022JQ-573, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2022JQ-573), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1179790809219084882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790809231667795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, companyId=1179790809219084882, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory of Road Construction Technology and Equipment of MOE, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790809248445012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, companyId=1179790809219084882, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 长安大学道路施工技术与装备教育部重点实验室, 西安 710064)]), AuthorCompany(id=1179790809336525397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790809344914006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, companyId=1179790809336525397, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 CCCC Tunnel Engineering Company Limited, Nanjing 211122, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790809357496919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, companyId=1179790809336525397, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中交隧道工程局有限公司, 南京 211122)]), AuthorCompany(id=1179790809449771609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790809483326042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, companyId=1179790809449771609, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Gansu Special Equipment Technical Inspection Center, Lanzhou 730000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790809516880476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, companyId=1179790809449771609, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 甘肃省特种设备安全技术检查中心, 兰州 730000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1179790809646903901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790809655292510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, companyId=1179790809646903901, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790809663681119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, companyId=1179790809646903901, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 长安大学运输工程学院, 西安 710064)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1179790813618909833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Process of beluga whale optimization algorithm, figureFileSmall=ph3Dm59HoKoTgqH6b3iNZw==, figureFileBig=NFkDoM7QOz8b4tw1Jopk3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790813677630090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, language=CN, label=图1, caption=白鲸优化算法流程

Bf为平衡因子

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实线代表主函数;虚线代表构成的近似函数;X1X2X3分别为原主函数f(X)随机选取的3个已知点;f(X1)、f(X2)、f(X3)为对应函数值; X * pp(x)的极值点;f( X * p)为对应极小值

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q为该主梁自重均布载荷;L为单段主梁的跨度;P为架桥机在竖直方向上承受的总重;Pcrane为天车自重;Plift为起重天车的额定起升重量

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Related test functions and parameter settings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试函数表达式 图像 维数 自变量范围 最小值
$f_{1}(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}$ 30 [-100,100] 0
$f_{2}(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left|x_{i}\right| \prod_{i=1}^{n}\left|x_{i}\right|$ 30 [-10,10] 0
$f_{3}(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left|x_{i}\right|^{i+1}$ 30 [-1,1] 0
$f_{4}(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(\sum_{j=1}^{i} x_{j}\right)^{2}$ 30 [-100,100] 0
$f_{5}(x)=\operatorname{Max}\left|x_{i}\right|, \quad 1 \leqslant i \leqslant n$ 30 [-100,100] 0
$f_{6}(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\left[100\left(x_{i+1}-x_{i}^{2}\right)^{2}+\left(x_{i}-1\right)^{2}\right]$ 30 [-30,30] 0
), ArticleFig(id=1179790817163096740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

相关测试函数及参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试函数表达式 图像 维数 自变量范围 最小值
$f_{1}(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}$ 30 [-100,100] 0
$f_{2}(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left|x_{i}\right| \prod_{i=1}^{n}\left|x_{i}\right|$ 30 [-10,10] 0
$f_{3}(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left|x_{i}\right|^{i+1}$ 30 [-1,1] 0
$f_{4}(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(\sum_{j=1}^{i} x_{j}\right)^{2}$ 30 [-100,100] 0
$f_{5}(x)=\operatorname{Max}\left|x_{i}\right|, \quad 1 \leqslant i \leqslant n$ 30 [-100,100] 0
$f_{6}(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\left[100\left(x_{i+1}-x_{i}^{2}\right)^{2}+\left(x_{i}-1\right)^{2}\right]$ 30 [-30,30] 0
), ArticleFig(id=1179790817230205605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main performance parameters of main girder of bridge erector

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参数 数值
长度/mm 10 800
弹性模量/MPa 2.1×105
屈服强度/MPa 460
泊松比 0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1179790817314091686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

架桥机主梁的主要性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
长度/mm 10 800
弹性模量/MPa 2.1×105
屈服强度/MPa 460
泊松比 0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1179790817377006247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The range of geometric parameters of main girder

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截面参数 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8
最小值/mm 15 500 180 16 800 7 7 40
最大值/mm 28 9 000 320 22 1 500 15 15 100
), ArticleFig(id=1179790817444115112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729474699928, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

主梁几何参数取值范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
截面参数 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8
最小值/mm 15 500 180 16 800 7 7 40
最大值/mm 28 9 000 320 22 1 500 15 15 100
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基于改进BWO算法的架桥机主梁轻量化设计
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陈毅 1 , 赵江锋 2 , 孙军强 3 , 王刚锋 1, * , 史妍妮 1 , 张程浩 4
科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025,25(12): 4986-4994
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(12): 4986-4994
基于改进BWO算法的架桥机主梁轻量化设计
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陈毅1 , 赵江锋2, 孙军强3, 王刚锋1, * , 史妍妮1, 张程浩4
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学道路施工技术与装备教育部重点实验室, 西安 710064
  • 2 中交隧道工程局有限公司, 南京 211122
  • 3 甘肃省特种设备安全技术检查中心, 兰州 730000
  • 4 长安大学运输工程学院, 西安 710064
  • 陈毅(2000—),男,汉族,四川达州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机械结构优化设计。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王刚锋(1983—),男,汉族,陕西渭南人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:工程机械智能化施工技术、数字化设计与制造。E-mail:
Lightweight Design of Main Girder of Bridge Erector Based on Enhanced BWO Algorithm
Yi CHEN1 , Jiang-feng ZHAO2, Jun-qiang SUN3, Gang-feng WANG1, * , Yan-ni SHI1, Cheng-hao ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Road Construction Technology and Equipment of MOE, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China
  • 2 CCCC Tunnel Engineering Company Limited, Nanjing 211122, China
  • 3 Gansu Special Equipment Technical Inspection Center, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 4 School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403940
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针对传统设计方案下架桥机主梁设计量冗余、耗材较多,从而降低生产效率,且现有智能优化方法存在收敛精度较低等问题,提出了一种基于二次插值策略的改进白鲸优化算法(enhanced beluga whale optimization,EBWO),将其应用于600 t架桥机主梁的轻量化研究。首先选取6项测试函数分别对白鲸优化算法(beluga whale optimization, BWO)、EBWO及其他3种常见优化算法进行对比,检验其收敛特性的优越性,并根据给定工况对架桥机主梁进行力学分析,结合架桥机主梁设计规范及力学性能要求建立优化模型,完成架桥机主梁的横截面积优化。结果表明:EBWO具有更强的稳定性及收敛特性,经验证优化后主梁减轻19.3%,且能满足安全要求。

白鲸优化算法(BWO)  /  二次插值策略  /  架桥机  /  主梁  /  轻量化设计

Under the traditional design scheme, the design quantity of main girder of the bridge erector is redundant and there are many consumables, which will reduce the production efficiency, and the existing optimization methods have the problem of low convergence accuracy. An enhanced beluga whale optimization (EBWO) based on quadratic interpolation strategy was proposed, and lightweight design of main girder of the 600t bridge erector was carried out. Firstly, six test functions were applied to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the beluga whale optimization (BWO), EBWO and three other prevalent optimization algorithms, focusing on their convergence characteristics. Then, a mechanical analysis was conducted on the bridge erector girder under the real loading conditions. An optimization model was established by combining bridge girder design specifications and mechanical requirements, and the cross-sectional area optimization of main girder of the bridge erector was carried out. The results show that EBWO has the enhanced stability and convergence characteristics. It is proved that the optimized main girder is reduced by 19.3%, and can meet the safety requirements.

beluga whale optimization(BWO)  /  quadratic interpolation strategy  /  bridge erector  /  main girder  /  lightweight design
陈毅, 赵江锋, 孙军强, 王刚锋, 史妍妮, 张程浩. 基于改进BWO算法的架桥机主梁轻量化设计. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4986 -4994 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403940
Yi CHEN, Jiang-feng ZHAO, Jun-qiang SUN, Gang-feng WANG, Yan-ni SHI, Cheng-hao ZHANG. Lightweight Design of Main Girder of Bridge Erector Based on Enhanced BWO Algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4986 -4994 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403940
架桥机作为桥梁架设过程中的专用施工机械,是确保吊装与安装作业顺利进行的关键设备[1]。然而,传统的架桥机往往存在设计量冗余,造成生产成本较高、能耗较大等问题[2]。近年来,轻量化设计作为一种旨在减少结构自重、提升性能和节约材料的设计理念,越来越受到工程领域的重视。针对架桥机的轻量化设计,不仅可以提高其吊装效率,还具有显著的经济和环保效益。
在轻量化设计领域,中外学者尝试采用不同方法开展了结构优化研究。李作轩等[3]采用多工况关联设计与轻量化的思路对无人车桁架车身结构进行优化设计。陈毅超等[4]以汽车B柱外饰板为研究对象,基于MATLAB平台建立BP(back propagation)神经网络模型,通过遗传算法寻优得到最优工艺参数。陈一馨等[5]提出基于柯西和高斯混合变异策略的樽海鞘群算法,完成对提梁机主梁力学性能优化。Gangwar等[6]基于弹塑性的热力学基础,根据最大塑性耗散原理和改进的映射算法重新表述和解决了材料优化问题。Nguyen等[7]提出了基于应力的结构优化方法,并通过梯度蜂窝结构轻质部件实验验证了该方法的可行性。然而,上述方法的研究对象具有一定局限性,架桥机作为重型机械,对优化模型构建和方法的整体性能提出了更高要求。
目前,工程领域应用各类算法以提高生产效率,减少生产成本等为目标,但随着越来越多的复杂约束条件的出现,传统的优化算法已无法适应需求。白鲸优化算法(beluga whale optimization, BWO)[8],自适应能力较强,在多维空间中具有良好的寻优能力,与架桥机建立的复杂约束模型相契合,目前常用于工艺规划、车间调度等领域,但仍存在寻优结果稳定性较差,难以跳出局部最优解的问题,为此,已有学者尝试提出融合其他策略以提高该算法的整体寻优性能。陈心怡等[9]提出基于Fuch映射和动态反向学习的改进白鲸优化算法,提升了算法寻优精度和收敛速度。王亚辉等[10]提出基于混沌反向学习和水波算法改进的白鲸优化算法,以增强全局搜索和跳出局部最优能力。文裕杰等[[11]通过设置安全区域和额隆感知机制,增强了白鲸的判断能力并加快收敛速度。然而,白鲸优化算法在多维寻优时,算法的稳定性和收敛特性仍有进一步提升空间。鉴于此,通过引入二次插值策略,提出一种基于二次插值策略的改进白鲸优化算法(enhanced beluga whale optimization, EBWO),在保证收敛速度的前提下,提高该算法的收敛性和稳定性。
为解决目前架桥机结构优化仍存在收敛精度低及易陷入局部最优解的问题,本文通过测试函数将EBWO与其他4种算法进行对比,寻求收敛精度更高,稳定性更强的优化算法,并将架桥机主梁箱型横截面积作为主函数,在满足设计强度、刚度和稳定性等条件下得到横截面最优值[12],通过对比分析验证方案的可行性。
白鲸优化算法通过模拟白鲸游泳、捕食和落鲸3种行为实现模型参数的优化[13],整体结构简单,并具有良好的全局搜索能力。白鲸优化算法流程如图1所示。
BWO算法的基本原理如下。
步骤1 初始化,确定白鲸所在位置为
X j i= L b j+rand( U b j- L b j)
式(1)中: L b j为搜索空间取值范围的下限; U b j为搜索空间取值范围的上限;rand为在[0,1]的随机数。
步骤2 更新平衡因子Bf,即
Bf=B0 1 - T 2 T m a x
式(2)中:B0为(0,1)的随机数;T为当前迭代次数;Tmax为最大迭代次数;当Bf>0.5时,白鲸处于勘探阶段,当Bf≤0.5时,白鲸处于开发阶段。
步骤3 更新白鲸的位置,即
X i , j T + 1 = X i , p j T + ( X r , p 1 T - X i , p j T ) ( 1 + r 1 ) s i n ( 2 π r 2 ) ,     j = e v e n X i , j T + 1 = X i , p j T + ( X r , p 1 T - X i , p j T ) ( 1 + r 1 ) c o s ( 2 π r 2 ) ,     j = o d d
式(3)中:pj为维度d中的随机整数; X i , p j为第i头白鲸在维度pj的值; X r , p 1为一头随机白鲸的位置;r1r2为随机数;sin(·)和cos(·)为镜像白鲸的鳍朝向水面;even和odd分别表示偶数和奇数。
步骤4 使用Levy飞行策略提高算法的收敛能力,可表示为
X i T + 1=r3 X b e s t T-r4 X i T+C1LF( X r T- X i T)
C1=2r4 1 - T T m a x
式中:r3r4为随机数;C1为随机迭代次数的变化系数,用于平衡全局搜索能力;LF为符合Levy分布的随机数;Xi为当前白鲸所在位置;XrXbest分别为随机白鲸和最佳白鲸的位置。
步骤5 进入鲸落阶段,判断是否达到最大迭代次数,直到满足条件后输出最优解。
X i T + 1=r5 X i T-r6 X r T+r7Xstep
Xstep=( U b j- L b j) e - C 2 T T m a x
C2=2WfN
Wf=0.1- 0.05 T T m a x
式中:r5r6r7为随机数;Xstep为鲸落步长;Wf为单个白鲸发生鲸落的概率;C2为控制鲸落阶段的种群更新概率;N为种群数量大小。
二次插值策略能够在不影响整体算法收敛速度的前提下,提高算法的稳定性和收敛能力[14]。利用二次插值法可在一定区间内进行曲线拟合,在求解主函数f(x)极小值点的过程中,使用二次插值多项式来不断逼近函数f(x),直到迭代收敛至最优解。如图2所示,利用目标函数在不同3点的函数值构成一个与原主函数f(x)相近似的二次多项式p(x),以函数p(x)的极值点[即p(x)=0的根]作为目标函数f(x)近似极值点。
根据上述原理,EBWO在迭代过程中,可通过式(10)更新白鲸所在位置。
$\begin{aligned} X_{i, j}^{T+1}= & \frac{1}{2}\left\{\left[\left(X_{m 1, j}^{T}\right)^{2}-X_{m 2, j}^{T}\right] f\left(X_{m 3}^{T}\right)+\left[X_{m 2, j}^{T}-\right.\right. \\ & \left.\left(X_{m 3, j}^{T}\right)^{2}\right] f\left(X_{m 1}^{T}\right)+\left[\left(X_{m 3, j}^{T}\right)^{2}-\left(X_{m 1, j}^{T}\right)^{2}\right] \times \\ & \left.f\left(X_{m 2, j}^{T}\right)\right\}\left[\left(X_{m 1, j}^{T}-X_{m 2, j}^{T}\right) f\left(X_{m 3}^{T}\right)+\left(X_{m 2, j}^{T}-\right.\right. \\ & \left.X_{m 3, j}^{T}\right) f\left(X_{m 1}^{T}\right)+\left(X_{m 3, j}^{T}-X_{m 1, j}^{T}\right) f\left(X_{m 2, j}^{T}\right)+ \\ & \text { eps }]^{-1} \end{aligned}$
式(10)中: X r n 2 , j T为在进行位置更新前的最优个体; X r n 1 , j T X r n 3 , j T为另外的两个随机个体;f( X r n 2 , j T)、f( X r n 1 , j T)和f( X r n 3 , j T)分别为3个体的适应度值;eps为特定变量,表示一个极小正数,避免分母取值为0。
为验证改进算法的收敛性能及寻优能力,选取表1中的6项测试函数分别对BWO、EBWO、灰狼优化算法(grey wolf optimizer,GWO)、鲸鱼优化算法(whale optimization algorithm,WOA)、麻雀优化算法(sparrow search algorithm,SSA)进行测试。设置测试种群大小30,最大迭代次数500次,具体运行结果如图3所示。
图3可知,EBWO算法相较于其他4种算法,迭代速度有着明显的提升,并且在多峰测试函数寻优过程中,不易限于局部最优解,使得收敛性大幅提高,因此选用基于二次插值策略改进的白鲸算法对架桥机主梁进行轻量化寻优。
架桥机主梁轻量化设计为多维离散变量非线性优化问题,采用智能优化算法能够提高迭代寻优效率。经对比验证,EBWO算法具有较强的寻优能力,可适用于架桥机主梁轻量化优化模型求解。
图4所示,以QLB600t架桥机为例,架桥机主要由主梁、前支腿、临时支腿、中支腿、后支腿和起重天车组成,其中主梁为主要的受载结构,选取10 800 mm主纵梁节段进行分析。主梁结构的性能参数如表2所示。
架桥机主梁为箱型截面,主要由上下盖板、腹板和加劲肋等构成,如图5所示。主要针对除主梁长度以外的结构参数进行优化,根据主梁截面尺寸参数,建立主梁横截面面积的优化目标函数为[15]
f(x)=2x1x2+x3x4+2x5x6+4x7x8
式(11)中:x1x2分别为上盖板的宽度和厚度,mm;x3x4分别为上下盖板加劲肋的高度和厚度,mm;x5x6分别为两腹板的高度和厚度,mm;x7x8分别为腹板加劲肋的厚度及和宽度,mm。
主梁截面各参数范围如表3所示。
在跨中过程中主梁承受的弯矩最大,此时主梁在垂直平面内,承受来自竖直方向的压力示意图如图6所示。
则主梁在该竖直平面内承受的弯矩为
Mx= φ 1 ( P c r a n e + P l i f t ) 4+ φ 2 q L 2 8
式(12)中:φ1为起重机的运行冲击载荷系数,取1.0;φ2为架桥机的起升动载荷系数,取1.15;q为该主梁自重均布载荷,N/mm;L为单段主梁的跨度,mm。
同理,在水平方向上的跨中弯矩示意图如图7所示。
架桥机主梁在水平方向上的弯矩主要由起重天车和起升载荷制动惯性力和风载引起[16],故水平面内承受的弯矩为
My= P i n e r L 4+Mwload
Piner=φ3(14)
Miner= 1 2 C P w i n d A 4 + q L 2 8
式中:Piner为天车和起升重量造成的惯性力,N;φ3为考虑起重机机构驱动力(制动力)突加及突变时结构的动力效应系数,取1.5;Mwload为风载荷引起的力矩,N·mm;Miner为惯性力引起的力矩,N·mm;α为架桥机起动(制动)加速度,取0.064 m/s2;C为风力系数,取1.6;Pwind为工作状态计算风压,取210 Pa;A为天车及吊重的迎风面积,取40 m2
在跨端偏载工况下,此时主梁承受最大的剪力,受力示意图如图8所示。
此时主梁承受的最大剪应力为
τ= Q m a x S I δ
式(16)中:Qmax为最大计算剪应力,N;S为截面的静矩,mm3;δ为腹板的厚度,mm;I为主梁截面惯性矩。
架桥机主梁跨中截面所能承受的最大弯曲应力满足[17]
σ= M x γ x W x+ M y γ y W y [ σ ] 1.48
式(17)中:σ为最大弯曲正应力,MPa;MxMy分别为同一截面处主梁绕x轴和y轴的弯矩值,N∙mm;WxWy分别为对x轴和y轴的净截面模量,mm3;γxγy分别为对x轴和y轴的截面塑性发展系数,考虑到主梁为箱型截面,故取γx=γy=1.05;[σ]为许用最大弯曲正应力,MPa。
在跨端偏载情况下,为满足主梁的抗剪性能要求,则需满足条件:
τ= Q m a x S I δ [ f v ] 3
式(18)中:[fv]为许用抗剪强度。
架桥机主梁需要满足挠度条件:
f= P L 3 48 E I y L 500=[f]
式(19)中:f为架桥机主梁的结构挠度,mm;P为起重天车与起升重量之和,N;E为架桥机材料的弹性模量,取2.1×105 MPa;Iy为跨中截面对y轴的惯性矩,mm4;[f]为许用刚度。
为使得腹板间的矩形横向加劲肋满足一定刚度[18],则加劲肋的截面尺寸应满足:
x 5 30+40≤x8
80 235 σ s x 5 x 6≤250
式(21)中:σs为钢材的屈服应力值,取460 MPa。
根据刚性梁结构要求,加劲肋的截面尺寸应满足:
x 8 15-x7≤0
x 3 15-x4≤0
采用BWO与EBWO对架桥机主梁进行优化,初步设置种群大小50,迭代次数300,得出迭代优化图形,如图9所示,BWO在迭代300次后仍限于局部最优解,而EBWO在迭代约80次后求得最优值并最后趋于稳定。结果表明,相比BWO,EBWO在保证收敛速度的前提下更不易陷于局部最优解。
由于算法求解结果还会受到种群大小和最大迭代次数的影响[19],单次优化结果可能为偶然事件。为进一步证明改进算法的可行性,选择分别设置种群N为50、80,迭代次数T为300、500,分别运行30次,统计分析各组寻优值,并求得平均值及方差,统计分析结果如图10所示。
图10可知,随着种群数和迭代次数的增加,两种算法的寻优结果更加精确,EBWO在各种情况下收敛性能均有显著提升,而BWO的标准差较大,算法整体寻优稳定性欠佳。为保证寻优数据更加逼近真实结果,取N=80,T=500时的运行30次的最小结果,架桥机主梁的横截面积由56 800 mm2降低到45 836.72 mm2,优化率达到19.3%。
优化后主梁截面如图11所示,采用ABAQUS软件进行有限元分析,对比优化前后的主梁应力及变形情况,如图12图13所示。结果表明,优化后主梁的最大局部应力及最大变形量均符合《起重机设计规范》(GB/T 3811—2008)[12]和安全要求。
面向架桥机主梁的轻量化设计,以主梁箱型横截面积为优化目标函数,强度、刚度及稳定性等要求为约束条件,构建主梁轻量化优化模型,并采用基于二次插值策略的改进白鲸优化算法实现了架桥机主梁截面参数优化及整机轻量化设计。得出如下主要结论。
(1)提出的基于二次插值策略的改进白鲸优化算法在特定区间内对所求主函数进行曲线拟合,寻优过程中能够跳出局部最优解,可加快收敛速度并增强算法的稳定性。
(2)通过选取6项测试函数,将EBWO分别与BWO、GWO、WOA、SSA进行对比分析,表明了EBWO算法较其他算法在一定求解范围内,具有更良好的综合性能。
(3)依据力学要求及主梁设计规范,求解给定约束条件下架桥机主梁的横截面积最小值,通过对比分析BWO与EBWO算法的优化结果,验证了EBWO具有更强的寻优能力和鲁棒性,优化后主梁整体重量减少了19.3%,优化效果显著。
  • 陕西省“十四五”教育科学规划课题(SGH22Y1274)
  • 教育部产学合作协同育人项目(230802436213147)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2022JQ-573)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403940
  • 接收时间:2024-05-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-28
  • 修回日期:2025-02-06
基金
陕西省“十四五”教育科学规划课题(SGH22Y1274)
教育部产学合作协同育人项目(230802436213147)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2022JQ-573)
作者信息
    1 长安大学道路施工技术与装备教育部重点实验室, 西安 710064
    2 中交隧道工程局有限公司, 南京 211122
    3 甘肃省特种设备安全技术检查中心, 兰州 730000
    4 长安大学运输工程学院, 西安 710064

通讯作者:

* 王刚锋(1983—),男,汉族,陕西渭南人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:工程机械智能化施工技术、数字化设计与制造。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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